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1. Assessing metacommunity processes through signatures in spatiotemporal turnover of community composition

Author: François Munoz, Florent Arthaud, Julie Crabot, François Massol, Thibault Datry, Franck Jabot, Maxime Dubart, Patrice David, Fabien Laroche, Simon Blanchet, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP)), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques et Ecosystèmes Limniques (CARRTEL), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), RiverLy - Fonctionnement des hydrosystèmes (RiverLy), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale (SETE), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA ), Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016), ANR-10-LABX-0041,TULIP,Towards a Unified theory of biotic Interactions: the roLe of environmental(2010), ANR-14-CE02-0012,ARSENIC,Adaptation et résilience des réseaux écologiques spatialisés face aux changements d'origine humaine(2014), ANR-17-CE32-0011,NGB,Biosurveillance Next-Gen des changements dans la structure et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes(2017), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Université de Lille-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, Riverly (Riverly), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes [UR LISC], Ecosystèmes forestiers [UR EFNO], Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 [Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP)], Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 [CIIL], Centre Alpin de Recherche sur les Réseaux Trophiques et Ecosystèmes Limniques [CARRTEL], Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture [IRSTEA], Université de Montpellier [UM], Evolution et Diversité Biologique [EDB], Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale [SETE], Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive [CEFE], Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions [UR MALY], RiverLy - Fonctionnement des hydrosystèmes [RiverLy], Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry]), Université de Montpellier (UM), Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions (UR MALY), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), RiverLy (UR Riverly), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Metacommunity, beta-diversity, Computer science, Ecology (disciplines), [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Beta diversity, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, dispersal limitation, path analysis, MESH: Ecosystem, Ecosystem, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, demographic stochasticity, environmental filtering, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Data science, Field (geography), Variable (computer science), Temporal diversity, Community composition, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology
Abstract: Although metacommunity ecology has been a major field of research in the last decades, with both conceptual and empirical outputs, the analysis of the temporal dynamics of metacommunities has only emerged recently and still consists mostly of repeated static analyses. Here we propose a novel analysis framework to assess metacommunity processes using path analyses of spatial and temporal diversity turnovers. We detail the principles and practical aspects of this framework and apply it to simulated datasets to illustrate its ability to decipher the respective contributions of entangled drivers of metacommunity dynamics. We then apply it to four real datasets. Empirical results support the view that metacommunity dynamics may be generally shaped by multiple ecological processes acting in concert, with environmental filtering being variable across both space and time. These results reinforce our call to go beyond static analyses of metacommunities that are blind to the temporal part of environmental variability. This article has been peer-reviewed and recommended by Peer Community in Ecology
Published: 2020

2. Chemical and biological signatures of water and fluxes from clouds to rivers at the watershed level in a natural context

Author: Tiphaine Labed-Veydert, Muriel Joly, Céline Judon, Martin Leremboure, Guillaume Voyard, Claude Forano, Angélica Bianco, Jean-Luc Baray, Joan Artigas, Clarisse Mallet, Delphine Latour, Erwan Roussel, Patrick Jame, Erik Bonjour, Franck Jabot, Julien Pottier, Pierre Amato, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand (ICCF), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national polytechnique Clermont Auvergne (INP Clermont Auvergne), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique (LaMP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de Géographie Physique et Environnementale (GEOLAB), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut des Sciences Analytiques (ISA), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Fédération des Recherches en Environnement FR3467 CNRS-UCA
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: The connectivity of environmental compartments through chemical and biological exchanges is often difficult to study. However, understanding the functioning of fluxes is essential in the context of climate change and the assessment of anthropogenic impacts. These exchanges can be realized through water cycle fluxes establishing interactions between the atmosphere, surface water and land.To examine the interactions between the atmosphere, surface water and land via water fluxes, we conducted a large scale field study at the watershed level, involving multiple disciplines from chemistry to meteorology and microbiology. The chemical and biological contents of water from the atmosphere (cloud and rain), to mid-mountain hydrological continuum (streams, wetlands and lake) and soil (agricultural plots) were assessed in the natural and agricultural area from Puy De Dôme (Central France) along an altitudinal gradient from puy de Dôme Mountain summit (1465 m asl) to the plain (~ 600 m asl). We set up experimental procedures for sampling, handling and analysing each environmental matrix, and the environmental context was characterized through meteorological and hydrological measurements and models. The biological and chemical variables included: isotopes of water (1H/2H and 16O/18O; laser spectroscopy), major ions (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, SO4-, IC), amino acids (LC-MS), bacterial diversity (16S metabarcoding and high-throughput sequencing) and microbial enzymatic activity associated with the nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus cycles (fluorimetric activity assays for whole Beta-Glucosidase, Leucine Aminopeptidase and Phosphatase activities).The multi-compartment analysis revealed significant differences between the compartments by the chemical variables, highlighting the compartment specificity. We estimated a chemical flux of major ions and amino acids from the atmosphere to the surface (soil and surface water). Bacterial diversity analysis showed a core community in these compartments, confirming their connectivity. Thereafter, we tried to explain bacterial diversity by the chemical variables from the studied compartments. Our analysis on microbial enzymatic activity showed an enzymatic activity associated with the nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus cycles in clouds and rain.Here, our study contributes to the understanding of atmosphere-surface interaction through field observations and atmospheric models and we attempted to better understand environmental fluxes. Our field study emphasized the importance of considering the interaction of environmental compartments in future investigations for future and gobal assessments of anthropogenic impacts, such as agrosystem effects to natural ecosystems. Key words:Field observations, Environmental interaction, Chemical flux, Microbial diversity, Atmosphere, Surface water, Soil.
Published: 2023

3. How do farmers’ environmental preferences influence the efficiency of information instruments for water quality management? Evidence from a social-ecological agent-based model

Author: Amélie Bourceret, Laurence Amblard, Jean-Denis Mathias, Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Territoires (Territoires), AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016), and ANR-16-CE03-0003,VIRGO,Utilisation de la théorie de la viabilté pour une gestion robuste et adaptative des systèmes d'infrastructures couplés dans le cadre de l'analyse institutionnelle IAD(2016)
Subjects: Agent-based model, Governance, [QFIN]Quantitative Finance [q-fin], Ecological Modeling, Theory of planned behaviour, Modèle basé sur les agents, Social–ecological system, Système socio-écologique, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], Water quality, Information, Théorie du comportement planifié TCP, Gouvernance, Qualité de l'eau
Abstract: International audience; Diverse public policies encourage farmers to adopt eco-friendly practices to address the issue of diffuse pollution from agriculture, including measures based on the provision of information on the environment. Indeed, farmers’perception of the state of the water body and their awareness of the causes and consequences of water pollution affect their willingness to adopt eco-friendly farming practices. Public policies therefore have a role to play in disseminating environmental information. In this article, we investigate how information measures may exert influence on changes in farming practices and thereby water pollution. We extend an existing agent-based model of a social-ecological system representing a drinking water catchment area. In the decision-making process based on the theory of planned behaviour we integrate a dynamical environmental component of farmers’ attitude towards eco-friendly practices, in order to take into account the effect of information on the ecological system.We explore the impact of information measures, heterogeneity in farmers’ environmental preferences and variations in the initial level of water pollution on farmers’ participation to a water catchment protection programme. Our results show that: (1) targeting farmers who have higher environmental preferences is more effective than no targeting; (2) the heterogeneity in farmers’ environmental preferences impacts their involvement in the programme depending on the average environmental preferences; (3) the higher the initial pollution, the higher the farmers are involved in the protection programme; (4) when two different measures are combined,once a certain threshold of public awareness is reached, there is a synergy between them.
Published: 2023

4. Uncovering the spatial structure of mobility networks

Author: Marc Barthelemy, Maxime Lenormand, Enrique Frias-Martinez, Thomas Louail, Miguel Picornell, Oliva García Cantú, Ricardo Herranz, José J. Ramasco, Géographie-cités ( GC ), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne ( UP1 ) -Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 ( UPD7 ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institut de Physique Théorique - UMR CNRS 3681 ( IPHT ), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives ( CEA ) -Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems ( IFISC ), Spanish National Research Council ( CSIC ) -University of the Balearic Islands ( UIB ), NOMMON, Telefonica Investigación y Desarrollo ( Telefonica I+D ), Telefonica Group, Complex Networks Lagrange Laboratory, Institute for Scientific Interchange Foundation, Centre d'analyse et de mathématique sociale ( CAMS ), École des hautes études en sciences sociales ( EHESS ) -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ( CNRS ), Géographie-cités (GC (UMR_8504)), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Théorique - UMR CNRS 3681 (IPHT), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems (IFISC), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)-University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Telefonica Investigación y Desarrollo (Telefonica I+D), Centre d'Analyse et de Mathématique sociales (CAMS), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS), Université Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Department of Computer Science (IME-USP), University of São Paulo (USP), European Commission, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Govern de les Illes Balears, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Institute for Cross-Disciplinary Physics and Complex Systems [Mallorca] (IFISC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC)-Universitat de les Illes Balears (UIB), Telefonica Research and Development [Madrid], Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes ( UR LISC ), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture ( IRSTEA ), Department of Computer Science ( IME-USP ), and University of São Paulo ( USP )
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, Physics - Physics and Society, Theoretical computer science, Computer science, 0211 other engineering and technologies, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, 02 engineering and technology, Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph), General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Footprint, 03 medical and health sciences, Matrix (mathematics), Complete information, Simple (abstract algebra), [MATH.MATH-ST]Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], [ MATH.MATH-ST ] Mathematics [math]/Statistics [math.ST], 030304 developmental biology, Structure (mathematical logic), Social and Information Networks (cs.SI), [PHYS]Physics [physics], 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, [ PHYS ] Physics [physics], [PHYS.PHYS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics], Spatial structure, Computer Science - Social and Information Networks, 021107 urban & regional planning, General Chemistry, Construct (python library), [ PHYS.PHYS ] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics], Mobile phone
Abstract: © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved. The extraction of a clear and simple footprint of the structure of large, weighted and directed networks is a general problem that has relevance for many applications. An important example is seen in origin-destination matrices, which contain the complete information on commuting flows, but are difficult to analyze and compare. We propose here a versatile method, which extracts a coarse-grained signature of mobility networks, under the form of a 2 × 2 matrix that separates the flows into four categories. We apply this method to origin-destination matrices extracted from mobile phone data recorded in 31 Spanish cities. We show that these cities essentially differ by their proportion of two types of flows: integrated (between residential and employment hotspots) and random flows, whose importance increases with city size. Finally, the method allows the determination of categories of networks, and in the mobility case, the classification of cities according to their commuting structure., The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement 318367 (EUNOIA project). M.L. and J.J.R. received partial financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy (MINECO) and FEDER (EU) under projects MODASS (FIS2011-24785) and INTENSE@COSYP (FIS2012-30634). The work of M.L. has been funded under the PD/004/2013 project, from the Conselleria de Educacion, Cultura y Universidades of the Government of the Balearic Islands and from the European Social Fund through the Balearic Islands ESF operational program for 2013–2017.
Published: 2015

5. Les enjeux du Génie des Procédés pour la réutilisation des eaux usées traitées au sein du réseau REUSE d'INRAE – de la nécessité d'une approche pluridisciplinaire et multi-échelles

Author: Nassim Ait-Mouheb, Sami Bouarfa, Anne-Laure Collard, Christelle Guigui, Jérôme Labille, Rémi Lombard-Latune, Jean-Denis Mathias, Bruno Molle, Pascal Molle, Jaime Nivala, Dominique Patureau, Alain Rapaport, Nicolas Roche, Mathieu Sperandio, Severine Tomas, Jérôme Harmand, Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Réduire, valoriser, réutiliser les ressources des eaux résiduaires (UR REVERSAAL), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement [Narbonne] (LBE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Mathématiques, Informatique et STatistique pour l'Environnement et l'Agronomie (MISTEA), Université Polytechnique Mohammed VI - Benguerir (UM6P), and Le projet NEREIDE bénéficie d'un financement de l'Institut Carnot Eau et Environnement. Les projets WoD et BIOROC bénéficient de financements de la Région Occitanie dans le cadre du défi clé WATER Occitanie, de la Fondation AGROPOLIS et d'INRAE
Subjects: réseau REUSE d'INRAE, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SPI.GPROC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Chemical and Process Engineering, General Medicine, Génie des Procédés, eaux usées traitées
Abstract: International audience; The reuse of wastewater aims to mobilize and treat, for certain uses and under certain conditions, water that has already been used. Rather than discharging wastewater into the natural environment, this practice aims to recover it by replacing the mobilization of water withdrawn from the environment [van Loosdrecht and Brdjanovic, 2014]. By moving from a linear logic of the mobilization and use of water to a circular approach, the objective pursued is to reduce the pressure, qualitative then quantitative, on the resources while limiting, as far as possible, the usage conflicts. It is in fact a question of passing from a simple competitive mode which strongly mobilizes resources, to a complex mode, known as “circular”, of putting in complementarity of uses. This approach initially mainly concerned agricultural uses insofar as agricultural needs represent the majority of the water mobilized, including developed countries [UN Water 2018]. Cities integrate specific issues that are characterized by significantly different options from those that can be found in rural areas. In the city, the recovery of wastewater has both material aspects (water, nutrients, critical metals, biopolymers, etc.) and energy aspects (recovery of heat from the networks, production of energy by biological means and /or thermal,…) which should be integrated on an appropriate scale according to the problems addressed (housing, building, district, city, territory or hydrological basin). To study the conditions under which REUSE can develop and be implemented in a safe and sustainable manner, research is needed [Ait-Mouheb et al., 2018]. If it represents an opportunity in certain territories where wastewater can be mobilized, it is also necessary to underline the limits of this practice in territories where the wastewater discharged into the environment is necessary to maintain the low water levels of rivers and rivers, or where soils may be affected, for example, by the salinity of these waters. In addition, studies of the social, economic and environmental dimensions differ significantly depending on the uses envisaged and the situations considered. To meet these challenges, the REUSE network of INRAE (cf. www6.inrae.fr) proposes to adopt a multidisciplinary and multi-scale approach by mobilizing not only the disciplines that can be considered as falling within the field of technologies and environmental engineering but also all of those relating to the human and social sciences, economics, legal, and participatory sciences.
Published: 2023

