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Continued methodological advances have enabled numerous statistical approaches for the analysis of summary statistics from genome-wide association studies. Genetic correlation analysis within specific regions enables a new strategy for identifying pleiotropy. Genomic regions with significant ‘local’ genetic correlations can be investigated further using state-of-the-art methodologies for statistical fine-mapping and variant colocalisation. We explored the utility of a genome-wide local genetic correlation analysis approach for identifying genetic overlaps between the candidate neuropsychiatric disorders, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. The correlation analysis identified several associations between traits, the majority of which were loci in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. Colocalisation analysis suggested the presence of a shared causal variant between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease in this region. Our study identified candidate loci that might play a role in multiple neuropsychiatric diseases and suggested that disease-implicated variants in these loci often differ between traits. Accordingly, this suggests the role of distinct mechanisms across diseases despite shared loci. The fine-mapping and colocalisation analysis protocol designed for this study has been implemented in a flexible analysis pipeline that produces HTML reports and is available at:https://github.com/ThomasPSpargo/COLOC-reporter.

A brief review is presented of simple forms of electrical layout which are used in resistivity investigations on the upper surface of a two-layered medium of which the crust of the earth is assumed to be an example. The associative formulas for resistivity are given.The necessity for equalization in magnitudes of the source and the sink in all experimental methods of resistivity investigation is emphasized in order to be in accord with the basis of development of the formula, and in order to eliminate experimentally pseudo anomalies which may appear in homogeneous media.Formulas are developed for use in conjunction with experimental results obtained by the use of drill holes whereby the source and sink are embedded in a two-layered medium. Distinction is made in the cases where the source and sink are remote from, or are in the neighborhood of, the plane of separation of the layers.Some experimental results on the values of the interbowl résistance, R, are presented in comparison with the values of R that would be obtained from a medium of two homogeneous layers of a suitably chosen resistivity ρ. The local anomalies in these layers appear clearly.

There appear to be two classes of magnetic anomalies—herein designated as (A) and (B). (A) Anomalies in which a large but finite number of consequent poles are to be found in the subsurface material, and for which there is a resultant equivalent magnet—This resultant magnet may have many forms, but in many cases a magnet of the form of a rectangular parallelopiped may be taken as the approximately equivalent magnet. Numerous deposits of magnetite, pyrrhotite, ilmenite, franklinite, and magnetic dikes are found to provide this condition. Moreover, it is frequently found that the magnetic meridian plane of these bodies has only a small declination from the Earth's magnetic meridian plane.