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1. Regolith breccia Northwest Africa 7533: Mineralogy and petrology with implications for early Mars

Author: Allen K. Kennedy, Hugues Leroux, Eric Lewin, Roger H. Hewins, Jeremy J. Bellucci, Marion Grange, Damien Deldicque, Martin J. Whitehouse, Christa Göpel, Sylvain Courrech du Pont, Jean-Pierre Lorand, Pierre Beck, Maya Marinova, Munir Humayun, Alexander A. Nemchin, Laurent Remusat, Brigitte Zanda, Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science [Tallahassee] (FSU | EOAS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG ), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Unité Matériaux et Transformations - UMR 8207 (UMET), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Michel Eugène Chevreul - FR 2638 (IMEC), Université d'Artois (UA)-Centrale Lille-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Géochimie, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Department of Applied Physics Curtin University of Technology, Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), Laboratory for Isotope Geology, Swedish Museum of Natural History (NRM), ANR-16-CE31-0012,MARS-PRIME,Environnement Primitif de Mars(2016), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université d'Artois (UA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Centrale Lille Institut (CLIL), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science [Tallahassee] (EOAS), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble (LPG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut Chevreul - FR2638, Université de Lille, Droit et Santé-Université d'Artois (UA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)-Ecole Centrale de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies, Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)
Subjects: 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, Pyroxene, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Feldspar, 01 natural sciences, Geophysics, Augite, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, visual_art, Clastic rock, Breccia, Pigeonite, visual_art.visual_art_medium, engineering, Plagioclase, Petrology, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Geology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Zircon
Abstract: Northwest Africa 7533, a polymict Martian breccia, consists of fine‐grained clast‐laden melt particles and microcrystalline matrix. While both melt and matrix contain medium‐grained noritic‐monzonitic material and crystal clasts, the matrix also contains lithic clasts with zoned pigeonite and augite plus two feldspars, microbasaltic clasts, vitrophyric and microcrystalline spherules, and shards. The clast‐laden melt rocks contain clump‐like aggregates of orthopyroxene surrounded by aureoles of plagioclase. Some shards of vesicular melt rocks resemble the pyroxene‐plagioclase clump‐aureole structures. Submicron size matrix grains show some triple junctions, but most are irregular with high intergranular porosity. The noritic‐monzonitic rocks contain exsolved pyroxenes and perthitic intergrowths, and cooled more slowly than rocks with zoned‐pyroxene or fine grain size. Noritic material contains orthopyroxene or inverted pigeonite, augite, calcic to intermediate plagioclase, and chromite to Cr‐bearing magnetite; monzonitic clasts contain augite, sodic plagioclase, K feldspar, Ti‐bearing magnetite, ilmenite, chlorapatite, and zircon. These feldspathic rocks show similarities to some rocks at Gale Crater like Black Trout, Mara, and Jake M. The most magnesian orthopyroxene clasts are close to ALH 84001 orthopyroxene in composition. All these materials are enriched in siderophile elements, indicating impact melting and incorporation of a projectile component, except for Ni‐poor pyroxene clasts which are from pristine rocks. Clast‐laden melt rocks, spherules, shards, and siderophile element contents indicate formation of NWA 7533 as a regolith breccia. The zircons, mainly derived from monzonitic (melt) rocks, crystallized at 4.43 ± 0.03 Ga (Humayun et al. 2013) and a 147Sm‐143Nd isochron for NWA 7034 yielding 4.42 ± 0.07 Ga (Nyquist et al. 2016) defines the crystallization age of all its igneous portions. The zircon from the monzonitic rocks has a higher Δ17O than other Martian meteorites explained in part by assimilation of regolith materials enriched during surface alteration (Nemchin et al. 2014). This record of protolith interaction with atmosphere‐hydrosphere during regolith formation before melting demonstrates a thin atmosphere, a wet early surface environment on Mars, and an evolved crust likely to have contaminated younger extrusive rocks. The latest events recorded when the breccia was on Mars are resetting of apatite, much feldspar and some zircons at 1.35–1.4 Ga (Bellucci et al. 2015), and formation of Ni‐bearing pyrite veins during or shortly after this disturbance (Lorand et al. 2015).
Published: 2017

2. D/H fractionation during the sublimation of water ice

Author: Christophe Lécuyer, Aurélien Royer, François Fourel, François Robert, Laurent Simon, Magali Seris, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Laboratoire d'Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École Nationale des Travaux Publics de l'État (ENTPE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Materials science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Comet, Sublimation, Analytical chemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Partial pressure, Fractionation, Atmospheric temperature range, 01 natural sciences, Equilibrium fractionation, Astrobiology, D/H, Deuterium, Water ice, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, 0103 physical sciences, Sublimation (phase transition), [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Isotopic fractionation, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Water vapor, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Experiments of sublimation of pure water ice have been performed in the temperature range −105 °C to −30 °C and atmospheric partial pressures ranging from 10−6 to 10−1 mb. Sampling of both vapour and residual ice fractions has been performed with the use of a vacuum line designed for the extraction and purification of gases before the measurement of their D/H ratios. Sublimation was responsible for sizable isotopic fractionation factors in the range 0.969–1.123 for temperatures lying between −105 °C and −30 °C. The fractionation factor exhibits a cross-over at temperatures around −50 °C with the water vapour fraction being D-depleted relative to the residual ice fraction at T < −50 °C (αice-vapour = 0.969– 0.995). This cross-over has implications for the understanding of the atmospheric water cycle of some terrestrial planets such as the Earth or Mars. The magnitude of deuterium enrichment or depletion be- tween ice and water vapour cannot explain the differences in the D/H ratios amongst Jupiter comets and long–period comets families nor those that have been documented between Earth’s and cometary water
Published: 2017

3. A petrographic and isotopic criterion of the state of preservation of Precambrian cherts based on the characterization of the quartz veins

