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Background: Mycobacterium cell wall fraction (MCWF) is derived from nonpathogenic Mycobacterium phlei and is used as an immunomodulatory compound in clinical practice, yet its mode‐of‐action requires further research. Objective: To evaluate the host response to MCWF in canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and quantitative reverse transcription (qRT)‐PCR for assessment of cytokines. Animals: Eight healthy Labrador retrievers. Materials and Methods: PBMCs were isolated from whole blood using density centrifugation. The cells were cultured with different concentrations of MCWF or a potent stimulator of cytokine production, phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate/ionomycin, or left in cell culture medium for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cytokines were measured by ELISA for interleukin (IL)‐4, IL‐10 and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ), and by qRT‐PCR for IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐13, IFN‐γ, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and transforming growth factor‐beta. Results: A significant increase of IL‐10 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) was detected at all time points for all concentrations of MCWF (p < 0.05). Protein analysis reflected this finding, with a maximum IL‐10 concentration of 300.6 ± 38.3 μg/mL. Compared to the negative control, post‐stimulation elevation of IFN‐γ mRNA was noted at 24 h with all concentrations of MCWF (p < 0.01), and TNF‐α mRNA was increased for 0.5 μg/dL MCWF only at 72 h (p < 0.05). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: MCWF stimulation of PBMCs results in the elevation of both proinflammatory and regulatory cytokine mRNA. Further research into the role of MCWF as a systemically administered regulatory immunomodulator or adjuvant to allergen‐specific immunotherapy should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report details the diagnosis and treatment of dentinogenesis imperfecta in a 6-year-old neutered male Labrador, presenting without concurrent osteogenesis imperfecta. Diagnostic modalities, including radiographs, CT imaging, and histopathological examination, are reviewed in conjunction with the latest literature on canine dentinogenesis imperfecta. This patient presented at a more advanced age than typically reported cases. The clinical history, as provided by referring veterinarians, documented fractured deciduous teeth with delayed exfoliation. By 10 months of age, the patient's permanent dentition exhibited a translucent appearance and structural anomalies. Upon presentation to Eastcott Referrals the patient was experiencing significant oral pain and exhibited generalised coronal wear with yellow/brown intrinsic discolouration. CT imaging revealed that all teeth had endodontic disease and associated apical periodontitis, with varied root canal widths indicating that teeth succumbed to endodontic disease at different time points. The treatment protocol involved staged full-mouth extractions, resulting in the complete resolution of clinical symptoms. This case underscores the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in managing dentinogenesis imperfecta in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To characterize myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) in Labrador Retrievers (LRs) and Golden Retrievers (GRs). METHODS 52 LRs and 20 GRs diagnosed with MMVD composed a retrospective study sample (February 1, 2010, to July 31, 2021). Stored echocardiograms were remeasured. Dogs were staged by 2019 MMVD consensus guidelines. RESULTS Mean age was 9.9 years in LRs and 9.5 years in GRs, with 31 of 52 LRs (59.6%) and 13 of 20 (65.0%) GRs being male. Forty-six LRs were stage B1 (88.5%), 3 were B2 (5.8%), and 3 were C (5.8%). Fourteen GRs were stage B1 (70.0%), 2 were B2 (10.0%), and 4 were C (20.0%). Of LRs and GRs in stage B2/C, 50% had systolic dysfunction. Atrial fibrillation (AF) and ventricular arrhythmias were identified in 2 of 52 (3.8%) and 10 of 52 (19.2%) LRs at initial diagnosis versus 3 of 20 (15.0%) and 3 of 20 (15.0%) GRs, respectively. All 5 AF dogs were stage C, with intermediate to high probability of pulmonary hypertension. Two additional GRs developed AF during follow-up; thus 5 of 6 (83.3%) stage B2/C GRs ultimately experienced AF. Subjective mitral valve thickening was frequent in both breeds (41/52 LRs [78.8%]; 18/20 GRs [90.0%]), while mitral valve prolapse was more common in LRs (22/52 [42.3%]) than GRs (5/20 [25.0%]). CONCLUSIONS In LRs and GRs, MMVD was relatively late onset, with males overrepresented. Both breeds exhibited mitral valve thickening in association with MMVD, while LRs more commonly exhibited mitral valve prolapse. CLINICAL RELEVANCE While most LRs and GRs with MMVD were stage Bl, those in stage B2/C had increased prevalence of systolic dysfunction and AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 10‐year‐old female neutered Labrador Retriever presented with epistaxis, discoloration and crusting of the nose and a necrotic lesion on the lip. Bloodwork revealed pancytopenia, azotemia, hypoalbuminemia and hyperglobulinemia. Aggregates of amorphous basophilic material were seen in a room‐temperature blood smear which were not present in the sample after warming to 37°C, and grossly a cryoprecipitate was noted in the patient's serum at 4°C. This was interpreted as cryoglobulin. Computed tomography showed multiple heterogeneous lesions in the spleen. Cytology of the splenic lesions revealed marked plasma cell infiltration, consistent with neoplasia. Bone marrow aspiration revealed an increased proportion of plasma cells (approximately 38% of the total cells). Serum protein electrophoresis showed a monoclonal spike in the gamma globulin region. A diagnosis of multiple myeloma associated with cryoglobulinemia was made. The patient received palliative care with prednisolone while the owner was considering chemotherapy. However, she rapidly deteriorated and was euthanized. The combination of cryoglobulin precipitation and hyperviscosity syndrome was considered responsible for the patient's original symptoms. Cryoglobulinemia is an extremely rare phenomenon