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Purpose of Review: Quantification of the morphology of osteocyte lacunae has become a powerful tool to investigate bone metabolism, pathologies and aging. This review will provide a brief overview of 2D and 3D imaging methods for the determination of lacunar shape, orientation, density, and volume. Deviations between 2D-based and 3D-based lacunar volume estimations are often not sufficiently addressed and may give rise to contradictory findings. Thus, the systematic error arising from 2D-based estimations of lacunar volume will be discussed, and an alternative calculation proposed. Further, standardized morphological parameters and best practices for sampling and segmentation are suggested. Recent Findings: We quantified the errors in reported estimation methods of lacunar volume based on 2D cross-sections, which increase with variations in lacunar orientation and histological cutting plane. The estimations of lacunar volume based on common practice in 2D imaging methods resulted in an underestimation of lacunar volume of up to 85% compared to actual lacunar volume in an artificial dataset. For a representative estimation of lacunar size and morphology based on 2D images, at least 400 lacunae should be assessed per sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: As the importance of osteocytes for bone mineral homeostasis is increasingly recognized, there is growing interest in osteocyte cell death as a relevant indicator in various physiological and pathological conditions. Micropetrosis is an established term used to describe osteocyte lacunae that are filled with minerals following osteocyte death. While the early reports of micropetrosis were purely descriptive, there is now an increasing body of literature showing quantitative data on micropetrosis in various conditions such as aging, osteoporosis, immobilization, and diabetes, and in osteoporosis treatment (denosumab and bisphosphonates). This review summarizes quantitative findings on micropetrosis, with a particular emphasis on the recent advances in the field. Recent Findings: There is growing evidence that micropetrosis is more common in older, osteoporotic, and immobilized individuals, as well as in individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Denosumab and bisphosphonates seem to affect lacunar mineralization differently, where specifically bisphosphonates have been shown to prolong osteocyte viability and reduce micropetrosis. Summary: Despite continuous proceedings in the field of osteocyte-lacunar-network characteristics, more studies are necessary to further clarify the mechanisms of lacunar mineralization, the inter-site variability of micropetrosis accumulation, the relevance of micropetrosis in various diseases and conditions, and whether micropetrosis could be an indicator of bone fragility or a target for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examined the cognitive and linguistic features of the “altyn/gold” concept in Kazakh and English paremiology. The importance of the analysis of paremias in recognition of the concept is related to the fact that these proverbs provide the main value orientations of each people, and they appear as a type of condensed national cultural texts. As a result of the study, differences in phraseological units of the Kazakh and English languages in the interpretation of the concept of altyn/gold were revealed from the analysis of linguocreative, pragmatic, and linguocultural factors. The cognitive nature of culturally marked linguistic units, which determine the cultural character of the two nations in the linguistic image of the world, was determined by studying Kazakh linguistic and cultural knowledge and the “gold” component of the English national identity within the framework of the linguoconceptual paradigm of paremias.

În perioada reformelor din domeniul justiţiei, în R. Moldova se creează premise importante pentru a promova procesul general de reformă și de a se conforma standardelor democratice recunoscute, larg implementate pe plan internaţional. Din analiza legislaţiei naţionale, sub aspect comparativ cu alte state europene, vedem că, în R. Moldova, statutul persoanelor care au absolvit cursurile de formare iniţială în cadrul Institutului Naţional al Justiţiei, în perioada cuprinsă între absolvire și „numirea pe post” de procuror sau de judecător (care poate dura ani de zile, ca în cazul promoţiei a XII-a) rămâne un vid juridic. Aceasta ar însemna că, după absolvirea cursurilor de formare iniţială, viitorii procurori și judecători pot avea următoarea dilemă: fie să se angajeze în calitate de consultant/asistent judiciar, fie să pună pe roate comerţul într-o gheretă din Î.M. „Piaţa Centrală”. Ultima ar părea incompatibilă cu viitorul statut de „funcţionar cu demnitate publică”, dar nu și imposibilă, or, reglementări care ar interzice așa ceva nu există. În context, conchidem că omisiunea vizată creează diferite riscuri privind integritatea audientului Institutului Naţional al Justiţiei, or, el, după absolvire, din lipsa unui mecanism de garanţii sociale, precum „asigurare medicală”, „remuneraţii”, „statut strict reglementat”, „includerea perioadei de formare iniţială în vechimea de muncă” – de care beneficiază colegii săi din instituţii similare de formare a judecătorilor și procurorilor din alte ţări (România, Franţa) - până la numirea în funcţie, poate deveni dependent de alte persoane sau organizaţii, care, în continuare, ar putea avea consecinţe importante asupra inviolabilităţii sale profesionale și discreţiei decizionale.