Author: Damien Jacob, François Robert, Johanna Marin-Carbonne, François Faure, Marc Chaussidon, Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Unité Matériaux et Transformations - UMR 8207 (UMET), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL), Laboratoire de recheche conventionné MESO (LRC MESO), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences [Los Angeles] (EPSS), University of California [Los Angeles] (UCLA), University of California-University of California, Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Centre Pierre Léon d'Histoire Économique et Sociale (CPL-ISH), Université Lumière - Lyon 2 (UL2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Muséum (LMCM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: inorganic chemicals, State of preservation, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Geochemistry, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, Mineralogy, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, complex mixtures, 01 natural sciences, Isotopes of oxygen, Hydrothermal circulation, Matrix (geology), Petrography, Precambrian, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, Precambrian cherts, Quartz, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Petrographic and isotopic criterion, technology, industry, and agriculture, Geology, respiratory system, respiratory tract diseases, Microquartz, 13. Climate action, Oxygen isotopes, Sedimentary rock, Vein (geology)
Abstract: International audience; The coupled O and Si isotope variations of Precambrian cherts show secular and correlated variations that have been interpreted as a progressive cooling of the oceans on Earth. However, this reconstruction has been challenged because cherts can have various origins (hydrothermal, sedimentary, volcanic silicification) and their isotopic compositions might have been reset by metamorphic fluid circulation. Even pristine samples show evidence of fluid circulation by the presence of various quartz veins. Here, we have determined the effect of fluid circulation on the isotopic composition of the microquartz chert matrix by studying the mineralogical relationships between quartz veins and microquartz in two distinctive chert samples. These samples show different quartz habit and texture in their quartz veins, which imply various fluid system conditions. Therefore the presence of quartz spherulites in the quartz veins indicates a more moderate fluid circulation than the presence of columnar quartz. These observations were also confirmed by the oxygen isotope compositions of both microquartz matrix chert and quartz veins. We have demonstrated that in some conditions, fluid circulations do not modify the oxygen isotope composition of the chert matrix and thus the microquartz can still record paleo-environmental conditions. The petrography of quartz vein associated with in situ oxygen isotope composition provides one criterion to characterize the state of preservation of the microquartz.
Published: 2013

4. In situ and laboratory non-additive litter mixture effect on C dynamics of Sphagnum rubellum and Molinia caerulea litters

Author: Christian Défarge, Fatima Merzouki, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Audrey Guirimand-Dufour, Sébastien Gogo, Nevila Jozja, Stéphane Mounier, Arnaud Huguet, Frédéric Delarue, Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Processus de Transfert et d'Echanges dans l'Environnement - EA 3819 (PROTEE), Université de Toulon (UTLN), CETRAHE, Université d'Orléans (UO), Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Conseil Général du Loiret, the CPER 585 (Contrat Plan Etat-Région Centre) project Spatioflux n° 734-30805, This study was undertaken in the framework of the Service National d’Observation Tourbières (French Peatland Observatory), accredited by the INSU– CNRS., ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR-10-LABX-100-01/10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Stratigraphy, Biomass, Sphagnum cuspidatum, Litter mixture effect, 01 natural sciences, Sphagnum, Fluorescence, Botany, Dissolved organic carbon, Organic matter, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth-Surface Processes, chemistry.chemical_classification, Water-extractable organic matter, biology, Aromaticity, Molinia caerulea, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, Peatland-invading species, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Caerulea
Abstract: International audience; PurposeThe accumulation of carbon in peatlands originates from the slow rate of Sphagnum litter decomposition. Vegetation shifts can alter the Sphagnum decomposition rate through a litter mixture effect. This is rarely studied in peatlands. In a site colonised by vascular plants, we examined the effect of mixing litters of Sphagnum species with those of Molinia caerulea and Betula spp. on litter carbon (C) dynamics. We tested that water content and pH may explain the potential non-additive litter mixing effect.Materials and methodsLitter bags with Sphagnum cuspidatum or Sphagnum rubellum and M. caerulea or Betula spp. were placed in situ, in a Sphagnum decomposing environment and retrieved after 1 year of incubation. In the laboratory, the specific interaction between S. rubellum and M. caerulea was investigated. Solid, soluble and gaseous forms of C were studied in addition to the fluorescence of the dissolved organic matter (FDOM).Results and discussionLaboratory and field experiments showed that there is a non-additive effect of mixing S. rubellum and M. caerulea litter on C dynamics. The analyses of FDOM suggested a relatively higher living biomass in the laboratory-measured mixture than in the expected one. The in situ S. rubellum moist environment could stimulate the decomposition of M. caerulea that experiences much drier conditions in its native environment. In the laboratory experiment, M. caerulea were kept moist, and no significant difference in water content between the measured and expected mixture was found. Also, pH decreased in the measured mixture, ruling out any direct effect on microbial activity.ConclusionsThe non-additive mixture effect observed in the laboratory may be triggered by an increase of the microbial biomass. This increase was not explained by direct moisture or a pH effect. The suggested hypothesis that a lower pH could affect the availability of labile organic substrate through increased organic matter (OM) hydrolysis and thus stimulate microbial growth has to be further studied.
Published: 2016

5. Alteration of fossil-bearing shale (Autun, France; Permian), part II: Monitoring artificial and natural ageing by combined use of S and Ca K-edge XANES analysis, Rock-Eval pyrolysis and FTIR analysis

