Search

This study explores the effect of dietary along with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) powder on intestinal and liver damage in broiler chickens challenged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of 100 healthy 1-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were selected and randomly divided into two treatments: the control group and the LGG treatment group. There were five replicates for each group, with 10 chickens per replicate. The chickens in the control group were fed a basal diet, while LGG treatment was supplemented with 1,000 mg/kg LGG along with the basal diet. The experiment lasted 29 days, and the trial included two phases. During the first 27 days, the animals were weighed on the 14th and 27th days to calculate growth performance. Then, on day 29, 2 animals from each replicate were intraperitoneally injected with 1 mg/kg BW LPS, and another 2 animals were treated with an equal volume of saline. The chickens were slaughtered 3 h later for sampling and further analysis. (1) LGG addition to the diet did not affect growth performance, including average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and feed-to-weight ratio (F/G) of broiler chickens; (2) LPS stimulation decreased villus height (VH), and caused oxidative stress and increased the amount of diamine oxidase (DAO) in plasma, and the relative expression of intestinal inflammation genes (interleukin-8 [ IL-8 ], interleukin 1β [ IL-1β ], inducible nitric oxide synthase [ iNOS ], and tumor necrosis factor-α [ TNF-α ]) and the relative expression of liver injury genes (b-cell lymphoma 2 [ BCL2 ], heat shock protein70 [ HSP70 ], and matrix metallopeptidase 13 [ MMP13 ]). (3) Supplementation of LGG increased VH and the relative expression of intestinal barrier genes (mucins 2 [ Mucin2 ] and occludin [ Occludin ]) and decreased the amount of DAO in plasma and the relative expression of intestinal inflammatory factors (IL-8 , iNOS , and IL-1β). LGG supplementation also increased the expression of liver injury-related genes (MMP13 and MMP9). In conclusion, LGG enhanced intestinal barrier function, improved intestinal morphology, and alleviated the intestines' inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated broiler chicken, and it has a slightly protective effect on liver damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pathogenic Escherichia coli strains produce neonatal septicemia after colonizing the neonatal gut. While the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) effectively reduces neonatal sepsis, LGG's effects on the neonatal intestinal microbiota alterations and inflammation triggered by E. coli are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that LGG significantly modulates the specific neonatal gut microbial populations changes and the inflammatory response elicited by the enteral introduction of septicemia-producing E. coli. To test this hypothesis, newborn rats were pretreated orally with LGG or placebo prior to infection with the neonatal E. coli septicemia clinical isolate SCB34. Amplicon 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on intestinal samples. Intestinal injury and expression of inflammatory mediators and apoptosis were determined. Results: Alpha diversity of gut microbiota was greater in SCB34-infected pups in comparison to sham-infected pups, these changes were not modified by LGG pretreatment. Beta diversity analyses also showed differences between SCB34-infected vs. uninfected pups. LGG pretreatment before SCB34 infection did not result in significant beta diversity changes compared to placebo. Moreover, individual genera and species abundance analyses by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) showed significant changes in Gram-negative, Gram-positive, and anaerobic populations resulting from LGG pretreatment and SCB34 infection. LGG significantly suppressed the expression of inflammatory cytokines but did not attenuate SCB34-induced apoptosis or histologic injury. Conclusions: LGG modulates clinically significant microbiota features and inflammation triggered by pathogenic E. coli intestinal infection shortly after birth. This new knowledge can potentially be harnessed to design novel interventions against gut-derived neonatal sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing awareness of the negative effects of fatigue on daily activities, mental health, and quality of life, antifatigue supplements are becoming increasingly popular among consumers. Selenium has been found to have antifatigue potential in high dosage, but may cause toxicity effects to the body. In this study, inorganic selenium was first converted to nanoselenium particles via in situ synthesis by Lactobacillus rhamnosus SHA113 (Se‐LRS), and then loaded by Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS). The resulting products were not only assessed for their antioxidant activities, but also the antifatigue potential in mice. As a result, both Se‐LRS and the Se‐LRS/GLS complex exhibited higher antioxidant and antibacterial activities in simulated gastrointestinal fluids compared to isolated selenium nanoparticles. The Se‐LRS/GLS complex demonstrated sustained release of selenium in simulated gastrointestinal fluids and showed significant alleviation of exercise‐induced fatigue indicators, but relatively lower liver selenium accumulation in the mice, surpassing the effects of isolated nanoselenium. No toxicity was found to Caco‐2 cells for Se‐LRS/GLS complex at 2 µg/mL. This is a novel approach to enhance the antifatigue potential of selenium without causing extra toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dysfunctional immune regulation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of airway allergies. Macrophages are one of the components of the immune regulation cells. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of lysine demethylase 5 A (KDM5A) in maintaining macrophages' immune regulatory ability. Methods: DNA was extracted from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG to be designated as LgDNA. LgDNA was administered to the mice through nasal instillations. M2 macrophages (M2 cells) were isolated from the airway tissues using flow cytometry. Results: We found that airway M2 cells of mice with airway Th2 polarization had reduced amounts of IL-10 and KDM5A. Mice with Kdm5a deficiency in M2 cells showed the airway Th2 polarization. The expression of Kdm5a in airway M2 cells was enhanced by nasal instillations containing LgDNA. KDM5A mediated the effects of LgDNA on inducing the Il10 expression in airway M2 cells. Administration of LgDNA mitigated experimental airway allergy. Conclusions: M2 macrophages in the airway tissues of mice with airway allergy show low levels of KDM5A. By upregulating KDM5A expression, LgDNA can increase Il10 expression and reconcile airway Th2 polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus SDSP202418 isolated from shrimp paste on the exercise performance of fatigued mice were analyzed, and the potential action mechanism was revealed. L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 significantly improved the exhaustion time of the mice and regulated the biochemical indices (lactate dehydrogenase, nitrogen, and uric acid) of the fatigued mice to resist fatigue. L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 also upregulated the mRNA expression of slow muscle fibers and downregulated the mRNA expression of fast muscle fibers in the exercise mice by activating the AMPK/PGC-1a pathway in the fatigued mice. It also increased the contents of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH)) in the liver and muscle. These enzymes removed and repaired oxidative free radicals to achieve antifatigue. In addition, L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 can change the gut microbial structure and modulate the abundance and balance of fatigue-related gut microbiota, which in turn exerts antifatigue effects. L. rhamnosus SDSP202418 is a functional food component that relieves fatigue after exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), especially those derived from stem cells, have emerged as a novel treatment for promoting wound healing in regenerative medicine. However, the clinical application of mammalian cells-derived EVs is hindered by their high cost and low yields. Inspired by the ability of EVs to mediate interkingdom communication, we explored the therapeutic potential of EVs released by the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) in skin wound healing and elucidated the underlying mechanism involved. Using full-thickness skin wound-healing mouse models, we found that LGG-EVs accelerated wound healing procedures, including increased re-epithelialization and promoted angiogenesis. Using in vitro experiments, we further demonstrated that LGG-EVs boosted the proliferation and migration capacities of both epithelial and endothelial cells, as well as promoted endothelial tube formation. miRNA profiling analysis revealed that miR-21-5p was highly enriched in LGG-EVs and LGG-EV treatment significantly increased miR-21-5p level in recipient cells. Mechanically, LGG-EVs induced regulatory effects via miR-21-5p mediated metabolic signaling rewiring. Our results suggest that EVs derived from LGG could serve as a promising candidate for accelerating wound healing and possibly for treating chronic and impaired healing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L-rhamnose isomerase (L-RhI) plays a key role in the microbial L-rhamnose metabolism by catalyzing the reversible isomerization of L-rhamnose to L-rhamnulose. Additionally, the enzyme exhibits activity on various other aldoses and ketoses, and its broad substrate specificity has attracted attention for its potential application in the production of rare sugars; however, improvement of the enzyme properties is desirable, such as thermal stability, enzymatic activity, and a pH optimum suitable for industrial usage. This review summarizes our current insights into L-RhIs with respect to their substrate recognition mechanism and their relationship with D-xylose isomerase (D-XI) based on structural and phylogenetic analyses. These two enzymes are inherently different, but recognize distinctly different substrates, and share common features that may be phylogenetically related. For example, they both have a flexible loop region that is involved in shaping active sites, and this region may also be responsible for various enzymatic properties of L-RhIs, such as substrate specificity and thermal stability. Key points: •L-RhIs share structural features with D-XI. •There are two types of L-RhIs: E. coli L-RhI-type and D-XI-type. •Flexible loop regions are involved in the specific enzyme properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating incidence of hospital infections due to antibiotic resistance necessitates the identification of alternative therapeutic agents such as probiotics. This study was designed to isolate and evaluate the efficacy of probiotics against Staphylococcus saprophyticus, a prevalent etiological agent of urinary tract infections (UTIs). A total of 100 S. saprophyticus strains were isolated from clinical samples and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing via the disc diffusion method. Concurrently, probiotic bacteria were isolated from Bulgarian cheese and shallot yogurt, and their antibacterial activity against S. saprophyticus strains was assessed. The inhibitory potential of probiotic supernatants was evaluated using microtiter plate assays, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determined at a 1/2 dilution. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using the MTT assay, and high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was employed to analyze the concentrations of organic acids produced by the probiotics. The results revealed that all S. saprophyticus strains were resistant to tetracycline and doxycycline but susceptible to other antibiotics. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains M and B demonstrated notable antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against S. saprophyticus isolates. These probiotics exhibited susceptibility to most antibiotics and lacked virulence factors, suggesting their safety for therapeutic use. The organic acids produced by the probiotics were identified as lactic acid, acetic acid, and formic acid. In conclusion, L. rhamnosus strains M and B exhibit potent antimicrobial properties against S. saprophyticus, indicating their potential as therapeutic agents for UTIs. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and explore the possibility of these probiotics in clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Science & Technology of Food Industry is the property of Science & Technology of Food Industry Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lactobacillus rhamnosus is a type of bacteria known as a probiotic and is often used to support the health of the digestive system and vaginal flora. This type of bacteria has an important role, showing positive effects on female reproductive biology, particularly by maintaining the balance of microorganisms in the vagina, reducing the risk of infection, and strengthening the immune system to support maternal health during pregnancy. There are also studies showing that these probiotics prevent maternal obesity and gestational diabetes. Consuming probiotics containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains may support the intestinal health of breastfeeding mothers, but they may also contribute to the health of offspring. Therefore, this review focuses on the current available data for examining the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains on female reproductive biology and offspring health. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed and Web of Science databases from inception to May 2024. The search strategy was performed using keywords and MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) terms. Inconsistent ratings were resolved through discussion. This review is strengthened by multiple aspects of the methodological approach. The systematic search strategy, conducted by two independent reviewers, enabled the identification and evaluation of all relevant literature. Although there is a limited number of studies with high heterogeneity, current literature highlights the important contribution of Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotics in enhancing female reproductive health and fertility. Furthermore, the probiotic bacteria in breast milk may also support the intestinal health of newborn, strengthen the immune system, and protect them against diseases at later ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficacy of probiotics in providing health benefits may be related to their ability to survive at a sufficient concentration of 106 CFU/g during storage in food and colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. Microencapsulation is a viable method to improve the survivability of probiotics under harsh environmental conditions. In this research, microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus (MLR) was produced by a two‐layer extrusion technique with sodium alginate and wild sage (Salvia macrosiphon) mucilage (SMM) in varying concentrations ranging from 0.2% to 0.8% as the first and second wall materials, respectively. The microencapsulation efficiency and second layer diameter of beads increased significantly with the increase in SMM concentrations. Microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) maintained its minimal concentration (6 log CFU/g) during 9 min at 72°C. The MLR‐date yogurt (DY) sample had the lowest pH, highest acidity, and highest survival rate among the others at the end of storage. In simulated gastrointestinal conditions (SGC), the survival rates of free LR (FLR) and MLR were 45% and 47% on the 14th day of storage, respectively. In sensory properties, MLR had the highest score in odor and texture parameters but not in others. The MLR viscosity (666.3 mPa·s−1) and SEM images show a relatively denser structure for MLR. In conclusion, this study emphasized the potential of using double‐layered beads to protect probiotics, providing valuable inspiration for developing new functional foods with higher survival ability in harsh conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infected wounds can result in complex clinical complications and delayed healing, presenting a significant global public health challenge. This study explored the effects of topical application of two probiotics, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB‐12, on the microenvironment of infected wounds and their impact on wound healing. LGG and BB‐12 were applied separately and topically on the Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)‐infected skin wounds of the rat model on a daily basis. Both probiotics significantly accelerated wound healing, demonstrated by enhanced granulation tissue formation and increased collagen deposition, with BB‐12 showing superior efficacy. LGG and BB‐12 both effectively inhibited neutrophil infiltration and decreased the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6). Notably, BB‐12 markedly reduced IL‐6 levels, while LGG significantly lowered TNF‐α, transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Additionally, both probiotics promoted macrophage polarization towards the anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype. Microbiota analysis revealed that LGG and BB‐12 significantly decreased the abundance of pathogenic bacteria (e.g. Staphylococcus and Proteus) and increased the proportion of beneficial bacteria (e.g. Corynebacterium). Particularly, BB‐12 was more effective in reducing Staphylococcus abundance, whereas LGG excelled in promoting Corynebacterium growth. These findings suggest the ability of LGG and BB‐12 to modulate the wound microenvironment, enhance wound healing and provide valuable insights for the management of infected wounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Stress‐related diseases are on the rise and stress is one of the common factors that lead to ulcer. Stress‐induced mucosal bleeding is a serious complication observed in many critically ill patients. Due to the harmful side effects of proton pump inhibitors, natural and active alternative treatment methods for peptic ulcer treatment that are safe in terms of side effects are an urgent need for human health. We aimed to investigate the dose‐dependent protective effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) against stress ulcer induced by cold restraint stress in rats. This study was performed in a total of 42 rats, in control group (C), stress group (S), pantoprazole (20 mg kg−1 day−1) group (P), LGG (3 × 108 cfu mL−1 day−1) + stress group (M1), LGG (15 × 108 mL−1 day−1) + stress group (M5) and LGG (30 × 108 mL−1 day−1) + stress group (M10) (each n = 7). Ulceration areas (mm2) were determined quantitatively with ImageJ software. Glucocorticoid, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels were determined by ELISA and malondialdehyde levels were determined by spectrophotometric measurement. Histopathological examinations were performed in gastric tissue. RESULTS: Therapeutic dose of LGG increased CAT, SOD and GPx levels; prevented excessive activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis; reduced ulceration and bleeding in the gastric mucosal layer; and provided stabilization of mast cells. CONCLUSIONS: We can suggest that LGG may be beneficial for reducing the negative effects of stress on the body, for protecting against ulcer disease and for reducing or preventing the risk of stress‐induced gastrointestinal bleeding in patients staying in intensive care units. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous growth of biofilm infections and their resilience to conventional cleaning methods and antimicrobial agents pose a worldwide challenge across diverse sectors. This persistent medical, industrial, and environmental issue contributes to treatment challenges and chronic diseases. Lactic acid bacteria have garnered global attention for their substantial antimicrobial effects against pathogens and established beneficial roles. Notably, their biofilms are also predicted to show a promising control strategy against pathogenic biofilm formation. The prevalence of biofilm-related problems underscores the need for extensive research and innovative solutions to tackle this global challenge. This novel study investigates the effect of different extracts (external, internal, and mixed extracts) obtained from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG biofilm on pathogenic-formed biofilms. Subsequently, external extracts presented an important eradication effectiveness. Furthermore, a 6-fold concentration of these extracts led to eradication percentages of 57%, 67%, and 76% for Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, respectively, and around 99.9% bactericidal effect of biofilm cells was observed for the three strains. The results of this research could mark a significant breakthrough in the field of anti-biofilm and antimicrobial strategies. Further studies and molecular research will be necessary to detect the molecules secreted by the biofilm, and their mechanisms of action engaged in new anti-biofilm strategies. Key points: • Using L. rhamnosus GG biofilm extracts to eradicate pathogenic biofilms. Antimicrobial effect of L. rhamnosus GG biofilm external extracts against biofilm-associated bacteria. Increasing biofilm eradication by combining with a mixture of antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Feasibility of using konjac glucomannan hydrolysate (KGMH) as prebiotics and wall material for encapsulating probiotics was investigated. Prebiotic activity scores (PASs) were determined for KGMH, inulin, fructooligosaccharides and konjac glucomannan to assess their effectiveness in promoting growth of probiotics and inhibiting enteric mixture. Thermal tolerances of probiotics were also assessed. Lactobacillus rhamnosus L34 and L. acidophilus LA5 exhibited higher PASs and thermal tolerances and were selected for encapsulation; freeze drying and spray drying were used to form and dry encapsulated probiotics. Maltodextrin (MD), soy protein isolate (SPI) and KGMH, either individually or in combination, were comparatively used as wall materials. Freeze drying with SPI and KGMH resulted in highest survival rates for L. rhamnosus L34 (97.92%) and L. acidophilus LA5 (88.94%). In case of spray drying, MD, KGMH and combination of MD and KGMH resulted in drying yields of 55–71%; SPI‐containing formula resulted in lower yields (20–23%). Spray‐dried probiotics exhibited lower survival rates compared to their freeze‐dried counterpart. KGMH, particularly in combination with SPI, emerged as promising material for enhancing probiotics survival during encapsulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk has been a dietary staple around the world for centuries. In recent years, consumer interest in healthy foods and organic products has increased due to their health-promoting properties. Fermented dairy products, including yoghurt, are receiving special attention for their properties and the presence of probiotic bacteria. The quantitative and qualitative (MALDI TOF MS) evaluation of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in different types of yoghurt (with different shelf lives) was carried out. The effect of the Lactobacillus spp. strains isolated from yoghurts (with potential antimicrobial activity) against foodborne pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis and Listeria monocytogenes) was evaluated. The presence of Lactobacillus spp. (Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus paracasei) in the tested yoghurts was demonstrated. In the samples tested, not all the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) declared by the manufacturer were identified. The number of live bacteria present in the product was influenced by the type of yoghurt. The number of bacteria did not fall below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended level by the last day of validity. It was shown that a mixed culture (L. rhamnosus and L. paracasei, isolated from tested yoghurts) had the most significant effect on changing the number of pathogenic microorganisms. The consumption of dairy products, which are a source of LAB, can reduce the risk of foodborne pathogen infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nono is a traditional cultured dairy product consumed across West Africa. In this study, five cultures isolated from Nigerian-produced nono and three purified lactic acid bacteria from the USDA-NRRL were examined for use in preparing nono starter cultures. Isolated cultures were characterized using microbiological and biochemical tests, including 16s rDNA sequencing to identify the genotype. Each isolated strain was cultured and inoculated into UHT milk (1% v/v) and allowed to ferment for 24 h at 25 °C. Fermented products were evaluated for pH, moisture content, water activity, and viscosity, and their descriptive sensory properties were noted. The isolate that resulted in sensory properties most similar to traditional nono was then used as the primary strain for subsequent starter culture blends made with the NRRL cultures. These blends were used for the fermentation of nono and compared with commercial nono samples. Isolates obtained from nono were as follows: Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus paracasei, and, surprisingly, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, which has not been previously reported as a part of the nono microflora. There was no significant difference in the physical parameters of nono made from the individual indigenous isolates and a similar pattern was observed for the organisms from NRRL, except that their total titratable acidity and viscosities were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those of the indigenous organisms. Compounded starter made with L. rhamnosus and NRRL cultures was then used to make nono that showed significantly (p < 0.05) different pH and viscosity values than commercially purchased nono, while sensory evaluation showed that nono made from the new starter culture had a high overall consumer acceptance score. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Improvement is needed in the remedies used to control Th2 polarization. Bioengineering approaches have modified immune cells that have immunosuppressive functions. This study aims to generate modified eosinophils (Meos) in vivo and use Meos to balance Th2 polarization and reduce airway allergy. Methods: A cell editor was constructed. The editor contained a peptide carrier, an anti-siglec F antibody, MHC II, ovalbumin, and LgDNA (DNA extracted from a probiotic, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG). Which was designated as Cedit. Meos are eosinophils modified using Cedits. An airway Th2 polarization mouse model was established used to test the effect of Meos on suppressing airway allergy. Results: The Cedits remained physically and chemically stable in solution (pH7.2) for at least 96 h. Cedits specifically bound to eosinophils, which are designated as Meos. Meos produced programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1); the latter induced antigen specific CD4+ T cell apoptosis. Administration of Cedits through nasal instillations generated Meos in vivo, which significantly reduced the frequency of antigen specific CD4+ T cells in the airways, and mitigated airway Th2 polarization. Conclusions: We constructed Cedit, which could edit eosinophils into Meos in vivo. Meos could induce antigen specific CD4+ T cell apoptosis, and reconcile airway Th2 polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: To assess the effects of inactivated Lactobacillus rhamnosus (ILR) on growth performance, serum biochemical indices, colonic microbiota, and metabolomics in weaned piglets, 120 piglets were randomly divided into five groups. Samples in the control group were fed a basal diet, while the experimental ILR1, ILR2, ILR3, and ILR4 groups were fed basal diets supplemented with 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% ILR, respectively. The prefeeding period lasted for 5 days and was followed by a formal period of 28 days. Results: