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Why do some homogeneous groups face backlash for lacking diversity, whereas others escape censure? We show that a homogeneous group's size changes how it is perceived and whether decision makers pursue greater diversity in its ranks. We theorize that people make different inferences about larger groups than smaller ones—with consequences for diversity management—due to Bayesian reasoning. This can produce sensitivity to a lack of diversity in large groups and limited sensitivity to a lack of diversity in small groups. Because each group member represents the outcome of a hiring decision, larger homogeneous groups signal a diversity problem more strongly than smaller homogeneous groups. Across three preregistered experiments (n = 4,283), we show that decision makers are more likely to diversify larger homogeneous groups than smaller ones and view larger homogeneous groups as (i) more likely to have resulted from an unfair selection process; (ii) less diverse; (iii) more likely to face diversity-related impression management concerns; and (iv) less open to the influence of newly added underrepresented members. Further, (i)–(iii) mediate the relationship between homogeneous group size and decisions to diversify. We extend our findings to S&P 1500 corporate boards, showing that larger homogeneous boards are more likely to add women or racial minorities as directors. Larger homogeneous boards are also rarer than expected, whereas smaller homogeneous boards are surprisingly abundant. This suggests that decision makers neglect homogeneity in smaller groups, while investing extra effort toward diversifying larger homogeneous groups. Our findings highlight how group size shapes diversity-related perceptions and decisions and identify mechanisms that kickstart diversification efforts. Supplemental Material: The online supplement is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2020.14705. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is currently limited guidance for researchers on Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) for preclinical spinal cord research, leading to uncertainty about design and implementation. This study aimed to develop evidence‐informed principles to support preclinical spinal cord researchers to incorporate PPI into their research. Methods: This study used a modified Delphi method with the aim of establishing consensus on a set of principles for PPI in spinal cord research. Thirty‐eight stakeholders including researchers, clinicians and people living with spinal cord injury took part in the expert panel. Participants were asked to rate their agreement with a series of statements relating to PPI in preclinical spinal cord research over two rounds. As part of Round 2, they were also asked to rate statements as essential or desirable. Results: Thirty‐eight statements were included in Round 1, after which five statements were amended and two additional statements were added. After Round 2, consensus (> 75% agreement) was reached for a total of 27 principles, with 13 rated as essential and 14 rated as desirable. The principles with highest agreement related to diversity in representation among PPI contributors, clarity of the purpose of PPI and effective communication. Conclusion: This research developed a previously unavailable set of evidence‐informed principles to inform PPI in preclinical spinal cord research. These principles provide guidance for researchers seeking to conduct PPI in preclinical spinal cord research and may also inform PPI in other preclinical disciplines. Patient and Public Involvement Statement: This study was conducted as part of a project aiming to develop PPI in preclinical spinal cord injury research associated with an ongoing research collaboration funded by the Irish Rugby Football Union Charitable Trust (IRFU CT) and the Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (SFI AMBER), with research conducted by the Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG) at the RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences. The project aims to develop an advanced biomaterials platform for spinal cord repair and includes a PPI Advisory Panel comprising researchers, clinicians and seriously injured rugby players to oversee the work of the project. PPI is included in this study through the involvement of members of the PPI Advisory Panel in the conceptualisation of this research, review of findings, identification of key points for discussion and preparation of the study manuscript as co‐authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental laboratory research has an important role to play in dementia prevention. Mechanisms underlying modifiable risk factors for dementia are promising targets for dementia prevention but are difficult to investigate in human populations due to technological constraints and confounds. Therefore, controlled laboratory experiments in models such as transgenic rodents, invertebrates and in vitro cultured cells are increasingly used to investigate dementia risk factors and test strategies which target them to prevent dementia. This review provides an overview of experimental research into 15 established and putative modifiable dementia risk factors: less early‐life education, hearing loss, depression, social isolation, life stress, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, heavy alcohol use, smoking, air pollution, anesthetic exposure, traumatic brain injury, and disordered sleep. It explores how experimental models have been, and can be, used to address questions about modifiable dementia risk and prevention that cannot readily be addressed in human studies. Highlights: Modifiable dementia risk factors are promising targets for dementia prevention.Interrogation of mechanisms underlying dementia risk is difficult in human populations.Studies using diverse experimental models are revealing modifiable dementia risk mechanisms.We review experimental research into 15 modifiable dementia risk factors.Laboratory science can contribute uniquely to dementia prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In a critically ill patient, when an arterial blood sample is processed on an arterial blood gas (ABG) analyzer, it also measures electrolytes apart from analyzing the blood gases. The turnaround time for ABG analysis is way too less compared to the conventional electrolyte analysis with a serum sample. Objective: This study intends to investigate whether values of electrolytes estimated in arterial blood can substitute the routinely practiced method. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. The source of data is patients' reports of serum electrolytes and ABG analysis from the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory, CIMS Teaching Hospital, Chamarajanagar between January and June 2021. The electrolytes report of 200 patients from whom both arterial and venous blood samples were sent to the Clinical Biochemistry laboratory on the same day and at the same time for analysis were selected. The data was compiled, compared, and correlated using a suitable statistical tool. Results: The mean and standard deviation of sodium (135.62 ± 5.20 in venous vs 134.08 ± 8.49 in arterial blood), potassium (4.20 ± 0.64 vs 3.80 ± 0.75), and chloride (102.28 ± 4.99 vs 96.33 ± 8.11) were observed. However, when the concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman plot analysis were made there was no agreement between electrolytes analyzed on serum in an autoanalyzer with that of ABG analyzer. Conclusion: We conclude that the electrolytes measured by a conventional autoanalyzer on a serum sample cannot be replaced by values analyzed on a blood gas analyzer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the study of current knowledge regarding the use of hydrogen as a reducing agent in the metallurgical processes of iron and steel production. This focus is driven by the need to introduce environmentally suitable energy sources and reducing agents in this sector. This theoretical study primarily examines laboratory research on the reduction of Fe-based, metal-bearing materials. The article presents a critical analysis of the reduction in iron oxides using hydrogen, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of this method. Most experimental facilities worldwide employ their unique original methodologies, with techniques based on Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) devices, fluidized beds, and reduction retorts being the most common. The analysis indicates that the mineralogical composition of the Fe ores used plays a crucial role in hydrogen reduction. Temperatures during hydrogen reduction typically range from 500 to 900 °C. The reaction rate and degree of reduction increase with higher temperatures, with the transformation of wüstite to iron being the slowest step. Furthermore, the analysis demonstrates that reduction of iron ore with hydrogen occurs more intensively and quickly than with carbon monoxide (CO) or a hydrogen/carbon monoxide (H2/CO) mixture in the temperature range of 500 °C to 900 °C. The study establishes that hydrogen is a superior reducing agent for iron oxides, offering rapid reduction kinetics and a higher degree of reduction compared to traditional carbon-based methods across a broad temperature range. These findings underscore hydrogen's potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the steel production industry, supporting a shift towards more sustainable manufacturing practices. However, the implementation of hydrogen as a primary reducing agent in industrial settings is constrained by current technological limitations and the need for substantial infrastructural developments to support large-scale hydrogen production and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the occasion of the death of Robert R. Holt (1917-2024), the Italian edition of the “personal introduction” to his book Freud Reappraised. A Fresh Look at Psychoanalytic Theory (New York: Guilford, 1989) is reprinted. In this introduction, Holt retraces the main aspects of his life as a scholar and theoretical researcher. Holt’s teachers and mentors included, among others, Gordon Allport, Henry A. Murray, and David Rapaport, and we can say that he has been an important witness of the history of psychology and psychoanalysis of the 20th century in North America. Holt was member of the editorial board of the journal Psicoterapia e Scienze Umane (“Psychotherapy and the Human Sciences”), in which he published various contributions, and came several times to hold seminars in Italy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Introduction There is currently limited guidance for researchers on Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) for preclinical spinal cord research, leading to uncertainty about design and implementation. This study aimed to develop evidence‐informed principles to support preclinical spinal cord researchers to incorporate PPI into their research. Methods This study used a modified Delphi method with the aim of establishing consensus on a set of principles for PPI in spinal cord research. Thirty‐eight stakeholders including researchers, clinicians and people living with spinal cord injury took part in the expert panel. Participants were asked to rate their agreement with a series of statements relating to PPI in preclinical spinal cord research over two rounds. As part of Round 2, they were also asked to rate statements as essential or desirable. Results Thirty‐eight statements were included in Round 1, after which five statements were amended and two additional statements were added. After Round 2, consensus (> 75% agreement) was reached for a total of 27 principles, with 13 rated as essential and 14 rated as desirable. The principles with highest agreement related to diversity in representation among PPI contributors, clarity of the purpose of PPI and effective communication. Conclusion This research developed a previously unavailable set of evidence‐informed principles to inform PPI in preclinical spinal cord research. These principles provide guidance for researchers seeking to conduct PPI in preclinical spinal cord research and may also inform PPI in other preclinical disciplines. Patient and Public Involvement Statement This study was conducted as part of a project aiming to develop PPI in preclinical spinal cord injury research associated with an ongoing research collaboration funded by the Irish Rugby Football Union Charitable Trust (IRFU CT) and the Science Foundation Ireland Centre for Advanced Materials and BioEngineering Research (SFI AMBER), with research conducted by the Tissue Engineering Research Group (TERG) at the RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences. The project aims to develop an advanced biomaterials platform for spinal cord repair and includes a PPI Advisory Panel comprising researchers, clinicians and seriously injured rugby players to oversee the work of the project. PPI is included in this study through the involvement of members of the PPI Advisory Panel in the conceptualisation of this research, review of findings, identification of key points for discussion and preparation of the study manuscript as co‐authors.

