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In the context of public health crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential that individuals cooperate by complying with preventive measures (e.g., wearing a mask). The current research examines how high trust in close others is linked to less cooperation—that is, less compliance with measures—and thus, undermines collective interests. Specifically, we test whether individuals are less willing to comply with preventive measures when interacting with close others they trust. We conducted two experiments in which participants read a vignette depicting a social interaction with either close others (e.g., family) or strangers. Participants had to report the extent to which they would (1) trust the other people in the situation and (2) comply with the mask wearing and physical distancing measures during this interaction. In both experiments, we find that when individuals are considering an interaction with close others, they report experiencing higher trust which is then linked to lower compliance with preventive measures. In Experiment 2, we further demonstrate that participants report less compliance with preventive measures around close others, even when they perceive non-compliance with the measures as morally “wrong”. Our findings shed light on the challenges that compliance with preventive measures poses during social interactions in a context of high trust

Background: Proactive aggression (PA) describes an instrumental behavior that is goal-oriented, whereas reactive aggression (RA) refers to an angry or frustrated aggressive response to a real or perceived threat. Little is known about the respective roles of genetic (G) and environmental (E) factors associated with PA and RA during childhood. The objectives of this study were to investigate a) the G-E etiology of the commonality between PA and RA and b) the presence of G or E components specific to PA or RA throughout childhood (i.e., from 6 to 12 years of age). Methods: Participants were 254 monozygotic and 413 dizygotic pairs. Teacher reports of PA and RA were obtained at 6, 7, 9, 10 and 12 years of age. Results: Throughout childhood, genetic factors accounted for most of the common variance between PA and RA, as well as their specificity. Shared environment played no role. Specifically, genetic factors common to PA and RA explained between 39% and 45% of the variance in PA, and between 27% and 42% of the variance in RA. Genetic factor also uniquely accounted for only but a small percentage (9% at 6 years and 3% at 9 years old) of the variation in PA. As for RA, three distinctive genetic factors contributed to phenotypic variation throughout childhood and explained between 12% and 22% of variance. Conclusions: Dynamic genetic factors accounted for the commonality in PA and RA, and for the specificity of RA. Few genetic factors were unique to PA; in contrast, for RA, an early, specific and persistent genetic factor was found alongside new genetic factors that appeared at later ages. These results challenge theoretical models that focus primarily on the effects of environmental factors in the etiology of reactive and proactive aggression.

Background: Proactive aggression (PA) describes an instrumental behavior that is goal-oriented, whereas reactive aggression (RA) refers to an angry or frustrated aggressive response to a real or perceived threat. Little is known about the respective roles of genetic (G) and environmental (E) factors associated with PA and RA during childhood. The objectives of this study were to investigate a) the G-E etiology of the commonality between PA and RA and b) the presence of G or E components specific to PA or RA throughout childhood (i.e., from 6 to 12 years of age). Methods: Participants were 254 monozygotic and 413 dizygotic pairs. Teacher reports of PA and RA were obtained at 6, 7, 9, 10 and 12 years of age. Results: Throughout childhood, genetic factors accounted for most of the common variance between PA and RA, as well as their specificity. Shared environment played no role. Specifically, genetic factors common to PA and RA explained between 39% and 45% of the variance in PA, and between 27% and 42% of the variance in RA. Genetic factor also uniquely accounted for only but a small percentage (9% at 6 years and 3% at 9 years old) of the variation in PA. As for RA, three distinctive genetic factors contributed to phenotypic variation throughout childhood and explained between 12% and 22% of variance. Conclusions: Dynamic genetic factors accounted for the commonality in PA and RA, and for the specificity of RA. Few genetic factors were unique to PA; in contrast, for RA, an early, specific and persistent genetic factor was found alongside new genetic factors that appeared at later ages. These results challenge theoretical models that focus primarily on the effects of environmental factors in the etiology of reactive and proactive aggression.

La prise de risques permettrait l’autorégulation de deux façons: 1) augmentation du sentiment d’accomplissement (compensation) et 2) fuite d’émotions négatives (fuite). Cette étude vise à évaluer le lien entre ces deux mécanismes et trois dimensions du risque dans les sports de glisse : la témérité, les comportements sécuritaires et la consommation de psychotropes sur les pentes. L’échantillon comprend 684 adeptes de sports de glisse, dont 316 filles et 368 garçons âgés de 14 à 17 ans (M=15,53 ans). Des analyses de régression indiquent qu’une compensation élevée est associée à plus de témérité et plus de comportements sécuritaires. Une fuite élevée est associée à plus de témérité, mais moins de comportements sécuritaires et plus de consommation. Pour les individus dont la prise de risques est associée à l’accomplissement de soi (compensation), la fuite des émotions négatives à un effet moindre sur la négligence des comportements sécuritaires. L’effet de la compensation sur les comportements sécuritaires est plus fort chez les filles que chez les garçons. La fuite est associée à plus de consommation, surtout chez les garçons. Les garçons sont plus susceptibles de réguler leurs émotions négatives par des conduites à risques comme la consommation et la négligence des comportements sécuritaires.

Dans les sports alpins de glisse, la surreprésentation des adolescents parmi les blessés justifie les interrogations sur leurs pratiques sportives risquées. L’objectif de cette étude est de construire et valider un questionnaire évaluant la témérité, la consommation de psychotropes et les comportements sécuritaires adoptés durant la pratique du surf des neiges ou du ski alpin. L’échantillon est composé de 685 adolescents (316 filles et 368 garçons) âgés de 14 à 17 ans. Une analyse factorielle exploratoire par maximum de vraisemblance révèle une solution de trois facteurs correspondant aux dimensions évaluées par le questionnaire et la cohérence interne des échelles est généralement satisfaisante. Les corrélations faibles ou modérées entre les échelles indiquent qu’il s’agit de construits psychologiques distincts. Des analyses de régression multiple indiquent que les trois dimensions sont statistiquement prédites par la recherche d’intensité (AISS; Arnett) et l’impulsivité (BIS-10, Barratt). Le sexe (mâle) et le type de sport pratiqué (surf des neiges, sports émergeants) sont associés à la témérité et à la consommation de psychotropes. Le nombre d’années d’expérience est positivement associé à la témérité et aux comportements sécuritaires, alors que l’estime de soi est positivement associée aux comportements sécuritaires. La discussion souligne l’importance de distinguer la prise de risques intentionnelle (témérité) des mesures de précautions (sécurité) dans les études portant sur la prise de risques.