Compared to the control, the average daily gain increased by 4.38%, 7.98%, 19.32%, and 18.80% for ILR1, ILR2, ILR3, and ILR4, respectively, and the ratio of feed to gain decreased by 0.63%, 3.80%, 12.66%, and 10.76%, respectively. Serum IgA, IgG, IgM, total antioxidant capacity, and glutathione peroxidase levels increased significantly in weaned piglets in the treatment groups. Addition of 0.3% ILR significantly increased the Shannon and Simpson indices of the colonic microbiota in weaned piglets and altered the microbiota composition. Changes in metabolic profiles were observed and were primarily related to the urea cycle, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Conclusion: ILR improved growth performance and serum immunological and biochemical indices and optimized the colonic microbiota structure and metabolism of weaned piglets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rate of NAFLD in the general population is estimated to be 25.2%. NAFLD is affected by lifestyle, diet, and inflammation. In this study, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics was aimed to modulate the circadian clock in the liver and improve metabolic disorder through the gut–liver axis. Methods: Six-week-old, healthy, 43 Wistar albino rats were included in the study and their average weight was determined as 140.50 g (95.00–177.00) at the beginning of the study. Before the study, the rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, 8 animals were placed in the 1st, 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups and 11 animals were placed in the 2nd group. Rats in group 1 were fed standard food for 13 weeks. Rats in the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th groups were fed with 10% fructose water during the 1-week adaptation period and then 20% fructose water. After the 7th week, probiotic treatment (2 × 109 CFU/ml Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) was administered to rats in group 3rd via gavage for 6 weeks, and prebiotic treatment was administered to rats in group 4th with feed containing 10% grape seed extract. Rats in the 5th group were given a feed consisting of 10% grape seed extract and 2 × 109 CFU/ml Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG via gavage. Results: It was determined that the use of prebiotics as a treatment option in fatty liver had a more positive effect on glucose, ALT, melatonin, and ZO-1 values. In addition, it was observed that synbiotic use had more positive effects on histopathological findings, NAS score, and the expression level of circadian clock genes. While there was no significant difference between the mRNA levels of circadian clock genes, it was observed that gene expression levels increased with fructose consumption and decreased especially with synbiotic treatment. Conclusion: It has been observed that fructose modulates the circadian rhythm by affecting some biochemical and genomic pathways as a result of synbiotic use in order to prevent the negative effects of fructose on fatty liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coculture of intestinal bacteria with primary human intestinal epithelium provides a valuable tool for investigating host‐colon bacterial interactions and for testing and screening therapeutics. However, most current intestinal model systems lack key physiological features of the in vivo colon, such as both a proper oxygen microenvironment and a mucus layer. In this work, a new in vitro colonic microphysiological system is demonstrated with a cell‐derived, functional mucus that closely resembles the in vivo colonic mucosa and apical microenvironment by employing an anaerobic air‐liquid interface culture. The human primary colon epithelial cells in this new in vitro system exhibit high cell viability (>98%) with ≈100 µm thick functional mucus layer on average. Successful coculture of model anaerobic gut bacterial strains Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Anaerobutyricum hallii without loss in human cell viability demonstrates that this new model can be an invaluable tool for future studies of the impact of commensal and pathogenic bacteria on the colon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lactobacillus rhamnosus AFY02 (LR‐AFY02) is a newly discovered strain isolated and identified from naturally fermented yogurt in Xinjiang, China. This research aims to investigate the mechanism of action of LR‐AFY02 in mice with acute gouty arthritis. We examined the degree of foot swelling, pain threshold, blood biochemical indicators, histopathological changes, and mRNA expression. LR‐AFY02 can decrease the severity of mouse foot edema and raise the pain threshold. LR‐AFY02 can increase the enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of glutathione (GSH) while lowering the enzyme activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in mice with acute arthritis. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐10, interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) levels in the blood of mice with acute arthritis are also decreased by LR‐AFY02. Histopathological findings demonstrated that LR‐AFY02 reduced tissue damage in the mouse foot and ankle joints. LR‐AFY02 may suppress the mRNA expression of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), IL‐6, interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), and TNF‐α in the tissues of the ankle joints of mice with acute arthritis. Additionally, LR‐AFY02 has the ability to increase the expression of catalase (CAT), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn‐SOD), and copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn‐SOD). As a result, it is clear that L. rhamnosus AFY02 is more effective than glucosamine sulfate at preventing acute gouty arthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new style of tofu coagulated through the fermentation of Lactobacillus plantarum SJ‐L‐1 was produced. L. plantarum SJ‐L‐1 with a high growth rate and excellent acid production ability was isolated and identified from naturally fermented soy yellow whey. The gene annotation indicated the potential outstanding isoflavone conversion capacity of L. plantarum SJ‐L‐1. Furthermore, fermentation tofu was prepared using L. plantarum SJ‐L‐1 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus 1–16 as the starter microbiota. Compared to traditional MgCl2 tofu and fermented soy whey tofu, SJ‐L‐1 tofu exhibited a slight increase in hardness and better structure uniformity. SJ‐L‐1 tofu also possessed the highest levels of total isoflavone content (76.33 µg/g) and volatile compounds (561.54 µg/kg) among the four styles of tofu. This research indicated that this new type of tofu coagulated through a combination of heat and fermentation of L. plantarum SJ‐L‐1 represents a promising candidate for future functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inulin, a prebiotic utilized in the food and pharmaceutical industries, promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon, thereby enhancing human health. Although inulin is commercially produced from chicory and artichoke, Inula helenium roots offer a high potential for inulin production. The aim of this study is to investigate the prebiotic activity of inulin (inulin‐P) from I. helenium roots on Lactobacillus rhamnosus, as well as its ability to produce synbiotic microcapsules and the effects on probiotic viability during freeze‐drying, in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) digestion, and storage. First, the effect of inulin‐P on L. rhamnosus viability and short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) production was compared to other commonly utilized prebiotics. The findings revealed that inulin‐P remarkably promoted the growth and SCFA yield of L. rhamnosus for 48 h of fermentation and 28 days of storage. Then, L. rhamnosus was encapsulated with inulin‐P and commercial inulin to compare its survival throughout storage and the GI tract. Inulin‐P microcapsules outperformed in terms of viability during storage (7.98 log CFU/g after 30 days at 4°C). Furthermore, inulin‐P microcapsules were heat‐resistant and protected L. rhamnosus from GI conditions, resulting in a high survival rate (89.52%) following large intestine simulation, which is ideal for increasing customer benefits. Additionally, inulin‐P microcapsules exhibited similar physical characteristics to commercial inulin. Consequently, this study revealed that inulin‐P, which is easy to produce, low‐cost, and has industrial application potential, could be used as a good carrier for the synbiotic encapsulation of L. rhamnosus. Practical Application: Inulin is a prebiotic that promotes the activity and growth of beneficial bacteria in the human gut. Although commercial inulin is currently produced from chicory root and artichoke, Inula helenium root is a potential raw material for inulin production. In this study, inulin was produced from I. helenium roots with a low‐cost and easy production method, and it was determined that this inulin was an effective carrier in the synbiotic encapsulation of L. rhamnosus. This inulin exhibits superior prebiotic activity and encapsulation efficiency compared to commercial inulins like Orafti® GR and HPX and can be easily integrated into industrial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, starch‐based nanofiber mats were successfully prepared from aqueous solution by electrospinning and used for probiotic encapsulation for the first time. The physicochemical