Abstract Background Patient engagement in research is the meaningful and collaborative interaction between patients and researchers throughout the research process. Patient engagement can help to ensure patient-oriented values and perspectives are incorporated into the development, conduct, and dissemination of research. While patient engagement is increasingly prevalent in clinical research, it remains relatively unrealized in preclinical laboratory research. This may reflect the nature of preclinical research, in which routine interactions or engagement with patients may be less common. Our team of patient partners and researchers has previously identified few published examples of patient engagement in preclinical laboratory research, as well as a paucity of guidance on this topic. Here we propose the development of a process framework to facilitate patient engagement in preclinical laboratory research. Methods Our team, inclusive of researchers and patient partners, will develop a comprehensive, empirically-derived, and stakeholder-informed process framework for ‘patient engagement in preclinical laboratory research.’ First, our team will create a ‘deliberative knowledge space’ to conduct semi-structured discussions that will inform a draft framework for preclinical patient engagement. Over the course of several sessions, we will identify actions, activities, barriers, and enablers (e.g. considerations and motivations for patient engagement in preclinical laboratory research, define roles of key players). The resulting draft process framework will be further populated with examples and refined through an international consensus-building Delphi survey with patients, researchers, and other collaborator organizations. We will then conduct pilot field tests to evaluate the framework with preclinical laboratory research groups paired with patient partners. These results will be used to create a refined framework enriched with real-world examples and considerations. All resources developed will be made available through an online repository. Discussion Our proposed process framework will provide guidance, best practices, and standardized procedures to promote patient engagement in preclinical laboratory research. Supporting and facilitating patient engagement in this setting presents an exciting new opportunity to help realize the important impact that patients can make.