6. Les enjeux du Génie des Procédés pour la réutilisation des eaux usées traitées au sein du réseau REUSE d'INRAE – de la nécessité d'une approche pluridisciplinaire et multi-échelles

Author: Ait-Mouheb, Nassim, Bouarfa, Sami, Collard, Anne-Laure, Guigui, Christelle, Labille, Jérôme, Lombard-Latune, Rémi, Mathias, Jean-Denis, Molle, Bruno, Molle, Pascal, Nivala, Jaime, Patureau, Dominique, Rapaport, Alain, Roche, Nicolas, Sperandio, M., Tomas, Séverine, Harmand, Jérôme, Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre européen de recherche et d'enseignement des géosciences de l'environnement (CEREGE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Collège de France (CdF (institution))-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Milieux aquatiques, écologie et pollutions (UR MALY), Centre national du machinisme agricole, du génie rural, des eaux et forêts (CEMAGREF), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Réduire, valoriser, réutiliser les ressources des eaux résiduaires (UR REVERSAAL), Mathématiques, Informatique et STatistique pour l'Environnement et l'Agronomie (MISTEA), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, and SFGP
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, reuse
Abstract: National audience
Published: 2022

7. Adapting the governance of social–ecological systems to behavioural dynamics: An agent-based model for water quality management using the theory of planned behaviour

Author: Bourceret, Amélie, Amblard, Laurence, Mathias, Jean-Denis, Territoires (Territoires), AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016), and ANR-16-CE03-0003,VIRGO,Utilisation de la théorie de la viabilté pour une gestion robuste et adaptative des systèmes d'infrastructures couplés dans le cadre de l'analyse institutionnelle IAD(2016)
Subjects: Agent-based model, Economics and Econometrics, Socialecological system, 05 social sciences, Theory of planned behaviour, 050109 social psychology, 010501 environmental sciences, [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, 01 natural sciences, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, Water management, Behavioural economics, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture is one of the main causes of water quality degradation. To cope with this issue, diverse policy measures have been implemented to promote farming practices that favour water quality. Among these measures, many instruments are based on the voluntary commitments of farmers. Farmers'' participation is therefore important for water quality outcomes. To analyse this issue, we built an agent-based model of a drinking water catchment area using the social-ecological systems framework and the theory of planned behaviour. This model aims to better understand the impact of behavioural dynamics on the effectiveness and efficiency of policies targeting water pollution. Our model allows us to explore how the evolution of farming practices is influenced by, first, the behavioural characteristics of farmers and, second, the characteristics of the policy measures implemented. Our main results are threefold: 1) The characteristics of farmers influence policy effectiveness and efficiency; 2) taking into account farmers' behavioural characteristics in the definition of policies may improve the efficiency of policies; and 3) in situations where behavioural characteristics are unknown, policies combining both financial incentives and training measures are costlier but may be a better option than policies relying on a single measure.
Published: 2022

8. Stochastic Dynamics of Three Competing Clones: Conditions and Times for Invasion, Coexistence, and Fixation

Author: Sylvain Billiard, Charline Smadi, Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo (EEP)), Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut des Systèmes Complexes - Paris Ile-de-France (ISC-PIF), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), chair 'Modelisation Mathematique et Biodiversite' European Research Council (NOVEL project) 648321, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, Évolution, Écologie et Paléontologie (Evo-Eco-Paleo) - UMR 8198 (Evo-Eco-Paléo), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Lille, and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École polytechnique (X)-École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Genotype, Stochastic modelling, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population Dynamics, Population, Population genetics, adaptation, Biology, Bacterial Physiological Phenomena, Models, Biological, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, nonlinear dynamics, fixation probability, 010104 statistics & probability, Stochastic dynamics, clonal interference, Animals, 0101 mathematics, Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution, education, Evolutionary dynamics, Plant Physiological Phenomena, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Stochastic Processes, education.field_of_study, Community, Clonal interference, coexistence, Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE), Invertebrates, [MATH.MATH-PR]Mathematics [math]/Probability [math.PR], Fixation (population genetics), fixation time, Evolutionary biology, FOS: Biological sciences
Abstract: In large clonal populations, several clones generally compete which results in complex evolutionary and ecological dynamics: experiments show successive selective sweeps of favorable mutations as well as long-term coexistence of multiple clonal strains. The mechanisms underlying either coexistence or fixation of several competing strains have rarely been studied altogether. Conditions for coexistence have mostly been studied by population and community ecology, while rates of invasion and fixation have mostly been studied by population genetics. In order to provide a global understanding of the complexity of the dynamics observed in large clonal populations, we develop a stochastic model where three clones compete. Competitive interactions can be intransitive and we suppose that strains enter the population via mutations or rare immigrations. We first describe all possible final states of the population, including stable coexistence of two or three strains, or the fixation of a single strain. Second, we give estimate of the invasion and fixation times of a favorable mutant (or immigrant) entering the population in a single copy. We show that invasion and fixation can be slower or faster when considering complex competitive interactions. Third, we explore the parameter space assuming prior distributions of reproduction, death and competitive rates and we estimate the likelihood of the possible dynamics. We show that when mutations can affect competitive interactions, even slightly, stable coexistence is likely. We discuss our results in the context of the evolutionary dynamics of large clonal populations.
Published: 2020

9. Adaptive decision-making on stocking rates improves the resilience of a livestock system exposed to climate shocks

Author: Joly, Frédéric, Sabatier, Rodolphe, Tatin, Laurent, Mosnier, Claire, Ahearn, Ariell, Benoit, Marc, Hubert, Bernard, Deffuant, Guillaume, Unité Mixte de Recherche sur les Herbivores - UMR 1213 (UMRH), VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de recherche d'Écodéveloppement (ECODEVELOPPEMENT), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Association Takh pour le cheval de Przewalski, School of Geography and the Environment [Oxford] (SoGE), University of Oxford [Oxford], Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), and ANR-16-IDEX-0001,CAP 20-25,CAP 20-25(2016)
Subjects: Multispecies, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Constraints, Income, Mongolia, Stochastic viability, Subsistence
Abstract: International audience; Risks of drought complicate decision-making in grass-based livestock systems. Here, we assessed the pertinence of the stochastic viability framework (SV) for making relevant decisions in a system exposed to climate shocks. SV involves maximizing the probability of satisfying predefined constraints over time through adapted decision-making. We applied the approach to the case of Mongolia where climate hazards, combined with high animal densities, regularly cause massive livestock die-offs. We used a livestock system model on which we made preliminary simplifications, based on a thorough understanding of its behaviour, to allow for SV use. Then, we used SV to iteratively identify, based on herd size and plant biomass, the most adapted management decisions. Decisions involve selling/purchasing a certain number of heads of the five local species. We obtained 100-year trajectories satisfying herders’ constraints of income and subsistence consumption at a 94% rate. This results from (i) cautious stocking rates reducing die-off frequency and (ii) sales of heads of resistant species to buy heads of fragile species after die-offs to compensate losses of fragile species. These management actions generate resilience, as they mitigate the effects of climate variability and offer reorganization mechanisms after a crisis. We thereby confirm the potential of SV for adaptive decision-making when resilience is at stake.
Published: 2022

10. Can biases in perceived attitudes explain anti-conformism?

Author: Guillaume Deffuant, Omid Roozmand, Sylvie Huet, Kamilla Khamzina, Armelle Nugier, Serge Guimond, Nugier, Armelle, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées du Génome à l'Environnement [Jouy-En-Josas] (MaIAGE), Activité, Connaissance, Transmission, éducation (ACTé ), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de psychologie sociale et de psychologie cognitive (LAPSCO), and Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: social judgment theory, [MATH.MATH-DS]Mathematics [math]/Dynamical Systems [math.DS], Anticonformism, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, perceptual bias, [MATH.MATH-DS] Mathematics [math]/Dynamical Systems [math.DS], [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences, Human-Computer Interaction, [SHS.PSY] Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, organic farming, Modeling and Simulation, Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), theory of reasoned action (TRA), [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract: International audience; In two studies about farming practices, the respondents who are particularly favorable to organic farming tend to have a higher intention to convert their farm to organic when they perceive other farmers as not very favorable to this practice. This intention can be considered as anticonformist, as it is in opposition to the general view of others. This article hypothesizes that this phenomenon can be explained by some biases on the perceptions of attitudes. It proposes an agent-based model which computes an intention based on the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and assumes some biases in the perception of others' attitudes according to the social judgment theory. It investigates the conditions on the model parameter values for which the simulations reproduce the features observed in the studies. The results show that perceptual biases are a possible explanation of anticonformist intentions.
Published: 2022

11. A generic information framework for decision-making in a forest-based bio-economy

Author: Jean-Baptiste Pichancourt, Rodolphe Bauer, Antoine Billard, Maree Brennan, Sylvain Caurla, Antoine Colin, Adrien Contini, Sylvain Cosgun, Henri Cuny, Stéphane Dumarçay, Mathieu Fortin, Philippe Gérardin, David Jean Hentges, Fleur Longuetaud, Béatrice Richard, Holger Wernsdörfer, Francis Colin, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois (LERMAB), Université de Lorraine (UL), Bureau d'Économie Théorique et Appliquée (BETA), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière [IGN] (IGN), and Canadian Forest Service - CFS (CANADA)
Subjects: 040101 forestry, Allometry, Ecology, Extractives, 020209 energy, Forestry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 02 engineering and technology, 15. Life on land, GIS, Supply chain modeling, Biorefinery, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Forest growth model
Abstract: International audience; Key messageWe present a methodological framework that both scientists and supply chain actors can mobilise to organise information at different scales of observation, and further make informed decisions regarding the supply and extraction of bio-molecules from forest biomass. We demonstrate its usefulness for extracting bio-molecules contained in silver fir growing in France.ContextNumerous bio-active molecules can be extracted from trees at an industrial scale. Supply chain actors play a central role in this emerging bio-economy. However, they do not have enough information and tools to make informed decisions with respect to species, growing locations, or identities of potential suppliers of relevant wood biomass.AimsWe explore and demonstrate an information chain and methodological framework that can help make three critical decisions regarding the selection of (1) the species containing the desired bio-molecules, (2) the locations where the resource is collected, and (3) the supply chain partners and types of industrial wood by-products necessary to obtain sufficient biomass for industrial extraction.MethodsThe methodological framework provides detailed guidelines and references to select the right combination of sampling protocol, allometric models, chemical analyses, GIS tools, and forest growth and supply chain models in order to produce information for the three decision steps within various regional contexts.ResultsWe apply the framework within the context of supply chain actors who are interested in estimating the quantity and diversity of bio-molecules contained in silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) growing in the Grand Est region of France. We show how conflicting environmental, legal and economic constraints can affect the results. We discuss future challenges that need to be tackled to improve the methodological framework.ConclusionThis study represents a highly detailed overview of the potential bio-molecules contained in a tree species, from its natural habitat or plantation to the end of the regional supply chain. It also represents a step towards the development of a generic knowledge infrastructure and methodology that is necessary to solve various decision-making problems regarding the industrial supply and extraction of high-value bio-molecules.
Published: 2021

12. How to organize and adapt a complex social-ecological landscape where global change pressures the sustainability of multiple ecosystem services: case study in a French rurban area

Author: Brias, Antoine, Bonis, Anne, Pichancourt, J. B., Laboratoire de Géographie Physique et Environnementale (GEOLAB), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société (IR SHS UNILIM), Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université de Limoges (UNILIM)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Bonis, Anne
Subjects: [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio], [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], [INFO]Computer Science [cs], [MATH] Mathematics [math], [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, [INFO] Computer Science [cs], [MATH]Mathematics [math], [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2021

13. No coordination required for resources allocation during colony fission in a social insect? An individual-based model reproduces empirical patterns