properties of the octenylsuccinated (OS) starch/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend solutions were systematically investigated. Through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction spectra analysis, it was found that miscibility and hydrogen bonding interactions exist between OS starch and PVA molecules. Thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the produced nanofibers possess satisfactory thermal stability. Scanning electron microscopy images and diameter distribution histograms showed that continuous and defect‐free nanofibers were obtained and along with the increase in the weight ratio of OS starch, the average diameter gradually decreased. In addition, it was confirmed that the probiotics were successfully encapsulated in nanofiber mats. The survival rates of Lactobacillus plantarum AB‐1 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG encapsulated in nanofibers were as high as 94.63% and 92.42%, respectively, significantly higher than those of traditional freeze‐drying. Moreover, compared to free cells, probiotics encapsulated in nanofiber mats retained better viability after 21 days of storage at 4 and 25°C, and showed remarkably higher survival rates after exposure to simulated gastric and intestinal fluid. This study showed that the developed nanofibers can be a promising encapsulation system for the protection of probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a prevalent adverse effect of antibiotic therapy, disrupting the gut microbiota and leading to gastrointestinal complications. Probiotics have been suggested as a preventive measure against AAD, but comprehensive clinical trials are needed to confirm their efficacy and elucidate the underlying microbiological mechanisms. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a multi-strain probiotic formulation in preventing AAD in adult patients undergoing antibiotic therapy, focusing on the impact on gut microbiota composition and immune response. Methods: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial was conducted over 12 months in a tertiary care hospital in North India. Two hundred adult patients receiving antibiotic therapy were randomly assigned to receive either a multi-strain probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Saccharomyces boulardii) or a placebo. The primary outcome was the incidence of AAD during and up to 4 weeks’ post-antibiotic therapy. Secondary outcomes included changes in gut microbiota composition, assessed through 16S rRNA sequencing, and immune response, measured by fecal IgA and cytokine levels. Stool samples were collected at baseline, end of therapy, and 4 weeks’ post-therapy. Statistical analysis compared incidence rates, microbiota changes, and immune markers between groups. Results: The probiotic group exhibited a significantly lower incidence of AAD (15%) compared to the placebo group (35%) (p < 0.05). The probiotic group also maintained higher levels of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium) and lower levels of pathogenic bacteria (Clostridioides difficile). Immune response markers indicated a significant increase in fecal IgA levels and a favorable cytokine profile (IL-10 and TNF-α) in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group. Discussion: The findings demonstrate that multi-strain probiotics significantly reduce the incidence of AAD by preserving gut microbiota balance and enhancing immune function. This study supports existing literature, such as McFarland (2006) and Snydman (2008), and provides detailed microbiological and immunological insights into probiotic action. Our results align with other randomized controlled trials and highlight the importance of probiotics in clinical practice to prevent AAD. Conclusion: Probiotics, particularly multi-strain formulations, are effective in preventing AAD by maintaining gut microbiota integrity and boosting immune responses. These findings advocate for the use of probiotics as a complementary therapy during antibiotic treatment to mitigate adverse gastrointestinal effects. Further research should explore personalized probiotic therapies based on individual microbiota profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seed kernels of Caesalpinia bonducella, a traditional medicinal plant in India, are widely used to treat various disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome. The seed kernel possesses anti-bacterial properties against many pathogenic bacteria. However, their impact on Lactobacillus spp., a prominent gram-positive gut bacterium, has not been studied till date. The present study employed both in vitro and in silico methods to illustrate the effect of seed extract of C. bonducella against Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. For this, disc diffusion assay was performed with 100, 500, and 1000 µg/ml of aqueous and methanolic seed extract against L. rhamnosus and E. coli, and the zone of inhibition was measured. While both the extracts inhibited the growth of E. coli, it did not show any zone of inhibition against L. rhamnosus. The latter possess surface layer proteins, SlpX and SlpA, which prevented the influx of the phytocompounds of C. bonducella, as demonstrated by molecular docking using Autodock Vina. Docking results showed that the binding of the phytocompounds to the SlpX and SlpA proteins was not in the active pockets. These findings conclude that C. bonducella seed kernel extracts are safe against the gut bacteria L. rhamnosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, the protective effects of native Iranian probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus holoticus) on lead acetate (PbAc)-induced toxicity in the kidney of male rats were investigated using biochemical, molecular and histopathological approaches. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one male Wistar rats were divided into three groups (n=7/group), including controls, PbAc recipient (10 mg/kg) and PbAc recipient (10 mg/kg) + probiotic mixture (109 CFU). PbAc and probiotics were gavage in the groups. On the 31st day, blood samples were used to measure serum concentrations of creatinine (Cr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), sodium, total protein and potassium. Rats were dissected and renal tissues apoptotic and inflammatory genes were evaluated. Results: PbAc increased serum concentrations of Cr, sodium, and urea, and decreased total protein and potassium, while it enhanced interleukine-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF- α) gene expression in kidney tissue compared to the control group. Probiotic mixture decreased Cr, BUN, and malondialdehyde and increased activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes in kidney tissue. Conclusion: The results of the study showed that the native Iranian probiotics mixture can be used to protect the function and structure of the kidneys against toxic and oxidative damage induced by PbAc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aflatoxins, a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, pose significant threats to human health due to their potent carcinogenic, mutagenic, and immunosuppressive properties. Chronic exposure to these contaminants, commonly found in staple foods such as maize and groundnuts, has been linked to an increased risk of liver cancer, growth impairment, and immune dysfunction. Several agents, such as calcium montmorillonite clay and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, have shown promise in reducing aflatoxin bioavailability and alleviating its toxic effects. Additionally, dietary supplements such as chlorophyllin, selenium, and N-acetylcysteine have demonstrated potential as adjuvants to counteract aflatoxin-induced oxidative stress and support liver function. In this treatise, some of the most discussed approaches to mitigating aflatoxin effects are explored in terms of their efficacy, safety, and potential mechanisms of action, which include direct aflatoxin binding, detoxification, cellular antioxidative, and hepatocellular protection properties. However, the effectiveness of these strategies can be influenced by various factors, such as dose, duration of exposure, and individual susceptibility. Therefore, further research is needed to optimize these interventions and develop new, targeted therapies for the prevention and treatment of aflatoxin-related diseases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of 18 pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, supplement, and probiotic strategies currently available for mitigating the deleterious effects of chronic aflatoxin exposure in humans and animal models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the expanding domain of functional beverages crafted from plant‐based milk alternatives. In this study, a total of eight different fermented drinks fortified with beneficial Chlorella sp. and probiotics including Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NCIM 5775) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) drinks were developed using barnyard millet as the base ingredient due to its rich protein and high‐fibre content in comparison with the other millets in the market. Results revealed that the protein content increases by 2% upon the addition of Chlorella sp., among bacterial samples, with Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented Unflavoured drink (LRFFD) > Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented flavoured