Introduction: Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research is an embedded practice in clinical research, however, its role in preclinical or laboratory‐based research is less well established and presents specific challenges. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of two key stakeholder groups, preclinical researchers and clinicians on PPI in preclinical research, using spinal cord research as a case study. Methods: Semi‐structured interviews were conducted online with 11 clinicians and 11 preclinical researchers all working in the area of spinal cord injury (SCI). Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Findings: Nine themes were developed through analysis. Participants' perspectives included that people living with SCI had a right to be involved, that PPI can improve the relevance of preclinical research, and that PPI can positively impact the experiences of researchers. They identified the distance between lab‐based research and the daily experiences of living with SCI to be a barrier and proactive management of accessibility and the motivated and networked SCI community as key facilitators. To develop strong partnerships, participants suggested setting clear expectations, ensuring good communication, and demonstrating respect for the time of PPI contributors involved in the research. Conclusions: While traditionally PPI has been more commonly associated with clinical research, participants identified several potential benefits of PPI in preclinical spinal cord research that have applicability to preclinical researchers more broadly. Preclinical spinal researchers should explore how to include PPI in their work. Patient or Public Contribution: This study was conducted as part of a broader project aiming to develop an evidence base for preclinical PPI that draws on a 5‐year preclinical research programme focused on the development of advanced biomaterials for spinal cord repair as a case study. A PPI Advisory Panel comprising seriously injured rugby players, clinicians, preclinical researchers, and PPI facilitators collaborated as co‐authors on the conceptualisation, design of the interview protocol, data analysis and writing of this manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how teams manage temporal ambivalence, or the simultaneous and conflicting perceptions of time as a resource, including how much time has passed and whether there is enough of it left. Team members' time perceptions influence how a team manages time; thus, effective time management requires some collective resolution of temporal ambivalence. To study the effects of temporal ambivalence on time management processes and performance in teams, we conducted a laboratory study in which we manipulated perceptions of time by engineering a wall clock to run at different speeds (normal, fast, or slow) to instantiate different types of temporal ambivalence. Using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, we found that managing temporal ambivalence effectively is essential for teams to appropriately allocate time to different phases of work. Specifically, teams often misallocated their time by either transitioning too late or too early between phases of work, both of which were associated with worse team performance than transitioning closer to the temporal midpoint. Teams with heightened temporal ambivalence were more likely to manage time poorly following one or more of three dysfunctional patterns: bypassing comments, glossing over contradictions, and following passively. By contrast, teams that managed temporal ambivalence effectively did so through time management huddles, in which team members briefly and collectively took time away from the main task to explicitly discuss how to allocate their time. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on team process, ambivalence, and time management in organizations. Funding: This work was supported by Harvard University, INSEAD, and the UCL School of Management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. The need to study the formation of asphaltene deposits in oil production wells. Among the known methods of combating these complications, the greatest interest is in optimizing oil production technology to prevent or reduce the intensity of the formation of these deposits. Aim. To study the possibility of constructing a curve for the formation of asphaltene deposits on the laboratory installation “Wax Flow Loop” and to determine the possibility of optimizing oil production technology to prevent the formation of these deposits. Methods. Laboratory studies on the “Wax Flow Loop“ installation, modeling based on the component composition of oil in the “PVTSim“ software product, calculations in the “Engineering Simulator of Technological Processes“ software product. Results. Based on the results of laboratory studies and numerical calculations, it was possible to construct a curve for the formation of asphaltene deposits. The correctness of the curve was validated against actual data on plugging a production well. The calculation of the influence of installing an electric centrifugal pump and choke-fitting a well showed that the first technology for changing oil production can significantly reduce the intensity of the formation of asphaltene deposits by introducing additional energy. The second technology only slightly shifts the thermobaric conditions of liquid extraction, which does not significantly affect the intensity of the formation of asphaltene deposits. Conclusions. The laboratory installation "Wax Flow Loop" allows correctly forming the curve of asphaltene deposits formation in the production tubing of oil producing wells. Methods for optimizing oil production technology make it possible to prevent the formation of asphaltene deposits with correct modeling and numerical calculations and selection of downhole pumping equipment.

Abstract The clinical application of solid lipid particles (SLPs) is hampered due to the need for advanced nano/micro-suspension production technology. This research aims to establish a pilot-scale production line employing high-speed shears as emulsification equipment. The primary purpose is to manufacture nano/micro-suspensions using solid lipid particles (SLPs). The study also exhaustively introduces and analyzes the regulatory schemes for process parameters and formulations at various stages of production. The process and formulation endured optimization through orthogonal or single-factor tests at various production steps: laboratory research, small-scale trial production, and pilot production. Quality standards for the product were determined, and key parameters were obtained at each stage. The laboratory research demonstrated that the optimal SLPs comprised 15 mL 3% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) per 1.0 g tilmicosin and 2.5 g carnauba wax (WAX). During small-scale production, modifications were made to the volume of the aqueous phase, emulsifier concentration, and emulsification strength, setting them to 16 mL, 5%, and 2200 r/min, respectively. In the pilot production stage, the shear time was considered optimal at eight min. The impurity, content, polydispersion coefficient (PDI), and size of the pilot product were

AIM: Understanding the mechanism of fluid outflow by comparing the subconjunctival and subtenon spaces can lead to improved ocular therapeutics. The purpose of the current study is to evaluate subconjunctival vs subtenon lymphatic outflow by creating tracer-filled blebs in each location. METHODS: Porcine (n = 20) eyes received subconjunctival or subtenon injection(s) of fixable and fluorescent dextrans. Blebs were angiographically imaged using a Heidelberg Spectralis ([Heidelberg Retina Angiograph] HRA + OCT; Heidelberg Engineering) and bleb-related lymphatic outflow pathways were counted. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging of these pathways was used to assess structural lumens and the presence of valve-like structures. Furthermore, a comparison between tracer injection locations (superior/inferior/temporal/nasal) was made. Histologic analyses for subconjunctival and subtenon outflow pathways were performed, to confirm tracer co-localization with molecular lymphatic markers. RESULTS: Subconjunctival blebs demonstrated a greater number of lymphatic outflow pathways compared to subtenon blebs in every quadrant [superior: 6.10 ± 1.18 (subconjunctival) vs 0.50 ± 0.27 (subtenon); temporal: 2.30 ± 0.40 vs 0.10 ± 0.10; nasal: 5.30 ± 0.60 vs 0.30 ± 0.21; inferior: 6.00 ±1.29 vs 0.1 ± 0.1; all comparisons p < 0.001]. For subconjunctival blebs, the temporal quadrant showed fewer lymphatic outflow pathways compared to the nasal side (p = 0.005). DISCUSSION: Subconjunctival blebs accessed greater lymphatic outflow compared to subtenon blebs. Furthermore, regional differences existed, with fewer lymphatic vessels temporal than at the other locations. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Aqueous humor drainage after glaucoma surgery is incompletely understood. The present manuscript adds to our understanding of how lymphatics might influence filtration bleb function. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Lee JY, Strohmaier CA, Akiyama G, et al. Bleb-related Porcine Lymphatic Outflow Is Greater from Subconjunctival compared to Subtenon Blebs. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2022;16(3):144-151.

The article considers the issues of applying specific research methods in forensic construction examinations. The authors propose a classification of methods and means based on various criteria, including the impact on objects and the principles of operation. The specifics of their use in field and laboratory research have also been considered. The authors pay special attention to the use of drones for expert inspections of construction sites and associated land plots. In addition, the following methods have been presented in detail: physical and mechanical (elemental, chemical, mineralogical, phase analysis), physical (thermal analysis method), physical and chemical (instrumental methods), mechanical non-destructive methods (methods based on Fizdel, Kashkarov and Schmidt hammers), mechanical destructive methods (using test presses, bursting machines, tensile testing devices), acoustic (ultrasonic, ground-penetrating radar), electro-physical (magnetic, electric, and electromagnetic), radiation (X-ray and gamma-ray), radio wave, thermal, holographic, computer tomography, and calculation methods. It is shown that a timely replenishment of a construction-expert’s instrumental arsenal with modern methods and techniques of examination based on the latest scientific and technological advances guarantees sustainable development of forensic construction examinations as one of the most demanded areas of expert activity in Russian legal proceedings.