that is often associated with lymphoproliferative disorders. This report describes its association with multiple myeloma in a dog presenting with atypical initial signs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valorisation of poultry co-products can fulfil the protein demand of the pet food sector thereby supporting a circular bioeconomy. In this investigation, keratin was produced through an optimised reduction (0.8 % sodium sulphite, for 90 min) and hydrolysis (using papain for 120 min) with a yield of 56.87 %. FTIR analysis, in vitro digestibility, SEM imaging, and amino acid profiling of the derived keratin were done and it was subsequently used for pet formulations. Results revealed significant alteration in secondary protein structure post-hydrolysis with in vitro digestibility of 90 %. Higher levels (>100 % increase) of histidine, arginine, lysine, and methionine were observed in the hydrolysate compared to conventional feather meal. Pet food was formulated with 20 % protein replacement that showed maximum palatability in single and two-bowl tests for 2–4 year old Labrador dogs. The developed pet food exhibited desirable colour, water activity (0.5), moisture (4.7 %), and relatively lower TBARS value (0.8 mg/kg) than the critical value. [Display omitted] • Digestible keratin derived protein harvested from broiler chicken feathers. • FTIR spectra of CFH shown structural changes in the secondary protein structure. • Histidine, Arginine, Lysine were higher in CFH as compared to feather meal. • Pet food was formulated with 20 % protein replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

PURPOSE When performing thoracic aortic endovascular repair (TEVAR) on lesions of the aortic arch, physician- modified fenestration or in situ fenestration is often used to maintain patent branches. We designed a new adjustable prefenestration aortic stent graft that can both isolate pathologies in the aortic arch and obtain patent branches simultaneously. In this study, we use this new type of stent to perform fenestrated TEVAR in a canine's aorta. This study aims to evaluate the safety and feasibility of the new device, which may provide preliminary data for potential human application. METHODS Eight Labrador Retriever canines underwent fenestrated TEVAR using the new stent device. Digital subtract angiography (DSA) was performed before and after fenestrated TEVAR to evaluate the safety and feasibility of the procedure. For the device deployment, at the "large curvature" side in the endograft, there is a rectangular prefenestration area (2 x 5 cm) without the polytetrafluoroethylene membrane, and at both longer side edges of the fenestration, there are two slide rails. A moveable membrane that covers the same area as the prefenestration area is initially set at the prefenestration position. A stay line is connected from the distal site of the moveable membrane that controls it to the distal position along the slide rail, which releases the fenestration. After the positioning of the prefenestration is determined, the outer sheath of the delivery system is released, and the stay line at the end of the delivery system is pulled outside the body. The animals were divided into a 1-month group (n = 4) and a 3-month group (n = 4) after the fenestrated TEVAR. Computed tomography (CT) was performed before euthanasia, and video of the DSA during the procedures and CT angiography (CTA) images were then studied. RESULTS The procedure success rate was 100%, but the total survival rate was only 87.5%. There were no aortic-related deaths during follow-up, and during the operation, there were no stent-graft-related accidents. In addition, no stent-graft migrations were observed in the CTA, and all branch arteries were kept patent by the adjustable fenestration. Finally, histological examination and electron microscope results showed no obvious vascular injury or inflammation. CONCLUSION Based on the results of this study, we judge the safety and feasibility of the use of the newly designed adjustable prefenestration aortic stent graft in a fenestrated-TEVAR canine model to be acceptable. Our preliminary data may serve as an initial reference for evaluating the potential application of the new stent in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Idiopathic epilepsy (IE) is a common chronic neurological disorder in dogs. Breed specific knowledge on semiology, age of onset (AoO), seizure frequency, response to treatment, and Quality of Life (QoL) scores for both dog and owner are important. The Labradoodle is originally a cross between the Labrador Retriever and Standard Poodle. The aim of this study was to describe in detail the epilepsy, that is recognized in this designer breed. Method: An online survey was distributed through several platforms to owners of Labradoodles. Only Labradoodles, either registered as such or bred as a Labradoodle were included. To classify the Labradoodles in a TIER level of confidence the criteria of the International Veterinary Task Force were used. Results: Forty labradoodles were included. Thirty-three Labradoodles were classified as IE or suspected IE cases and appeared to have an AoO of 2.3 ± 1.3 years, and a seizure frequency of 5.4 ± 6.5 seizures/year (range 0--25). Seven dogs were classified as EUC, two dogs started before 6 months of age, and five dogs had their first seizures at 8.4 ± 1.2 years of age. The seizure frequency for all EUC dogs was 5.0 ± 3.0 seizures/year (range 0--11). Stress, for both the (suspected) IE and EUC cases, was the most frequently reported seizure precipitating factor (95% of the dogs). AoO and seizure frequency did not seem to be influenced by type of housing, type of owner, or the dog's character as interpreted by the owner. Cluster seizures (CS) were seen in 33% and status epilepticus (SE) in 10% of the included Labradoodles. Many dogs did not need treatment (38%) or only one anti-seizure medication (43%), in which case they tended to respond favorably to treatment. QoL scores were high for both dog (8.3 ± 1.8) and owner (7.3 ± 2.2). Discussion: Compared to the progenitor breeds, epilepsy of Labradoodles is phenotypically like that of the Standard Poodle, except for the existence CS and SE in the Labradoodle. The