drink > Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented with Chlorella sp. > LRFM, and among yeast samples, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented Unflavoured drink (SCFUFD) > Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented with Chlorella sp. > Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented flavoured drink (SCFFD) > SCFRM, indicating higher protein content than in typical fermented drink. Fat content was notably low across all samples. Ash and fibre content ranged from 0.23 to 0.27 g and 0.22 to 0.35 g, respectively, for both bacterial and yeast fermented drink. Millet is generally considered a carbohydrate‐rich grain. When fermented, some of the carbohydrates may be broken down by the fermentation process. So, the carbohydrate content was low in fermented millet drink when compared to the nonfermented drink. Energy values varied, with LRFFD and SCFFD containing the highest energy due to incorporation of Chlorella sp. and chocolate flavour. Both LAB and yeast‐fermented drinks demonstrated effective antioxidant activity, with higher total phenolic content, except for non‐Chlorella sp. beverages. GC‐MS analysis identified constituents like hexadecenoic acid and hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF) with anticarcinogenic and anti‐inflammatory properties. Additionally, these samples exhibited elevated antimicrobial activity against test strains. Sensory analysis indicated a preference of SCFFD and LRFFD sample for its good taste as it contains chocolate flavour and the overall acceptability of bacterial fermented beverage was higher compared to the yeast fermented drinks. Therefore, a fermented millet beverage was successfully obtained by the coculture of LAB and Saccharomyces cerevisiae incorporated with Chlorella sp. could increase the product's functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology / Zhongguo Shipin Xuebao is the property of Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science & Technology Periodical Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The influence of molasses (M) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) on fermentation products, microbial communities, and metabolites in big-bale alfalfa silage was investigated. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was harvested at the third growth stage during the flowering stage in the experimental field of Linhui Grass Company from Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia. An alfalfa sample without additives was used as a control (C). M (20 g/kg) and LR (106 cfu/g) were added either alone or in combination. Alfalfa was fermented for 7, 14, and 56 d. Lactic acid content in the M, LR, and MLR groups increased, whereas the pH value and butyric acid, 2,3-butanediol, and ethanol contents decreased compared to those of C group after 7, 14, and 56 d of fermentation. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to estimate the results. The LR group exhibited increased Lactobacillus abundance, whereas the M and MLR groups showed increased Weissella abundance compared to the C group. The relative contents of amino acids (tyrosine, isoleucine, threonine, arginine, valine, and citrulline) in the M and MLR groups were higher than those in the C group. During fermentation, the M, LR, and MLR groups showed decreased phenylalanine, isoleucine, and ferulic acid contents. Amino acids such as isoleucine and L-aspartic acid were positively correlated with Lactobacillus but negatively correlated with Weissella. In conclusion, combining high-throughput sequencing and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry during anaerobic alfalfa fermentation can reveal new microbial community compositions and metabolite profiles, supporting the application of M, LR, and MLR as feed fermentation agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study investigates the expanding domain of functional beverages crafted from plant‐based milk alternatives. In this study, a total of eight different fermented drinks fortified with beneficial Chlorella sp. and probiotics including Lactobacillus rhamnosus (NCIM 5775) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Brewer's yeast) drinks were developed using barnyard millet as the base ingredient due to its rich protein and high‐fibre content in comparison with the other millets in the market. Results revealed that the protein content increases by 2% upon the addition of Chlorella sp., among bacterial samples, with Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented Unflavoured drink (LRFFD) > Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented flavoured drink > Lactobacillus rhamnosus fermented with Chlorella sp. > LRFM, and among yeast samples, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented Unflavoured drink (SCFUFD) > Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented with Chlorella sp. > Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented flavoured drink (SCFFD) > SCFRM, indicating higher protein content than in typical fermented drink. Fat content was notably low across all samples. Ash and fibre content ranged from 0.23 to 0.27 g and 0.22 to 0.35 g, respectively, for both bacterial and yeast fermented drink. Millet is generally considered a carbohydrate‐rich grain. When fermented, some of the carbohydrates may be broken down by the fermentation process. So, the carbohydrate content was low in fermented millet drink when compared to the nonfermented drink. Energy values varied, with LRFFD and SCFFD containing the highest energy due to incorporation of Chlorella sp. and chocolate flavour. Both LAB and yeast‐fermented drinks demonstrated effective antioxidant activity, with higher total phenolic content, except for non‐Chlorella sp. beverages. GC‐MS analysis identified constituents like hexadecenoic acid and hydroxy methyl furfural (HMF) with anticarcinogenic and anti‐inflammatory properties. Additionally, these samples exhibited elevated antimicrobial activity against test strains. Sensory analysis indicated a preference of SCFFD and LRFFD sample for its good taste as it contains chocolate flavour and the overall acceptability of bacterial fermented beverage was higher compared to the yeast fermented drinks. Therefore, a fermented millet beverage was successfully obtained by the coculture of LAB and Saccharomyces cerevisiae incorporated with Chlorella sp. could increase the product's functional properties.

The current work aimed to optimise aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) removal from milk by magnetic inactivated lactic acid bacteria (LAB) adsorbent using response surface methodology (RSM). In this research, the ability of 5 strains of LAB was evaluated for AFM1 removal. Lactobacillus rhamnosus, which indicated the highest adsorption efficiency compared to other strains (p < 0.05), was selected. The obtained LAB was modified using Fe3O4 particles for the generation of magnetic inactivated LAB adsorbent, which was further characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The results indicated that L. rhamnosus cells were successfully functionalised and modified by Fe3O4 particles. A central composite design (CCD) was applied to investigate the effect of variables including time (5–125 min), temperature (3–23°C), initial AFM1 concentration (0.1–2.1 μg L-1), and fat (0–3.6%) on AFM1 removal from milk using synthesised adsorbent. According to the RSM model, the optimal adsorption conditions for the second-order model were observed at 73.60 min, the temperature of 17.82°C, AFM1 concentration of 1.598 µg L−1, and fat content of 0.9% leading to the maximum removal efficiency of 56.92%. Hence, the magnetic inactivated LAB adsorbent synthesised using this approach can be an efficient easy-to-separate adsorbent in removing AFM1 from milk. The main functional groups involved in AFM1 removal were carboxyl, amide, and hydroxyl/amino groups. Moreover, the synthesised adsorbent had superparamagnetic behaviour and could be rapidly separated from aqueous solutions. In conclusion, the current study presented a novel method for the efficient adsorption of AFM1 to improve the safety figures of milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vaginal dysbiosis, a change in the beneficial vaginal microbiome, leads to a significant depletion in the essential lactobacilli thus increasing the possibility of vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis. Probiotics have gained more attention as a means of delivering exogenous lactobacilli but one of the challenges in delivery strategies is maintaining and improving their viability. The objective of this study is to enhance the viability of Lactobacillus spp., via encapsulation in hyaluronic acid/polyvinyl alcohol hybrid electrospun nanofibers. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) composite nanofibers integrated with Lactobacillus spp. were fabricated by electrospinning. The survival of Lactobacillus spp. after its immobilization in electrospun nanofibers with polyvinyl alcohol and hyaluronic acid was evaluated. Results: Scanning electron microscopy indicated larger average diameters in PVA/HA nanofibers with Lactobacillus spp. encapsulation (0.189 ± 0.041 µm to 0.231 ± 0.061 µm between D3 and D4, and 0.177 ± 0.043 µm to 0.212 ± 0.041 µm between D5 and D6) which showed that the nanofibers had the bacterial cells successfully enclosed in them. The viability of the lactic acid bacteria enclosed in the PVA/HA nanofibers was observed to decrease by more than 2-log units. Conclusion: The electrospun nanofiber-based delivery system is promising for the encapsulation and delivery of lactic acid bacteria to the vagina to combat recurrent vaginal infections such as bacterial vaginosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The gut microbiota (MB), although one of the main producers of Aß in the body, in physiological conditions contributes to the maintainance of a healthy brain. Dysbiosis, the dysbalance between Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria in the MB increases Aß production, contributing to the accumulation of Aß plaques in the brain, the main histopathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Administration of prebiotics and probiotics, maintaining or recovering gut-MB composition, could represent a nutraceutical strategy to prevent or reduce AD sympthomathology. Aim of this research was to evaluate whether treatment with pre- and probiotics could modify the histopathological signs of neurodegeneration in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas of a transgenic mouse model of AD (APP/PS1 mice). The hippocampus is one of the brain regions involved in AD. Methods: Tg mice and Wt littermates (Wt-T and Tg-T) were fed daily for 6 months from 2 months of age with a diet supplemented with prebiotics (a multi-extract of fibers and plant complexes, containing inulin/fruit-oligosaccharides) and probiotics (a 50%-50% mixture of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus paracasei). Controls were Wt and Tg mice fed with a standard diet. Brain sections were immunostained for Aß plaques, neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and inflammatory proteins that were evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively by immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy and digital imaging with ImageJ software. Results: Quantitative analyses demonstrated that: 1) The treatment with pre- and probiotics significantly decreased Aß plaques in CA3, while in CA1 the reduction was not significant; 2) Neuronal damage in CA1 Stratum Pyramidalis was significantly prevented in Tg-T mice; no damage was found in CA3; 3) In both CA1 and CA3 the treatment significantly increased astrocytes density, and GFAP and IBA1 expression, especially around plaques; 4) Microglia reacted differently in CA1 and CA3: in CA3 of Tg-T mice there was a significant increase of CD68+ phagocytic microglia (ball-and-chain phenomic) and of CX3CR1 compared with CA1. Discussion: The higher microglia reactivity could be responsible for their more efficient scavenging activity towards Aß plaques in CA3 in comparison to CA1. Treatment with pre- and probiotics, modifying many of the physiopathological hallmarks of AD, could be considered an effective nutraceutical strategy against AD symptomatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The probiotic potential of Lacticacid bacteria has been studied in various medical complications, from gastrointestinal diseases to antibiotic resistance infections recently. Moreover, diabetic ulcer (DU) is known as one of the most significant global healthcare concerns, which comprehensively impacts the quality of life for these patients. Given that the conventional treatments of DUs have failed to prevent later complications completely, developing alternative therapies seems to be crucial. Methods: We designed the stable oleogel-based formulation of viable probiotic cells, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), Lactobacillus casei (L. casei), Lactobacillus fermentum (L. fermentum), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) individually to investigate their effect on wound healing process as an in vivo study. The wound repair process was closely monitored regarding morphology, biochemical, and histopathological changes over two weeks and compared it with the effects of topical tetracycline as an antibiotic approach. Furthermore, the antibiofilm activity of probiotic bacteria was assessed against some common pathogens. Results: The findings indicated that all tested lactobacillus groups (excluded L. casei) included in the oleogel-based formulation revealed a high potential for repairing damaged skin due to the considerably more levels of hydroxyproline content of tissue samples along with the higher numerical density of mature fibroblasts cell and volume density of hair follicles, collagen fibrils, and neovascularization in comparison with antibiotic and control groups. L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus showed the best potential of wound healing among all lactobacillus species, groups treated by tetracycline and control groups. Besides, L. rhamnosus showed a significant biofilm inhibition activity against tested pathogens. Conclusions: This experiment demonstrated that the designed formulations containing probiotics, particularly L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus, play a central role in manipulating diabetic wound healing. It could be suggested as an encouraging nominee for diabetic wound-healing alternative approaches, though further studies in detailed clinical trials are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Fermentation Industries is the property of Food & Fermentation Industries and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To investigate the effects of nitrogen source nutrients on the growth and metabolism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), this study used soybean protein isolates (dSPI) and soybean peptides (dPEP) from simulated gastrointestinal digestion as raw materials. The number of viable cells and the production of lactic acid and acetic acid in LGG were measured through mono-culture. LGG was co-cultured with Listeria monocytogenes to determine its utilization of soybean protein isolates and soybean peptides in the presence of pathogens. The results of mono-culture showed that both dPEP and dSPI could increase the viable number of LGG (P<0.05), and the effect of dPEP was earlier four hours than that of dSPI, and they could significantly increase the production of SCFAs (P<0.05). In the co-culture system, dSPI weakened the competitiveness of Listeria monocytogenes (List m) and improved the competitiveness of LGG. After 4 h and 8 h of culture, the number of living cells of LGG was higher than that of mono-culture (P<0.05). The results of this study identify nitrogen sources as potentially beneficial nutrients, and provide a theoretical basis for the development of soybean protein and soybean peptide functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most prevalent chronic liver alterations worldwide, being gut microbiota dysbiosis one of the contributing factors to its development. The aim of this research is to compare the potential effects of a viable probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG) with those exerted by its heat‐inactivated paraprobiotic counterpart in a dietary rodent model of NAFLD. The probiotic administration effectively prevented the hepatic lipid accumulation induced by a high‐fat high‐fructose diet feeding, as demonstrated by chemical (lower TG content) and histological (lower steatosis grade and lobular inflammation) analyses. This effect was mainly mediated by the downregulation of lipid uptake (FATP2 protein expression) and upregulating liver TG release to bloodstream (MTTP activity) in rats receiving the probiotic. By contrast, the effect of the paraprobiotic preventing diet‐induced liver lipid accumulation was milder, and mainly derived from the downregulation of hepatic de novo lipogenesis (SREBP‐1c protein expression and FAS activity) and TG assembly (DGAT2 and AQP9 protein expression). The obtained results demonstrate that under these experimental conditions, the effects induced by the administration of viable L. rhamnosus GG preventing liver lipid accumulation in rats fed a diet rich in saturated fat and fructose differ from those induced by its heat‐inactivated paraprobiotic counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We herein investigated Lactobacillus rhamnosus as a probiotic, paraprobiotic and their synbiotic combination in the diet of dourado Salminus brasiliensis. Two hundred and forty juvenile S. brasiliensis with average weight and length of 6.78 ± 1.65 g and 8.97 ± 0.42 cm were randomly distributed in 16 experimental units (300 L) under four treatments: diet without additive (control), 0.02% probiotic (L. rhamnosus 108 CFU), 2.0% paraprobiotic (inactive L. rhamnosus 1010 CFU) and synbiotic (probiotic + paraprobiotic), all in quadruplicate, for 45 days. Then, zootechnical performance, hemato-biochemicals (pre-and post-challenge), intestinal and hepatic histomorphometric analyses were performed, in addition to a bacterial challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila. The feed intake was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the probiotic group. The allomeric condition factors were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in fish from the paraprobiotic and synbiotic groups. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in the blood count between the supplemented groups and the control group. However, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the blood count between the pre- and post-challenge periods. Fish in the synbiotic groups had higher total villi height and villi height when compared to fish in the probiotic and control group. The serosa were significantly (p < 0.05) thicker in the intestines of fish from the probiotic and synbiotic groups. Goblet cells were significantly numerous (p < 0.05) in fish from the synbiotic group. In conclusion, the use of 0.02% probiotic, 2.0% paraprobiotic, and synbiotic proved to be a promising practice due to their action on productive performance, enabling weight gain similar to that of control group with lower feed intake. In addition to improving intestinal immune-histomosphometric parameters, possibly promoting an improved condition in facing intestinal pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inhaled delivery of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) probiotics has been demonstrated to exert therapeutic benefits to the lungs due to LAB's immunomodulatory activities. The development of inhaled probiotics formulation, however, is in its nascent stage limited to nebulized LAB. We developed a dry powder inhaler (DPI) formulation of lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) intended for bronchiectasis maintenance therapy by spray freeze drying (SFD). The optimal DPI formulation (i.e., LGG: mannitol: lactose: leucine = 35: 45: 15: 5 wt.%) was determined based on the aerosolization efficiency (86% emitted dose and 26% respirable fraction) and LGG cell viability post-SFD (7 log CFU/mL per mg powder). The optimal DPI formulation was evaluated and compared to lyophilized naked LGG by its (1) adhesion capacity and cytotoxicity to human lung epithelium cells (i.e., A549 and 16HBE14o- cells) as well as its (2) effectiveness in inhibiting the growth and adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to lung cells. The optimal DPI of LGG exhibited similar non-cytotoxicity and adhesion capacity to lung cells to naked LGG. The DPI of LGG also inhibited the growth and adhesion of P. aeruginosa to the lung cells as effectively as the naked LGG. The present work established the feasibility of delivering the LAB probiotic by the DPI platform without adversely affecting LGG's anti-pseudomonal activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: Given the autoimmune nature of Alopecia Areata (AA) and the immunomodulatory properties of probiotics, this trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a probiotic mixture, consisting of Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium longum strains, as an adjuvant treatment in a group of AA patients. (2) Method: This study was a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Twenty-six patients with AA were included in this study, and their clinical progression, along with changes in gut and skin microbiota, were analyzed. (3) Results: A higher proportion of AA patients treated with the probiotic formula showed improvement compared to the placebo group, based on both the reduction in the number of AA plaques (56% vs. 30%) and the affected scalp surface area (45% vs. 20%). For "activity", "inactivity", and "regrowth", an improvement in 55%, 67%, and 55% of patients was, respectively, observed in the probiotic group, compared to 50%, 40%, and 30% in the placebo group. No changes were observed in the gut microbiota during the intervention period. Regarding skin microbiota, changes were detected in the probiotic group, with reductions in characteristic genera during the study. (4) Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first clinical trial assessing the efficacy of a probiotic product in patients with AA. This probiotic mixture in a routine clinical practice setting appears to improve the course of patients. In addition, the skin microbiota of scalp lesions was modified using the probiotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Applying a saturated potassium iodide (KI) solution immediately after silver diamine fluoride (SDF) application may affect the inhibitory effects of SDF on biofilm formation. This study compared the efficacy of 38% SDF with and without KI on preventing mixed-species biofilm formation on human root dentin surfaces and assessed ion incorporation into root dentin. The biofilms, composed of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Actinomyces naeslundii, were grown on specimen surfaces treated with either SDF or SDF + KI. After 24 h, the biofilms were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy, live/dead staining, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assays, colony-forming unit (CFU) counts, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare the results between the groups. Ion incorporation was assessed using an electron probe microanalyzer. The relative ATP content in the SDF + KI group was significantly higher than that in the SDF group (p < 0.05). However, biofilm morphology and the logarithmic reduction in CFUs and bacterial DNA were comparable across the groups. The SDF + KI treatment resulted in less silver and fluoride ion incorporation than that yielded by SDF alone. The inhibitory effects of SDF and SDF + KI on mixed-species biofilm formation were almost equivalent, although KI application affected the ion incorporation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As gut dysbiosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), probiotic supplementation might be a potential treatment for this condition. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of single- and mixed-strain probiotics on the severity of NASH induced by a high-fat, high-fructose (HFHF) diet and their mechanisms of action. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 7 per group): control group, NASH group, NASH + single-strain group, and NASH + mixed-strain group. In the single-strain and mixed-strain groups, rats received Lactobacillus plantarum B7 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus L34 + Lactobacillus paracasei B13 by oral gavage once daily, respectively. The duration of the study was 6 weeks. Liver tissue was used for histopathology, hepatic fat content was assessed by Oil Red O staining and hepatic free fatty acid (FFA), and hepatic TLR4 and CD14 expression were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Fresh feces was collected for gut microbiota analysis. Liver histology revealed a higher degree of fat accumulation, hepatocyte ballooning, and lobular inflammation in the NASH group, which improved in probiotics-treated groups. The amounts of hepatic fat droplets and hepatic FFA levels were more pronounced in the NASH group than in the control and treatment groups. Serum TNF- α levels were significantly higher in the NASH group than in control and probiotic groups. The expression of CD14 and TLR4 increased in the NASH group as compared with the control and probiotics-treated groups. Alpha diversity was reduced in the NASH group, but increased in both treatment groups. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus significantly decreased in the NASH group, but increased in both treatment groups. The relative abundance of Akkermansia significantly increased in the NASH group, but decreased in both treatment groups. In conclusion, both single-strain and mixed-strain probiotics could improve NASH histology by suppressing inflammatory responses in the liver, with this improvement potentially being associated with changes in the gut microbiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The culture of Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) is of significant socio-economic importance in the U.S. Pacific Northwest and other temperate regions worldwide, with disease outbreaks acting as significant bottlenecks to the successful production of healthy seed larvae. Therefore, the current study aims to describe the mechanisms of a probiotic combination in improving the survival of C. gigas larvae. Specifically, we investigate changes in C. gigas larval gene expression in response to V. coralliilyticus infection with or without a pretreatment of a novel probiotic combination. Methods: Treatment groups consisted of replicates of Pacific oyster larvae exposed to a) a combination of four probiotic bacteria at a total concentration of 3.0 x 105 CFU/mL at 18 hours post-fertilization (hpf), b) pathogenic V. coralliilyticus RE22 at a concentration of 6.0 x 103 CFU/mL at 48 hpf, and c) the probiotic combination at 18 hpf and V. coralliilyticus RE22 at 48 hpf. RNA was extracted from washed larvae after 72 hpf, and transcriptome sequencing was used to identify significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) within each treatment. Results: Larvae challenged with V. coralliilyticus showed enhanced expression of genes responsible for inhibiting immune signaling (i.e., TNFAIP3, PSMD10) and inducing apoptosis (i.e., CDIP53). However, when pre-treated with the probiotic combination, these genes were no longer differentially expressed relative to untreated control larvae. Additionally, pre-treatment with the probiotic combination increased expression of immune signaling proteins and immune effectors (i.e., IL-17, MyD88). Apparent immunomodulation in response to probiotic treatment corresponds to an increase in the survival of C. gigas larvae infected with V. coralliilyticus by up to 82%. Discussion: These results indicate that infection with V. coralliilyticus can suppress the larval immune response while also prompting cell death. Furthermore, the results suggest that the probiotic combination treatment negates the deleterious effects of V. coralliilyticus on larval gene expression while stimulating the expression of genes involved in infection defense mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]