Abstract Introduction Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research is an embedded practice in clinical research, however, its role in preclinical or laboratory‐based research is less well established and presents specific challenges. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of two key stakeholder groups, preclinical researchers and clinicians on PPI in preclinical research, using spinal cord research as a case study. Methods Semi‐structured interviews were conducted online with 11 clinicians and 11 preclinical researchers all working in the area of spinal cord injury (SCI). Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Findings Nine themes were developed through analysis. Participants' perspectives included that people living with SCI had a right to be involved, that PPI can improve the relevance of preclinical research, and that PPI can positively impact the experiences of researchers. They identified the distance between lab‐based research and the daily experiences of living with SCI to be a barrier and proactive management of accessibility and the motivated and networked SCI community as key facilitators. To develop strong partnerships, participants suggested setting clear expectations, ensuring good communication, and demonstrating respect for the time of PPI contributors involved in the research. Conclusions While traditionally PPI has been more commonly associated with clinical research, participants identified several potential benefits of PPI in preclinical spinal cord research that have applicability to preclinical researchers more broadly. Preclinical spinal researchers should explore how to include PPI in their work. Patient or Public Contribution This study was conducted as part of a broader project aiming to develop an evidence base for preclinical PPI that draws on a 5‐year preclinical research programme focused on the development of advanced biomaterials for spinal cord repair as a case study. A PPI Advisory Panel comprising seriously injured rugby players, clinicians, preclinical researchers, and PPI facilitators collaborated as co‐authors on the conceptualisation, design of the interview protocol, data analysis and writing of this manuscript.

Ensuring flow in an oil field is one of the most costly problems in oil production and transportation. The fight against the formation of paraffin deposits consists both in the application of methods for the prevention and removal of deposits, and in the modeling of this process. An important parameter for the application of some technologies for preventing the formation of deposits and modeling the temperature regime of the pipeline is the coefficient of thermal conductivity of these deposits. The paper presents a study of the influence of the thermal conductivity of organic deposits on the rate of their formation, measured for 5 hours at the Cold Rod installation. According to the research results, it was found that over time, the thermal conductivity of organic deposits increases, while the rate of deposit formation decreases significantly. This process is explained by an increase in temperature on the surface of deposits due to their compaction and displacement from the volume of the liquid phase. The results obtained are extremely important in modeling the process of deposit formation and modeling a number of technologies to combat them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological breakthroughs, institutional disruptions, and natural disasters often alter the course of organizations and entire industries. Such discontinuous changes threaten organizations' survival by affecting the value of the knowledge accumulated in routines and capabilities. Although it is widely acknowledged that managerial cognition is a critical antecedent of organizational responses to discontinuous change, the role of type 1 (intuitive) and type 2 (reflective) processing in the adaptation of shared patterns of behavior, that is, routines, remains understudied. Drawing on dual-process theory, we propose that particular features of type 1 processing render this approach superior to type 2 processing, especially in highly ambiguous environments in which information is limited and difficult to verify. We tested our hypotheses in a longitudinal experiment linking individual-level factors with organizational-level practices of routine adaptation. Experienced managers, paired in 80 groups, developed routines in a first round of a simulation game; in a second round, we then introduced a discontinuous change making previous routines obsolete in order to observe how they adapted. The data show that priming type 1 processing facilitates organizational adaptation more than type 2 processing by providing faster, more routinized, efficiently coordinated, and optimal responses. In addition, type 1 appears to be more functional in highly ambiguous environments, whereas type 1 and type 2 processes yield similar levels of performance under low levels of ambiguity. Overall, our study advances the understanding of the nondeliberative dimension of organizational adaptation to discontinuous change. History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory. Funding: This work was supported by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (Finance Code 001). Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1517. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses a notable gap at the intersection of organizational economics and organization science: how does organizational context influence aggregation of individual behavior in organizational decisions? Using basic centralized versus decentralized organizational structures as building blocks for our experimental design, we examine whether assignment of organizational positions, incentive schemes, and structural configuration induce endogenous adaptation in the form of change in reservation levels (bias) or modified discrimination capability in subjects' behavior. We found that evaluators adapted their reservation and discrimination levels in centralized structures, whereas they did not generally adapt their reservation and discrimination levels when placed in decentralized structures. We identify mechanisms that explain these findings; explain how they influence aggregate, organizational behavior; and discuss implications for research and practice. History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory. Funding: M. Warglien acknowledges financial support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under [Grant Agreement 732942]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1502. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social movements seek allies as they campaign for social, political, and organizational changes. How do activists gain allies in the targeted institutions they hope to change? Despite recognition of the importance of ally support in theories about institutional change and social movements, these theories are largely silent on the microdynamics of ally mobilization. We examine how the labeling of organizational policies that benefit women influences potential workplace allies' support for these policies. We theorize that one barrier to mobilizing workplace allies is a misalignment of the labels that activists use to promote new policies and employees' affiliation with collective identities. We conducted five experiments to test our hypotheses and 26 qualitative interviews to provide illustration of our core concepts. We demonstrate that employees high in feminist identification are more likely to support feminist-labeled (feminist and #MeToo) than unlabeled policies, whereas those low in feminist identification are less likely to support feminist-labeled than unlabeled policies (Studies 1–3). However, we find that participants for whom organizational identification was high (whether measured or manipulated) and feminist identification was low supported organizationally labeled policies more than feminist-labeled polices (Studies 4 and 5). This illustrates that policies whose aims may not align with one collective identity can still garner support by activating another relevant collective identity. Within our studies, we provide evidence that these effects are mediated via feelings of pride in the organization (and not fear or anger), suggesting that positive emotions are a central mechanism in mobilizing workplace allies. History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1492. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The clinical application of solid lipid particles (SLPs) is hampered due to the need for advanced nano/micro-suspension production technology. This research aims to establish a pilot-scale production line employing high-speed shears as emulsification equipment. The primary purpose is to manufacture nano/micro-suspensions using solid lipid particles (SLPs). The study also exhaustively introduces and analyzes the regulatory schemes for process parameters and formulations at various stages of production. The process and formulation endured optimization through orthogonal or single-factor tests at various production steps: laboratory research, small-scale trial production, and pilot production. Quality standards for the product were determined, and key parameters were obtained at each stage. The laboratory research demonstrated that the optimal SLPs comprised 15 mL 3% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) per 1.0 g tilmicosin and 2.5 g carnauba wax (WAX). During small-scale production, modifications were made to the volume of the aqueous phase, emulsifier concentration, and emulsification strength, setting them to 16 mL, 5%, and 2200 r/min, respectively. In the pilot production stage, the shear time was considered optimal at eight min. The impurity, content, polydispersion coefficient (PDI), and size of the pilot product were < 3%, 5%, 0.385 and 2.64 μm, respectively. Among the several parameters studied, heating temperature, drug-lipid ratio, and emulsifier concentration were identified as the main factors affecting product quality, and they were regulated at 100℃, 1:3, and 5%, respectively. A novel hot melt emulsification shear method aided the development of a new solid lipid-based suspension from its preliminary stages in the laboratory to pilot production. This innovation is expected to enhance solid lipid-based suspensions' industrial evolution extensively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how people price the resale of durable goods in systematically biased ways. We show across four studies that the anchoring effect of durable goods' prior sales prices on subsequent valuations is discontinuous at psychologically salient round number reference points (e.g., $10,000 increments) because these numbers create qualitative differences in how people perceive values below them versus values at/above them. Resellers set disproportionately larger subsequent prices when previous prices move from just below round number thresholds (e.g., $349,000) to those at or just above these thresholds (e.g., $351,000). The findings show that buyers who pay a price just below a round number, therefore, may sacrifice money because they receive disproportionately less when reselling the good. Market forces only partially attenuate this pricing bias, but valuator experience seems to play a moderating role. Archival data show that home buyers who previously paid just under a $10,000 reference point subsequently listed their homes for about 1.8% (over $3,700) less on average than did buyers selling comparable homes who previously paid at or above a round number threshold. This drop is observable controlling for home characteristics and the general relationship between previous and current prices. Three experimental studies looking at housing and used car markets replicate these findings, highlight the mechanism, and increase confidence in causality. Market mechanisms and the negotiation process attenuate discontinuities by about 30%, but lower initial listing prices persist to final sales prices. We find additional weak evidence suggesting that valuator experience may attenuate intergenerational pricing bias. Conflict of Interest: This manuscript was submitted, revised, and accepted prior to the nomination and appointment of Lamar Pierce as Editor-in-Chief. Funding: This project was supported by the University of Southern California Marshall School of Business Behavioral Laboratory. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1632. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of the study is caused by noticeable increase in hard-to-recover oil reserves in recent years, associated with the steady depletion of light, low-viscosity carbon deposits. Heavy, high-viscosity oils and natural bitumens are characterized by high content of asphaltenes, resins and paraffins, which leads to technological difficulties and a number of complications in fluid extraction and transportation. To solve the problems associated with the production of hard-to-recover oil, it is necessary to apply additional technological operations aimed at reducing the viscosity of the fluid, which leads to an increase in the cost of produced raw materials. One of such methods can be heating the wellbore with a heating cable in order to maintain the required temperature of the flow and maintain oil fluidity. The main disadvantage of this method is high energy consumption, which can be reduced using mathematical modeling methods for heat and mass transfer in an oil well, which allow evaluating the thermal effect of the heating cable and determining the required technological characteristics of the equipment for trouble-free operation of the well. The aim of the research is to study the effect of the heating cable on operation of wells with high-viscosity oil, as well as to determine the necessary technological parameters of heating at which oil retains its fluidity and ensures normal operation of downhole pumping equipment. Object: a vertical section of an oil well, where a heating cable is used to reduce the viscosity of the fluid, located in one of the fields in the Republic of South Sudan. Methods: experimental determination of the rheological and thermophysical properties of oil using laboratory equipment, methods of differential scanning calorimetry and rheometry, the results of which were used as input data for mathematical modeling of heat and mass transfer in an oil well with a heating cable in order to assess the thermal effect of its operation. Numerical modeling of partial differential equations was carried out using the finite volume method in the Ansys Fluent software package. Results and conclusions. The fields of temperatures, static pressure and velocities in an oil well were obtained taking into account the rheological and thermophysical properties of the extracted raw materials during heating cable operation with different power and without it. It is shown that the presence of a heating cable in the well has a favorable effect on the performance, leads to decrease in oil viscosity by several orders of magnitude, decrease in the pressure drop in the lift pipes by several MPa due to decrease in viscous friction losses and increase in the average flow rate. It was found that the production efficiency in the well under consideration can be increased by replacing the heating cable with a high-temperature cable of greater length, which will lead to increase in the flow rate and the overhaul period of the electric submersible pump, by maintaining oil viscosity above the critical value throughout the entire section of the well.