Background. The main theory underlying the use of perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke is the presence of a hypoperfused volume of the brain downstream of an occluded artery. Indeed, the main purpose of perfusion imaging is to select patients for endovascular treatment. Computed Tomography Perfusion (CTP) is the more used technique because of its wide availability but lacunar infarcts are theoretically outside the purpose of CTP, and limited data are available about CTP performance in acute stroke patients with lacunar stroke. Methods. We performed a systematic review searching in PubMed and EMBASE for CTP and lacunar stroke with a final selection of 14 papers, which were examined for data extraction and, in particular, CTP technical issues and sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV values. Results. A global cohort of 583 patients with lacunar stroke was identified, with a mean age ranging from 59.8 to 72 years and a female percentage ranging from 32 to 53.1%.CTP was performed with different technologies (16 to 320 rows), different post-processing software, and different maps. Sensitivity ranges from 0 to 62.5%, and specificity from 20 to 100%. Conclusions. CTP does not allow to reasonable exclude lacunar infarct if no perfusion deficit is found, but the pathophysiology of lacunar infarct is more complex than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inhomogeneous economic space, representing a multitude of interactions between geographically distributed economic agents, can be differentiated into a number of districts. The experience of economic regionalization has approximately 260 years. However, this experience is poorly used in the transition to the digital economy and the analysis of the digital economic space formed as a result of the digital interaction of economic agents. There is no generalization of research on the differentiation of such a space in world science. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to generalize the world experience of regionalization of the digital economic space in order to identify emerging approaches and clarify existing problems and possible prospects. To achieve this goal, it was necessary to solve the following tasks: to identify the world array of publications on the subject under consideration; to conduct a comparative analysis of the identified publications with their subsequent grouping into approaches; to assess the possibilities and limitations of each approach; to outline the prospects for further research. About forty journal articles on the regionalization of the digital economic space have been identified in eight bibliographic databases using the author’s semantic search algorithm. A comparative analysis of these articles led to the conclusion that all of them are grouped into six approaches according to the method of allocation of districts: autocorrelation, cluster, comparative geographical, streaming, agglomeration and platform. The ideas underlying each approach are presented, as well as the main advantages and disadvantages. Prospects for further research may be related to the solution of the identified problems. As a result of comparing the array of articles with the experience of economic regionalization, five promising areas have been identified that go beyond the existing approaches

The present research deals with the analysis of lexical gaps belonging to legal terminology, which emerged in the Russian language due to the processes of digitalization of English-language terminological system of criminal law. Due to insufficient state of knowledge of terminological gaps in institutional discourse, in legal discourse in particular, the problem of developing the mechanisms to overcome terminological lacunarity becomes very significant, setting a task to find the most productive translation methods. Conducting complex linguistic analysis of lacunae in the Russian-language terminological system of criminal law emerged due to the internationalization of law in the conditions of development, enhancement of new information technologies and appearance of new highly-technological kinds of crimes using these technologies, demands employing a series of linguistic methods and approaches, particularly, content-analysis, component and etymological analysis, contrasting analysis aimed at comparing terminological gaps with extra-linguistic phenomena they represent, the research material includes legal online glossaries, reference and analytical materials of USA government agencies and information protection services, translation dictionaries. In the result of the conducted research the authors conclude that terminological gaps belonging to the sphere of criminal law are widely represented in English-language legal discourse. This can be explained by two objective tendencies typical of modern legal discourse, the tendency of internationalization of law and digitalization of English-language legal terminological system. The authors point out that conducting the linguistic analysis of terminological gaps demands applying a complex, multi-aspect, cross-disciplinary approach taking into consideration the data of allied areas of knowledge, particularly, criminal law, cultural studies of English-speaking countries as English-language non-equivalent units denote the concepts typical of English-language legal doctrines.