Author: Thibaud Monnin, François Lavallée, Guillaume Chérel, Institut des Systèmes Complexes - Paris Ile-de-France (ISC-PIF), Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Institut Curie [Paris]-École polytechnique (X)-École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAe, UR LISC, Centre de Clermont-Ferrand, 63178 Aubière, France, École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Curie [Paris]-Sorbonne Université (SU)-École polytechnique (X)-École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1), École normale supérieure - Cachan (ENS Cachan)-Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (UP1)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Curie [Paris]-École polytechnique (X), Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris (iEES Paris ), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Insecta, Computer science, NetLogo, Process (engineering), Behavioural sciences, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, ants, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, decision making, Resource Allocation, Task (project management), Microeconomics, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, OpenMole, Social Behavior, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 030304 developmental biology, computer.programming_language, 0303 health sciences, model calibration, Ant colony, Cataglyphis piliscapa, Resource allocation, Nesting (computing), [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Relocation, computer
Abstract: International audience; Social insects are classic examples of cooperation and coordination. For instance, laboratory studies of colony relocation, or house-hunting, have investigated how workers coordinate their efforts to swiftly move the colony to the best nesting site available while preserving colony integrity, i.e. avoiding a split. However, several studies have shown that, in some other contexts, individuals may use private rather than social information and may act solitarily rather than in a coordinated way. Here, we study resource allocation by a mature ant colony when it reproduces by fissioning into several colonies. This is a very different task than house-hunting in that colony fission seeks the split of the colony. We develop a simple individual-based model to test if colony fission and resource allocation may be carried out by workers acting solitarily with no coordination. Our model reproduces well the pattern of allocation observed in nature (number and size of new colonies). This does not show that workers do not communicate nor coordinate. Rather, it suggests that independent decision making may be an important component of the process of resource allocation.
Published: 2021

14. Robustness to import declines of three types of European farming systems assessed with a dynamic nitrogen flow model

Author: Pinsard, Corentin, Martin, Sophie, Léger, François, Accatino, Francesco, Sciences pour l'Action et le Développement : Activités, Produits, Territoires (SADAPT), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 Research & Innovation Programme under grant agreement num-ber 727520 (project SURE-Farm). FA was supported by the French state aid managed by the National Research Agency (ANR) under the 'Investissements d’avenir' Programme with the reference number ANR- 16-CONV-0003, Elsevier, European Project: 727520,SURE-Farm, and European Project: ANR-16-CONV-0003,Cland
Subjects: Farming system, Nitrogen flows, Resilience, Global peak oil, [SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy, dynamic model, Robustness
Abstract: International audience; Contexte Agriculture in Western Europe is predominantly input-intensive (fertilisers, water, fuel, pesticides) and relies on feed imports. As a result, it is dependent on oil, which may start to decline in production in the 2020s, thus exposing the agricultural sector to potential economic stress, including increased input prices and decreased farmer purchase capacities. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the capacity of European farming systems (FS) to maintain production levels despite a decline in oil production (i.e., robustness). OBJECTIVE: We aimed to model and compare the time variations in the animal- and crop-sourced production of three French FS under three scenarios of decreased availability of feed and synthetic fertiliser imports. METHODS: We developed a FS-scale dynamic model that considers nitrogen flows between livestock, plant, and soil compartments. Plant production is a function of soil mineral nitrogen levels, and livestock numbers depend on feed availability. The three FS are characterised by different crop-grassland-livestock balances: (i) field crop (Plateau Picard), (ii) intensive monogastric (Bretagne Centrale), and (iii) extensive ruminant (Bocage Bour-bonnais). The three scenarios consist of different combinations of synthetic nitrogen fertilisers and feed import availability declines until 2050: a decrease in synthetic fertilisers only (Synth-), a decrease in feed imports (Feed-), and a decrease in both external inputs (Synth-Feed-).RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSThe first two scenarios highlight the positive role of livestock effluents and permanent grasslands on the robustness of food production. In the Synth-Feed- scenario, the extensive ruminant FS exhibits robustness (no decline in food production) for 13 years, whereas the field crop FS exhibits robustness for 4 years. In contrast, the intensive monogastric FS shows decreased food production within the first year. The difference between the two crop-livestock FS can be explained by livestock density, herd composition but also plant cover composition. In the long term, all three FS show a decrease in food production between 45 and 60%.SIGNIFICANCEOur modelling work shed some light on the role of ruminants and permanent grasslands in making FS more robust to decreases in synthetic fertiliser and feed import availability, increasing the time without production decline after the beginning of the perturbation. For longer-time resilience, configurational changes are still necessary, however a greater robustness gives more time to implement them, therefore facilitating adaptation and transformation. Our model paves the way to the study of resilience of FS from the point of view of their crop-grassland-livestock configuration and their dependence on external inputs.
Published: 2021

15. Basic human values during the COVID-19 outbreak, perceived threat and their relationships with compliance with movement restrictions and social distancing

Author: Michel Streith, Marion Inigo, Armelle Nugier, Pierre Bertrand, Jean-Denis Mathias, Maya Corman, Eric Bonetto, Eric Raufaste, Nicolas Pellerin, Serge Guimond, Sylvie Huet, Guillaume Dezecache, Michaël Dambrun, Roxane de la Sablonnière, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Centre de Recherche en Psychologie de la Connaissance, du Langage et de l'Émotion (PsyCLÉ), Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Université du Québec à Montréal = University of Québec in Montréal (UQAM), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Montréal (UdeM), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: Questionnaires, Male, Value (ethics), Viral Diseases, Epidemiology, Culture, Social Sciences, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, 050109 social psychology, Computer-assisted web interviewing, Disease Outbreaks, Governments, Medical Conditions, Sociology, Psychological Attitudes, Surveys and Questionnaires, Pandemic, Medicine and Health Sciences, Psychology, Multidisciplinary, Movement (music), Social distance, 05 social sciences, Middle Aged, Infectious Diseases, Social Isolation, Research Design, Medicine, Female, France, Social psychology, COVID 19, Regression analysis, Research Article, Adult, Infectious Disease Control, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Social distancing, Political Science, Science, Immunology, Physical Distancing, Models, Psychological, Research and Analysis Methods, 050105 experimental psychology, Compliance (psychology), Young Adult, Political parties, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Pandemics, Motivation, Survey Research, SARS-CoV-2, Biology and Life Sciences, COVID-19, Outbreak, Immune system, Stress, Psychological
Abstract: This study examines the evolution of Schwartz’s Basic Human Values during the COVID-19 outbreak, and their relationships with perceived threat, compliance with movement restrictions and social distancing. An online questionnaire was administered to a heterogeneous sample of French citizens (N= 1025) during the first French lockdown related to the outbreak. Results revealed a significant evolution of values; the conservation value was higher during the outbreak than usual, and both self-enhancement and openness-to-change values were lower during the COVID-19 outbreak than usual. Conservation and perceived threat during the outbreak were robustly and positively related to both compliance with movement restrictions and social distancing. Conservation during the outbreak emerged as a significant partial mediator of the relationship between perceived threat and outcomes (i.e., compliance with movement restrictions and social distancing). Implications of these results for the malleability of values and the COVID-19 modelling are discussed.
Published: 2021

16. Appréhension à la communication, estime de soi et modèle Léviathan

Author: Huet, S., Shtiliyanova, A., Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Unité de recherche d'Agronomie (UA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR 0874 Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)-Ecologie des Forêts, Prairies et milieux Aquatiques (EFPA), and Unité de recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial (UREP)
Subjects: MODELE, MODELS, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY, Social simulation, MODELS, Self-esteem, Leviathan model, Communication apprehension, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, Computational social science, PSYCHOLOGIE SOCIALE, [INFO.INFO-MO]Computer Science [cs]/Modeling and Simulation
Abstract: International audience; Mc Corskey and al, 1977 have shown there is a link between a high aversion to oral communication and a lower self-esteem. We investigate if the Leviathan model which considers agents gossiping and having an opinion of each other (Deffuant et al 2013) is able to reproduce such a correlation. Our virtual agents form their opinions in face-to-face meetings. During these meetings, they act in self-defence applying vanity, and influence each other. They also gossip about their peers. In direct meeting and gossiping, a highly valued speaker compared to listener's self-opinion is more influential. The vanity impact depends on the distance between one's opinion of one self and the opinion conveyed by the speaker. Listeners felt held in low esteem sanction their speakers by decreasing their opinion of them. Those felt held in high esteem reward them by increasing their opinion of them. We modified the probability to talk of agents to consider a heterogeneous one: static depending on the agent itself, or dynamic depending on her self-esteem. The simplest law to obtain a heterogeneous probability to talk is sufficient to reproduce our search correlation. However, we also discover that the model argue it is possible to have a higher self-esteem for someone talking less than the others in some circumstances.
Published: 2021

17. Chitosan-Based Adhesive: Optimization of Tensile Shear Strength in Dry and Wet Conditions

Author: Hélène de Baynast, Hajer Ben Hlima, Jean-Denis Mathias, Slim Abdelkafi, Frédéric Michalet, Alexis Gravier, Philippe Michaud, Jean-Yves Chavant, Maisa Abdelmoula, Michel Grédiac, Cédric Delattre, Gérard Bourduche, Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et Microbiologie, Equipe de Biotechnologie des Algues, National Engineering School of Sfax, University of Sfax, 3029 Sfax, School General and Technological Albert Londres, Bd du 8 mai 1945, F-03300 Cusset, Institut Pascal (IP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national polytechnique Clermont Auvergne (INP Clermont Auvergne), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Ministère de l'Education nationale, de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche (M.E.N.E.S.R.), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Université de Sfax
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, adhesive, Materials science, Thermoplastic, Water resistance, Bond strength, 02 engineering and technology, water resistance, mechanical properties, 010402 general chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pressure temperature, 01 natural sciences, 0104 chemical sciences, Degree (temperature), Tensile shear, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Chitosan, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Adhesive, Composite material, chitosan, 0210 nano-technology
Abstract: International audience; Commercial adhesives present a high bond strength and water resistance, but they are considered non-healthier products. Chitosan can be considered as an interesting biosourced and biodegradable alternative, despite its low water resistance. Here, its wood bonding implementation and its tensile shear strength in dry and wet conditions were investigated depending on its structural characteristics. Firstly, the spread rate, open assembly time, drying pressure, drying temperature, and drying time have been determined for two chitosans of European pine double lap specimens. An adhesive solution spread rate of 1000 g·m−2, an open assembly time of 10 min, and a pressure temperature of 55 °C for 105 min led to a bond strength of 2.82 MPa. Secondly, a comparison between a high molecular weight/low deacetylation degree chitosan and a lower molecular weight/higher deacetylation degree chitosan was conducted. Tests were conducted with beech simple lap specimens in accordance with the implementation conditions and the conditioning treatments in wet and dry environments required for thermoplastic wood adhesive standards used in non-structural applications (EN 204 and EN 205). The results clearly revealed the dependence of adhesive properties and water resistance on the structural features of chitosans (molecular weight and deacetylation degree), explaining the heterogeneity of results published notably in this field.
Published: 2021

18. Emergence of homogamy in a two-loci stochastic population model

Author: Camille Coron, Manon Costa, Fabien Laroche, Charline Smadi, Hélène Leman, Laboratoire de Mathématiques d'Orsay (LMO), Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Mathématiques de Toulouse UMR5219 (IMT), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecosystèmes forestiers (UR EFNO), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées (UMPA-ENSL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon), Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Numerical Medicine (NUMED), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Grenoble - Rhône-Alpes, ANR-11-LABX-0025,PERSYVAL-lab,Systemes et Algorithmes Pervasifs au confluent des mondes physique et numérique(2011), and Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE
Subjects: Statistics and Probability, Dynamical systems theory, Population, Locus (genetics), 01 natural sciences, 010104 statistics & probability, 03 medical and health sciences, FOS: Mathematics, Multitype branching processes, Birth and death processes with interactions, 0101 mathematics, Mating, education, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 030304 developmental biology, Mathematics, Mating preferences, 0303 health sciences, education.field_of_study, Extinction, Probability (math.PR), Large population limits, [MATH.MATH-PR]Mathematics [math]/Probability [math.PR], MSC 2000 subject classifications: 60J80, 60J27, 37N25, 92D25, Population model, Evolutionary biology, Trait, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, 60J80, 60J27, 37N25, 92D25, Mathematics - Probability
Abstract: International audience; This article deals with the emergence of a specific mating preference pattern called homogamy in a population. Individuals are characterized by their genotype at two haploid loci, and the population dynamics is modelled by a non-linear birth and-death process. The first locus codes for a phenotype, while the second locus codes for homogamy defined with respect to the first locus: two individuals are more (resp. less) likely to reproduce with each other if they carry the same (resp. a different) trait at the first locus. Initial resident individuals do not feature homogamy, and we are interested in the probability and time of invasion of a mutant presenting this characteristic under a large population assumption. To this aim, we study the trajectory of the birth-and-death process during three phases: growth of the mutant, coexistence of the two types, and extinction of the resident. We couple the birth-and-death process with simpler processes, like mul-tidimensional branching processes or dynamical systems, and study the latter ones in order to control the trajectory and duration of each phase.
Published: 2021