epilepsy seen in this designer breed has a favorable outcome compared to several other breeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO) is a proliferative, self-limiting, nonneoplastic disease of growing dogs characterised by excessive new bone formation on the skull and mandible. The radiographic findings of CMO are well described; however, limited reports of the computed tomographic (CT) appearance are available. This paper aims to characterise the spectrum of CT findings that can occur with CMO. The study is retrospective, descriptive, multicenter, and includes 20 cases. Age at presentation ranged from 6 weeks to 12 months, with no sex predisposition. Scottish terriers were overrepresented (65%); other breeds included Cairn terrier, Jack Russell terrier, Staffordshire bull terrier, labrador retriever, golden retriever, akita and Slovakian rough-haired pointer (one of each breed). Terrier breeds represented 80% (16/20) of the patient cohort. Mandibular osteoproliferation was present in all patients (marked in 80%, bilateral in 95%), affecting the rostral mandible in 25%, body in 85%, and ramus in 80%. Tympanic bulla osteoproliferation was present in 60% (12/20) of patients (all marked, bilateral in 75%). Cranial osteoproliferation (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital bones or maxilla, or combinations of them) was present in 90% (18/20) of patients (40% marked, 27% moderate, 33% mild). Nasopharyngeal narrowing was seen in all 12 patients with tympanic bulla osteoproliferation (67% marked, 27% moderate) and caused nearly complete occlusion in two of them. External ear canal stenosis was seen in 55% (11/20) of patients (63% marked, 37% moderate, all bilateral). Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) impingement was suspected in 83% (10/12) of patients with marked tympanic bulla osteoproliferation (75% bilateral). Osteolysis with a moth-eaten pattern was seen in the mandible of 10/20 dogs, the calvarium of 5/20 dogs, and the maxilla of 1/20 dogs (5%). Lymphadenomegaly (mandibular and medial retropharyngeal) was found in 15/20 patients (70% mild, 30% moderate). The most severe CT changes were seen in Scottish terriers. CT allows for detailed characterisation of the bony changes associated with CMO, including the effects occurring secondary to osteoproliferation surrounding the tympanic bullae such as TMJ impingement, external ear canal stenosis, and nasopharyngeal narrowing. Osteoproliferation affecting the cranium and the presence of osteolysis were seen more frequently in this study than previously reported in CMO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article focuses on a synopsis of critical points raised by veterinary experts regarding the methodologies and findings in a March 7 JAVMA article by Amundson et al.

We describe the first reported case of grain-free diet-induced dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in a dog in Korea. An 11-year-old female dog was referred with abdominal distention, anorexia, and vomiting, having been fed a grain-free diet for more than 5 years. Thoracic radiography revealed cardiomegaly and pulmonary edema. Atrial fibrillation was detected using electrocardiography. The dog was tentatively diagnosed with congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to grain-free diet-induced DCM, and its diet changed to contain grain. Digoxin and diltiazem were prescribed for the atrial fibrillation, and pimobendan, enalapril, and furosemide for CHF. Significant improvements in echocardiographic indices were confirmed after 3 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In veterinary medicine, intra-abdominal foreign bodies are a possible secondary complication of surgical procedures. Gossypiboma is defined as a forgotten textile material after surgery and is considered rare in veterinary medicine because most cases go unreported. The objective of this work is to report the diagnosis of an intra-abdominal gossypiboma in a dog, secondary to theovaryhysterectomy procedure. A 10-year-old Labrador dog had been sterilized about eight years ago. During the clinical analysis, a firm-looking increase in volume was found in the right mesogastric region, without the presence of pain on palpation. For further investigation, the patient was referred for additional imaging tests, such as x-ray and ultrasound. During inspection of the abdominal cavity, a firm circular mass was observed adhered to the omentum and jejunum, caudal to the right kidney. Resection of the mass was performed, and then the mass sample was sent for histopathological examination, which revealed an encapsulated foreign body, consistent with surgical gauze. Gossypiboma is one of the possible complications in surgical procedures in the abdominal cavity, but it is rarely reported in the veterinary literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dentinogenesis imperfecta is a rare, autosomal dominant, hereditary disorder that occurs in humans and animals. In humans, known causative genetic mutations have been elucidated; however, veterinary literature on the topic is limited. This case report describes a 1-year-old female Labrador Retriever who presented for evaluation of generalized discoloration of the permanent dentition with historical discoloration of the deciduous dentition. Radiographic and histopathological findings will be discussed, as well as an in-depth review of the current human and veterinary literature pertaining to the pathogenesis and treatment options for dentinogenesis imperfecta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During a 3‐year time period, a 15‐year‐old male castrated Terrier mix (dog 1) and a 6‐year‐old female spayed Labrador Retriever (dog 2) presented to the North Carolina State Veterinary Hospital with similar blood work abnormalities and no significant physical examination findings. A CBC, chemistry panel, and urinalysis performed on both dogs were relatively unremarkable, other than a marked increase in serum gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity. Through imaging, both patients were diagnosed with a renal mass, and histopathology of both masses revealed a carcinoma. Immunohistochemical staining of the renal mass in both dog 1 and dog 2 were intensely positive for GGT. Dog 1 had the affected kidney removed, which normalized the GGT value. Dog 2 was euthanized, and metastasis to the lung was noted upon postmortem examination. There have been limited case studies documenting an elevation in serum GGT in dogs diagnosed with renal carcinoma. While renal carcinoma is uncommon in dogs, it is an important differential to keep in mind when there is a marked increase in serum GGT without accompanying increases in other measured liver enzymes. In addition, serum GGT can serve as a helpful biomarker for disease resolution and recurrence, as surgical removal of the renal mass (dog 1) led to the resolution of the elevated serum GGT. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating IHC staining for GGT in a canine renal carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Booming UK ownership of designer-crossbreed dogs resulting from intentional crossing of distinct purebred breeds is often motivated by perceived enhanced health, despite limited evidence supporting a strong 'hybrid vigour' effect in dogs. Improved evidence on the relative health of designer-crossbreed dogs could support prospective owners to make better acquisition decisions when choosing their new dog. This study used a cross-sectional survey of UK owners of three common designer-crossbreeds (Cavapoo, Cockapoo, and Labradoodle) and their progenitor breeds (Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Cocker Spaniel, Labrador Retriever, and Poodle) to collect owner-reported health disorder information. The authors hypothesised that designer-crossbred breeds have lower odds of common disorders compared to their progenitor breeds. Multivariable analysis accounted for confounding between breeds: dog age, sex, neuter status, and owner age and gender. The odds for the 57 most common disorders were compared across the three designer-crossbreeds with each of their two progenitor breeds (342 comparisons). Valid responses were received for 9,402 dogs. The odds did not differ statistically significantly between the designer-crossbreeds and their relevant progenitor breeds in 86.6% (n = 296) of health comparisons. Designer-crossbreeds had higher odds for 7.0% (n = 24) of disorders studied, and lower odds for 6.4% (n = 22). These findings suggest limited differences in overall health status between the three designer-crossbreeds and their purebred progenitors, challenging widespread beliefs in positive hybrid vigour effects for health in this emerging designer-crossbreed demographic. Equally, the current study did not suggest that designer-crossbreeds have poorer health as has also been purported. Therefore, owners could more appropriately base acquisition decisions between designer-crossbreeds and their purebred progenitors on other factors important to canine welfare such as breeding conditions, temperament, conformation and health of parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Methods Results Conclusion To describe the clinical features surgical technique, early and long‐term outcome with or without surgery, and histopathological findings of melanocytic anterior uveal lesions in young dogs.Medical records of dogs at a guide dog facility removed from training due to a pigmented iris lesion were reviewed from 2014 to 2021. Selected dogs had surgical iridectomies performed.Iridal melanocytic lesions were characterized as well‐delineated, pigmented, and flat (nevus) or raised (mass) lesions of the iris. Forty dogs (18 Labrador retrievers, 18 German shepherd dogs, 1 Golden retriever, 3 Labrador/Golden mixes) ranging from 0.5 to 3.1 years of age were affected unilaterally (n = 35) or bilaterally (n = 5). Sector iridectomy was performed in 13 dogs with prominent and well‐isolated mass lesion and enucleation was carried out in 2 dogs with extensive lesions, while all other cases were monitored without surgical intervention. Postoperative complications included dyscoria (13/13), focal posterior synechia (9/13) and focal nonprogressive cataract (8/13). All eyes remained visual and comfortable up to 6.2 years post‐iridectomy with no clinically identifiable local recurrence. Histopathology was consistent with uveal melanocytoma in all samples obtained surgically. All cases that did not undergo surgery remained free of complications up to 4.5 year post diagnosis.Melanocytic anterior uveal lesions may be overrepresented in certain lineages of breeds and be present at a young age. While none of the eyes developed complications when monitored without surgery, early surgical excision of the mass by sector iridectomy yields noteworthy functional outcome and retention of a comfortable globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, total hip replacement (THR) was performed by using implants from the Innoplant company on 30 dogs and 33 cases. The average weight of the dogs was 33.05 ± 11.15, and their age range was approx. 26.6 months. The breed distribution among the cases was: Golden Retriever (n=5), German Shepherd (n=2), Rottweiler (n=4), Kangal (n=3), Labrador Retriever (n=5), Mixed Breed (n=4), Alabay (n=1), Chow Chow (n=1), Border Collie (n=2), Samoyed (n=1), and Bulgarian Shepherd (n=2). About 57% of the cases had bilateral hip dysplasia, 37% had coxarthrosis, 3% had hip luxation, and 3% had excisional arthroplasty findings. In our study, both porous and non-porous screw cups and stems of the Innoplant brand were used, while complications occurred in 10 cases. Two of these complications happened during the operation, while 8 occurred after the operation. Of these complications, 9 were classified as major, and 1 was classified as minor. The complications observed including femoral fractures (n=2), stem subsidence (n=3), stem loosening (n=1), cup loosening (n=2), cup dislocation (n=1), and loosening in both the stem and the cup (n=1). In 4 of these cases, the prosthesis was completely removed, while revision surgery was performed in 6 dogs. The long-term results of the 6 revised cases were evaluated as very good. The time until the patients could place their foot on the ground after the operation was 24 hours for 11 cases and 36 hours for 20 cases. In conclusion, the cementless Innoplant prosthesis system used for THR, is a viable