Author: Jean Sébastien Steyer, Maria-Fernanda Romero-Sarmiento, Véronique Rouchon, Koen Janssens, François Farges, Delphine Vantelon, Frederik Vanmeert, Georges Gand, Giliane P. Odin, Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation ( CRC ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication ( MCC ), Centre de recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements ( CR2P ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp ( UA ), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), UMR 7202 ( LMCM ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), IFP Energies nouvelles ( IFPEN ), Synchroton SOLEIL, Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation (CRC ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Antwerp (UA), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] (BGS), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), and Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 010506 paleontology, Sulfide, Mineralogy, chemistry.chemical_element, Iron sulfide, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Autun Basin, Oxidation, Organic matter, Vitrinite, Biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, [ SDU.STU.PG ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, chemistry.chemical_classification, Pyrite, Maceral, Paleontology, Fossil, Shale, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Sulfur, XANES, chemistry, [ CHIM.MATE ] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Carbonate, Calcium, Rock-Eval Pyrolysis, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, Oil shale, Geology
Abstract: Fossil-bearing shale specimens that include sulfides in their compositions are chemically reactive and sometimes also mechanically fragile. This decay is often related to iron sulfate efflorescence resulting from the oxidation of sulfide compounds. The processes underlying these degradations are poorly known, thus impeding the elaboration of curative or preventive treatments. The present contribution aims to identify the origin of museum specimen alterations. It focuses on the Flouest collection housed at the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France) and originating from the Autun Basin (Saone-et-Loire, France, Permian). To evaluate the alteration of MNHN specimens, it appeared necessary to compare their composition with that of unaltered shale so as to identify chemical changes occurring during ageing. Therefore, new material was collected in the Autun Basin, among others on the locality of Muse that corresponds to the same lithostratigraphic unit as that of the MNHN specimens. This material was, if necessary, artificially aged. The first part of this work, presented elsewhere, deals with the use of Xray diffraction and Mossbauer spectroscopy for characterizing iron reactivity and speciation. It leads to the conclusion that the reactivity of iron in the shale matrix was limited and could not account for the large efflorescence of iron (II) sulfate occurring nearby the fossil. The second part presented here focuses on the use of S K-edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy for characterizing sulfur speciation and reactivity. Measurements were performed on the shale matrix and on thin layers of maceral found in the proximity of damaged areas. As sulfur may be found in association with calcium or organic matter, complementary techniques were implemented, such as FTIR spectroscopy, Rock-Eval pyrolysis (characterization of organic matter content) and Ca K-edge XANES (analysis of calcium speciation) spectroscopy. It was shown that sulfur is mainly related to thioether, sulfoxide, iron sulfide, and sulfates whereas calcium is mainly bound to carboxylate, carbonate and/or sulfate groups. FTIR analysis of the macerals confirmed the presence of vitrinite on damaged MNHN specimens. The low oxygen content of new shale samples determined by Rock-Eval pyrolysis indicates that the organic matter is well preserved, despite the fact that samples come from outcrop surface. In the newly collected material, sulfur is mainly related to organic sulfides (thioether) with a minor occurrence of iron sulfide. In the shale fraction of damaged MNHN specimens, sulfur is mostly oxidized into a mixture of iron and calcium sulfate. However, in the vitrinite layers of the same specimens, a large proportion of sulfur corresponds to organic sulfides. Also the oxidation of sulfur does not occur homogeneously but preferentially in the shale fraction, probably because this latter is porous whereas vitrinite is not. Artificial ageing of new shale material showed that the oxidation of organic sulfides could be reproduced at 90 degrees C, 80% of relative humidity. However, the obtained efflorescence almost exclusively corresponds to calcium sulfate whereas iron (II) sulfates are mostly observed on MNHN specimens. The new material collected on site is probably to be questioned, and future studies will have to select new samples with fossil remains. This will be the object of the third part of this work. (C) 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
Published: 2015

6. Alteration of fossil-bearing shale (Autun, France; Permian), part II: Monitoring artificial and natural ageing by combined use of S and Ca K-edge XANES analysis, Rock-Eval pyrolysis and FTIR analysis

Author: Odin, Giliane P., Vanmeert, Frederik, Farges, François, Gand, Georges, Janssens, Koen, Romero-Sarmiento, Maria-Fernanda, Steyer, Jean-Sébastien, Vantelon, Delphine, Rouchon, Véronique, Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation ( CRC ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication ( MCC ), Centre de recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements ( CR2P ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp ( UA ), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), UMR 7202 ( LMCM ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Biogéosciences [Dijon] ( BGS ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), IFP Energies nouvelles ( IFPEN ), Synchroton SOLEIL, Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation (CRC ), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (MCC), Centre de recherche sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements (CR2P), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Antwerp (UA), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéosciences [UMR 6282] [Dijon] (BGS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), Synchrotron SOLEIL (SSOLEIL), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Pyrite, Fossil, Shale, [ SDU.STU.GC ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, XANES, Autun Basin, [ CHIM.MATE ] Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, Oxidation, Calcium, Organic matter, Rock-Eval Pyrolysis, [SDU.STU.PG]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology, Sulfur, [ SDU.STU.PG ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Paleontology
Abstract: International audience; Fossil-bearing shale specimens that include sulfides in their compositions are chemically reactive andsometimes also mechanically fragile. This decay is often related to iron sulfate efflorescence resulting fromthe oxidation of sulfide compounds. The processes underlying these degradations are poorly known, thusimpeding the elaboration of curative or preventive treatments. The present contribution aims to identifythe origin of museum specimen alterations. It focuses on the Flouest collection housed at the MuséumNational d’Histoire Naturelle (MNHN, Paris, France) and originating from the Autun Basin (Saône-et-Loire,France, Permian). To evaluate the alteration of MNHN specimens, it appeared necessary to compare theircomposition with that of unaltered shale so as to identify chemical changes occurring during ageing.Therefore, new material was collected in the Autun Basin, among others on the locality of Muse thatcorresponds to the same lithostratigraphic unit as that of the MNHN specimens. This material was, ifnecessary, artificially aged. The first part of this work, presented elsewhere, deals with the use of X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy for characterizing iron reactivity and speciation. It leads tothe conclusion that the reactivity of iron in the shale matrix was limited and could not account for thelarge efflorescence of iron (II) sulfate occurring nearby the fossil. The second part presented here focuseson the use of S K-edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) spectroscopy for characterizingsulfur speciation and reactivity. Measurements were performed on the shale matrix and on thin layersof maceral found in the proximity of damaged areas. As sulfur may be found in association with calciumor organic matter, complementary techniques were implemented, such as FTIR spectroscopy, Rock-Eval pyrolysis (characterization of organic matter content) and Ca K-edge XANES (analysis of calcium speci-ation) spectroscopy. It was shown that sulfur is mainly related to thioether, sulfoxide, iron sulfide, andsulfates whereas calcium is mainly bound to carboxylate, carbonate and/or sulfate groups. FTIR analy-sis of the macerals confirmed the presence of vitrinite on damaged MNHN specimens. The low oxygencontent of new shale samples determined by Rock-Eval pyrolysis indicates that the organic matter iswell preserved, despite the fact that samples come from outcrop surface. In the newly collected material,sulfur is mainly related to organic sulfides (thioether) with a minor occurrence of iron sulfide. In theshale fraction of damaged MNHN specimens, sulfur is mostly oxidized into a mixture of iron and calciumsulfate. However, in the vitrinite layers of the same specimens, a large proportion of sulfur correspondsto organic sulfides. Also the oxidation of sulfur does not occur homogeneously but preferentially in theshale fraction, probably because this latter is porous whereas vitrinite is not. Artificial ageing of newshale material showed that the oxidation of organic sulfides could be reproduced at 90◦C, 80% of rel-ative humidity. However, the obtained efflorescence almost exclusively corresponds to calcium sulfatewhereas iron (II) sulfates are mostly observed on MNHN specimens. The new material collected on siteis probably to be questioned, and future studies will have to select new samples with fossil remains. Thiswill be the object of the third part of this work.
Published: 2015