19. Governance in social-ecological agent-based models: a review

Author: Bourceret, Amélie, Amblard, Laurence, Mathias, Jean-Denis, Territoires (Territoires), AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and ANR-16-CE03-0003,VIRGO,Utilisation de la théorie de la viabilté pour une gestion robuste et adaptative des systèmes d'infrastructures couplés dans le cadre de l'analyse institutionnelle IAD(2016)
Subjects: Ecology, governance, QH301-705.5, social-ecological system, review, Biology (General), [SHS.ECO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Economics and Finance, agent-based model, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, QH540-549.5, decision making
Abstract: International audience; Analyzing governance is particularly important for understanding and managing social-ecological systems (SES).Governance systems influence interactions between actors and the ecological system and are in turn influenced by the changes that occur in the actors’ and ecological systems. Agent-based models (ABM) are well adapted for studying SES, for exploring interactions and the resulting collective behavior and for predicting the results of management processes. Considering the potential of ABM to analyze SES, we performed a literature review of the modeling of governance in ABM of SES and highlight the perspectives and challenges surrounding this issue. Our results show in particular that a significant share of the literature is not explicitly based on theories supporting the modeling of governance and actors’ decision making. Regarding the conceptualization of governance, formal and informal institutions are rarely represented compared with diverse modes of governance. The governance modes that are mostly modeled are state interventions whereas the community-based and market-based modes of governance are scarcely represented. Finally, the overview of how interactions between governance and SES are operationalized in ABM highlights two main forms of implementationof governance: variable-based and agent-based implementations. The corresponding sets of models differ in terms of main theoretical background, types of governance modes represented or presence of interactions. Therefore, we recommend moving toward a greater diversity in the representation of governance and toward a better implementation of the dynamics of models, which can be facilitated by the explicit use of theories supporting the modeling of governance and the decision making of actors and by the representation ofgovernance as an agent.
Published: 2021

20. Making the planet green again: The interplay of attitudes and group norms in the conversion to organic farming

Author: Kamilla Khamzina, Sylvie Huet, Guillaume Deffuant, Serge Guimond, Michel Streith, Activité, Connaissance, Transmission, éducation (ACTé ), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), and Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: Social psychology (sociology), Social Psychology, media_common.quotation_subject, perceived group norm, [SHS.PSY]Humanities and Social Sciences/Psychology, 050109 social psychology, Proposition, Context (language use), 050105 experimental psychology, counter-conformity, organic farming, Perception, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, media_common, 2. Zero hunger, attitudes, business.industry, minority, 05 social sciences, Social change, Theory of planned behavior, social change, Agriculture, [SHS.ENVIR]Humanities and Social Sciences/Environmental studies, Norm (social), theory of planned behavior, Psychology, business, Social psychology
Abstract: International audience; Attitudes and social norms are key social psychological concepts that have often been considered as independent determinants of human behavior. However, questions about the interplay between the two are somewhat of a blind spot in social psychology. In the present research, we test the hypothesis that when an important change in norms is involved, behavioral intentions will be shaped by a discrepancy between personal attitudes and the perceived group norm, that is the perception of other group members’ attitudes. This proposition is tested and supported across three studies in a context of the conversion to organic farming, a behavior indicative of a significant societal and behavioral change. Farmers who did convert to organic farming were those who perceive other farmers to hold less positive attitudes toward this environmentally-friendly practice compared to their own (Study 1a & 1b, N = 1,023). Among conventional farmers, the intention to convert to organic farming is also predicted by a discrepancy between personal attitudes and the perceived group norm (Study 1b). Finally, among agricultural colleges’ students (Study 2, N = 280), the intention to become an organic farmer was influenced by an interaction between attitudes and perceived group norm and not only by independent effects of these two variables. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings for a better understanding of behavioral adaptation in times of social change are discussed.
Published: 2021

21. Do interactions among unequal agents undermine those of low status?

Author: Deffuant, Guillaume, Roubin, Thibaut, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)
Subjects: [PHYS]Physics [physics], FOS: Computer and information sciences, Physics - Physics and Society, Opinion dynamics, Positive bias, Negative bias, Gossip, Moment approximation, FOS: Physical sciences, Computer Science - Multiagent Systems, Opinion dynamics Positive bias Negative bias Gossip Moment approximation, Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph), Multiagent Systems (cs.MA)
Abstract: We consider a recent model in which agents hold opinions about each other and influence each other's opinions during random pair interactions. When the opinions are initially close, on the short term, all the opinions tend to increase over time. On the contrary, when the opinions are initially very unequal, the opinions about agents of high status increase, but the opinions about agents of low status tend to stagnate without gossip and to decrease with gossip. We derive a moment approximation of the average opinion changes that explains these observations.
Published: 2021
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22. The geography of metapopulation synchrony in dendritic river networks

Author: Xingli Giam, Claire Jacquet, Stefano Larsen, Marie-Josée Fortin, Ana Filipa Filipe, Lise Comte, Sapna Sharma, Remo Ryser, Ulrich Brose, Albert Ruhí, Katie Irving, Tibor Erős, Julian D. Olden, Pablo A. Tedesco, Fondazione Edmund Mach di San Michele all'Adige = Edmund Mach Foundation of San Michele all'Adige, University of Trento [Trento], University of Washington [Seattle], Illinois State University, Universidade do Porto, Université de Lisbonne, University of Toronto, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science & Technology (EAWA), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich (UZH), German Ctr Integrat Biodivers Res iDiv, Leipzig, Germany & [ 2 ]‎ Univ Leipzig, Inst Biol, Leipzig, Germany, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany], Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Centre for Ecological Research [Budapest], Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, University of California [Berkeley], University of California, York University [Toronto], Universidade do Porto = University of Porto, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), sDiv, the Synthesis Centre of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig - German Research Foundation FZT 118, and European Project: 748969,SHYDRO-ALP
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Letter, River ecosystem, Water flow, Population Dynamics, Metapopulation, Network topology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, network topology, spatial synchrony, Rivers, Settore BIO/07 - ECOLOGIA, Animals, Ecosystem, series, Letters, 14. Life underwater, Population dynamics of fisheries, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, spatial patterns, Geography, Ecology, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Fish time-series, Fish time‐series, 15. Life on land, Fish time, Europe, fluvial variography, Habitat, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Spatial ecology, metapopulations
Abstract: Dendritic habitats, such as river ecosystems, promote the persistence of species by favouring spatial asynchronous dynamics among branches. Yet, our understanding of how network topology influences metapopulation synchrony in these ecosystems remains limited. Here, we introduce the concept of fluvial synchrogram to formulate and test expectations regarding the geography of metapopulation synchrony across watersheds. By combining theoretical simulations and an extensive fish population time‐series dataset across Europe, we provide evidence that fish metapopulations can be buffered against synchronous dynamics as a direct consequence of network connectivity and branching complexity. Synchrony was higher between populations connected by direct water flow and decayed faster with distance over the Euclidean than the watercourse dimension. Likewise, synchrony decayed faster with distance in headwater than mainstem populations of the same basin. As network topology and flow directionality generate fundamental spatial patterns of synchrony in fish metapopulations, empirical synchrograms can aid knowledge advancement and inform conservation strategies in complex habitats., Synchrony between spatially separated populations influences species persistence and ecosystem stability. We provide theoretical and empirical evidence that in dendritic habitats, such as river ecosystems, network topology and flow directionality generate fundamental spatial patterns in fish metapopulation synchrony. We articulate an empirical geography of synchrony within river basins that allow predicting synchrony patterns even if population time‐series data are not available.
Published: 2021

23. Exploring non-linear transition pathways in social-ecological systems

Author: Jean-Denis Mathias, John M. Anderies, Jacopo Baggio, Jennifer Hodbod, Sylvie Huet, Marco A. Janssen, Manjana Milkoreit, Michael Schoon, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), and Walton Sustainability Solutions Initiatives - Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability
Subjects: Sustainability, lcsh:R, lcsh:Medicine, lcsh:Q, [MATH]Mathematics [math], lcsh:Science, Psychology and behaviour, Article
Abstract: International audience; Tipping point dynamics are fundamental drivers for sustainable transition pathways of social-ecological systems (SES). Current research predominantly analyzes how crossing tipping points causes regime shifts, however, the analysis of potential transition pathways from these social and ecological tipping points is often overlooked. In this paper, we analyze transition pathways and the potential outcomes that these may lead to via a stylized model of a system composed of interacting agents exploiting resources and, by extension, the overall ecosystem. Interactions between the social and the ecological system are based on a perception-exploitation framework. We show that the presence of tipping points in SES may yield counter-intuitive social-ecological transition pathways. For example, the high perception of an alarming ecological state among agents can provide short-term ecological benefits, but can be less effective in the long term, compared to a low-perception condition. This work also highlights how understanding non-linear interactions is critical for defining suitable transition pathways of any SES.
Published: 2020

24. Informing the sustainable pursuit of happiness

Author: Scott Cloutier, Nuri Cihat Onat, Jean-Denis Mathias, Michael Angilletta, Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), and Qatar University
Subjects: Value (ethics), Energy (esotericism), media_common.quotation_subject, Geography, Planning and Development, Use of time, TJ807-830, 050109 social psychology, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, TD194-195, 050105 experimental psychology, Renewable energy sources, modèle biologique, wellbeing, happiness, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, GE1-350, media_common, Public economics, Environmental effects of industries and plants, bien-être, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, 05 social sciences, sustainability, Optimality model, Computer game, bonheur, Environmental sciences, Work (electrical), 13. Climate action, Sustainability, satisfaction de la vie, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Happiness, biological models, Psychology, optimization
Abstract: International audience; Although most people want to be happy, the pursuit of happiness involves an overwhelming number of choices and great uncertainty about the consequences. Many of these choices have significant implications for sustainability, which are rarely considered. Here, we present an optimality model that maximizes subjective happiness, which can eventually account for sustainability outcomes. Our model identifies the optimal use of time or energy to maximize happiness. Such models tell people how to invest in domains of happiness (e.g., work vs. leisure) and how to choose activities within domains (e.g., playing a computer game vs. playing a board game). We illustrate this optimization approach with data from an online survey, in which people (n = 87) either recalled or imagined their happiness during common activities. People reported decelerating happiness over time, but the rate of deceleration differed among activities. On average, people imagined spending more time on each activity than would be needed to maximize happiness, suggesting that an optimality model has value for guiding decisions. We then discuss how such models can address sustainability challenges associated with overinvesting (e.g., excessive CO2 emissions). To optimize happiness and explore its implications for sustainability over long periods, models can incorporate psychological processes that alter the potential for happiness and demographic processes that make lifespan uncertain. In cases where less objective approaches have failed, a quantitative theory may improve opportunities for happiness, while meeting sustainability outcomes.; Bien que la plupart des gens souhaitent être heureux, la recherche du bonheur implique un nombre écrasant de choix et une grande incertitude quant aux conséquences. Nombre de ces choix ont des implications importantes pour la durabilité, qui sont rarement prises en compte. Nous présentons ici un modèle d'optimalité qui maximise le bonheur subjectif et qui peut éventuellement tenir compte des résultats en matière de durabilité. Notre modèle identifie l'utilisation optimale du temps ou de l'énergie pour maximiser le bonheur. De tels modèles indiquent aux gens comment investir dans les domaines du bonheur (par exemple, le travail ou les loisirs) et comment choisir les activités au sein de ces domaines (par exemple, jouer à un jeu vidéo ou à un jeu de société). Nous illustrons cette approche d'optimisation à l'aide des données d'une enquête en ligne, dans laquelle des personnes (n = 87) se sont rappelées ou ont imaginé leur bonheur au cours d'activités courantes. Les personnes ont signalé une décélération du bonheur au fil du temps, mais le taux de décélération différait selon les activités. En moyenne, les personnes ont imaginé passer plus de temps sur chaque activité que ce qui serait nécessaire pour maximiser le bonheur, ce qui suggère qu'un modèle d'optimalité est utile pour guider les décisions. Nous discutons ensuite de la manière dont de tels modèles peuvent répondre aux problèmes de durabilité associés au surinvestissement (par exemple, les émissions excessives de CO2). Pour optimiser le bonheur et explorer ses implications pour la durabilité sur de longues périodes, les modèles peuvent intégrer des processus psychologiques qui modifient le potentiel de bonheur et des processus démographiques qui rendent la durée de vie incertaine. Dans les cas où des approches moins objectives ont échoué, une théorie quantitative peut améliorer les possibilités de bonheur, tout en respectant les objectifs de durabilité.
Published: 2020

25. Grounding Social Foundations for Integrated Assessment Models of Climate Change

Author: Florian Dierickx, Jonathan F. Donges, Francine Pellaud, Nuno Videira, Angel Sánchez, Georg Holtz, Marko Debeljak, Wolfgang Obergassel, Ganna Gladkykh, Aneta Trajanov, Jean-Denis Mathias, Arnaud Diemer, Jobst Heitzig, Guillaume Deffuant, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Department of Knowledge Technologies, École supérieure du professorat et de l'éducation - Clermont-Ferrand (ESPE - UBP), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International (CERDI), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Grupo de Algorítmica para la Visión Artificial y la Biometría (GAVAB), Universidad Rey Juan Carlos [Madrid] (URJC), Jozef Stefan Institute [Ljubljana] (IJS), and ANR-16-CE03-0003,VIRGO,Utilisation de la théorie de la viabilté pour une gestion robuste et adaptative des systèmes d'infrastructures couplés dans le cadre de l'analyse institutionnelle IAD(2016)
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Ground, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Climate change, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, 13. Climate action, lcsh:QH540-549.5, ddc:320, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Economics, lcsh:Ecology, [MATH]Mathematics [math], business, lcsh:Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; Integrated assessment models (IAMs) are commonly used by decision makers in order to derive climate policies. IAMs are currently based on climate‐economics interactions, whereas the role of social system has been highlighted to be of prime importance on the implementation of climate policies. Beyond existing IAMs, we argue that it is therefore urgent to increase efforts in the integration of social processes within IAMs. For achieving such a challenge, we present some promising avenues of research based on the social branches of economics. We finally present the potential implications yielded by such social IAMs.
Published: 2020