This paper deals with the positioning Lacunae Theory in translation theory from the point of views of Russian ethnopsycholinguistics, as well as at applying the lacunae model in the process of translation. The application of Lacunae Theory in translation theory consists in its complementing of the contentious Theory of Equivalence. The equivalence relation in the framework of a context is specified by its approximal character (Wills, Albrecht). What is approximal here is merely the semantic dimension of a lacuna. Such circumstance leads to the establishment of the relation between the two inversely proportional terms: the greater the semantic extent of an equivalence relation between the lexical meanings to be compared or translated, the lower is the semantic intensity of the lacuna frequently used to express in context the approximal similarity (equality) of such lexical meanings. On the other hand, greater semantic intensity of the lacuna indicates lower equality of the equivalents to be compared. Lacuna and equivalence mutually complement one another. Here, lacuna and equivalence are two sides of the same coin, with the lacuna serving as the starting point for the semantic assessment of an equivalence relation.

This article examines recent scientific studies on Chinese-Uzbek cross-linguistics, focusing on studies of euphemism and lacuna phenomena in both languages. Modern Chinese and Uzbek linguistics focus on the study of the language, particularly the lexicon, from a semantic, linguistic, and cultural perspective. The origins of household euphemisms in Chinese and Uzbek languages and the conceptual framework in which euphemisms are manifested were determined, and through the linguistic and cultural study of household euphemisms, conclusions were drawn about the distinctive and similar aspects of the worldviews of the two peoples. Identification, classification, and systematization of lacuna varieties were also addressed. The gaps in the Chinese and Uzbek languages are categorized thematically and analyzed. The methods for filling in and eradicating translation gaps are determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Though osteoporosis is a significant cause of disability worldwide, treatment with pharmacologic agents decreases risk of fragility fracture. Though these treatments act through the bone remodeling system to improve bone mass, it is unclear if they alter the response of bone to mechanical loading at the level of the osteocyte. This pre-clinical study determined the relationship between microstructural bone tissue properties and osteocyte lacunar size and density to strain around osteocytes with standard osteoporosis treatment or sequential therapies. Six-month-old female ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats were cycled through various sequences of pharmacological treatments [alendronate (Aln), raloxifene (Ral) and human parathyroid hormone-1,34 (PTH)] for three month intervals, over nine months. Linear nanoindentation mapping was used to determine Young's modulus in perilacunar and bone matrix regions around cortical bone osteocyte lacunae. Measurements of lacunar diameter and density were completed. Treatment-related differences in Young's modulus in the perilacunar and bone matrix regions were not observed. We confirmed previous data that showed that the bone matrix region was stiffer than the perilacunar matrix region. Whole bone material properties were correlated to perilacunar matrix stiffness. Finite element models predicted a range of mechanical strain amplification factors estimated at the osteocyte across treatment groups. In summary, though the perilacunar matrix near cortical osteocyte lacuna is not as stiff as bone matrix further away, osteoporosis treatment agents do not affect the stiffness of bone tissue near osteocyte lacunae.

The article explores two independent Old Bulgarian translations of an excerpt from De Spiritu sancto by Basil the Great that are part of Simeon’s Florilegium under article [422] Τοῦ ἁγίου Βασιλείου ἐκ τοῦ Περὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος Svyatago vasiliya ot togo yezhe svyatym dus and of Efremovskaya Kormchaya as Τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐκ τοῦ κζ΄ λόγου τῶν Περὶ τοῦ ἁγίου πνεύματος πρὸς Ἀμφιλόχιον γεγράμενων; Τοῦ αὐτοῦ ἐκ τοῦ κϑ΄ κεφαλαίου τῆς αὐτῆς πραγματείας togo zhe dvadesetisemaago slova o svyatym dse k amfilohiyu napisanyh; togo zhe ot dvadeseti devetyya glavy togo zhe stroyeniya. The structure and contents of the Greek article used for the two Old Bulgarian translations is examined and evidence is found that it was the same but in Simeon’s Florilegium it was slightly abridged. The identical places and the differences in the two translations are identified through the isolation of the lexical parallels against one Greek word. Based on the result of the analysis the hypothesis is made that the second translator probably had an earlier translation of the article at his disposal (as evidenced by several common places in the two translations). The conclusion is that the second translation is an independent one, which is proven by the translation differences at all lexical levels as well as the isolated 104 lexical parallels against Greek words). Both Old Bulgarian translations have been made during the rule of king Simeon in Eastern Bulgaria but by two different translators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper features the way linguistic means represent character traits in modern films. The research was based on Neill Blomkamp’s sci-fi drama "Chappie" (2005). The research objective was to describe the phenomenon of multiple linguistic features that disclose the linguistic personality of film characters via their free speech. The author believes that the linguistic image of a film character includes categorization of entities aimed at solving creative tasks, which, in their turn, incorporate the genre, stylistic peculiarities, imagery, and emotivity. The method of continuous selection from a film script offered an ample exemplifying material, which underwent cognitive and stylistic analysis. Modern cinema uses genre stylization and imagery, e.g. children’s speech, parents’ speech, classroom language, streetwise discourse, etc. These features depend on the authenticity of a film character and the heuristic explanation of an unknown concept by means of metaphors. The linguistic image of a film character is formed within the genre-stylistic boundaries of the script, while imagery allows the characters to reach a consensus within the 120-minute chronotope.