prosthetic technique with a low complication rate which provides successful clinical and radiographic outcomes over an average period of 31 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To describe the diagnosis and successful treatment of systemic francisellosis in a dog. An 11‐year‐old female spayed Labrador retriever presented for progressive lethargy, hyporexia, and cough. The dog was febrile with a neutrophilia, nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and had increased activity in serum of liver‐derived enzymes. Francisella philomiragia was isolated from aerobic blood culture. The dog was treated for 6 weeks with enrofloxacin orally. Repeated aerobic blood cultures after 2 and 6 weeks of antibiotic therapy were negative. The dog was clinically normal 7 months after diagnosis with no evidence of relapse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 6‐year‐old, female neutered Labrador retriever was presented with a chronic history of vomiting and anorexia. Abdominal ultrasound identified two large cavitated structures with echogenic content in the gastric fundus and pyloric region. CT revealed the intraparietal nature of these structures, one in the greater curvature and another one extending from the lesser curvature to the pyloric antrum. Surgical exploration revealed two areas of thickened gastric wall with intramural purulent material. Debridement and partial resection of the abscess (deroofing) were performed via a routine gastrotomy approach. Histopathology of a gastric wall sample revealed neutrophilic inflammation with intralesional vegetal foreign body. The presence of intralesional foreign body with a positive bacterial culture and macroscopic absence of peritonitis may suggest an intramural migrating vegetal foreign body. Gastric wall abscess should be included in a differential diagnosis in dogs with a history of chronic vomiting and the presence of gastric wall cavitated structures. Surgical debridement through a routine gastrotomy opening alleviated the clinical signs related to the intramural gastric abscesses in this dog with no recurrence at 22 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a functional probiotic known to positively impact intestinal health in humans and other mammals. However, its effects on gut health in aged dogs have not been thoroughly studied. In our study, we investigate the effects of dietary Saccharomyces cerevisiae supplementation on the gut barrier, immune functions, antioxidant capacity, and gut microbiota profile in aged dogs. The results suggest that the addition of active Saccharomyces cerevisiae may improve the gut microbiota structure, enhance immune function, and increase the antioxidant capacity in aged dogs. The intestinal microbiome changes with age, influencing the host's health and immune status. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) positively affects intestinal function in humans and animals, but its effects on gut health and the microbiota profile in aged dogs have not been thoroughly investigated. Twenty aged Labrador Retrievers were divided into two groups: a control group (CON) and a S. cerevisiae group (SC). The experiment lasted for 42 days, with assessments of their intestinal barrier function, inflammatory factors, antioxidant markers, and fecal microbiome composition. The results showed that dietary S. cerevisiae reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the serum (p < 0.05). In the SC group, plasma superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities increased, while the level of malondialdehyde significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Additionally, dietary S. cerevisiae lowered the serum zonulin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels (p < 0.05) and inhibited fecal ammonia production (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the microbiota profile showed that dietary S. cerevisiae decreased the abundance of Firmicutes but increased the Chao index, the abundance of Bacteroidetes, and the proportion of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes (p < 0.05). To conclude, dietary S. cerevisiae can regulate the gut's microbial structure and gut health, which may contribute to the overall health of companion animals as they age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segmental femoral fracture with hip dislocation is rare condition that occurs in dogs due to high energy trauma. A 11-month-old, Labrador dog was presented with non-weight bearing lameness on right hindlimb with swelling of thigh region. Radiological examination revealed segmental femur fracture along with cranio-dorsal dislocation of the right femoral head from the acetabulum. The segmental femur fracture was repaired using static intramedullary interlocking nailing and the dislocated femoral head was corrected by closed reduction under C-arm image intensifier. The dog started complete weight bearing by 12th postoperative day without any lameness. Radiological examination revealed union of fractured fragments by 90th postoperative day. The clinical outcome was excellent with normal limb function and without any implant related complications. The static intramedullary interlocking nailing used to repair segmental femur fracture led to complete anatomical reconstruction and fracture healing. Closed reduction of femoral dislocation under C-arm guidance resulted in good clinical outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proliferative, lymphocytic, infundibular mural folliculitis and dermatitis have been reported in six female Labrador retrievers from North America. This is the first report of the disease outside North America, describing the clinical and histopathological diagnosis and dermoscopic aspect of the verrucous plaques, treatment and co‐morbidities in a female Labrador retriever dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chylopericardium is a rare entity in veterinary medicine. In this report we document the development of chylopericardium in two dogs undergoing chronic hemodialysis. An 11-year-old female spayed Labrador retriever (Case 1) presented with acute coughing and lethargy 2 months following initial dialysis catheter placement and initiation of dialysis therapy for