26. Inter-and intraspecific variability of plant individual growth and its role on species ranking in grasslands

Author: Franck Jabot, Julien Pottier, Rémi Perronne, Génétique Quantitative et Evolution - Le Moulon (Génétique Végétale) (GQE-Le Moulon), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité Mixte de Recherche sur l'Ecosystème Prairial - UMR (UREP), and VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 2. Zero hunger, 0106 biological sciences, Ecology, Plant Science, 15. Life on land, Biology, temperate permanent grasslands, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, species ranking, Intraspecific competition, Ranking (information retrieval), inter-individual variability, relative growth rate, Relative growth rate, [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, non-destructive biomass estimation, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: Aims Individual growth constitutes a major component of individual fitness. However, measuring growth rates of herbaceous plants non-destructively at the individual level is notoriously difficult. This study, based on an accurate non-destructive method of aboveground biomass estimation, aims to assess individual relative growth rates (RGRs) of some species, identify its environmental drivers and test its consequences on community patterning. We specifically address three questions: (i) to what extent environmental conditions explain differences in individual plant growth between sites, (ii) what is the magnitude of intraspecific variability of plant individual growth within and between sites and (iii) do species-averaged (dis-)advantage of individual growth compared with the whole vegetation within a site correlate with species ranking at the community level? Methods We monitored the growth of individuals of four common perennial species in 18 permanent grasslands chosen along a large pedoclimatic gradient located in the Massif Central, France. We measured soil properties, levels of resources and meteorological parameters to characterize environmental conditions at the site level. This design enables us to assess the influence of environmental conditions on individual growth and the relative extent of inter-individual variability of growth explained within and between sites. We determined the ranking of each of the four species in each site with botanical surveys to assess the relationship between species-averaged growth (dis-)advantage relative to the whole community and species rank in the community. Important Findings We found that environmental conditions explain a significant proportion of individual growth variability, and that this proportion is strongly variable between species. Light availability was the main driver of plant growth, followed by rainfall amount and potential evapotranspiration, while soil properties had only a slight effect. We further highlighted a moderate to high within-site inter-individual variability of growth. We finally showed that there was no correlation between species ranking and species-averaged individual growth.
Published: 2020

27. Clonal growth strategies of Reynoutria japonica in response to light, shade, and mowing, and perspectives for management

Author: François-Marie Martin, Fanny Dommanget, André Evette, François Lavallée, Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Complex Systems Institute of Paris Ile-de-France, ITTECOP-Dynarp project, and ONF (Office National des Forets)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, Reynoutria, Fallopia japonica (Polygonum cuspidatum, Japanese knotweed), Plant Science, Aquatic Science, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, clonal growth environmental heterogeneity Fallopia japonica (Polygonum cuspidatum Japanese knotweed) invasion dynamics lateral expansion of patches/stands spatial spread vegetative regeneration, Magnoliopsida, lateral expansion of patches/stands, Botany, [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Plantae, invasion dynamics, lcsh:QH301-705.5, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Clonal growth, [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Ecology, Reynoutria japonica, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Ecological Modeling, fungi, vegetative regeneration, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, environmental heterogeneity, Polygonaceae, clonal growth, Caryophyllales, Tracheophyta, lcsh:Biology (General), Insect Science, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Animal Science and Zoology, spatial spread
Abstract: Many of the most invasive plant species in the world can propagate clonally, suggesting clonality offers advantages that facilitate invasion. Gaining insights into the clonal growth dynamics of invasive plants should thus improve understanding of the mechanisms of their dominance, resilience and expansion. Belonging to the shortlist of the most problematic terrestrial invaders, Reynoutria japonica var. japonica Houtt. (Japanese knotweed) has colonized all five continents, likely facilitated by its impressive ability to propagate vegetatively. However, its clonal growth patterns are surprisingly understudied; we still do not know how individuals respond to key environmental conditions, including light availability and disturbance. To contribute to filling this knowledge gap, we designed a mesocosm experiment to observe the morphological variation in R. japonica growth in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions of light stress (shade) and disturbance (mowing). Rhizome fragments were planted in the middle of large pots between two habitat patches that consisted of either one or a combination of the following three environmental conditions: full light without mowing, full light with frequent mowing, or shade without mowing. At the end of the experiment, biomass and traits related to clonal growth (spacer and rhizome lengths, number of rhizome branches, and number of ramets) were measured. After 14 months, all individuals had survived, even those frequently mowed or growing under heavy shade. We showed that R. japonica adopts a ‘phalanx’ growth form when growing in full light and a ‘guerrilla’ form when entirely shaded. The former is characteristic of a space-occupancy strategy while the latter is more associated with a foraging strategy. In heterogeneous conditions, we also showed that clones seemed to invest preferentially more in favorable habitat patches rather than in unfavorable ones (mowed or shaded), possibly exhibiting an escape strategy. These observations could improve the management of this species, specifically by illustrating how aggressive early control measures must be, by highlighting the importance of repeated mowing of entire stands, as this plant appears to compensate readily to partial mowing, and by informing on its potential responses towards the restoration of a cover of competitive native plants.
Published: 2020

28. Body stoichiometry of heterotrophs: assessing drivers of interspecific variations in elemental composition

Author: Benjamin Andrieux, Franck Jabot, Juliette Signor, Michael Danger, Vincent Guillou, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Terre et Environnement de Lorraine (OTELo), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada - NSERC (CANADA), Centre de Bioingénierie Gilbert Durand, Laboratoire Biotechnologie et Bioprocédés (LBB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, [SDV.BID]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biodiversity, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, taxonomy, Ecological stoichiometry, Taxonomic rank, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Trophic level, Invertebrate, Analysis of covariance, Global and Planetary Change, ecological stoichiometry, nutrient content, Ecology, Phylogenetic tree, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, growth rate hypothesis, Interspecific competition, 15. Life on land, phylogenetic conservatism, Taxon, Habitat, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Taxonomy (biology), [SDE.BE]Environmental Sciences/Biodiversity and Ecology, body elemental composition
Abstract: AimTo document how body stoichiometry of heterotrophs varies globally and to assess phylogenetic, trophic, habitat and body mass drivers of this interspecific variation in elemental composition, focusing on carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P).LocationWorldwide.Time period1930 – 2018.Major taxa studiedAmphibians, fishes (Euteleosteomorpha and Otomorpha), invertebrates, mammals, microbes and sauropsids (birds and reptiles).MethodsWe compiled from the scientific literature a global database of body elemental composition of heterotrophs in marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. We used model selection and ANCOVA analyses to investigate the proportion of variance in elemental composition explained by taxonomic groups, diet, habitat and body mass. We assessed the phylogenetic signal in body stoichiometry using Blomberg’s K and Pagel’s λ statistics. We assessed the phylogenetic structure of interspecific variation in body stoichiometry using mixed models with nested taxonomic levels as random factors. We finally assessed the co-variation in elemental composition using linear models.ResultsOur database currently gathers 17848 independent observations on 1491 species. Body elemental composition was found to be widely variable among species with the four assessed drivers significantly contributing to this variation. Taxonomic group is the strongest contributor to interspecific variance for the stoichiometric traits studied, followed by habitat, diet and body mass. More precisely, stoichiometric traits are generally variable at the three taxonomic levels studied (class, order and family), resulting in a significant but relatively modest phylogenetic signal. Finally, we found significant co-variation among the three body elemental contents, resulting in taxonomic group-specific C:N:P spectrums.Main conclusionsOur global synthesis of body stoichiometry of heterotrophs reveals a strong interspecific variability that is only modestly explained by the species attributes investigated: body mass, habitat and diet. It further reveals that this taxonomically structured residual variation in body stoichiometry seems to be constrained along taxonomic group-specific elemental spectrums.
Published: 2020

29. In situ tracking of microbeads for the detection of biofilm formation

Author: Jean-Denis Mathias, Michel Grédiac, Benoît Blaysat, Héloïse Boudarel, Institut Pascal (IP), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Institut national polytechnique Clermont Auvergne (INP Clermont Auvergne), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), and Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, In situ, Digital image correlation, Staphylococcus aureus, Bioengineering, [SPI.MECA.MSMECA]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Materials and structures in mechanics [physics.class-ph], Bead, [SPI.MECA.SOLID]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Solid mechanics [physics.class-ph], Tracking (particle physics), Time based, 01 natural sciences, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bacterial Adhesion, 03 medical and health sciences, 010608 biotechnology, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Chemistry, Biofilm, Adhesion, imaging techniques, Microspheres, 030104 developmental biology, [SPI.MECA.STRU]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Mechanics [physics.med-ph]/Structural mechanics [physics.class-ph], visual_art, Biofilms, biosensors and instrumentation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Extracellular material, biofilm detection, Biological system, Biotechnology
Abstract: International audience; In this study, we utilize the free motion of beads incorporated in bacterial suspension to investigate the behavior of the medium surrounding the beads during biofilm formation. The use of imaging techniques such as digital image correlation enables tracking of the movement of beads, which serve as markers in the processed images. This method is applied to detect and characterize biofilm formation. The main originality of this study lies in characterizing the evolution of the typology of bead movements during biofilm formation. The aim is to identify bead behaviors that represent the start of biofilm formation. By observing inert bead movements introduced into the bacterial environment, changes in trajectory typologies are detected and appear to be related to sessile bacterial activity, bacterial hindrance, and adhesion or formation of extracellular material. We use our approach to discriminate between the presence or absence of antibiotics mixed with bacteria and to assess their effectiveness. The results highlight the potential of our approach as nondestructive tracking of biofilm dynamics over time based on optical microscope images.
Published: 2020

30. Which infrastructures for which forest function? Analyzing multifunctionality through the social-ecological system framework

Author: Jean-Denis Mathias, Mojtaba Houballah, Thomas Cordonnier, Mathias, Jean-Denis, Utilisation de la théorie de la viabilté pour une gestion robuste et adaptative des systèmes d'infrastructures couplés dans le cadre de l'analyse institutionnelle IAD - - VIRGO2016 - ANR-16-CE03-0003 - AAPG2016 - VALID, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), region of Auvergne, and ANR-16-CE03-0003,VIRGO,Utilisation de la théorie de la viabilté pour une gestion robuste et adaptative des systèmes d'infrastructures couplés dans le cadre de l'analyse institutionnelle IAD(2016)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, [SDE] Environmental Sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, robustness theory, QH301-705.5, media_common.quotation_subject, accessibilité des forêts, 01 natural sciences, multifunctionality, 11. Sustainability, Biology (General), Function (engineering), système socio-écologique, QH540-549.5, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, media_common, théorie de la robustesse, Ecology, business.industry, Environmental resource management, forestry, 15. Life on land, sylviculture, 010601 ecology, social-ecological systems, 13. Climate action, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, System framework, Business, infrastructures, forest accessibility
Abstract: International audience; Landscapes are subject to ecological and socioeconomic forces of change that interact in complex ways. To cope with these changes, landscape planning of natural resource management integrates sociocultural, ecological, and economic considerations in an analytic and systemic way. In this regard, social-ecological system (SES) frameworks have been developed to help analyze key factors that drive the dynamics of such complex adaptive systems. For forests, multifunctional management, which also highlights the ecological and socioeconomic roles of forests for society, has become a central objective for several European countries (e.g., France, Italy, and Germany). However, further development of methods, tools, and conceptual approaches is needed to facilitate our understanding of the arrangements behind management practices that include complex human-environment interactions. This study adopts Ostrom's SES framework and Anderies' robustness framework to highlight how forestry institutions affect forest ecosystems, forest functions, and social arrangements. As an illustration, we apply both frameworks to the Quatre-Montagnes forest, located in the south-east of France, in which multifunctionality is a major objective of forest governance. We first apply the SES framework to construct an analysis of the Quatre-Montagnes forest, specifying the first-tier and second-tier variables. From this, we describe the importance of infrastructure-related variables in shaping the interactions between components of the SES. We then apply the robustness framework, developed by Anderies, because we believe this framework enables a better analysis of ecosystem functions for infrastructure governance than the SES framework, which provides a better descriptive capacity for the variables. We discuss insights, based on our infrastructure analysis, which can be used when establishing designs for efficient forest management with heavy infrastructure dependencies.
Published: 2020