7. Structure, composition, and location of organic matter in the enstatite chondrite Sahara 97096 (EH3)

Author: Piani, Laurette, Robert, FrançOis, Beyssac, Olivier, Binet, Laurent, Bourot-Denise, Michèle, Derenne, Sylvie, Guillou, Corentin Le, Marrocchi, Yves, Mostefaoui, Smail, Rouzaud, Jean-Noel, Thomen, Aurelien, Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (LCMCP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Collège de France (CdF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Muséum (LMCM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL)
Subjects: Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: The insoluble organic matter (IOM) of an unequilibrated enstatite chondrite Sahara (SAH) 97096 has been investigated using a battery of analytical techniques. As the enstatite chondrites are thought to have formed in a reduced environment at higher temperatures than carbonaceous chondrites, they constitute an interesting comparative material to test the heterogeneities of the IOM in the solar system and to constrain the processes that could affect IOM during solar system evolution. The SAH 97096 IOM is found in situ: as submicrometer grains in the network of fine-grained matrix occurring mostly around chondrules and as inclusions in metallic nodules, where the carbonaceous matter appears to be more graphitized. IOM in these two settings has very similar $\delta^{15}N$ and $\delta^{13}C$; this supports the idea that graphitized inclusions in metal could be formed by metal catalytic graphitization of matrix IOM. A detailed comparison between the IOM extracted from a fresh part and a terrestrially weathered part of SAH 97096 shows the similarity between both IOM samples in spite of the high degree of mineral alteration in the latter. The isolated IOM exhibits a heterogeneous polyaromatic macromolecular structure, sometimes highly graphitized, without any detectable free radicals and deuterium-heterogeneity and having mean H- and N-isotopic compositions in the range of values observed for carbonaceous chondrites. It contains some submicrometer-sized areas highly enriched in $^{15}N$ ($\delta^{15}N$ up to 1600 permil). These observations reinforce the idea that the IOM found in carbonaceous chondrites is a common component widespread in the solar system. Most of the features of SAH 97096 IOM could be explained by the thermal modification of this main component.
Published: 2015
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8. Experimental warming interacts with soil moisture to discriminate plant responses in an ombrotrophic peatland

Author: Pierre Mariotte, Luca Bragazza, Vincent E. J. Jassey, Sébastien Gogo, Bjorn J. M. Robroek, Edward A. D. Mitchell, Gregory Bernard, Alexandre Buttler, Cédric Pochelon, Frédéric Delarue, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Laboratoire des systèmes écologiques (ECOS), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - CNRS - UBFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Pôle National Relais Tourbières, Institut de minéralogie et de physique des milieux condensés (IMPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre for Carbon Water and Food Biogeochemistry Group, The University of Sydney, Laboratory of Soil Biology, Université de Neuchâtel (UNINE), Jardin Botanique de Neuchâtel, Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Università degli Studi di Ferrara (UniFE), grant PSPB-013/2010 from Switzerland through the Swiss contribution to the enlarged European UnionSwiss National Science Foundation (no PBELP3 146538)., ANR-10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), ANR-07-VULN-0010,PEATWARM,Impact du réchauffement climatique sur la focntion de puits de carbone de l'ecosysteme tourbières à sphaignes.(2007), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement - UFC (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Ferrara [Ferrara], ANR-10-LABX-100-01/10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment(2010), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement (UMR 6249) (LCE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Ferrara = University of Ferrara (UniFE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire des systèmes écologiques ( ECOS ), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ), Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 ( ISTO ), Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) ( BRGM ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Chrono-environnement ( LCE ), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté ( UBFC ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), UMR 7202 ( LMCM ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), The University of Sydney [Sydney], University of Neuchatel, ANR-10-LABX-100-01/10-LABX-0100,VOLTAIRE,Geofluids and Volatil elements – Earth, Atmosphere, Interfaces – Resources and Environment ( 2010 ), and ANR-07-VULN-0010,PEATWARM,Impact du réchauffement climatique sur la focntion de puits de carbone de l'ecosysteme tourbières à sphaignes. ( 2007 )
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Vascular plant, Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, NDVI, Ombrotrophic, Growing season, Point-intercept survey, Plant Science, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Sphagnum, point-intercept survey Journal of Vegetation Science, [ SDU.ENVI ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Climate change, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Eriophorum vaginatum, Vegetation, Ecology, biology, Drought, Point intercept survey, Temperature, Ambientale, Plant community, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, OTC, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental science, Climate change, Drought, NDVI, OTC, Point intercept survey, Sphagnum, Temperature, Vegetation, [ SDU ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]
Abstract: International audience; QuestionA better understanding of the response of Sphagnum mosses and associated vascular plants to climate warming is relevant for predicting the carbon balance of peatlands in a warmer world. Open-top chambers (OTCs) have been used to investigate the effect on soil biogeochemical processes in peatlands, but little information is available on the effects of OTCs on microclimate conditions and the associated response of the plant community. We aimed to understand how simulated warming and differences in soil moisture affect plant species cover.LocationA Sphagnum-dominated peatlands in French Jura.MethodsWe used OTCs to measure the effect of a near-ground temperature increase (+1.5 °C on average) on vegetation dynamics over five growing seasons (2008–2012) in a Sphagnum-dominated peatland, in two adjacent microhabitats with different hydrological conditions – wet and dry. Microclimatic conditions and plant species abundance were monitored at peak biomass in years 1, 2, 3 and 5 and monthly during the plant growing season in year 5.ResultsThe response to warming differed between vascular plants and bryophytes, as well as among species within these groups, and also varied in relation to soil moisture. Andromeda polifolia abundance responded positively to warming, while Vaccinium oxycoccus responded negatively, and Eriophorum vaginatum showed a high resistance.ConclusionDepth of rooting of vascular plants appeared to control the response in plant abundance, while moss abundance depended on various other interacting factors, such as shading by the vascular plant community, precipitation and soil moisture.