Ethics are a set of principles of right conduct and represent moral principles based on cultural norms and values, some of which have been turned into laws or rules and regulations. Laboratory medicine, as with all other areas of medicine, must adhere to high ethical standards. These are important in both the clinical and research settings and apply to the pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical phases of the laboratory. This article addresses ethics in laboratory medicine, highlighting challenges unique to the African continent which may result in unique ethical perspectives. Some of these challenges include cultural and language diversity, lack of resources, absence of a regulatory framework, and the scarcity of trained laboratory professionals. Despite the many challenges, the laboratory practitioner must always seek to benefit the patient or research participant. Sound leadership is critical to enable the achievement of high ethical standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of oil-in-water emulsions is one of the main problems in oil production in many oil fields around the world. The transition of exploited fields to the later stages of development exacerbates this complication. The paper presents a method for the complex selection of a demulsifier for in-line demulsification. Laboratory studies were carried out to select the most effective brand and dosage of the demulsifier. Numerical modeling of the influence of the geometrical parameters of the nozzle for the distributed introduction of the demulsifier into the flow on the degree of distribution of the demulsifier in the pipeline section has been performed. As a result of field research at the target object, a 2-fold reduction in the demulsifier dosage was achieved while maintaining pressure in the pipeline. Similar studies were performed for three other objects, where a reduction in reagent consumption by 60, 59 and 25%, respectively, were achieved. The performed study indicates the importance of not only research on the selection of demulsifiers, but also the study of the influence of the method of its introduction into the oil flow to increase the degree of interaction of the reagent with the emulsion being processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preclinical models of diabetic retinopathy are indispensable in the drug discovery and development of new therapies. They are, however, imperfect facsimiles of diabetic retinopathy in humans. This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and physiological and pathological relevance of preclinical models of diabetic retinopathy. The judicious interpretation and extrapolation of data derived from these models to humans and a correspondingly greater emphasis placed on translational medical research in early-stage clinical trials are essential to more successfully inhibit the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in the future.

The intent of this article is to shed light on the future challenges that sociology, in concert with other disciplines, will have to face from now on, starting with one of the possible hypotheses of research methodology. Indeed, as much as some of these issues in the last two decades have become the preserve of neuroscience, their origins, namely the conceptualizations of the classics of sociology, should not be forgotten. In this regard, it will be the task of researchers and sociology to investigate, through applied research attempts, phenomena such as empathy and emotions from innovative methodologies and research different from the current ones, capable of highlighting how emotions are modified by cultural context and spaces of interaction, moving away from a depersonalizing structuralism we were used to, refuting, for example, what neuroscientists have pointed out, according to which empathy and emotions belong to biological universalisms. Therefore, within this brief and informative article we intend to present a possibility of investigation, without any claim to truth or the only way to be able to do research in this field, moved only by the desire to open a fruitful discourse that can lead to the methodological approach toward applied sociology or laboratory research. The idea is to move beyond online netnography, not because the latter cannot provide satisfactory results, but because it will be necessary to broaden the range of choices, such as analysis in the metaverse, generating a viable alternative where this type of analysis cannot be pursued.