31. Graphene for radio frequency electronics

Author: Wei, Wei, Dalal, Fadil, Fregonese, Sebastien, Strupinski, Wlodek, Pallecchi, Emiliano, Happy, Henri, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de l'intégration, du matériau au système (IMS), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Warsaw University of Technology [Warsaw], Institut d’Électronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie - UMR 8520 (IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Carbon-IEMN (CARBON-IEMN), Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF)-Centrale Lille-Institut supérieur de l'électronique et du numérique (ISEN)-Université de Valenciennes et du Hainaut-Cambrésis (UVHC)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Polytechnique Hauts-de-France (UPHF), Renatech Network, European Project: 785219, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Carbon - IEMN (CARBON - IEMN), and European Project: 785219,H2020,GrapheneCore2(2018)
Subjects: Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, [SPI.NANO]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Micro and nanotechnologies/Microelectronics
Abstract: oral; International audience; In the framework of the European project Flagship Graphene, we have developed several process technologies, for fabricating graphene field-effect transistors, for radio frequency (RF) applications. Depending on the technique used to synthesize graphene, different transistors topologies were designed, given rise to different applications. Graphene materials under consideration include graphene growth on silicon carbide, graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on copper foil. After fabrication of transistors on rigid and on flexible substrates, high frequency characterization of devices is made. Based on the performance of transistors, RF circuits where designed and fabricated.
Published: 2020

32. Réflexion prospective interdisciplinaire bioéconomie - Rapport de synthèse

Author: Axelos, Monique, Bamière, Laure, Colin, Francis, Dourmad, Jean-Yves, Duru, Michel, Gillot, Sylvie, Kurek, Bernard, Jean-Denis, Mathias, Requillart, Vincent, Méry, Jacques, O'Donohue, Michael, Recous, Sylvie, Steyer, Jean Philippe, Thomas, Alban, Thoyer, Sophie, de Vries, Hugo, Wohlfahrt, Julie, Collège de Direction (CODIR), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Structure et physico-chimie des biopolymères – matériaux biosourcés - colloïdes, Economie Publique (ECO-PUB), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon (INA P-G), SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Physiologie, Environnement et Génétique pour l'Animal et les Systèmes d'Elevage [Rennes] (PEGASE), AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), AGroécologie, Innovations, teRritoires (AGIR), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Réduire, valoriser, réutiliser les ressources des eaux résiduaires (UR REVERSAAL), Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement (FARE), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Procédés biotechnologiques au service de l'environnement (UR PROSE), Toulouse Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire de Biotechnologie de l'Environnement [Narbonne] (LBE), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier - UMR 5211 (CEE-M), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes (UMR IATE), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Agro-Systèmes Territoires Ressources Mirecourt (ASTER Mirecourt), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement - Antenne Colmar (LAE-Colmar ), Laboratoire Agronomie et Environnement (LAE), Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), INRAE, Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-INSTITUT AGRO Agrocampus Ouest, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Toulouse School of Economics (TSE-R), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Centre d'Economie de l'Environnement - Montpellier (CEE-M), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, and Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDV.AEN]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Food and Nutrition
Published: 2020

33. Can gender inequality be created without inter-group discrimination?

Author: Huet, Sylvie, Gargiulo, Floriana, Pratto, Felicia, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Groupe d'Etude des Méthodes de l'Analyse Sociologique de la Sorbonne (GEMASS), Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme (FMSH)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Connecticut (UCONN)
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, Male, Physics - Physics and Society, Computer and Information Sciences, Science, Gender Discrimination, FOS: Physical sciences, Social Sciences, Physics and Society (physics.soc-ph), Research and Analysis Methods, Systems Science, Sexual and Gender Issues, Judgment, Computer Science - Computers and Society, Sociology, Agent-Based Modeling, Computers and Society (cs.CY), Medicine and Health Sciences, Morphogenesis, Humans, Computer Science - Multiagent Systems, Drug Interactions, Pharmacology, Sex Characteristics, Sexual Differentiation, Simulation and Modeling, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-SOC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Physics and Society [physics.soc-ph], Racial Discrimination, Correction, Social Communication, Biology and Life Sciences, Social Discrimination, Models, Theoretical, Self Concept, Communications, Socioeconomic Factors, Physical Sciences, [SCCO.PSYC]Cognitive science/Psychology, Medicine, Female, [SHS.GENRE]Humanities and Social Sciences/Gender studies, Mathematics, Multiagent Systems (cs.MA), Research Article, Developmental Biology
Abstract: International audience; Understanding human societies requires knowing how they develop gender hierarchies which are ubiquitous. We test whether a simple agent-based dynamic process could create gender inequality. Relying on evidence of gendered status concerns, self-construals, and cognitive habits, our model included a gender difference in how responsive male-like and female-like agents are to others' opinions about the level of esteem for someone. We simulate a population who interact in pairs of randomly selected agents to influence each other about their esteem judgments of self and others. Half the agents are more influenced by their relative status rank during the interaction than the others. Without prejudice, stereotypes, segregation, or categorization, our model produces inter-group inequality of self-esteem and status that is stable, consensual, and exhibits characteristics of glass ceiling effects. Outcomes are not affected by relative group size. We discuss implications for group orientation to dominance and individuals' motivations to exchange.
Published: 2020

34. How Does Knowledge Infrastructure Mobilization Influence the Safe Operating Space of Regulated Exploited Ecosystems?

Author: Marco A. Janssen, Jean-Denis Mathias, John M. Anderies, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY UR CBIE TEMPE USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)
Subjects: DYNAMICS, 0106 biological sciences, Mobilization, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES & ECOLOGY, UNCERTAINTY, Knowledge infrastructure, METEOROLOGY & ATMOSPHERIC, Space (commercial competition), FRAMEWORK, 01 natural sciences, SCIENCES, CLIMATE, 010601 ecology, SYSTEMS, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT, Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), Ecosystem, GEOLOGY, Environmental planning, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science
Abstract: International audience; Decision makers often have to act before critical times to avoid the collapse of ecosystems using knowledge that can be incomplete or biased. Adaptive management may help managers tackle such issues. However, because the knowledge infrastructure required for adaptive management may be mobilized in several ways, we study the quality and the quantity of knowledge provided by this knowledge infrastructure. In order to analyze the influence of mobilized knowledge, we study how the following typology of knowledge and its use may impact the safe operating space of exploited ecosystems: (1)knowledge of the past based on a time series distorted by measurement errors; (2)knowledge of the current systems' dynamics based on the representativeness of the decision makers' mental models of the exploited ecosystem; (3)knowledge of future events based on decision makers' likelihood estimates of extreme events based on modeling infrastructure (models and experts to interpret them) they have at their disposal. We consider different adaptive management strategies of a general regulated exploited ecosystem model and we characterize the robustness of these strategies to biased knowledge. Our results show that even with significant mobilized knowledge and optimal strategies, imperfect knowledge may still shrink the safe operating space of the system leading to the collapse of the system. However, we also show that in some cases imperfect knowledge may unexpectedly increase the safe operating space by suggesting cautious strategies. We leverage the quantitative results to frame a discussion focusing on the importance of understanding subtleties of how adaptive knowledge mobilization and knowledge infrastructure affect the robustness of exploited ecosystems.
Published: 2018

35. A practical guide for conducting calibration and decision-making optimisation with complex ecological models

Author: Hilaire Drouineau, Dimo Brockhoff, Victor Picheny, Stéphanie Mahévas, Lauriane Rouan, Rodolphe Le Riche, Patrick Lambert, Robert Faivre, Sigrid Lehuta, Nicolas Dumoulin, Christophe Soulié, Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (IFREMER EMH), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Atlantique (IFREMER Atlantique), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Unité de Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse (MIAT INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Amélioration génétique et adaptation des plantes méditerranéennes et tropicales (UMR AGAP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Recyclage et risque (UPR Recyclage et risque), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Randomized Optimisation (RANDOPT ), Centre de Mathématiques Appliquées - Ecole Polytechnique (CMAP), École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER Centre de Bretagne), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Informatique, de Modélisation et d'Optimisation des Systèmes (LIMOS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de St Etienne-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), École des Mines de Saint-Étienne (Mines Saint-Étienne MSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Institut Henri Fayol (FAYOL-ENSMSE), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), Département Génie mathématique et industriel (FAYOL-ENSMSE), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de St Etienne-Institut Henri Fayol, Écologie et Modèles pour l'halieutique (EMH), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro), Recyclage et risque (Cirad-Persyst-UPR 78 Recyclage et risque), Département Performances des systèmes de production et de transformation tropicaux (Cirad-PERSYST), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Inria Saclay - Ile de France, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria), Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer - Brest (IFREMER), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de St Etienne-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Écologie et Modèles pour l'Halieutique (EMH), Université de Toulouse (UT), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de St Etienne (ENSM ST-ETIENNE)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de St Etienne (ENSM ST-ETIENNE)-Institut Henri Fayol
Subjects: [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, Identification, Traceability, Computer science, Ecology, Process (engineering), Mathematical properties, Tracability, Context (language use), Pre-processing, Variety (cybernetics), Identification (information), Workflow, Post-processing, Calibration, Parameter estimation, Complex models, Optimisation, ecology, Decision-making
Abstract: pdf available at https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201912.0249/v1; Calibrating ecological models or making decisions with them is an optimisation problem with challenging methodological issues. Depending on the optimisation formulation, there may be a large variety of optimisation configurations (e.g. multiple objectives, constraints, stochastic criteria) and finding a single acceptable solution may be difficult. The challenges are exacerbated by the high computational cost and the non linear or elusive mathematical properties that increased with the complexity of numerical models. From the feedbacks of practitioners, the need for a guideline for conducting optimisation of complex models has emerged. In this context, we propose a practical guide for the complex model optimisation process, covering both calibration and decision-making. The guide sets out the workflow with recommendations for each step based on existing tools and methods usually scattered throughout the literature. This guide is accompanied with an ODDO template (Overview, Design, Details of Optimisation) to standardise the published description of model-based optimisation and suggests research directions.
Published: 2019

36. Sliced Gromov-Wasserstein

Author: Vayer, Titouan, Flamary, Rémi, Tavenard, Romain, Chapel, Laetitia, Courty, Nicolas, Environment observation with complex imagery (OBELIX), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-SIGNAUX ET IMAGES NUMÉRIQUES, ROBOTIQUE (IRISA-D5), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique (LETG - Rennes), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique UMR 6554 (LETG), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Parcimonie et Nouveaux Algorithmes pour le Signal et la Modélisation Audio (PANAMA), Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-SIGNAUX ET IMAGES NUMÉRIQUES, ROBOTIQUE (IRISA-D5), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT), ANR-19-P3IA-0002,3IA@cote d'azur,3IA Côte d'Azur(2019), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique Bretagne-Pays de la Loire (IMT Atlantique), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-IMT Atlantique (IMT Atlantique), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SIGNAUX ET IMAGES NUMÉRIQUES, ROBOTIQUE (IRISA-D5), Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Institut Mines-Télécom [Paris] (IMT)-Inria Rennes – Bretagne Atlantique, and Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Science - Machine Learning, [STAT.ML]Statistics [stat]/Machine Learning [stat.ML], [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Statistics - Machine Learning, Machine Learning (stat.ML), ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [INFO.INFO-GR]Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Abstract: Recently used in various machine learning contexts, the Gromov-Wasserstein distance (GW) allows for comparing distributions whose supports do not necessarily lie in the same metric space. However, this Optimal Transport (OT) distance requires solving a complex non convex quadratic program which is most of the time very costly both in time and memory. Contrary to GW, the Wasserstein distance (W) enjoys several properties (e.g. duality) that permit large scale optimization. Among those, the solution of W on the real line, that only requires sorting discrete samples in 1D, allows defining the Sliced Wasserstein (SW) distance. This paper proposes a new divergence based on GW akin to SW. We first derive a closed form for GW when dealing with 1D distributions, based on a new result for the related quadratic assignment problem. We then define a novel OT discrepancy that can deal with large scale distributions via a slicing approach and we show how it relates to the GW distance while being $O(n\log(n))$ to compute. We illustrate the behavior of this so called Sliced Gromov-Wasserstein (SGW) discrepancy in experiments where we demonstrate its ability to tackle similar problems as GW while being several order of magnitudes faster to compute.
Published: 2019

37. Crossing a fitness valley as a metastable transition in a stochastic population model

Author: Anton Bovier, Loren Coquille, Charline Smadi, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, Institut für Angewandte Mathematik, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Institut Fourier (IF ), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Chair Modelisation Mathematique et Biodiversite of VEOLIA-Ecole Polytechnique-MNHN-F.X German Research Foundation (DFG)390873048German Research Foundation (DFG) German Research Foundation (DFG) under Collaborative Research Centre CRC 1060 The Mathematics of Emergent Effects LabEx PERSYVAL-Lab through the Exploratory Project CanDyPop ANR-11-LABX-0025-01Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF)P300P2_161031, ANR-11-LABX-0025,PERSYVAL-lab,Systemes et Algorithmes Pervasifs au confluent des mondes physique et numérique(2011), Institut Fourier (IF), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and ANR-11-LABX-0025-01,PERSYVAL-lab,Systèmes et Algorithmes Pervasifs au confluent des mondes physique et numérique(2011)
Subjects: Statistics and Probability, Mutation rate, Stochastic modelling, Fitness landscape, Population, competitive Lotka-Volterra system with mutations, 92D25, 01 natural sciences, selective sweep, 010104 statistics & probability, 60J27, 37N25, Eco-evolution, Statistics, FOS: Mathematics, 0101 mathematics, coupling, education, Quantitative Biology - Populations and Evolution, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Mathematics, education.field_of_study, 60J80, 010102 general mathematics, Probability (math.PR), Populations and Evolution (q-bio.PE), Coupling (probability), 92D15, birth and death process with immigration, [MATH.MATH-PR]Mathematics [math]/Probability [math.PR], Population model, FOS: Biological sciences, Mutation (genetic algorithm), 92D25, 60J80, 60J27, 92D15, 60F15, 37N25, 60F15, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Random variable, competitive Lotka–Volterra system with mutations, Mathematics - Probability
Abstract: We consider a stochastic model of population dynamics where each individual is characterised by a trait in {0,1,...,L} and has a natural reproduction rate, a logistic death rate due to age or competition and a probability of mutation towards neighbouring traits at each reproduction event. We choose parameters such that the induced fitness landscape exhibits a valley: mutant individuals with negative fitness have to be created in order for the population to reach a trait with positive fitness. We focus on the limit of large population and rare mutations at several speeds. In particular, when the mutation rate is low enough, metastability occurs: the exit time of the valley is random, exponentially distributed., Comment: Second round of revision. 40 pages, 4 figures
Published: 2019

38. Looking for the right mate in diploid species: How does genetic dominance affect the spatial differentiation of a sexual trait?