This article focuses on the award of 14 February 2022, rendered by the CAS ad hoc chamber in the appeal filed by IOC, ISU and WADA against the decision of the RUSADA Disciplinary Committee lifting the provisional suspension of Kamila Valieva. Kamila Valieva is one of the world's best 15-year-old figure skaters. Prior to the Beijing Olympic Games, she tested positive for a substance prohibited in and out of competition under the WADC and was provisionally suspended. Her suspension was lifted by the RUSADA Disciplinary Committee, and the case was brought before the CAS. Because of her young age, Valieva is a minor and therefore a protected person according to the WADC. The CAS concluded that the Code, by setting up a system of sanctions for these protected persons but not providing for any temporary sanctions, contained a lacuna that it had to fill. However, the identification of the gap and the interpretation of the rules by CAS is questionable in this award.

These four textual notes attempt (1) to demonstrate that OT 420 as transmitted is unlikely to impossible, and to show the desirability of Blaydes's conjecture ποῖοϲ οὐκ ἔϲται ᾿λικών , that is, Ἑλικών ; (2) to argue for the necessity of reading ἄν for εἰ at line 121 and of making the line a complete sentence; (3) to argue for a lacuna before line 530; and (4) to propose τίϲ ἄταιϲ μᾶλλον ἢ τίϲ ἀγρίαι ξύνοικοϲ ἁλλαγᾶι βίου; in lines 1205–6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal order has constituted itself as a system of legal standards, which makes us infer that these standards are not singly arranged, but relating to each other, forging a systemprovided with the attributesof unity, coherenceand completeness. The term completeness, according to BOBBIO, "is understood as the quality of the legal order that has a rule for each case". On the other hand, the lack of a rule is traditionally called gap, a problem that, according to the current Law of Introduction to the Norms of Brazilian Law (Lei de IntroduçãoàsNormas do DireitoBrasileiro -LINDB), has to be solved through one of the supplementary mechanisms: analogy, customand the general principles of Law.

The search for potential lymphatic routes through the cochlea, or membranous portions of the inner ear labyrinth, remains a significant challenge. Researchers often focus on lower mammals rather than humans to uncover these pathways. This review aims to delineate the speculated lymphatic routes within the inner ear to date. It follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, conducting a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Crossref, and Google databases using the terms "inner ear" and "lymph." The problem, intervention, comparison, outcome (PICO) search strategy was employed, and analysis was performed using equation and scope metrics. Articles were screened and filtered using the CADIMA automation tool, resulting in 33 articles being reviewed, of which 23 were selected. Potential lymphatic drainage routes identified include the round window, oval window, scala tympani, spiral limbus, and lateral wall of the cochlea. The vestibular side of Reissner's membrane was noted as a key nodal point for lymphocytes within the inner ear. This review maps the proposed lymphatic networks in the inner ear and highlights existing gaps. It systematically gathers, evaluates, and synthesizes available evidence on the lymphatic pathways of the inner ear, offering valuable insights into their presence, structure, function, and clinical significance., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Susai et al.)