9. The Paris meteorite, the least altered CM chondrite so far

Author: Jean-Pierre Lorand, Hugues Leroux, Richard C. Greenwood, Roger H. Hewins, Munir Humayun, Maïa Kuga, Sylvain Pont, Jérôme Gattacceca, M. Bourot-Denise, Christa Göpel, Bernard Marty, Ian A. Franchi, Jean-Alix Barrat, Pierre Rochette, Yves Marrocchi, C. Cournede, Brigitte Zanda, Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Muséum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Unité Matériaux et Transformations - UMR 8207 (UMET), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL), Domaines Océaniques (LDO), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers-Institut d'écologie et environnement-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science [Tallahassee] (FSU | EOAS), Florida State University [Tallahassee] (FSU), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSSRI, The Open University [Milton Keynes] (OU), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique [UMR 6112] (LPG), Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Nantes - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques (UN UFR ST), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences [MIT, Cambridge] (EAPS), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille (ENSCL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), Laboratoire de structures et propriétés de l'état solide (LSPES), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science [Tallahassee] (EOAS), Laboratoire de Planétologie et Géodynamique UMR6112 (LPG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Nantes - Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Collège de France (CdF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)
Subjects: Olivine, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Geochemistry, Mineralogy, Chondrule, Pyroxene, Forsterite, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Augite, [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, Meteorite, Geochemistry and Petrology, Chondrite, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, engineering, Hibonite, Geology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; The Paris chondrite provides an excellent opportunity to study CM chondrules and refractory inclusions in a more pristine state than currently possible from other CMs, and to investigate the earliest stages of aqueous alteration captured within a single CM bulk composition. It was found in the effects of a former colonial mining engineer and may have been an observed fall. The texture, mineralogy, petrography, magnetic properties and chemical and isotopic compositions are consistent with classification as a CM2 chondrite. There are ˜45 vol.% high-temperature components mainly Type I chondrules (with olivine mostly Fa0-2, mean Fa0.9) with granular textures because of low mesostasis abundances. Type II chondrules contain olivine Fa7 to Fa76. These are dominantly of Type IIA, but there are IIAB and IIB chondrules, II(A)B chondrules with minor highly ferroan olivine, and IIA(C) with augite as the only pyroxene. The refractory inclusions in Paris are amoeboid olivine aggregates (AOAs) and fine-grained spinel-rich Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs). The CAI phases formed in the sequence hibonite, perovskite, grossite, spinel, gehlenite, anorthite, diopside/fassaite and forsterite. The most refractory phases are embedded in spinel, which also occurs as massive nodules. Refractory metal nuggets are found in many CAI and refractory platinum group element abundances (PGE) decrease following the observed condensation sequences of their host phases. Mn-Cr isotope measurements of mineral separates from Paris define a regression line with a slope of 53Mn/55Mn = (5.76 ± 0.76) × 106. If we interpret Cr isotopic systematics as dating Paris components, particularly the chondrules, the age is 4566.44 ± 0.66 Myr, which is close to the age of CAI and puts new constraints on the early evolution of the solar system. Eleven individual Paris samples define an O isotope mixing line that passes through CM2 and CO3 falls and indicates that Paris is a very fresh sample, with variation explained by local differences in the extent of alteration. The anhydrous precursor to the CM2s was CO3-like, but the two groups differed in that the CMs accreted a higher proportion of water. Paris has little matrix (˜47%, plus 8% fine grained rims) and is less altered than other CM chondrites. Chondrule silicates (except mesostasis), CAI phases, submicron forsterite and amorphous silicate in the matrix are all well preserved in the freshest domains, and there is abundant metal preserved (metal alteration stage 1 of Palmer and Lauretta (2011)). Metal and sulfide compositions and textures correspond to the least heated or equilibrated CM chondrites, Category A of Kimura et al. (2011). The composition of tochilinite-cronstedtite intergrowths gives a PCP index of ˜2.9. Cronstedtite is more abundant in the more altered zones whereas in normal highly altered CM chondrites, with petrologic subtype 2.6-2.0 based on the S/SiO2 and ∑FeO/SiO2 ratios in PCP or tochilinite-cronstedtite intergrowths (Rubin et al., 2007), cronstedtite is destroyed by alteration. The matrix in fresh zones has CI chondritic volatile element abundances, but interactions between matrix and chondrules occurred during alteration, modifying the volatile element abundances in the altered zones. Paris has higher trapped Ne contents, more primitive organic compounds, and more primitive organic material than other CMs. There are gradational contacts between domains of different degree of alteration, on the scale of ˜1 cm, but also highly altered clasts, suggesting mainly a water-limited style of alteration, with no significant metamorphic reheating.
Published: 2014

10. Raman spectroscopic properties and Raman identification of CaS-MgS-MnS-FeS-Cr 2 FeS 4 sulfides in meteorites and reduced sulfur-rich systems

Author: Fabrice Brunet, Razvan Caracas, Sylvain Courrech du Pont, Caroline Avril, Martine Tarrida, Valérie Malavergne, Ema Bobocioiu, Stephan Borensztajn, Brigitte Zanda, E. Charon, Bruno Reynard, François Guyot, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée (UPEM), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (ex SIS2M) (NIMBE UMR 3685), Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTerre), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-PRES Université de Grenoble-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Muséum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie et de physique des milieux condensés (IMPMC), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPG Paris)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-PRES Université de Grenoble-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR219-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut Français des Sciences et Technologies des Transports, de l'Aménagement et des Réseaux (IFSTTAR)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), and Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM)
Subjects: Analytical chemistry, Mineralogy, [SDU.STU]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Niningerite, symbols.namesake, Daubréelite, Chondrite, Oldhamite, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Troilite, Alabandite, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], symbols, engineering, Keilite, 0210 nano-technology, Raman spectroscopy, [SDU.STU.MI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Mineralogy
Abstract: –Raman spectra were acquired on a series of natural and synthetic sulﬁdeminerals, commonly found in enstatite meteorites: oldhamite (CaS), niningerite or keilite((Mg,Fe)S), alabandite (MnS), troilite (FeS), and daubreelite (Cr 2 FeS 4 ). Natural samplescome from three enstatite chondrites, three aubrites, and one anomalous ungroupedenstatite meteorite. Synthetic samples range from pure endmembers (CaS, FeS, MgS) tocomplex solid solutions (Fe, Mg, Ca)S. The main Raman peaks are localized at 225, 285,360, and 470 cm 1 for the Mg-rich sulﬁdes; at 185, 205, and 285 cm 1 for the Ca-richsulﬁdes; at 250, 370, and 580 cm 1 for the Mn-rich sulﬁdes; at 255, 290, and 365 cm 1 for the Cr-rich sulﬁdes; and at 290 and 335 cm 1 for troilite with, occasionally, an extrapeak at 240 cm 1 . A peak at 160 cm 1 is present in all Raman spectra and cannot beused to discriminate between the different sulﬁde compositions. According to grouptheory, none of the cubic monosulﬁdes oldhamite, niningerite, or alabandite shouldpresent ﬁrst-order Raman spectra because of their ideal rocksalt structure. The occurrenceof broad Raman peaks is tentatively explained by local breaking of symmetry rules.Measurements compare well with the infrared frequencies calculated from ﬁrst-principlescalculations. Raman spectra arise from activation of certain vibrational modes due toclustering in the solid solutions or to coupling with electronic transitions in semiconductorsulﬁdes.INTRODUCTIONRecently, particular effort was put intounderstanding the occurrence of sulfur-rich phases inmagmatic systems and meteorites as well as in materialscience and metallurgy (e.g., Sinyakavo and Kosyakov2001; Holzheid and Grove 2002; Keil 2007; Liu et al.2007). The degassing of sulfur from volcanoes plays animportant role in the present and past atmosphereproperties, and in the geochemical cycle of sulfur in theEarth system (e.g., Farquhar et al. 2002; Moretti andOttonello 2005; Liu et al. 2007). Sulfur can take a largenumber of oxidation states, from 2 to 6+, and itoccurs in several gaseous and crystallized forms.Because of this large range of possible oxidation states,it remains a difﬁcult element to study.The sulﬁde compounds are important phases inmeteorites (e.g., Keil 1989, 2007). Speciﬁcally, the majorpart of sulfur in meteorites is found either in troilite;FeS; or in other sulﬁdes like oldhamite, CaS
Published: 2013