The relevance of the research consists in the need to assess changes in the rheological properties of oil during the formation of wax deposits. The existing correlations make it possible to determine the viscosity of oil at known temperature and density, but their application is possible only for oils of a specific region and a constant component composition. However, in the process of its extraction, the problem of the formation of wax deposits often arises, which directly affects its component composition. In the case when the oil temperature is higher than the temperature of the beginning of paraffin crystallization, the deposits adhere to the cold surface of the elevator column or oilfield equipment, which leads to a change in oil component composition and improvement in its rheological properties. If the oil temperature is lower than the temperature of the beginning of paraffin crystallization, these deposits form in the volume of oil with the formation of «oil–deposits» suspension and significant deterioration of its rheological properties. The study of changes of oil rheological properties during the formation of wax deposits is necessary for a more correct modeling of its transportation, as well as the design of the application of modern methods for preventing the formation of these deposits. The aim: to evaluate the nature and degree of influence of the formation of wax deposits in the test section of the «Wax Flow Loop» installation on the studied oil rheological properties under various thermal conditions. Methods: conducting laboratory studies of oil at the «Wax Flow Loop» installation, determining the thickness of wax deposits in the test section by manometric and thermometric methods. Results. A number of laboratory studies have been carried out at various oil temperatures. According to the results of these studies, it was found that its rheological properties deteriorate with a decrease in its temperature. Due to the different dynamics of the formation of wax deposits, a parameter of specific viscosity change was introduced, equal to the change in oil viscosity during the study to the volume of formed deposits. Analyzing this parameter for the conducted studies, it becomes obvious that at oil temperature from 25 to 40 °C, it takes negative values, rheological properties improve during the formation of deposits, and the specific change in viscosity, on average, is 1,25 MPa s/ml. When studying oil at 20 °C the specific change in viscosity is positive, which indicates the formation of deposits in its volume and significant deterioration in rheological properties. Conclusion. The experimental results obtained allow us to consider the dynamics of changes in oil rheological properties during the formation of wax deposits. The parameter of the specific change in dynamic viscosity under various thermal conditions of the formation of wax deposits is given. It is found that its rheological properties change in different ways under different temperature conditions. The use of laboratory research data will increase the accuracy of modeling oil production and transportation, as well as evaluate the technological effectiveness of some methods of combating wax deposits.

The relevance of the research is caused by the need to increase the accuracy of modelling heat and mass transfer and formation of organic deposits in oil wells and linear oil pipelines. Many models of the formation of organic deposits omit the influence of their thermal conductivity coefficient on convective heat and mass transfer in a heterogeneous medium, but consideration of this parameter can significantly affect the result, increasing thermal resistance of the pipeline. Heat and mass transfer in the volume of hydrocarbons is a complex process, which is considered as convective heat transfer, which takes into account the matter molecular diffusion. This paper considers the diffusion mechanisms of heat transfer in organic deposits but neglects the diffusion of matter. The formation of these deposits is one of the most serious complications in the production of hydrocarbons in various hydrocarbon fields around the world, in particular in the Perm Krai. The aim of the research is to assess the degree of influence of the component composition of the fluid and its viscosity on thermal conductivity of organic deposits of a given fluid; to determine the possibility of assessing the thermal conductivity coefficient of organic deposits without conducting additional laboratory studies. Methods: laboratory research on the «WaxFlowLoop» installation, determination of the component composition of the fluid by gas chromatography. Results. To characterize the component composition of the fluid, the ratio of low molecular weight ( ) components to high molecular weight ( ) was taken. According to the results of the studies, it was found that the thermal conductivity of organic deposits grows with the increase in the proportion of low molecular weight hydrocarbons in the composition of the studied fluid. The presence of a correlation between the dynamic viscosity of the fluid and the value of the thermal conductivity of organic deposits, which decreases with an increase in the viscosity of the fluid, was also determined. Conclusion. The obtained experimental results allow us to conclude that it is possible to predict the value of thermal conductivity of organic deposits by the properties of the initial fluid. The use of the wax deposition thermal conductivity value when modeling its formation, as well as the obtained correlations, will make it possible to achieve significant progress in modeling heat transfer between the fluid and the wall and the formation of organic deposits in oil wells and underground oil pipelines.

Wax deposition is a costly problem for the O&G industry. Over the years, researchers from various countries have been trying to create a model for predicting the formation of these deposits. This work aims to create and verify a methodology for predicting the formation of these deposits in the production string of an oil well. The novelty of the proposed technique lies in the use of laboratory studies of real fluids to assess the rate of paraffin formation. Based on the studies performed, they are processed and digitized, after which, using the proposed algorithm and considering the physical parameters of the formation of deposits, the distribution of deposits along the length of the tubing string at a specific point in time is simulated. Verification of the paraffin formation model consisted in comparing the calculated and actual deposit profiles obtained during the workover of the well. The results of the comparison indicate that the presented model estimates the thickness of deposits in various sections of the oil well with high accuracy. The application of the developed methodology allows increasing the accuracy of modeling various processes in an oil field, optimizing well maintenance costs, and evaluating the effectiveness of various wax deposition control technologies.