Pollen micromorphological traits with taxonomic implications are first reported from the study area for 50 Asteraceous taxa belonging to nine tribes. Cichorieae (21 taxa), Cardueae (11 taxa), Inuleae (six taxa), and Anthemideae (four taxa) are the leading tribes. The research included Cousinia haeckeliae, Himalaiella afghana, Pterachaenia stewartii (endemic to Afghanistan and Pakistan), and Xylanthemum macropodum (endemic to Baluchistan). Light and scanning electron microscopy were employed for the visualization of pollen photomicrographs. The data was analyzed statistically via SPSS, PAST, and Origin. Significant diagnostic qualitative and quantitative palynological traits were explored for discrimination down to the species level within the tribes. All the investigated taxa possessed radial symmetry, isopolarity, and monad form (characters for distinction at the subdivision level). The aperture types were trizonocolporate, tetrazonocolporate, and tricolporate with number position and character (NPC) formulas N3P4C5, N4P4C5, and N3P4C3. Goniotreme, peritreme, and ptychotreme types of amb were recognized. Echinate, echinate lophate, scabrate, and gemmate sculpturing were present with and without perforated surface patterns. Variations in the shapes in polar and equatorial views and lacuna shapes further assisted the separation of taxa. The observed shape classes were perprolate, prolate spheroidal, prolate, subprolate, oblate spheroidal, suboblate, and oblate. Principal component analysis, correlation, standard probability plots, and ridge line paired features plot for quantitative variables determined the positive correlation between the length and width of colpi in equatorial and polar view with polar axis and equatorial diameter and number of spines between colpi with the number of spines per pollen. The number of spines per pollen was negatively correlated with the width and length of colpi in the polar view. Multiple sample analysis of variance (ANOVA) concluded that a high statistically significant difference exists among the means of analyzed traits. The examined qualitative and quantitative palynological traits revealed noticeable variations, thus providing the source for species discrimination in Asteraceous tribes., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Microscopy Society of America. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Copyright of Journal of Philosophy, Culture & Political Science is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

[Display omitted] • The structural advance of lacunary polyoxometalates. • Evolution routes (e.g., isomerization, transformation, and fusion) of typical lacunary polyoxometalates. • Empirical rules that supervise the structural switches of lacunary polyoxometalates. • The outlook and some highlighting guidance for the development of lacunary polyoxometalates. Self-assembly is a natural way for primitive things to grow on earth. For long, mankind has been attracted by the mechanism of such assembly processes, in an attempt to manipulate the outcome by whatever chemical forces available. The study on molecular building blocks, with an emphasis on lacunary polyoxometalates (l -POMs), delivers a unique perspective on the formation of natural and synthetic phases (e.g., minerals and nanomachines). The tunability of structure, composition, and physicochemical property confers a competitive edge on l -POMs in the design and fabrication of materials with desired functions. In this contribution, we provide a structural overview of l -POMs that covers not only the classical members of polyoxotungstates, -molybdates, -vanadates, -niobates, and -tantalates, but also the recently emerged non-classical counterparts of polyoxotitanates, -ferrates, and -palladates also. The evolution paths of l -POMs in the course of isomerization, transformation, and fusion are summarized and proposed. The empirical rules that supervise structural switches are discussed as well, in an effort to mature the design of POM-based materials in a controlled manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Введение. В современном мире происходит объективно обусловленное усиление взаимодействия стран и народов, однако при этом не уменьшается проблема неправильного и стереотипного представления представителей разных этнокультурных общностей друг о друге, неумения эффективно построить межкультурное общение, не теряя при этом своей этнокультурной идентичности. В связи с этим повышается актуальность формирования иноязычной этнокультурной компетенции учащихся старших классов средней школы как процесса становления патриотически настроенного представителя своей страны в межкультурном общении. Цель исследования – выявление дидактического потенциала этнокультурем, которые важно использовать при формировании иноязычной этнокультурной компетенции учеников старших классов средней школы. Материал и методы. Теоретический анализ позволил уточнить понятие «этнокультурема» как единицы обучения при формировании иноязычной этнокультурной компетенции, обосновать и описать ее виды. К таковым относятся: лакуны, культурно-фоновая лексика и номены (опредмечивание имени лица, опредмечивание названия места). Анализ и обобщение работ ведущих исследователей по проблеме лакунарности позволили выделить группы межъязыковых абсолютных лакун, которые необходимы при формировании иноязычной этнокультурной компетенции. Приведены примеры для каждой из групп, а также их возможный перевод и объяснение на английском языке. Результаты и обсуждение. Проанализированы возможности элиминирования этнокультурем, их наиболее адекватного перевода и передачи иного этнокультурного смысла на примере английского языка. Сделан вывод о необходимости применения механизма «параллельного подключения» внешнекультурного обозначения, смысл которого уточняется применительно к элиминированию этнокультурем. Самым эффективным способом для передачи смысла этнокультуремы рассматривается и доказывается двухкомпонентное подключение для лакуны и номена и трехкомпонентное подключение для культурно-фоновой лексики. Приводятся примеры на английском языке с анализом механизмов перевода и передачи этнокультурного смысла. Заключение. В завершении статьи подводится итог выполненного исследования, раскрывается практическая значимость использования элиминирования этнокультурем при формировании иноязычной этнокультурной компетенции в старших классах средней школы. Приведенные в статье возможности перевода этнокультурем позволяют продуктивно разработать технологию формирования иноязычной этнокультурной компетенции, адресованную учащимся.