severe azotemia. Echocardiography demonstrated severe pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. Pericardial fluid analysis was consistent with chylous effusion. The dog underwent a subtotal pericardiectomy with thoracic duct ligation, and a PleuralPort™ was placed. The patient continued to receive outpatient hemodialysis therapy after pericardiectomy for several months until she died acutely at home. A 4-year-old male neutered Doberman (Case 2) was being treated for 2 months with outpatient hemodialysis for management of chronic kidney disease. On presentation for the 17th hemodialysis treatment, the patient had increased respiratory rate. Echocardiography demonstrated pleural and pericardial effusions, and fluid analysis in both cavities was consistent with chylous effusion. Use of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), clot removal and replacement of the catheter was attempted; however pleural and pericardial effusion continued. The patient was euthanized after 25 hemodialysis sessions as owners elected not to pursue more procedures. In both cases, the cause of the chylopericardium was suspected to be secondary to catheter-associated thrombosis and/or stenosis based on multiple imaging modalities. Despite use of rivaroxaban and clopidogrel concurrently in each case, the chylous effusion persisted. This case report describes clinical details of a rare complication of long-term indwelling dialysis catheters in two dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nulliparous intact female Labrador Retriever, aged two years, was presented to the University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai with the complaint of a mass protruding from the vulva for the past two weeks. Histopathology of the protruded vaginal mass revealed keratinised and hyperplastic vaginal epithelium with focal areas of mild spongiosis. Subsequently, the condition was diagnosed as vaginal hyperplasia Type III and the condition was managed with surgical circumferential excision under general anaesthesia. No recurrence was observed on the succeeding oestrous cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 2‐year‐old, male, neutered labrador retriever with a previous diagnosis of left renal agenesis and left cryptorchidism presented for investigation of mild intermittent urinary incontinence. Abdominal ultrasound, intravenous urography and retrograde positive‐contrast urethrocystography were performed, identifying an unusual fluid‐filled structure, confluent with the left side of the prostate gland. Histopathological diagnosis, following surgical excision, was an ectopic ureterocoele remnant. Urinary incontinence temporarily improved following surgery, but subsequently recurred. A presumptive diagnosis of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence, in addition to the ectopic ureterocoele remnant was given. Dogs with renal agenesis typically have an absent ipsilateral ureter; however, this report demonstrates an ipsilateral ectopic ureterocoele remnant, a condition rarely reported in veterinary medicine. Multiple ipsilateral genitourinary deformities should be suspected and investigated in animals presenting with any urogenital developmental abnormality. Clinical significance of ectopic ureterocoele remnant in male dogs with urinary incontinence should however be carefully evaluated, and other causes (e.g., urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence) should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Dogs with an inappropriately slow heart rate can suffer from decreased endurance and fainting. In addition, they can experience sudden death, and in the long term, they can develop heart failure. Similarly to people, if the slow heart rate cannot be solved with drug therapy, an artificial pacemaker is implanted to increase the heart rate. In most cases, the pacemaker lead is introduced via a large vessel to the heart so that the chest does not have to be opened surgically. Though this procedure is less invasive than suturing the lead on the surface of the heart, it does introduce a foreign body into a great vessel and the heart. The present case report describes a dog, in which the pacemaker lead in the heart caused a large thrombus, which subsequently resulted in pulmonary thromboemboli. The dog presented with a progressively worsening cough and decreased exercise tolerance. Subsequently, lethargy, labored breathing and weakness developed. Because of a suspected bacterial lead-infection, antibiotics were administered, without clinical improvement. Due to worsening clinical signs, the owner elected for euthanasia. Necropsy showed a large thrombus in the right ventricle around the pacing lead and a massive pulmonary thromboembolism. No bacterial infection was apparent. In the present case report, we describe the clinical course and postmortem findings of a 12-year-old Labrador retriever dog with a third-degree atrio-ventricular block that developed a chronic cough, and later dyspnea and weakness as a result of massive pulmonary thromboembolism 3 years after implantation of a transvenous permanent pacemaker. A large soft tissue mass was seen in the right ventricular chamber around the pacing lead with echocardiography. Initially, this was thought to be caused by mural bacterial endocarditis based on hyperthermia, severe leukocytosis and the appearance of runs of ventricular tachycardia, the latter suggesting myocardial damage. While blood culture results were pending, antibiotics were administered without a positive effect. Due to clinical deterioration, the owner elected for euthanasia and a post-mortem examination confirmed a right ventricular thrombus and surrounding myocarditis, without signs of bacterial infection, and a massive pulmonary thromboembolism. We conclude that pulmonary thromboembolism should be considered in dogs with a cough that have an endocardial pacing lead implanted. Serial screening for proteinuria before and after implantation of an endocardial pacing lead would allow timely initiation of prophylactic antiplatelet therapy. Local myocarditis can develop secondary to an intracavitary thrombus, which can subsequently lead to runs of ventricular tachycardia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 