Keywords: adrenergic; animals; beta blockers; beta-1-adrenergic; clinical research; immunology; laboratory research; sepsis; T cells; transgenic mice EN adrenergic animals beta blockers beta-1-adrenergic clinical research immunology laboratory research sepsis T cells transgenic mice 1415 1418 4 08/22/22 20220901 NES 220901 Bench research has contributed a great deal to advances in critical care medicine. Adrenergic, animals, beta blockers, beta-1-adrenergic, clinical research, immunology, laboratory research, sepsis, T cells, transgenic mice PHA-stimulated proliferation incompletely characterizes T cell activity; measuring cytokine production following T cell receptor stimulation or examining bacterial engulfment would provide a more complete picture. 2022; 50:, e707-e718, 6 Osuchowski MF, Ayala A, Bahrami S,: Minimum Quality Threshold in Pre-Clinical Sepsis Studies (MQTiPSS): An international expert consensus initiative for improvement of animal modeling in sepsis. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives This is an in vitro study that aimed to evaluate the ability of different glass ionomer restorations to mask the discoloration produced following silver diamine fluoride (SDF) only and after potassium iodide (KI) application. Materials and Methods Thirty-six extracted human adult posterior teeth were collected. Box-shaped cavities (4 × 2 × 2 mm 3) were prepared along the cementoenamel junction. Specimens were randomly divided into two major groups according to the materials applied under the restorations group (A) 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) followed by immediate application of potassium iodide (KI), group (B) 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) only. Each group was further subdivided according to the restorative material applied as follows (n = 6): subgroup (I) zirconia reinforced glass ionomer, subgroup (II) resin-modified glass ionomer restoration, and subgroup (III) high viscous glass ionomer restoration. Color assessment of all specimens was performed using a reflective spectrophotometer. Specimens' color was assessed color of normal dentin then assessed immediately after application of SDF (group A) and after application SDF + KI (group B) with the respective restorative material used. Statistical Analysis Data showed parametric distribution and variance homogeneity and were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results Intergroup comparisons showed that for SDF and SDF + KI samples, there was a significant difference between the different restorative materials (p < 0.001). For glass ionomer, SDF samples had significantly higher color change value than SDF + KI (p < 0.001), while for RMGI and zirconia reinforced glass ionomer, SDF + KI samples had significantly higher value (p < 0.001) although zirconia reinforced glass ionomer showed the least color change following SDF (6.00 ± 2.74). Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, we could conclude that using zirconia reinforced glass ionomer could have a good masking effect on discoloration produced by SDF. While the resin-modified glass ionomer restoration showed more discoloration and darkening effect even after using of KI. Also, using KI in combination with SDF had a good masking effect on discoloration that produced by SDF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Expired gutta-percha (GP) can lose its mechanical properties. This study aimed to compare the tensile strength values between expired and nonexpired GP-cones and to assess the outcome of different heat temperatures on this strength. Materials and Methods: Two-hundred-forty ProTaper points were obtained from nonexpired and 2 years expired pack with two different subgroups (sealed or exposed to air and light). All groups were subjected to the following treatments: control, 90°C water bath and cool either at room temperature or 0°C and 70°C water bath and cool either at room temperature or at 0°C. The strength under the tensile load was calculated using the universal testing machine. Results: The collected data were evaluated by one-way analysis of variance. Tensile strength for all control groups did not show any difference. Significant increase in the tensile strength in groups heated for 1 min in a water bath at 70°C, the tensile strengths were 8.19 ± 2.72 Mpa and 5.94 ± 1.14 Mpa cooled at 25°C and 0°C, respectively, P ≤ 0.001. Two years expiration did not lower the tensile strength of the GP and exposure to air and light did not show any change. Appropriate storage of GP is a key factor to extend its lifespan. Conclusion: A clinician may consider using expired GP as long as there are no noticeable changes in their structure and properties. A simple chairside technique using hot water may be helpful in restoring the mechanical properties of expired GP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction. The publication is devoted to the role of laboratory research in ensuring the quality of domestic medicines and is a review and analysis of regulatory documents and current publications on this topic.Text. A number of different types of laboratories are involved in Drug life cycle and ensuring their effectiveness and safety. Today there are a large number of regulations governing laboratory research. Common to all types of laboratories and regulatory documents is the need to organize an effective quality management system (QMS) for the drug life cycle laboratories. The aim of this review is to analyze approaches to regulating the quality of laboratory research of domestic drugs and to consider the most effective QMS model, which is fundamental for all types of laboratories in the life cycle of drugs.Conclusion. The laboratory research quality system serves as a basic tool for achieving the ultimate goal - the clinical value of drugs and is designed to ensure that risks for patients are minimized. At the same time, each stage of the drug life cycle provides a solution to a specific problem on the way to this goal, which must be taken into account when building a QMS in each type of laboratory. The range of regulatory documents and external assessment systems (accreditation, certification, inspection control, etc.) in the field of domestic laboratory research is quite diverse. In this regard, it is advisable for the laboratory to build a harmonious QMS based on priorities in accordance with the goals and objectives. The most effective method for building such a system is an integrated management system model.

Scrap processed in the electric arc furnace (EAF) process in the form of car bodies or housings of household appliances generates dust containing a large amount of zinc. Coke or anthracite is currently used as a reducer in pyrometallurgical technologies used for the processing of waste zinc-bearing materials. The article presents the results of research on a large-laboratory scale, in which anthracite dust was used as a waste reducer. The presented research confirmed the high efficiency of the reducer used. The degree of zinc removal in the process of steel dust processing in the kiln was at the level of 80 %. Such values indicate that waste anthracite dust can be an alternative carbonbearing material in the process of steel dust processing.

Abstract Background Translational research is a process of applying knowledge from basic biology and clinical trials to techniques and tools that address critical medical needs. Translational research is less explored in the Ugandan health system, yet, it is fundamental in enhancing human health and well-being. With the current high disease burden in Uganda, there are many opportunities for exploring, developing and utilising translational research. Main body In this article, we described the current state, barriers and opportunities for translational research in Uganda. We noted that translational research is underutilised and hindered by limited funding, collaborations, laboratory infrastructure, trained personnel, equipment and research diversity. However, with active collaborations and funding, it is possible to set up and develop thriving translational research in Uganda. Researchers need to leverage existing international collaborations to enhance translational research capacity development. Conclusion Expanding the integration of clinical and translational research in Uganda health care system will improve clinical care.

