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For students to advance beyond arithmetic, they must learn how to attend to the structure of math notation. This process can be challenging due to students' left-to-right computing tendencies. Brackets are used in mathematics to indicate precedence but can also be used as superfluous cues and perceptual grouping mechanisms in instructional materials to direct students' attention and facilitate accurate and efficient problem solving. This online study examines the impact of operator position and superfluous brackets on students' performance solving arithmetic problems. A total of 528 students completed a baseline assessment of math knowledge, then were randomly assigned to one of six conditions that varied in the placement of higher-order operator and the presence or absence of superfluous brackets: [a] brackets-left (e.g., (5 * 4) + 2 + 3), [b] no brackets-left (e.g., 5 * 4 + 2 + 3), [c] brackets-center (e.g., 2 + (5 * 4) + 3), [d] no brackets-center (e.g., 2 + 5 * 4 + 3), [e] brackets-right (e.g., 2 + 3 + (5 * 4)), and [f] no brackets-right (e.g., 2 + 3 + 5 * 4). Participants simplified expressions in an online learning platform with the goal to "master" the content by answering three questions correctly in a row. Results showed that, on average, students were more accurate in problem solving when the higher-order operator was on the left side and less accurate when it was on the right compared to in the center. There was also a main effect of the presence of brackets on mastery speed. However, interaction effects showed that these main effects were driven by the center position: superfluous brackets only improved accuracy when students solved expressions with brackets with the operator in the center. This study advances research on perceptual learning in math by revealing how operator position and presence of superfluous brackets impact students' performance. Additionally, this research provides implications for instructors who can use perceptual cues to support students during problem solving.

For students to advance beyond arithmetic, they must learn how to attend to the structure of math notation. This process can be challenging due to students' left-to-right computing tendencies. Brackets are used in mathematics to indicate precedence but can also be used as superfluous cues and perceptual grouping mechanisms in instructional materials to direct students’ attention and facilitate accurate and efficient problem solving. This online study examines the impact of operator position and superfluous brackets on students’ performance solving arithmetic problems. A total of 528 students completed a baseline assessment of math knowledge, then were randomly assigned to one of six conditions that varied in the placement of higher-order operator and the presence or absence of superfluous brackets: [a] brackets-left (e.g., (5 * 4) + 2 + 3), [b] no brackets-left (e.g., 5 * 4 + 2 + 3), [c] brackets-center (e.g., 2 + (5 * 4) + 3), [d] no brackets-center (e.g., 2 + 5 * 4 + 3), [e] brackets-right (e.g., 2 + 3 + (5 * 4)), and [f] no brackets-right (e.g., 2 + 3 + 5 * 4). Participants simplified expressions in an online learning platform with the goal to “master” the content by answering three questions correctly in a row. Results showed that, on average, students were more accurate in problem solving when the higher-order operator was on the left side and less accurate when it was on the right compared to in the center. There was also a main effect of the presence of brackets on mastery speed. However, interaction effects showed that these main effects were driven by the center position: superfluous brackets only improved accuracy when students solved expressions with brackets with the operator in the center. This study advances research on perceptual learning in math by revealing how operator position and presence of superfluous brackets impact students’ performance. Additionally, this research provides implications for instructors who can use perceptual cues to support students during problem solving.

The current research aims to investigate whether perspective taking influences social tuning, or the alignment of one’s self-views, explicit attitudes, and/or implicit attitudes with those of an interaction partner. In six different experiments, participants believed they would interact with a partner to complete a task. Prior to this ostensible interaction, participants were given a perspective taking mindset prime, or not, and information about their ostensible interaction partners views. Participants then completed attitude measures related to the partner’s perceived views. Experiments 1a, 1b, and 2 examined whether perspective taking with an ostensible interaction partner who endorses gender traditional (or non-traditional) views align their self-views with this partner, including implicit self-views (Experiment 2). Experiments 3–5 investigated whether perspective taking leads to social tuning for egalitarian racial attitudes, including when the partner’s expectations of how others will be and when the participant learns their ostensible IAT score at the beginning of the session. We predicted perspective takers would be more likely to social tune their explicit and implicit attitudes to the attitudes of their interaction partner than non-perspective takers. Across all experiments, perspective takers were more likely to social tune their self-views and explicit attitudes than non-perspective takers. However, social tuning never occurred for implicit attitudes. Thus, future research is needed to understand why perspective taking does not influence the tuning of implicit attitudes, but other motivations, like affiliative and epistemic, do.

Introducción: el suicidio es un problema de interés en salud pública que viene en aumento, se considera un fenómeno multifactorial de carácter complejo y es un proceso que nace en la ideación suicida (IS). Objetivo: desarrollar una revisión sistemática de la literatura que permita identificar los factores asociados con la conducta e ideación suicida en estudiantes de enfermería. Metodología: revisión sistemática exploratoria de la literatura basada en la propuesta de Arksey y O’Malley, 2005. Resultados: fueron seleccionados 15 artículos en texto completo publicados entre 2015 y 2021; se evidencia un crecimiento notable desde 2015, y se concentra la mayor producción en 2016 (31.25%). Se establecieron 13 temas emergentes que denominamos factores: 1) lugar de residencia; 2) responsabilidad académica; 3) tratamiento psicológico o psiquiátrico; 4) estado civil; 5) religión; 6) alcohol y sustancias psicoactivas; 7) sexo; 8) académico; 9) habilidades para la vida y/o psicosociales; 10) edad; 11) historial de IS e intentos de suicidio previos; 12) historia de maltrato y 13) instrumentos de medición. Conclusiones: la identificación y evaluación del riesgo suicida en los estudiantes de enfermería es vital para la detección, el manejo y la prevención de las conductas del espectro, incluida la ideación suicida, por lo cual es fundamental implementar medidas para prevenirlo, pues no ha sido estudiado de manera amplia.