Background: Abnormal placentation has been classified into accreta, increta, and percreta on the basis of depth of myometrial invasion. The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of transabdominal ultrasonography (USG) for prediction of placental invasion in the placenta accreta spectrum. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study carried out over 1 year in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in collaboration with the Department of Radiodiagnosis at King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 110 patients were recruited for the study, of these 20 patients were lost to follow-up. After informed consent and ethical clearance, 90 pregnant women with gestation age of 34 weeks or above (late pregnancy) with previous cesarean section with complaints of bleeding per vaginum or diagnosed on USG as a case of placenta previa with or without accreta were enrolled for the study. Women not giving consent for participation in the study or not having any of above risk factors were excluded from the study. Results: Placental invasion was found in 61.1% (55) on USG. Women with previous two cesarean sections had a placental invasion rate of 74.5%. Women with previous three cesarean sections had the highest placental invasion rate (78.6%), and this association of placental invasion with the number of prior cesarean sections was significant. On transabdominal ultrasound, 68 patients had Grade 3 lacunae, of which 67.6% (46) had invasion. Maximum number of cases (n = 63) had the smallest sagittal myometrial thickness of

This article re-evaluates the role of the manuscript tradition of the Historia Augusta in debates over the original contents and authorship of the text. Evidence for physical disruptions to the text before our oldest surviving manuscripts points to an earlier manuscript distributed across multiple codices. A multi-volume archetype eliminates critical arguments against the author's claims about lives missing before the Life of Hadrian as well as in the lacuna for the years a.d. 244–260. Other multi-volume codices of the eighth and ninth centuries show that loss of an initial volume would have disrupted the textual tradition for the index, titles and authorial attributions. Comparison of our most complete early witness, Pal. lat. 899, to the independent branches of the textual tradition shows discrepancies between these paratextual elements as expected in a disrupted tradition. Ultimately, this article concludes that the current debates on authorship and the original scope of the Historia Augusta rest on paratextual elements from a single branch of the manuscript tradition, raising doubts about the centrality of these controversies to understanding the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surveys are carried out to study the characteristics of a population by studying a sample a sub-set of the population. An accurate sample which is representative of the population is essential to gather representative data to draw statistical inferences and conclusion for decision making using the outcome of the survey. However, there is a lacuna on part of a selection of the type study variables-- continuous, nominal, ordinal, or ratio and on the needed statistical test which can be run on the gathered data. This situation leads to wrong representation results and improper decision-making. Therefore, in this review, the researchers elaborate on the selection of appropriate statistical tests for analyzing the survey data and interpretation of results. This manuscript covers the most commonly used statistical stets for survey data association, reliability, predictions, differences between groups, and calculation of sample size for a study. The researchers also provided on the use of binomial, ordinal, and multinomial logistic regressions and the authors assume that researchers carrying out a study is well-versed with sampling methods, and emphasizing the sampling methods is out of the scope of this paper. The researchers believe that the students, research scholars, and other research communities who undertake the survey research will immensely benefit from our article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The M waves introduced by Burridge and Willis (1969, "The Self-Similar Problem of the Expanding Crack in an Anisotropic Solid," Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc., 66(2), pp. 443-468) are emitted by the surface of a self-similarly expanding elliptical crack, and they give Rayleigh waves at the corresponding crack speed. In the analysis for the self-similarly expanding spherical inclusion with phase change (dynamic Eshelby problem), the M waves are related to the waves obtained on the basis of the dynamic Green's function containing the contribution from the latest wavelets emitted by the expanding boundary of phase discontinuity, and they satisfy the Hadamard jump conditions for compatibility and linear momentum across the moving phase boundary of discontinuity. In the interior of the expanding inclusion, they create a "lacuna" with zero particle velocity by canceling the effect of the P and S. It is shown that the "lacuna" and Eshelby properties are also valid for a Newtonian fluid undergoing phase change in a self-similarly expanding ellipsoidal region of a fluid with different viscosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lacunary Components in the Phraseology of the Ukrainian