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Based on a correspondence experiment, this article examines if the size of population of foreign background in a city exerts any significant effect on the extent of labour-market discrimination faced by job applicants of migrant origin. The study results find neither any statistically significant relationship between the two, nor do they lend support to the group threat and group contact conceptual frameworks. Rather, they appear to corroborate the pure discrimination model, as discrimination seems to be uniformly spread over all cities and all types of jobs with different characteristics. However, the findings of this study do not exclude the possibility that there could be a threshold value in the share of foreign population after which the picture of discrimination would become richer in nuances and some of the theories would gain more explanatory power. Base sur une experience de correspondance, cet article examine si la taille de la population d'origine etrangere dans une ville exerce un effet significatif sur l'ampleur de la discrimination sur le marche du travail a laquelle sont confrontes les candidats a l'emploi d'origine immigree. Les resultats de l'etude ne revelent aucune relation statistiquement significative entre les deux, et ne soutiennent pas non plus les cadres conceptuels de la menace de groupe et du contact de groupe. Ils semblent plutot corroborer le modele de discrimination pure, car la discrimination semble etre uniformement repandue dans toutes les villes et dans tous les types d'emplois presentant des caracteristiques differentes. Toutefois, les resultats de cette etude n'excluent pas la possibilite qu'il puisse y avoir une valeur seuil dans la part de la population etrangere apres laquelle le tableau de la discrimination deviendrait plus riche en nuances et certaines des theories gagneraient en pouvoir explicatif., INTRODUCTION Scholarship has consistently highlighted immigrants' labour-market incorporation as one of the most significant indicators of their successful integration into the host society. It is crucial, as a failure to [...]

International studies show disadvantages for adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the labor market. Data about their participation in the German labor market are scarce. The aim of this study was to examine the integration of adults with ASD in the German labor market in terms of education, employment and type of occupation by means of a cross-sectional-study, using a postal questionnaire. Findings show above average levels of education for adults with ASD compared to the general population of Germany and simultaneously, below average rates of employment and high rates of financial dependency. That indicates a poor integration of adults with ASD in the German labor market and emphasizes the need for vocational support policies for adults with ASD., Author(s): Tolou Maslahati [sup.1] , Christian J. Bachmann [sup.2] , Juliana Höfer [sup.3] , Charlotte Küpper [sup.1] [sup.7] , Sanna Stroth [sup.4] , Nicole Wolff [sup.6] , Luise Poustka [sup.5] [...]

The line between hypervisibility and invisibility appears to be blurred for Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) women in the workplace due to their race and gendered status (Lander and Santoro 2017). The intersection of race and gender exposes many BAME women to discrimination, structural inequalities, and the dynamics of tokenism, which can be a cause of intense job dissatisfaction (Stroshine and Brandl 2011). It is often the case that discussions on the economic integration of immigrants focus mainly on how the socio-economic dynamics of the host country can limit them to certain labour market sectors. While this is a key area that must be discussed, 'the interaction between the internal cultural and social differences and the wider structural and ideological processes of the country of residence' must also be interrogated (Anthias 1992: viii). Such deep exploration contributes to the examination of migrant women's experiences of the intersection of gender, identity, and social mobility within the labour market and their personal lives. In this paper, based on individual accounts and drawing on intersectionality as an analytical framework (Crenshaw 1989; Bowleg 2012; Collins and Bilge 2020), I examine the multiple and complex interlocking structural inequalities suffered by immigrant women. This paper also presents how personal narratives can illuminate often hidden complexities in the workplace and labour market at large. Based on three main themes, deskilling and downward mobility, settling for BBC (2) jobs, and confronting discrimination in skilled employment, I examine the different ways migrant women engage with their stories about negotiating the labour market, which lay bare some of the limits and gaps between policies and practices in the post-industrial labour market. I present how the different ways they engage with narratives of their experiences in the workplace is very telling of the far-reaching impact their experiences have on their self-identity and well-being. As a feminist researcher, and one whose life is also marked by migration experiences, I go beyond examining the process of deskilling to exploring how participants make sense of their experiences, the impact on their lives, and their present sense of identity. Keywords: Race, Gender, Intersectionality, Discrimination, Migration, Professional women, U.K., Migrant women, Downward mobility, Nigerian migrants, Nigerian women, U.K. migration, Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME), Native ethnography., April 2021 Introduction This paper is a part of my doctoral thesis, a broader research on the immigration and adaptation narratives of professional Nigerian women in the UK. Providing a [...]