11. Instrumental Methods for Professional and Amateur Collaborations in Planetary Astronomy

Author: A. Leroy, Sylvain Bouley, John H. Rogers, Paolo Tanga, J. Guarro-Flo, Emmanuel Jehin, Gianluca Masi, C. Buil, Ricardo Hueso, H. B. Hammel, M. Vanhuysse, C. Pellier, A. S. Rajpurohit, P. Drossart, David Baratoux, G. S. Orton, Alice Decock, N. Esseiva, Anny Chantal Levasseur-Regourd, J. M. Gómez-Forrellad, C. Rinner, Georg Fischer, F. Meyer, A. Klotz, Jean Lecacheux, M. Ali Dib, T. Boehm, E. Frappa, F. Colas, Alain Maury, Françoise Roques, Philippe Rousselot, Vincent Boudon, J. P. Beaulieu, Alexandre Santerne, Santiago Pérez-Hoyos, Benoit Carry, R. W. Schmude, A. Wesley, B. Tregon, Thomas Widemann, Leigh N. Fletcher, Brigitte Zanda, Agustín Sánchez-Lavega, W. Beisker, M. Delcroix, Bruno Sicardy, F. Kugel, O. Mousis, D. Herald, S. Foglia, J. M. Petit, Jeremie Vaubaillon, L. Maquet, Mirel Birlan, A. Delsanti, L. Buzzi, Jean-Luc Dauvergne, Jean-Pierre Lebreton, Alexis Bouquet, Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules (UMR 6213) (UTINAM), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieria Bilbao, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides (IMCCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Observatoire de Haute-Provence (OHP), Institut Pythéas (OSU PYTHEAS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), International Occultation Timing Association European Section (IOTA ES), International Occultation Timing Association European Section, Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Observatoire de Paris, Euraster, Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), NASA-California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea [Espagne] (UPV/EHU), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Cosmologie, Astrophysique Stellaire & Solaire, de Planétologie et de Mécanique des Fluides (CASSIOPEE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015 - 2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences [Piscataway], Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers)-Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Dynamique terrestre et planétaire (DTP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Astrophysique de Toulouse-Tarbes (LATT), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (LICB), Université de Bourgogne (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut du Porc, Société Astronomique de France (SAF), Association AstroQueyras, Canberra Astronomical Society, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique [Liège], Université de Liège, Observatoire Chante-Perdrix, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), European Southern Observatory (ESO), Departamento de Fı'sica Aplicada I, Association des Utilisateurs de Détecteurs Electroniques (AUDE), Association des Utilisateurs de Détecteurs Electroniques, Association T60, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Chercheur indépendant, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université de Lille-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut UTINAM (Univers, transport, interfaces, nanostructures, atmosphère et environnement, molécules) (Besançon), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), Departamento de Fisica Aplicada [Bilbao], Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France, Observatoire Castanet, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto (CAUP), Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne (ICB), Osservatorio Astronomico Schiaparelli, Association Française d'Astronomie - Ciel et Espace (AFA), Association Française d'Astronomie, Département d'astrophysique, Géophysique et Océanographie (AGO), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] (AOPP), University of Oxford, Astronomical Research Institute [Ashmore], Fundació Privada Observatori Esteve Duran, Astronomical Ring for Access to Spectroscopy (ARAS), International Occultation Timing Association (IOTA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), L'Uranoscope de l'Ile de France, Observatoire de Gretz-Armainvilliers, Department of Physics [Roma Tor Vergata], Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata [Roma], San Pedro de Atacama Celestial Explorations (SPACE), San Pedro de Atacama Celestial Explorations, Observatoire Oukaimeden, JUPOS - Database for Object Positions on Jupiter, British Astronomical Association (BAA), Gordon State College, Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine (LOMA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), OverSky, Univers, Transport, Interfaces, Nanostructures, Atmosphère et environnement, Molécules ( UTINAM ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Franche-Comté ( UFC ), Universidad del Pais Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea ( UPV/EHU ), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris ( IAP ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Mécanique Céleste et de Calcul des Ephémérides ( IMCCE ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Géosciences Paris Sud ( GEOPS ), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 ( UP11 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), European Space Astronomy Center ( ESAC ), European Space Agency ( ESA ), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie ( IRAP ), Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse 3 ( UPS ) -Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Société Astronomique de France ( SAF ), International Occultation Timing Association European Section ( IOTA ES ), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées ( OMP ), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique ( LESIA ), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Observatoire de Paris-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille ( LAM ), Aix Marseille Université ( AMU ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales ( CNES ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy ( AURA ), IMPEC - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales ( LATMOS ), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ) -Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines ( UVSQ ) -Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 ( UPMC ) -Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), NASA-California Institute of Technology ( CALTECH ), Centro de Astrofísica da Universidade do Porto ( CAUP ), Universidade do Porto [Porto], Joseph Louis LAGRANGE ( LAGRANGE ), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis ( UNS ), Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur ( UCA ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), UMR 7202 ( LMCM ), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ( MNHN ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Carnot de Bourgogne ( LICB ), Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées and Association T60, Association Française d'Astronomie - Ciel et Espace ( AFA ), Département d'astrophysique, Géophysique et Océanographie ( AGO ), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences ( IWF ), Austrian Academy of Sciences ( OeAW ), Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics [Oxford] ( AOPP ), University of Oxford [Oxford], Astronomical Research Institute {Ashmore], Astronomical Ring for Access to Spectroscopy ( ARAS ), Astronomical Ring for Access to Spectroscopy, International Occultation Timing Association ( IOTA ), International Occultation Timing Association, Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace ( LPC2E ), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers ( INSU - CNRS ) -Université d'Orléans ( UO ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Department of Physics [Roma], San Pedro de Atacama Celestial Explorations ( SPACE ), British Astronomical Association ( BAA ), University System of Georgia ( USG ), Laboratoire Ondes et Matière d'Aquitaine ( LOMA ), Université de Bordeaux ( UB ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), European Space Agency (ESA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Universidade do Porto, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Engineering, [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], FOS: Physical sciences, Planetary Astronomy, 01 natural sciences, Imaging, Photometry, Physics::Popular Physics, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Spectroscopy, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Professional-amateur collaborations, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, [ SDU.ASTR.IM ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astronomy and Astrophysics, [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Data science, Exoplanet, Physics::History of Physics, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Planetary science, [ PHYS.ASTR.EP ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Space and Planetary Science, Asteroid, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [ PHYS.ASTR.IM ] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Interplanetary spaceflight, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Amateur, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract: Amateur contributions to professional publications have increased exponentially over the last decades in the field of Planetary Astronomy. Here we review the different domains of the field in which collaborations between professional and amateur astronomers are effective and regularly lead to scientific publications. We discuss the instruments, detectors, softwares and methodologies typically used by amateur astronomers to collect the scientific data in the different domains of interest. Amateur contributions to the monitoring of planets and interplanetary matter, characterization of asteroids and comets, as well as the determination of the physical properties of Kuiper Belt Objects and exoplanets are discussed., 123 pages, Accepted for publication in Experimental Astronomy
Published: 2013