Author: Charline Smadi, Hélène Leman, Violaine Llaurens, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)
Subjects: Male, 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Statistics and Probability, Heterozygote, Population, Biology, 01 natural sciences, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, Animals, Allele, education, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Genes, Dominant, Dominance (genetics), Local adaptation, education.field_of_study, General Immunology and Microbiology, Applied Mathematics, General Medicine, Mating Preference, Animal, Models, Theoretical, Diploidy, Genetic architecture, [MATH.MATH-PR]Mathematics [math]/Probability [math.PR], 010601 ecology, Fixation (population genetics), Genetics, Population, Phenotype, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, Modeling and Simulation, Sexual selection, Trait, Animal Migration, Female, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences
Abstract: Divergence between populations for a given trait can be driven by sexual selection, interacting with migration behaviour. Mating preference for different phenotypes may lead to specific migration behaviour, with departures from populations where the preferred trait is rare. Such preferences can then trigger the emergence and persistence of differentiated populations, even without any local adaptation. However the genetic architecture underlying the trait targeted by mating preference may have a profound impact on population divergence. In particular, dominance between alleles encoding for divergent phenotypes can interfere with the differentiation process. Using a diploid model of a trait determining both mating success and migration rate, we explored differentiation between two connected populations, assuming either co-dominance or strict dominance between alleles. The model assumes that individuals prefer mating with partners displaying the same phenotype and therefore tend to move to the other population when their own phenotype is rare. We show that the emergence of differentiated populations in this diploid moded is limited as compared to results obtained with the same model assuming haploidy. When assuming co-dominance, differentiation arises only when migration is limited compared to the strength of the preference. Such differentiation is less dependent on migration when assuming strict dominance between haplotypes. Dominant alleles frequently invade populations because their phenotype is more frequently expressed, resulting in higher local mating success and a rapid decrease in migration. However, depending on the initial distribution of alleles, this advantage associated with dominance (i.e. Haldane's sieve) may lead to fixation of the dominant allele throughout both populations. Depending on the initial distribution of heterozygotes in the two populations, persistence of polymorphisms within populations can also occur because heterozygotes displaying the predominant phenotype benefit from high mating success. Altogether, our results highlight that heterozygotes' behaviour has a strong impact on population differentiation and highlight the need for diploid models of differentiation and speciation driven by sexual selection.
Published: 2018

39. How do environment-dependent switching rates between susceptible and persister cells affect the dynamics of biofilms faced with antibiotics?

Author: Jean-Denis Mathias, Gabriel Carvalho, Christiane Forestier, Damien Balestrino, Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement (LMGE), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Laboratoire Microorganismes : Génome et Environnement - Clermont Auvergne (LMGE), Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Multidrug tolerance, medicine.drug_class, 030106 microbiology, Antibiotics, Biofilm, Limiting, Biology, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiology, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Article, lcsh:Microbial ecology, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology, medicine, lcsh:QR100-130, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Biotechnology
Abstract: Persisters form sub-populations of stress-tolerant cells that play a major role in the capacity of biofilms to survive and recover from disturbances such as antibiotic treatments. The mechanisms of persistence are diverse and influenced by environmental conditions, and persister populations are more heterogeneous than formerly suspected. We used computational modeling to assess the impact of three switching strategies between susceptible and persister cells on the capacity of bacterial biofilms to grow, survive and recover from antibiotic treatments. The strategies tested were: (1) constant switches, (2) substrate-dependent switches and (3) antibiotic-dependent switches. We implemented these strategies in an individual-based biofilm model and simulated antibiotic shocks on virtual biofilms. Because of limited available data on switching rates in the literature, nine parameter sets were assessed for each strategy. Substrate and antibiotic-dependent switches allowed high switching rates without affecting the growth of the biofilms. Compared to substrate-dependent switches, constant and antibiotic-dependent switches were associated with higher proportions of persisters in the top of the biofilms, close to the substrate source, which probably confers a competitive advantage within multi-species biofilms. The constant and substrate-dependent strategies need a compromise between limiting the wake-up and death of persisters during treatments and leaving the persister state fast enough to recover quickly after antibiotic-removal. Overall, the simulations gave new insights into the relationships between the dynamics of persister populations in biofilms and their dynamics of growth, survival and recovery when faced with disturbances., Biofilm persistence: Strategies for switching Computer simulations yield useful insights into strategies bacteria in biofilms use to switch into antibiotic-tolerant “persister” states. A diverse range of mechanisms are available to promote the transition into persister forms. The populations of cells in persister states are proving to be more varied than previously thought. Researchers in France, led by Gabriel Carvalho at the Complex Systems Engineering Laboratory in Aubière, modelled different switching strategies that allow biofilms to survive, recover and grow despite antibiotic treatments. Their procedure examines the effect on switching rates of a greater range of variable factors than previous simulation methods. These variables include the concentration and flow patterns of relevant chemical compounds, changing environmental conditions, and the challenge presented by different antibiotics. The results will help research toward understanding and treating a variety of medically significant biofilm infections.
Published: 2018

40. Public transportation adoption requires a paradigm shift in urban development structure

Author: Nuri Cihat Onat, Omer Tatari, Jean-Denis Mathias, Tolga Ercan, University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), ISTANBUL SEHIR UNIVERSITY TUR, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)
Subjects: Engineering, 020209 energy, Strategy and Management, media_common.quotation_subject, Fuel tax, 02 engineering and technology, 010501 environmental sciences, 01 natural sciences, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, TRANSPORTATION MODE CHOICE, Transport engineering, Urban planning, SYSTEM DYNAMICS, 11. Sustainability, MULTIVARIATE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Mode choice, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, media_common, Transportation planning, Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment, business.industry, TRANSPORTATION EMISSIONS, Interdependence, URBAN TRANSPORTATION, Paradigm shift, Public transport, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, URBAN DEVELOPMENT, business, Trip generation
Abstract: International audience; Urban passenger transportation in the U.S. has been heavily dependent on car modes, mainly due to prevailing trends in urban development. However, transportation mode choice studies are currently limited to micro-level and regional-level boundaries, lacking of presenting a complete picture of the issues and the root causes associated with urban passenger transportation choices in the U.S. To this end, further analysis from a system perspective is required to investigate the interdependencies among system parameters more thoroughly, thus revealing the underlying mechanisms contributing or causing the low public transportation use in the U.S. Hence, system dynamics modeling approach is utilized to capture complex causal relationships among the critical system parameters affecting public transportation ridership in the U.S. as well as to identify possible policy areas to improve public transportation ridership rates. Considering the high degree of uncertainties inherent to the problem, multivariate sensitivity analysis is utilized to explore the effectiveness of existing and possible policy implications up to the year 2050 in the terms of their potential to increase transit ridership and locating critical parameters that influences the most on mode choice and emission rates. Transportation mode choice behavior is projected to change slightly and reach up to a maximum of 7.25% of public transportation ridership until 2050. Analysis results reveal that the effects of trip length and rate are by far the most influential factors. Both parameters are 99% sensitive compared to all other factors including the effects of fuel tax policies, federal funds for public transportation, use of alternative green bus technologies, increasing private vehicle occupancy rates, etc. on negative environmental, economic, and social impacts of transportation. This finding highlights how important urban structures are to secure the future of public transportation in the U.S. as the existing urban structures and the shared-idea in the minds of the society about how urban transportation should be (the prevailing paradigm) are the root causes of excessive trip generation and increasing average trip lengths. Thus a paradigm-shift, a radical change in the shared-idea in the minds of the society about existing urban structures, is needed. © 2016 Elsevier Ltd
Published: 2017

41. Optimal Transport for structured data with application on graphs

Author: Vayer, Titouan, Chapel, Laetitia, Flamary, Rémi, Tavenard, Romain, Courty, Nicolas, Environment observation with complex imagery (OBELIX), Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-SIGNAUX ET IMAGES NUMÉRIQUES, ROBOTIQUE (IRISA-D5), Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes (UR)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Joseph Louis LAGRANGE (LAGRANGE), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (1965 - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique (LETG - Rennes), Littoral, Environnement, Télédétection, Géomatique UMR 6554 (LETG), Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Brest (UBO)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Université de Bretagne Sud (UBS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-CentraleSupélec-Télécom Bretagne-Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Recherche en Informatique et Systèmes Aléatoires (IRISA), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-École normale supérieure - Rennes (ENS Rennes)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), and Courty, Nicolas
Subjects: FOS: Computer and information sciences, Computer Science - Machine Learning, [STAT.ML]Statistics [stat]/Machine Learning [stat.ML], [INFO.INFO-TS]Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, [INFO.INFO-TS] Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing, Statistics - Machine Learning, [INFO.INFO-GR] Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], Machine Learning (stat.ML), [STAT.ML] Statistics [stat]/Machine Learning [stat.ML], [INFO.INFO-GR]Computer Science [cs]/Graphics [cs.GR], Machine Learning (cs.LG)
Abstract: International audience; This work considers the problem of computing distances between structured objects such as undirected graphs, seen as probability distributions in a specific metric space. We consider a new transportation distance (i.e. that minimizes a total cost of transporting probability masses) that unveils the geometric nature of the structured objects space. Unlike Wasserstein or Gromov-Wasserstein metrics that focus solely and respectively on features (by considering a metric in the feature space) or structure (by seeing structure as a metric space), our new distance exploits jointly both information, and is consequently called Fused Gromov-Wasserstein (FGW). After discussing its properties and computational aspects, we show results on a graph classification task, where our method outperforms both graph kernels and deep graph convolutional networks. Exploiting further on the metric properties of FGW, interesting geometric objects such as Fréchet means or barycenters of graphs are illustrated and discussed in a clustering context.
Published: 2019

42. What contributions does modelling make to the management of Japanese knotweed?

Author: Lavallée, F., Smadi, C., Alvarez, I., Martin, F.-M., Reineking, B., Dommanget, F., Martin, S., Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM)
Subjects: introduced species, environmental management, modelling, japanese knotweed, FALLOPIA JAPONICA, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, ESPECE EXOTIQUE, GESTION DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT, biological invasion, INVASION BIOLOGIQUE, ESPECE ENVAHISSANTE, MODELISATION, invasive species
Abstract: Will the models soon help managers optimize their field intervention strategies to curb the Asian knotweed invasion? This is the challenge that Irstea researchers are taking up by proposing a new modelling tool that will eventually make it possible to describe the growth dynamics of a knotweed massif subjected to different mowing frequencies.; Les modèles permettront-ils prochainement d'aider les gestionnaires à optimiser leurs stratégies d'intervention sur le terrain pour freiner l'invasion par les renouées asiatiques ? C'est le pari que font les chercheurs d'Irstea en proposant un nouvel outil de modélisation qui permettra à terme de décrire la dynamique de croissance d'un massif de renouées soumis à différentes fréquences de fauche.
Published: 2019

43. Knowledge infrastructure and safe operating spaces in social'ecological systems

Author: John M. Anderies, Jean-Denis Mathias, Marco A. Janssen, ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY UR CBIE TEMPE USA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU)
Subjects: Conservation of Natural Resources, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Decision Making, UNCERTAINTY, 010501 environmental sciences, Space (commercial competition), Ecological systems theory, 01 natural sciences, RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, 11. Sustainability, Planetary boundaries, Humans, SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, Resource management, [MATH]Mathematics [math], Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Sustainable development, Multidisciplinary, Sustainable Development, KNOWLEDGE INFRASTRUCTURE, Natural resource, SAFE OPERATING SPACE, Knowledge, Risk analysis (engineering), 13. Climate action, Obstacle, Sustainability, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Sackler Colloquium on Economics, Environment, and Sustainable Development, [MATH.MATH-OC]Mathematics [math]/Optimization and Control [math.OC]
Abstract: International audience; Maintaining safe operating spaces for exploited natural systems in the face of uncertainty is a key sustainability challenge. This challenge can be viewed as a problem in which human society must navigate in a limited space of acceptable futures in which humans enjoy sufficient well-being and avoid crossing planetary boundaries. A critical obstacle is the nature of society as a controller with endogenous dynamics affected by knowledge, values, and decision-making fallacies. We outline an approach for analyzing the role of knowledge infrastructure in maintaining safe operating spaces. Using a classic natural resource problem as an illustration, we find that a small safe operating space exists that is insensitive to the type of policy implementation, while in general, a larger safe operating space exists which is dependent on the implementation of the 'right' policy. Our analysis suggests the importance of considering societal response dynamics to varying policy instruments in defining the shape of safe operating spaces.
Published: 2019