The use of natural and organic fertilizers is increasing, as it makes it possible to use a significant amount of products from the rendering sector and the environment of livestock farming. This translates into the possibility of maintaining the appropriate biological, physical and chemical properties of the soil, and thus directly affects the state of the natural environment, as well as the safety of production of plant origin food (e.g. cereals, vegetables, fruit) and animal origin food, through feed. The threats from the above-mentioned sources should be properly identified, monitored and, after exceeding the critical values due to the achieved risk level, minimized. Many risk factors in this area are already identified and the relevant requirements are laid down in national and European Community law (e.g. on heavy metals, pathogens). An increasing issue is having comprehensive risk assessments of the potential presence of antimicrobial substances and microbial contamination in animal by-products, organic fertilizers, soil improvers and natural fertilizers. Pilot studies in this field were undertaken at the Department of Hygiene of Animal Feedingstuffs of the National Veterinary Research Institute in Puławy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the remineralizing effect of gum arabic and casein phosphopeptide--amorphous calcium phosphate--fluoride (CPP--ACP--F). Materials and Methods: Twenty extracted sound human central incisors were selected and divided into four main groups (five specimens each) according to remineralization treatment: group 1, remineralization by gum arabic; group 2, MI Paste Plus CPP--ACP--F; group 3, gum arabic and CPP--ACP--F (MI Paste Plus); and group 4, artificial saliva. Surface microhardness analysis through Vickers hardness number and morphological evaluation using environmental scanning electron microscope were assessed initially to the sound enamel, demineralized enamel, and finally after 28 days of remineralization protocol and cycles of acidic challenges. Data were collected and statistically analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey's post hoc test at the significance level P ≤ .05. Results: Intergroup comparisons showed that there was no significant difference between different groups regarding microhardness at baseline, after demineralization and remineralization (P > .05). However, intragroup comparisons showed that there was a significant difference between different time intervals in the gum arabic group and the MI paste group (P > .001). Conclusion: Both gum arabic and CPP--ACP--F were able to regain and maintain surface microhardness. CPP--ACP--F is a very potent remineralizing agent due to its biomimetic remineralization strategy featuring in the treatment of early enamel lesion. Gum arabic could be a promising remineralizing agent although it had a limited initial remineralizing potential. However, the painting on of CPP--ACP--F over the gum arabic varnish could not provide the desired synergistic remineralizing action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article shows a study of different aspects of dietary supplement (DS) consumption by the population of Ukraine, the probability of using poor-quality DS is determined. As a part of this project, a questionnaire-based survey on the issue of DS consumption was conducted among residents of the following Ukrainian cities: Kyiv, Poltava, Kharkiv and Vyshneve (Kyiv region). The following data were analyzed: statistical data of the Ukrainian population, presence of pharmaceutical facilities in regions of Ukraine, DS sales volumes and laboratory data concerning correspondence of DS with the claimed content of active ingredients. Statistical analysis was carried out with use of the standard software Microsoft Excel 2007 and STATISTICA 8.0 portable The survey allowed to evaluate health level of respondents who take DS, obtain information concerning purposes or recommendations for DS taking, detect channels of purchase of such products, identify the risks of taking poor-quality DS. According to the survey results, about 72% of respondents are taking DS. The survey results indicate that 39% of respondents that take DS consider themselves healthy, almost half of respondents have insignificant health problems and about 12% of respondents have serious health problems. 79% of respondents purchase DS in pharmacies, which allows to conclude that about 59.7 million packaging of DS were consumed in Ukraine in 2019. It was confirmed that the presence of pharmaceutical facilities is even in all regions of Ukraine and, therefore, residents have access to necessary DS through pharmacies. Taking into account the results of laboratory tests of DS quality, the risks of poor-quality DS consumption in Ukraine in 2019 may be estimated as 9.5%. The research results of test purchases demonstrate that the aforementioned risks may increase significantly.

Pigs and pig organs are frequently used prior to human trials in experimental transplant research into how to optimise human transplantation. But what exactly happens when transplant professionals perform experimental research on pigs? Similarly, what happens when a pig is on the surgical table? Based on ethnographic fieldwork in Danish transplant research laboratories, we investigate how pig experiments facilitate ‘collaborative intimacies’ among medical professionals. Collaborative intimacies are used here as an empirical and theoretical framework for conceptualising and re-imagining the social relationships between species and the medical disciplines that emerge in laboratory work. Collaborative intimacies in the lab provide medical training and facilitate moral reflection and social networking among transplant professionals. As such, we argue that research utilising animal models is not only about technological progress and ethical dilemmas; rather, collaborative intimacies make us understand how intimate relations among medical professionals in translational research unfold and how such relations matter for professional and technological futures.

Abstract Context Public and patient involvement is increasingly becoming an expectation of research funders and policy makers. Not all areas of health research are public‐facing. Here, we outline an approach for building the skills and developing the relationships required for downstream public and patient involvement in pre‐clinical adolescent rheumatology research. Objective To design a methodology for improving researcher‐adolescent communications specifically aimed at mutual relationship building for PPI. Deliberate and effective preparation in advance of research involvement to improve the downstream success of that involvement. Design A research seminar and research skills workshop conducted entirely in ‘plain English’ for adolescents and their siblings aged 10‐20. Upskilling of pre‐clinical researchers for effective public involvement. Setting and participants Study co‐design between the voluntary charity Irish Children's Arthritis Network and the academic research centre UCD Centre for Arthritis Research. Fifteen adolescents aged 10‐20 years old living with arthritis, four pre‐clinical researchers and one qualitative researcher investigating adolescent or paediatric arthritis. Main variables studied Relationship building and communications for effective downstream public involvement in pre‐clinical and laboratory research. Results The methodology outlined here was received extremely positively. Both researchers and adolescents living with arthritis felt more comfortable communicating, more knowledgeable about juvenile arthritis and research, and more able to engage in co‐operative dialogue. Discussion Engaging early, considering the needs of the community and developing appropriate involvement methodology can enable involvement in pre‐clinical research. Conclusions Dedicating resources to building relationships and skills necessary for co‐operative research involvement can overcome some of the barriers to public involvement in pre‐clinical and laboratory‐based research.

The development of targeted cancer therapies based on monoclonal antibodies against tumor-associated antigens has progressed markedly over recent decades. This approach is dependent on the identification of tumor-specific, normal tissue-sparing antigenic targets. The transmembrane protein claudin-18 splice variant 2 (CLDN18.2) is frequently and preferentially displayed on the surface of primary gastric adenocarcinomas, making it a promising monoclonal antibody target. Phase 3 studies of zolbetuximab, a chimeric immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody targeting CLDN18.2, combined with 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin plus oxaliplatin (modified FOLFOX6) or capecitabine plus oxaliplatin (CAPOX) in advanced or metastatic first-line gastric or gastroesophageal junction (G/GEJ) adenocarcinoma have demonstrated favorable clinical results with zolbetuximab. In studies using xenograft or syngeneic models with gastric cancer cell lines, zolbetuximab mediated death of CLDN18.2-positive human cancer cell lines via antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity in vitro and demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy as monotherapy and combined with chemotherapy in vivo. Mice treated with zolbetuximab plus chemotherapy displayed a significantly higher frequency of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + T cells versus vehicle/isotype control-treated mice. Furthermore, zolbetuximab combined with an anti-mouse programmed cell death-1 antibody more potently inhibited tumor growth compared with either agent alone. These results support the potential of zolbetuximab as a novel treatment option for G/GEJ adenocarcinoma., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Toshihide Nishibata, Jane Weng, Keisuke Omori, Yuji Sato, Taisuke Nakazawa, Tomoyuki Suzuki, Tomohiro Yamada, Ikumi Nakajo, Fumitaka Kinugasa, and Taku Yoshida are current or former employees of Astellas Pharma, Inc., Ibaraki, Japan. Özlem Türeci and Uğur Şahin were co-founders, stockholders, and employees of Ganymed Pharmaceuticals AG, Mainz, Germany, at the time this preclinical evaluation was conducted, and are co-inventors on patent filings related to CLDN18.2 and zolbetuximab., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)