12. Limits in pyrolysis-GC-MS analysis of kerogen isolated from Archean cherts

Author: François Robert, Sylvie Derenne, M. Bourbin, Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Muséum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Archean, Pyrolysis gc ms, Mineralogy, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Geochemistry and Petrology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Kerogen, Organic matter, Geology, Earth (classical element), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: International audience; Pyrolysis-GC-MS was recently proposed as an emerging technique for establishing biogenicity of 3.5 Gyr old insoluble organic matter in cherts (Derenne et al., 2008. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 272, 476-480). When applied to four kerogens isolated from Archean chert samples for biogenicity determination, this method highlights the importance of having a significant aliphatic component remaining in the kerogen. If not, fatty acid decarboxylation may bias the n-alkane distribution. However, in most cases, mature samples such as Archean cherts usually do not have such an aliphatic fraction. This shows the limits of the technique and the need for a new biogenicity marker. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Published: 2012

13. High resolution TEM of chondritic carbonaceous matter: Metamorphic evolution and heterogeneity

Author: Le Guillou, Corentin, Rouzaud, Jean-Noel, Bonal, Lydie, Quirico, Eric, Derenne, Sylvie, Remusat, Laurent, Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGENS), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Département des Géosciences - ENS Paris, École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Muséum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de géologie de l'ENS (LGE), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.PL]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Planetology, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry
Abstract: International audience; The insoluble carbonaceous matter from 12 chondrites (CI, CM, CO, CV, EH, and UOC), was characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Besides ubiquitous nanoglobules, the insoluble organic matter from petrologic type 1 and 2 chondrites and Semarkona (LL 3.0) is composed of a highly disordered polyaromatic component. No structural differences were observed between these IOMs, in agreement with the limited thermal metamorphism they all experienced. In chondrites of petrologic type >3.0, the evolution of the IOM is controlled by the extent of thermal metamorphism. The polyaromatic layers, shorter than 1 nm in petrologic type =3.0 chondrites, grow up to sizes between 5 and 10 nm in petrologic type >3.6 chondrites, contributing to the increase of the degree of structural order. In addition, we find rare, but ubiquitous onion-like carbons, which may be the product of nanodiamond graphitization. The insoluble carbonaceous matter of the enstatite chondrite Sahara 97096 (EH 3) is different from the other meteorites studied here. It is more heterogeneous and displays a high abundance of graphitized particles. This may be the result of a mixture between (1) the disordered carbon located in the matrix, and (2) catalytic graphitized phases associated with metal, potentially originating from partial melting events. The structural and nanostructural evolution are similar in all IOMs. This suggests that the structure of the accreted precursors and the parent body conditions of their secondary thermal modifications (temperature, duration, and pressure) were similar. The limited degree of organization of the most metamorphosed IOMs compared with terrestrial rocks submitted to similar temperature suggests that the conditions are not favorable to graphitization processes, due to the chemical nature of the precursor or the lack of confinement pressure.
Published: 2012

14. Biradical character of D-rich carriers in the insoluble organic matter of carbonaceous chondrites: a relic of the protoplanetary disk chemistry