44. Anticipating shocks in the state space: Characterizing robustness and building increasingly robust evolutions

Author: Sophie Martin, Isabelle Alvarez, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)
Subjects: 0209 industrial biotechnology, Mathematical optimization, Control and Optimization, Applied Mathematics, Existential quantification, 010102 general mathematics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Constraint (information theory), Set (abstract data type), 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Differential inclusion, Robustness (computer science), Kernel (statistics), [SDE]Environmental Sciences, State space, 0101 mathematics, Mathematics
Abstract: International audience; Given dynamics and constraints, the viability kernel gathers points from which there exists an evolution which remains in the constraint set. In this paper, we aim at providing more information: we introduce and study the robustness map which associates each point of the viability kernel with the maximal size of the unexpected disturbance in the state space the system can support now and in the future while always remaining inside the constraint set. We first characterize the hypograph of the robustness map in terms of a viability kernel of an augmented problem. Then the main mathematical result is that the boundary of this hypograph is a viability domain for a particular augmented problem and that the associated regulation map governs increasingly robust evolutions. Given a time horizon, the problem of finding increasingly robust evolutions which reach a given level of robustness is finally solved by the computation of the reaching time of another augmented problem.
Published: 2019

45. Do gossips enhance group hierarchies?

Author: Deffuant, Guillaume, Roozmand, Omid, Huet, Sylvie, INRAE - Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ANR-18-ORAR-0003,ToRealSim,Vers des modèles computationnels réalistes des dynamiques d'influences sociales(2018), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive (LAPSCO), Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Deffuant, Guillaume, and OPEN RESEARCH AREA FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES IN EUROPE ANR DFG ESRC NWO - Vers des modèles computationnels réalistes des dynamiques d'influences sociales - - ToRealSim2018 - ANR-18-ORAR-0003 - ORA V - VALID
Subjects: [SHS] Humanities and Social Sciences, [SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences
Abstract: International audience; We consider a simple model of agents that have an opinion about themselves, about the group they belong to and about the other agents and their group. During random pair interactions, the agents modify their opinions about themselves, about their group, about the other agent and about her group and possibly about some other agents and their group (if there are gossips in the model). We assume that in the discussions, the agents do not tell directly their opinions about the agents and themselves, but a weighted average of this opinion and their group opinion. This aims at modelling socially expected behaviours that take into account the group status of an agent when talking about her (even when the agent talks about herself). Starting from neutral opinions about groups and agents, we observe the emergence of group hierarchies when gossips are activated in the model while there is none otherwise.
Published: 2019

46. La compétition asymétrique, la croissance ontogénique et l'inégalité des tailles expliquent les différences de productivité entre les peuplements monostrates et les peuplements bistrates

Author: Georges Kunstler, Benoît Courbaud, Charline Smadi, Thomas Cordonnier, Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), ISCPIF PARIS FRA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), BGF program, France (project DISTIMACC) Ecofor 2014-23GIS-Coop, France E 12/2016Chair 'Modelisation Mathematique et Biodiversite' of VEOLIAEcole Polytechnique-MNHN-F.X., and ANR-10-LABX-0056,OSUG@2020,Innovative strategies for observing and modelling natural systems(2010)
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, media_common.quotation_subject, TREE BASAL AREA INCREMENT, COMPETITION, FOREST STRUCTURE, Efficiency, Forests, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Competition (biology), Basal area, Trees, 03 medical and health sciences, STAND PRODUCTIVITY, Statistics, Forest ecology, Ecosystem, Productivity, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, media_common, Mathematics, THEORETICAL MODEL, 15. Life on land, 030104 developmental biology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Tree (set theory), Interception, Stratum
Abstract: International audience; Size inequality has been considered a key feature of plant population structure with impacts on ecosystem functions. In forest ecosystems, studies examining the relationship between tree size inequality and stand productivity have produced mixed outcomes. These studies found positive, neutral or negative relationships and discussed how this could be influenced by competition for light between trees (e.g. light interception efficiency), but far less attention has been paid to the role played by tree ontogenetic growth. In this article, we present a simple mathematical model that predicts the basal area growth of a two-strata stand as a function of tree basal areas and asymmetric competition. Comparing the growth of this stand to the growth of a spatially homogeneous one-stratum stand and a spatially heterogeneous one-stratum stand, we show that higher growth of the two-strata stand is achieved for concave shape, increasing functions of ontogenetic growth and for low intensities of absolute size-asymmetric competition. We also demonstrate that the difference in growth between the two-strata stand and the one-stratum stands depends on tree size inequality, mean tree basal area and total basal area in the two-strata stand. We finally found that the relationships between tree size inequality and productivity can vary from positive to negative and even non-monotonous. However, we highlight that negative relationships may be more frequent. As a conclusion, our results indicate that ontogenetic growth can have a major impact on the form and the magnitude of the size inequality-productivity relationship.
Published: 2019

47. Rise and fall of reputation in a web of trust: the bitcoin-otc market case

Author: Gargiulo, Floriana, Bertazzi, Ilaria, Huet, Sylvie, Groupe d'Etude des Méthodes de l'Analyse Sociologique de la Sorbonne (GEMASS), Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme (FMSH)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), and Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Abstract: International audience; Bitcoin-otc is a peer to peer (over-the-counter) marketplace for trading with bitcoin crypto-currency. To mitigate the risks of the p2p unsupervised exchanges, the establishment of a reliable reputation systems is needed: for this reason, a web of trust is implemented on the website. The availability of all the historic of the users' interaction data makes this dataset a unique playground for studying reputation dynamics through others' evaluations. We analyze the structure and the dynamics of this web of trust with a multilayer network approach distinguishing the rewarding and the punitive behaviors. We show that the rewarding and the punitive behavior have similar emergent topological properties (apart from the clustering coefficient being higher for the rewarding layer) and that the resultant reputation originates from the complex interaction of the more regular behaviors on the layers. We show that the systems' reputation inequality reaches a high steady value with the network evolution. We characterize the reputation trajectories identifying prototypical behaviors associated to three classes of users: trustworthy, untrusted and controversial. Controversial users are the only ones presenting up and down reputation trends. We focus on these cases for understanding which are the possible factors driving reputation falls and which dynamical patterns characterize these cascades: some users have real oscillating behaviors, other abuse of the trust system doing a few good transactions to gain reputation for cheating the users afterwards, other naturally and slowly die out after a long series of positive exchanges (like disappearing from the system) and finally, some users are hardly beaten by organized trolling attacks.
Published: 2019

48. Wood-lignin: Supply, extraction processes and use as bio-based material

Author: Christophe Vial, Amélie Tribot, Agnès Pons, Claude-Gilles Dussap, Jean-Denis Mathias, Hélène de Baynast, Jean Marc Callois, Maarouf Abdou Alio, Philippe Michaud, Ghenima Amer, Cédric Delattre, Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Territoires (Territoires), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Ministère de l'agriculture, de l'alimentation, de la pêche, de la ruralité et de l'aménagement du territoire, Institut Pascal (IP), SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Auvergne Rhone-Alpes Regional Council European Union (EU), and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])
Subjects: Polymers and Plastics, Bioconversion, General Physics and Astronomy, Bio based, 02 engineering and technology, engineering.material, 010402 general chemistry, WOOD, Lignin, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, chemistry.chemical_compound, Materials Chemistry, Hemicellulose, Cellulose, Polymer, Pulp (paper), Organic Chemistry, POLYMER, EXTRACTION PROCESS, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Pulp and paper industry, Wood, 0104 chemical sciences, Extraction process, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Biofuel, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, engineering, BIO-BASED MATERIAL, Adhesive, Bio-based material, 0210 nano-technology, LIGNIN
Abstract: [Departement_IRSTEA]Territoires [ADD1_IRSTEA]Bioéconomie territoriale; International audience; Wood is the main source of lignin in the world. This generic term 'Lignin' describes a large group of aromatic biopolymers, i.e. the second most abundant class of biopolymers on Earth. It accounts for approximately 30% of wood weight while conferring rigidity and antimicrobial properties to wood. Since lignin is combined with cellulose and hemicellulose in biomass, this will constitute a limiting factor in the bioconversion of wood into pulp or second-generation biofuels through the biochemical pathway. These processes generate a huge quantity of lignin as by-products, mainly used as fuels for energy savings. Recently, alternative routes towards lignin's valorization were emphasized (e.g. as bio-based resins, adhesives, or composites), but they strongly depend on lignin's chemical structure, also dependent on fractionation process. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the strong interplay between extraction processes, resource supply, and recent uses of lignin into bio-based materials.
Published: 2019

49. Alkyl-Chitosan-Based Adhesive: Water Resistance Improvement

Author: Jacques Desbrieres, Alina-Violeta Ursu, Hélène de Baynast, Narimane Mati-Baouche, Michel Grédiac, Jean-Denis Mathias, Cédric Delattre, Philippe Michaud, Institut Pascal (IP), SIGMA Clermont (SIGMA Clermont)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Glycobiologie et Matrice Extracellulaire Végétale (Glyco-MEV), Université de Rouen Normandie (UNIROUEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU), Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), Institut des sciences analytiques et de physico-chimie pour l'environnement et les materiaux (IPREM), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pascal - Clermont Auvergne (IP), Sigma CLERMONT (Sigma CLERMONT)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: adhesive, [SDV.BIO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biotechnology, Pharmaceutical Science, 02 engineering and technology, [SDV.BC.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology/Subcellular Processes [q-bio.SC], 01 natural sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Chitosan, chemistry.chemical_compound, Viscosity, Drug Discovery, [SDV.BC.IC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology/Cell Behavior [q-bio.CB], [SDV.BDD]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Development Biology, chemistry.chemical_classification, Bond strength, Polymer, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Wood, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biomolecules [q-bio.BM], Chemistry (miscellaneous), Molecular Medicine, 0210 nano-technology, Rheology, Materials science, macromolecular substances, [SDV.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Cellular Biology, 010402 general chemistry, Article, lcsh:QD241-441, lcsh:Organic chemistry, Adhesives, [SDV.BBM.GTP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Genomics [q-bio.GN], [SDV.BV]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, [SDV.BBM.BC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Biochemistry [q-bio.BM], alkylation, Alkyl, Organic Chemistry, technology, industry, and agriculture, Chemical modification, Water, [SDV.BBM.BM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Biochemistry, Molecular Biology/Molecular biology, water resistance, equipment and supplies, 0104 chemical sciences, [SDV.BV.PEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Phytopathology and phytopharmacy, carbohydrates (lipids), [SDV.BV.AP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Plant breeding, Octanal, [CHIM.POLY]Chemical Sciences/Polymers, chemistry, Chemical engineering, Adhesive, Stress, Mechanical, chitosan
Abstract: International audience; A chemical modification by grafting alkyl chains using an octanal (C8) on chitosan was conducted with the aim to improve its water resistance for bonding applications. The chemical structure of the modified polymers was determined by NMR analyses revealing two alkylation degrees (10 and 15%). In this study, the flow properties of alkyl-chitosans were also evaluated. An increase in the viscosity was observed in alkyl-chitosan solutions compared with solutions of the same concentration based on native chitosan. Moreover, the evaluation of the adhesive strength (bond strength and shear stress) of both native and alkyl-chitosans was performed on two different double-lap adherends (aluminum and wood). Alkyl-chitosans (10 and 15%) maintain sufficient adhesive properties on wood and exhibit better water resistance compared to native chitosan.
Published: 2019

50. Quels apports de la modélisation pour l'aide à la gestion de la renouée du Japon ?

Author: LAVALLÉE, François, SMADI, Charline, MARTIN, François-Marie, ALVAREZ, Isabelle, REINEKING, Bjoern, DOMMANGET, Fanny, Laboratoire d'ingénierie pour les systèmes complexes (UR LISC), Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), and Laboratoire des EcoSystèmes et des Sociétés en Montagne (UR LESSEM)
Subjects: lcsh:GE1-350, Espèce exotique, FALLOPIA JAPONICA, ESPECE EXOTIQUE, biological invasion, INVASION BIOLOGIQUE, MODELISATION, lcsh:TD1-1066, invasive species, introduced species, environmental management, modelling, japanese knotweed, Modélisation, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, GESTION DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT, lcsh:Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering, ESPECE ENVAHISSANTE, lcsh:Environmental sciences, Espèce envahissante
Abstract: Will the models soon help managers optimize their field intervention strategies to curb the Asian knotweed invasion? This is the challenge that Irstea researchers are taking up by proposing a new modelling tool that will eventually make it possible to describe the growth dynamics of a knotweed massif subjected to different mowing frequencies.; Les modèles permettront-ils prochainement d'aider les gestionnaires à optimiser leurs stratégies d'intervention sur le terrain pour freiner l'invasion par les renouées asiatiques ? C'est le pari que font les chercheurs d'Irstea en proposant un nouvel outil de modélisation qui permettra à terme de décrire la dynamique de croissance d'un massif de renouées soumis à différentes fréquences de fauche.
Published: 2019

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