9-month-old female intact toy poodle and a 1-year-old female intact Labrador retriever mix presented to separate teaching hospitals for chronic histories of malaise and clinicopathologic evidence of hepatic dysfunction. The signalment and clinical histories of these dogs prompted consideration of a congenital portosystemic shunt as a primary differential. However, microscopic evaluation of peritoneal effusion, pleural effusion, and peripheral blood samples from the dogs revealed round to ovoid yeast organisms morphologically most compatible with Histoplasma capsulatum. Additional testing confirmed histoplasmosis in each case. The poodle underwent a computed tomography (CT) study, which showed hepatomegaly with a spleno-gonadal shunt, pancreatic and gastric wall edema, and marked peritoneal effusion, findings compatible with portal hypertension and secondary acquired shunt formation. The dog was later humanely euthanized due to clinical deterioration, and on necropsy hepatic histoplasmosis was verified, with additional affected tissues comprising lungs and spleen. The Labrador Retriever mix responded clinically and clinicopathologically to antifungal therapy, though no abdominal imaging was performed to definitively exclude the possibility of a congenital portosystemic shunt. In retrospect, several features were more compatible with histoplasmosis than portosystemic shunt in these cases, including hyperbilirubinemia, effusion, and hepatomegaly. These findings serve as a reminder of the need to interpret serum biochemical findings in the context of the totality of the clinicopathologic data and imaging findings, as well as the diagnostic value of microscopy in the evaluation of hematologic and body cavity fluid samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective s : To identify canine breeds at risk for ocular melanosis and to compare the clinical and histologic features between affected Cairn Terriers (CTs) and non‐Cairn Terriers (NCTs). Design: Relative risk (RR) analysis and retrospective cohort study of dogs histologically diagnosed with ocular melanosis. Procedures: The COPLOW archive was searched for globe submissions diagnosed with ocular melanosis. Six hundred fifty globes were included, and RR analysis was performed to identify at‐risk NCT breeds. A cohort of 360 CT and NCT globes diagnosed from 2013 to 2023 were included in the retrospective cohort study. Clinical data were collected from submission forms, medical records, and follow‐up surveys. One hundred fifty‐seven submissions underwent masked histologic review. Immunohistochemical staining for CD204 was performed to determine the predominance of melanophages in affected uvea from five NCTs. Results: At‐risk NCT breeds included the Boxer, Labrador Retriever, and French Bulldog. Glaucoma was the reported reason for enucleation in 79.4% of submissions. At enucleation, clinical features less prevalent in NCTs than CTs included pigmentary abnormalities in the contralateral eye (33.7% vs. 63.1%, p =.0008) and abnormal episcleral/scleral pigmentation in the enucleated globe (25.4% vs. 53.6%, p =.0008). Histologic involvement of the episclera was also less frequent in NCTs than in CTs (39.7% vs. 76.9%, p =.008). Concurrent melanocytic neoplasms arising in melanosis were more common in NCTs (24.4%) than CTs (3.9%). Melanophages were not predominant in any samples evaluated immunohistochemically. Conclusions: Several popular NCT breeds carry risk for ocular melanosis, and some clinicopathologic disease features may differ from those described in CTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoma is a common type of neoplasia found mainly in white coated breeds of dogs and one of the most challenging conditions encountered in day-to-day veterinary practice. A 15 years old male intact Labrador Retriever was presented with a history of selective feeding, dysphagia, hyporexia and abnormal barking sound. The physical examination of oral cavity appreciated a black moist pedunculated pharyngeal mass. The clinical parameters were in normal range. The radiographic examination revealed multiple miliary nodules in the pulmonary area. On histopathological examination of the surgically resected mass, it was confirmed as Malignant Melanoma. The diagnosis and surgical resection of the mass was carried out which resulted in recovery of the dog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate whether plasma neurofilament light chain (pNfL) concentration was altered in Labrador Retrievers with idiopathic laryngeal paralysis (ILP) compared to a control population. A secondary aim was to investigate relationships between age, height, weight, and body mass index in the populations studied. ANIMALS: 123 dogs: 62 purebred Labrador Retrievers with ILP (ILP Cases) and 61 age-matched healthy medium- to largebreed dogs (Controls). METHODS Dogs, recruited from August 1, 2016, to March 1, 2022, were categorized as case or control based on a combination of physical exam, neurologic exam, and history. Blood plasma was collected, and pNfL concentration was measured. pNfL concentrations were compared between ILP Cases and Controls. Covariables including age, height, and weight were collected. Relationships between pNfL and covariables were analyzed within and between groups. In dogs where 2 plasma samples were available from differing time points, pNfL concentrations were measured to evaluate alterations over time. RESULTS: No significant difference in pNfL concentration was found between ILP Cases and Control (P = .36). pNfL concentrations had moderate negative correlations with weight and height in the Control group; other variables did not correlate with pNfL concentrations in ILP Case or Control groups. pNfL concentrations do not correlate with ILP disease status or duration in Labrador Retrievers. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There is no evidence that pNfL levels are altered due to ILP disease duration or progression when compared with healthy controls. When evaluating pNfL concentrations in the dog, weight and height should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large granular lymphocyte lymphoma (LGLL) is a rare form of lymphoma in dogs. Limited information exists regarding presentation, treatment response, and outcome. The aim of this single‐institute, retrospective study was to characterise clinical presentation, biologic behaviour, outcomes, and prognostic factors for dogs with LGLL. Cytologic review was also performed. Sixty‐five dogs were included. The most common breed was the Labrador retriever (29.2%), and the most common presenting signs were lethargy (60.0%) and hyporexia (55.4%). The most common primary anatomic forms were hepatosplenic (32.8%) and gastrointestinal (20.7%). Twenty dogs (30.8%) had peripheral blood or bone marrow involvement. Thirty‐two dogs were treated with maximum tolerated dose chemotherapy (MTDC) with a response documented in 74.1% of dogs. Dogs ≥7 years, and those with neutropenia or thrombocytopenia at diagnosis had the reduced likelihood of response to treatment. For dogs treated with MTDC median progression‐free interval (PFI) was 17 days (range, 0–481), the median overall survival time (OST) 28 days (range, 3–421), and the 6‐month and 1‐year survival rates were 9.4% and 3.1%, respectively. On multivariable analysis, monocytosis and peripheral blood involvement were significantly associated with shorter PFI and OST. Long‐term survival (≥100 days) was significantly associated with intermediate lymphocyte size on cytology. Dogs with LGLL have moderate response rates to chemotherapy but poor overall survival. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate prognostic factors and guide optimum treatment recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The spleen is an organ that can be affected by neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions, which can induce diffuse, nodular, or multinodular organ growth. In dogs, few studies relate microscopical diagnosis of splenic lesions to tumor size and the number of nodules in spleen biopsies. Studying these potential associations could improve the diagnostic approach to these types of injuries, detected through several imaging techniques. This study aimed to characterize splenic masses and determine some risk factors for spleen tumors in dogs. The most frequent neoplastic and non-neoplastic diagnoses were hemangiosarcoma and hyperplasia, respectively. Most of the cases occurred in male, senior, and purebred individuals such as Cocker Spaniel, German Shepherd, and Labrador Retriever. It was determined that male sex, presence of two or more splenic nodules, and an increase in nodule size greater than 2 cm are risk factors for the presentation of splenic neoplasia, knowledge that can improve the diagnostic management of dogs with spleen lesions. In dogs, the spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ that can be affected by both neoplastic and non-neoplastic nodules. In general, few studies relate histopathological diagnosis to tumor size and the number of nodules in spleen biopsies. Some of these studies are inconclusive regarding the difference between neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions and have small sample sizes or do not consider all splenic lesions. This study aimed to characterize splenic masses and determine risk factors for spleen tumors in dogs. A total of 507 histological reports corresponding to the diagnosis of splenic lesions in dogs from a private laboratory of animal pathology in the Metropolitan Region, Chile, were used. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and multiple logistic regression. The most frequent neoplastic and non-neoplastic diagnoses were hemangiosarcoma and hyperplasia, respectively. Most of the cases occurred in male (265 cases, 52.3%), senior (421 cases, 83%), and purebred individuals (342 cases, 67.5%). The most affected breeds were the Cocker Spaniel, German Shepherd, and Labrador Retriever. The most frequent lesion was a single nodule. The variables that exhibited a greater risk for the presentation of splenic neoplasia were male sex (odds ratio (OR) = 16.21; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.741–150.879; p = 0.014), the presence of two or more splenic nodules (OR = 3.94; 95% CI 2.168–7.177; p < 0.001), an increase in nodule size greater than 2 cm (OR for quartiles 2, 3 and 4 of 2.2; 95% CI 1.036–4.941; p = 0.041, 2.9; 95% CI 1.331–6.576; p = 0.008, and 3.6; 95% CI 1.562–8.499; p = 0.003, respectively), and increasing age (OR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.048–1.436; p = 0.011). On the other hand, males exhibited a lower risk as age increases (OR = 0.76; 95% CI 0.615–0.928; p = 0.008). In conclusion, this study identified that males, multinodular presentation, nodule size, and age are risk factors for the occurrence of splenic neoplasia in dogs, knowledge that will contribute to the diagnostic management of dogs with spleen lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 3 yr old female spayed Labrador retriever was referred for the treatment of a chronic oropharyngeal stick injury. After computed tomography scan evaluation, the cervical area was explored surgically and a right-sided cervical abscess that contained a wooden stick was identified adjacent to the vagosympathetic trunk and carotid artery. The ipsilateral mandibular salivary gland was resected concurrently given its abnormal appearance, and histology confirmed inflammation and necrosis of the gland, which was suspected to be due to direct trauma from the foreign body. The clinical signs initially improved but then recurred, and a follow-up computed tomography scan was suggestive of sialadenosis or sialadenitis in the right parotid, zygomatic, and molar salivary glands. A presumptive diagnosis of sialadenosis was made and a course of phenobarbital was initiated. The clinical signs resolved completely within a few days, and there was no recurrence several months after termination of the phenobarbital treatment. This is the first case report of presumptive sialadenosis in a dog as a suspected complication of an oropharyngeal stick injury. Informed consent was obtained from the owner of the dog and the patient was managed according to contemporary standards of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Canadian Veterinary Journal / Revue Vétérinaire Canadienne is the property of Canadian Veterinary Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)