Areal Continuum This article deals with the peculiarities of the concept lacuna from the perspective of theoretical considerations. Based on theoretical studies of lacunarity, the author discusses issues related to the phenomenon of linguistic and cultural lacunae, including their sources and types. She also presents the main features of linguistic lacunae and their classifications, and analyses factors which have an impact on the emergence of lacunary phraseological units and their functioning. The study outlines the criteria of lacunarity and a method for identifying phraseological lacunae. It also considers the status of the lacuna and its functioning in areal phraseology, and examines the possibility of applying the theory of lacunarity to the areal phraseological system of the Ukrainian continuum. The study is focused on etymological analysis of phraseological lacunae and their origins. Lacunae are known to constitute a semantic vacuum which functions in the modes of language, speech and speech behaviour. As demonstrated, overcoming the problems of linguistic continuum requires the knowledge not only of the direct (primary) meaning of words and phrases, but also of their place and functions in a given sociocultural community where they are used, and where dialect is the actual means of communication. The article also identifies the main dimensions of the phraseological system in focus: the themes of the meanings of phraseological units, the nature of their figurative basis, and the way these two aspects are interrelated. Komponent lakunarny we frazeologii ukraińskiego kontinuum arealnego W artykule omówiono specyfikę pojęcia lakuna (luka) z punktu widzenia podejmowanych na jego temat rozważań teoretycznych. W oparciu o prace teoretyczne poświęcone lakunarności autorka omawia rozmaite aspekty zjawiska luk językowych i kulturowych, ich źródła i typy. Artykuł uwzględnia główne cechy i istniejące klasyfikacje luk językowych, a także poddaje analizie czynniki wpływające na pojawianie się i funkcjonowanie luk frazeologicznych. Określono w nim ponadto kryteria lakunarności i metodę wykrywania luk frazeologicznych. Scharakteryzowano miejsce luki i jej funkcjonowanie w arealnych związkach frazeologicznych oraz możliwość zastosowania teorii lakunarności w badaniach nad arealnym systemem frazeologicznym ukraińskiego continuum. Szczególną uwagę zwraca autorka na etymologiczną analizę luk frazeologicznych i na przyczyny ich występowania. Jak wiadomo, luki są semantyczną próżnią, która funkcjonuje w modusach języka, mowy i zachowania językowego. Udowodniono, że przezwyciężenie problemów continuum językowego wymaga znajomości nie tylko bezpośredniego znaczenia słów i zwrotów, ale także ich miejsca i roli w danej wspólnocie społeczno-kulturowej, w której gwara jest rzeczywistym środkiem komunikacji. W artykule ponadto określono podstawowe wymiary omawianego systemu frazeologicznego, a więc tematykę znaczeń frazeologizmów, charakter ich podstawy figuratywnej i sposób, w jaki te wymiary są ze sobą powiązane.

During the refurbishing of the “Lombard Art of the XV-XVI century” department at the Pinacoteca di Brera (Milan), concluded in 2018, the Conservation and Restoration Center “La Venaria Reale” had the opportunity to study and restore the famous pictorial cycle of Men at Arms by Donato Bramante (1488-89). The paper aims to present the methodological approach and the results obtained with the last conservation treatment, aimed at a new and updated aesthetic proposal for the pictorial cycle. The main objective was to re-establish the unity of the images, compromised by the numerous lacunae left visible by previous treatments, respecting at the same time the material features of the paintings and the evidence of their particular conservative history. The interdisciplinary work group* has reconstructed the complex conservative history of the detached wall paintings, thanks to the technical observation of the surfaces and the scientific characterization of the constituent materials. The results were compared with the available historical documentation, in particular with historical photographs. The project allowed us to retrace the profound changes that the concept of pictorial integration has encountered over time, from the beginning of the twentieth century to the present day. The conservation treatment also originated from the need of the Pinacoteca di Brera to update the aesthetic presentation of the works, facilitating the reading of the fragmented images due to numerous lacunae. d images due to numerous lacunae.

This work will review two different interventions of plastic and pictorial reintegration that a wooden late baroque polychrome sculpture has undergone. The Crucifix of Monte Giove, restored in the laboratory of the University of Urbino Carlo Bo, has unveiled large losses of the wood, some of which have altered the plastic forms and polychromy, and a shrinkage crack that has caused a deep vertical split in the torso and an alteration of the original volume. These issues have presented an opportunity for further discussion and study, relating to the potential solutions for each type of damage: the use of magnets to make the reconstructed elements movable and reversible and a filler for the wood’s crack to solve both the structural and the aesthetic issues. These two choices have been discussed analysing the critical approaches, the materials selection and the aesthetic results.