Nas últimas décadas, o estilo de vida e a alimentação infantil têm sofrido diversas mudanças, com consequente aumento do sobrepeso, obesidade e o desenvolvimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Este quadro, em parte, está associado ao aumento da alimentação fora do domicílio. Diante desse cenário, esse estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a oferta de macronutrientes nos cardápios de Menu Kids de três redes de fast-food, comparando-os com as necessidades nutricionais para crianças de 4 a 8 anos, com estudo observacional das informações nutricionais disponibilizadas on-line pelas redes estudadas. Os valores foram tabulados no programa Microsoft Excel® e os cardápios comparados com recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria, classificando-os como adequado, deficiente ou excessivo, em relação à oferta para grandes ou pequenas refeições. Quando os cardápios foram comparados às recomendações para pequenas e grandes refeições apresentaram, respectivamente, excesso de 97% e 14% no valor energético, 88% e 0% de carboidratos, 100% e 0% de proteínas e 89% e 22% em gorduras totais. Por mais que esses resultados pudessem sugerir que o consumo desses alimentos fossem mais adequados nas grandes refeições, isso não ocorre, pois ocupam o lugar de alimentos in natura e minimamente processados que são mais ricos em micronutrientes. Assim, identifica-se a necessidade de mobilização de diferentes áreas da sociedade para melhoria da composição dos alimentos e dos fatores que influenciam no consumo de fast-food.

El propósito del estudio fue evaluar el grado de sobrecarga y la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de los cuidadores primarios informales de pacientes con esquizofrenia. Se propuso estudio de tipo descriptivo observacional. Fueron encuestados 131 cuidadores con la escala de Sobrecarga de Zarit, y el Test SF-36. Se analizó la asociación entre variables; además del nivel de significación. En los resultados se identificó el 94,8% de los cuidadores se encuentran entre los grupos de edades de 19 a 68 años, el género que más aporta al cuidado es femenino con el 63%, se evidencia que el 63% de los cuidadores se encuentran en algún grado de sobrecarga (32% ligera) (31% intensa), la calidad de vida del cuidador en la función física obtuvo las puntuaciones más altas, junto con la dimensión de salud general, seguidas por la vitalidad y la salud mental con las puntuaciones más bajas. Podemos concluir el ejercicio del cuidado de un paciente con esquizofrenia representa un cambio en la calidad de vida del cuidador y este se encuentra directamente relacionado con el grado de sobrecarga asociado al cuidado.

Se planteó como objetivo describir el estigma familiar percibido por los cuidadores primarios de personas con enfermedad mental, para lo que empleamos como metodología un estudio de tipo exploratorio descriptivo, basado en la fenomenología eidética, en donde se describió de forma detallada la experiencia de vida frente al estigma de la enfermedad mental percibida por el cuidador primario, buscamos revelar, describir e interpretar el fenómeno. Fueron entrevistados en profundidad 14 cuidadores primarios de pacientes con la técnica de punto donde se presentó la saturación de datos cualitativos, fueron analizados estableciendo categorías y subcategorías que permitieron identificar claros patrones de estigma el estigma experimentado y el estigma por asociación, el estudio se desarrolló en una Institución Prestadora de Servicios de Salud mental. Podemos concluir que se logran identificar claros patrones de estigma asociados a una condición mental, estos patrones son percibidos por el cuidador principal del paciente con dicha alteración; esto abre la puerta a nuevas preguntas relacionadas con los alcances que tiene el rechazo social que sufren las familias y pacientes que adolecen alteraciones mentales; por lo tanto esta problemática deberá ser objeto para continuar con investigaciones de este fenómeno.

The research work addresses the shortcomings that exist with content distribution and recreational physical care of the elderly that adversely affect the exercise without allowing the realization of this important community activity, and proposed to develop an organization that redistributes physical activities - elderly recreational significantly and community context specific Angel Mendol, which responds to the line that is on studies of changes in social behavior in the community. After set-contextual theoretical framework was achieved draw up an organization giving solution addressed the issue.

El presente artículo corresponde a una revisión comparativa de la características nutricionales y metabólicas de la TAURINA y L-CARNITINA . Ésta ultima se encuentra amplimente distribuida en los musculos de los animales, contruida a partir de la L-Lisina uno de los aminoácidos escenciales (AAE) y no se considera actividad vitanmínica ni con principios terapeuticos. A pesar de no estar deducidas todas sus propiedades , la L-Carnitina cobra cada día mas importancia en la alimentación <> y en el metabolismo lipídico . La taurina es un aminoácido No escencial (AANE) para los adultos, por que se forma a partir de otros aminácidos que contienen radicales azufre. Sin embargo, la Taurina es escencial en las poblaciones jovenes de diversas especies, incluida probablemente la Humana.