Author: François Robert, Hervé Vezin, Olivier Delpoux, Didier Gourier, Laurent Binet, Sylvie Derenne, Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris (site ENSCP) (LCMCP (site ENSCP)), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris - Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Avancé de Spectroscopie pour les Intéractions la Réactivité et l'Environnement - UMR 8516 (LASIRE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centrale Lille Institut (CLIL), Biogéochimie et écologie des milieux continentaux (Bioemco), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Muséum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Collège de France (CdF)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Paris- Chimie ParisTech-PSL (ENSCP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chimie organique et macromoléculaire (COM), Université de Lille, Sciences et Technologies-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité de Chimie des Matériaux Inorganiques et Organiques (UCL CMAT), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-AgroParisTech-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman - UMR 8516 (LASIR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, and Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM)
Subjects: Chemistry, Radical, 010401 analytical chemistry, Electronic structure, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, Protoplanetary disk, Photochemistry, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, law.invention, [CHIM.THEO]Chemical Sciences/Theoretical and/or physical chemistry, Deuterium, Meteorite, 13. Climate action, Geochemistry and Petrology, Chondrite, law, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Organic chemistry, Electron paramagnetic resonance, Ground state, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: The insoluble organic matter (IOM) of the Orgueil meteorite contains deuterium-rich radicals detectable by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) techniques (Gourier et al., 2008). However the structure of these deuterium carriers remains poorly constrained. In this work, their electronic structure is deduced from the measurement of the spin states S by transient nutation in pulsed-EPR. It is shown that these deuterium-rich radicals are dominated by biradicaloids (species with S = 0 ground state and thermally accessible S = 1 state) and biradicals (species with S = 1 ground state) representing ~61% and ~31% of the radicals in the IOM of Orgueil, respectively, while single radicals (S = 1/2) contribute only to ~8%. This is definitely different from mature terrestrial IOMs, which are known to contain almost exclusively S = 1/2 radicals. A structural model is proposed, whereby the occurrence of dominant biradicaloids and biradicals is the direct consequence of the structure of the IOM, made of a network of small aromatic moieties linked by branched and short aliphatic units. This implies that the formation of stable biradicaloids and biradicals by C–H breaking and their deuterium enrichment are produced after the formation of the IOM in the primitive solar system. These results reinforce the idea that the formation of the IOM and the deuterium-rich hotspots are the product of ion chemistry in the solar disk.
Published: 2011

15. THE CHROMIUM ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF THE UNGROUPED CARBONACEOUS CHONDRITE TAGISH LAKE

Author: M. Petitat, Tu-Han Luu, J.-L. Birck, Matthieu Gounelle, Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris (IPGP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Muséum (LMCM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Murchison meteorite, Geochemistry, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, meteorites, Parent body, Astrobiology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Allende meteorite, supernovae: general, [SDU.STU.GC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geochemistry, Chondrite, 0103 physical sciences, meteors, meteoroids, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, nuclear reactions, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], abundances, Stable isotope ratio, nucleosynthesis, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Silicate, chemistry, Meteorite, Space and Planetary Science, Carbonaceous chondrite
Abstract: thesis of Manuel Petitat at the Laboratoire de Minéralogie et de Cosmochimie du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris and was supported by the Origin network (Marie Curie European Fellowship); International audience; Early solar materials bear a variety of isotopic anomalies that reflect compositional differences deriving from distinct stellar nucleosynthetic processes. As shown in previous studies, the stepwise dissolution with increasing acid strengths of bulk rock carbonaceous chondrites liberates Cr with both excesses and deficits in 53 Cr and 54 Cr relative to the terrestrial standard. The magnitude of the 54 Cr variations within a meteorite decreases in the sequence CI1 > CR2 > CM2 > CV3 > CO3 > CK4 and correlates with the degree of metamorphism of each carbonaceous chondrite class. This study shows that the Tagish Lake meteorite presents the highest excesses in 54 Cr ever measured in a bulk silicate phase. According to this study, the Tagish Lake meteorite is composed of the least re-equilibrated material known at this time. The magnitude of 54 Cr variation decreases now in the following sequence: Tagish Lake (ungrouped CI2) > Orgueil (CI1) > Murchison (CM2) > Allende (CV2). Moreover, this study shows that excesses in 53 Cr relative to Earth can be interpreted as representing the extent of aqueous alteration on meteorite parent bodies. Finally, the high 54 Cr anomalies measured in this meteorite make Tagish Lake one of the major targets to decipher the host of these anomalies.
Published: 2011

16. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironment during the Late Pliocene at Masol paleonto-archeological site (Siwalik Range, NW India): Preliminary results

Author: Salah Abdessadok, Mukesh Singh, Baldev Karir, Claire Gaillard, Anne Dambricourt Malassé, Cécile Chapon Sao, Serge Miska, Alina Tudryn, Vipnesh Bhardwaj, Anne-Marie Moigne, Julien Gargani, Géosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L'homme préhistorique, son évolution, son milieu, ses activités (UMR 6569), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Histoire naturelle de l'Homme préhistorique (HNHP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), Centre européen de recherches préhistoriques de Tautavel, Society for Archaeological and Anthropological Research [Chandigarh], Laboratoire de Minéralogie et Cosmochimie du Museum (LMCM), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN), L'Homme préhistorique : son évolution, son milieu, ses activités, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille 2-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille 1, and L'homme préhistorique : son évolution, son milieu, ses activités
Subjects: 010506 paleontology, Pliocene, Minéraux argileux, [SHS.ARCHEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Archaeology and Prehistory, Fluvial, Weathering, Silt, engineering.material, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Pliocène, Anticlinal de Chandigarh, Sequence (geology), Paleontology, Subathu sub-basin, Water divide, Masol paleonto-archeological site, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Palaeontology, General Engineering, Ligne de partage des eaux, 15. Life on land, Upper Siwalik, Site paléonto-archéologique de Mazol, Paleoenvironment, Clay minerals, Chandigarh anticline, Stratigraphy, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Paléoenvironnement, Illite, Sous-bassin de Subathu, engineering, Sedimentary rock, Geology
Abstract: International audience; The Quranwala zone (Siwalik Range, NW India) is known for its Late Pliocene vertebrates. Since 2008, cut marks and stone tools have been collected from Masol. The sedimentary series belongs to the Subathu sub-basin. These sub-Himalayan deposits contain repetitive sequences (∼170 m thick) of silt/clays and sandstones corresponding to the cyclical influx of detrital material in a fluvial environment. Particular features of lithological units allow identification of the stratigraphic position of different paleonto-archeological localities. A first pale environmental reconstruction was enabled by analysis of clay and magnetic minerals. Iron minerals such as haematite and goethite indicate dominant oxic conditions during and after deposition. Clay minerals are of detrital origin, and were supplied from Himalaya by rivers. Illite, the result of physical weathering, is dominant. Smectite present in the lower part of the sequence, was probably supplied from Lesser Himalaya (Suresh et al., 2004). Its presence suggests that the studied area was still a paleo-drainage area for major river(s) during the time considered here.

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16. Stratigraphy and paleoenvironment during the Late Pliocene at Masol paleonto-archeological site (Siwalik Range, NW India): Preliminary results

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