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Copyright of Etnolingwistyka is the property of Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) refers to a group of disease conditions affecting the cerebral small vessels, which include the small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and postcapillary venules in the brain. SVD is the primary cause of vascular cognitive impairment and gait disturbances in aged people. There are several types of SVD, though arteriolosclerosis, which is mainly associated with hypertension, aging, and diabetes mellitus, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) comprise most SVD cases. The pathology of arteriolosclerosis-induced SVD is characterized by fibrinoid necrosis and lipohyalinosis, while CAA-associated SVD is characterized by progressive deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in the cerebral vessels. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used for examination of SVD lesions; typical lesions are characterized by white matter hyperintensity, lacunar infarcts, enlargement of perivascular spaces (EPVS), microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), and cortical microinfarcts. The microvascular changes that occur in the small vessels are difficult to identify clearly; however, these consequent image findings can represent the SVD. There are two main strategies for prevention and treatment of SVD, i.e., pharmacotherapy and lifestyle modification. In this review, we discuss clinical features of SVD, experimental models replicating SVD, and treatments to further understand the pathological and clinical features of SVD.

A popular hypothesis explains the mechanosensitivity of bone due to osteocytes sensing the load-induced flow of interstitial fluid squeezed through the lacunocanalicular network (LCN). However, the way in which the intricate structure of the LCN influences fluid flow through the network is largely unexplored. We therefore aimed to quantify fluid flow through real LCNs from human osteons using a combination of experimental and computational techniques. Bone samples were stained with rhodamine to image the LCN with 3D confocal microscopy. Image analysis was then performed to convert image stacks into mathematical network structures, in order to estimate the intrinsic permeability of the osteons as well as the load-induced fluid flow using hydraulic circuit theory. Fluid flow was studied in both ordinary osteons with a rather homogeneous LCN as well as a frequent subtype of osteons—so-called osteon-in-osteons—which are characterized by a ring-like zone of low network connectivity between the inner and the outer parts of these osteons. We analyzed 8 ordinary osteons and 9 osteon-in-osteons from the femur midshaft of a 57-year-old woman without any known disease. While the intrinsic permeability was 2.7 times smaller in osteon-in-osteons compared to ordinary osteons, the load-induced fluid velocity was 2.3 times higher. This increased fluid velocity in osteon-in-osteons can be explained by the longer path length, needed to cross the osteon from the cement line to the Haversian canal, including more fluid-filled lacunae and canaliculi. This explanation was corroborated by the observation that a purely structural parameter—the mean path length to the Haversian canal—is an excellent predictor for the average fluid flow velocity. We conclude that osteon-in-osteons may be particularly significant contributors to the mechanosensitivity of cortical bone, due to the higher fluid flow in this type of osteons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) refers to a group of disease conditions affecting the cerebral small vessels, which include the small arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and postcapillary venules in the brain. SVD is the primary cause of vascular cognitive impairment and gait disturbances in aged people. There are several types of SVD, though arteriolosclerosis, which is mainly associated with hypertension, aging, and diabetes mellitus, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) comprise most SVD cases. The pathology of arteriolosclerosis-induced SVD is characterized by fibrinoid necrosis and lipohyalinosis, while CAA-associated SVD is characterized by progressive deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in the cerebral vessels. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used for examination of SVD lesions; typical lesions are characterized by white matter hyperintensity, lacunar infarcts, enlargement of perivascular spaces (EPVS), microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis (cSS), and cortical microinfarcts. The microvascular changes that occur in the small vessels are difficult to identify clearly; however, these consequent image findings can represent the SVD. There are two main strategies for prevention and treatment of SVD, i.e., pharmacotherapy and lifestyle modification. In this review, we discuss clinical features of SVD, experimental models replicating SVD, and treatments to further understand the pathological and clinical features of SVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Slowianskiej is the property of Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Slavic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the first results of the free associative experiment and examines the problem of interlingual equivalence between some stimulus words. We analyze the associative fields of the language units under consideration to reveal the similarities and differences between the images of Russian and Italian language consciousness. The results illustrate some peculiarities of the world image reflected in the consciousness of Italians and Russians.