We conducted a scoping review of the demand-side employment literature to identify promising practices that increase employers' motivation and efforts to recruit and hire people with disabilities (PWD). This scoping review was reported in accordance with the Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Anal-yses (PRISMA) guidelines. Five databases were utilized in our effort to search for demand-side employment articles related to recruiting and hiring of people with disabilities published between 1985 and 2017. After filtering articles based on our search criteria, the final number of articles included in the analysis was 96. An analysis of these articles revealed seven central themes related to employers' motivation and efforts to include people with disabilities in their workforces. These themes include: 1) Employer Attitudes; 2) Disability Employment Legislation; 3) Reasonable Accommodations; 4) Diversity and Inclusion Policies, Procedures and Practices; 5) Past Experiences with Hiring PWD; 6) Company Characteristics; and 7) Recruitment Strategies. Findings of this scoping review provide practical and useful information for rehabilitation counselors, transition specialists, and other disability service providers to engage and assist employers in their efforts to recruit and retain qualified employees with disabilities. Keywords: demand-side employment, recruitment, retention, people with disabilities, disability inclusion, and employer practices, According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 56.7 million people (18.7%) of the civilian non-institutionalized population had a disability in 2010 (Brault, 2012). However, less than half of people with [...]

In the context of reducing female labor demand and restructuring female work in integration, determinants of women's employment are studied using data of 2010 VHLSS with 11,085 women aged 15 and older who were working in the Vietnamese labor market. The economic and care needs, values and opportunities of women working are important. At the region-level, economic development and equality will give women opportunities for better work. Women's education and training clearly take a key position. The analysis shows the effect of education and training are strongest and positive for women with employment in the group of 'Leaders, managers, and administrators; High and Middle-level technicians and professionals'. The finding suggests an effect of household social-economic status on women's employment achievements. Our results stress the importance of education and training as the major road towards women's empowerment in Vietnam. Keywords: female labor demand, female employment outcomes, Multinomial Logistic Regression, Introduction Vietnamese women have historically been economically empowered. They have a long tradition of participating actively in the labor force. In 2016, about 72.5 percent of women were part of [...]

I. PUNISHMENT AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE WAS MAINLY THE CONCEPTION OF GEORG Rusche, one of its two authors. In order to shed some light on the quite knotted origins of this [...]

HECTOR FIGUEROA IS THE PRESIDENT OF LOCAL 32BJ of the Service Employees international Union (SEIU). Based in New York City, 32BJ has 145,000 members along the eastern seaboard, making it [...]

This is how many older American workers today feel--trapped in a stagnant or downward economic situation as a result of their age and a shifting economic landscape beyond their control. [...]

Abstract Through the use of a social exclusion framework and analysis of recent data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (2009), a national longitudinal database, this empirical research [...]

Abstract Over half of all migrants to Canada are under 29 years of age and one quarter arrive as refugees. Studies on occupational achievements and labour market status have been [...]

Populations across Europe are ageing as death rates among the old and fertility rates among the young fall. This produces a number of long-term challenges for national governments most notably, coping with the increased demand for social services, pensions and benefits that must be funded by a declining proportion of working adults. One policy response has been to extend people's working lives, but we know relatively little about the skills and employment experiences of older workers and how these compare with younger workers. This paper sheds new light on this issue by examining whether older workers do less well than their younger counterparts in terms of the skills of the jobs they hold, the quality of their working lives, their commitment to their current employer and to employment in general, and their attitudes towards and experiences of training. The paper also assesses whether these age gaps have closed over time. The empirical evidence for the paper is from five separate but comparable surveys carried out in 1986, 1992, 1997, 2001 and 2006. Taken together, the five surveys provide information on the employment experiences of over 22,000 workers in Great Britain. This allows us to chart whether we are witnessing the disappearance of at least some of the age divisions in the labour market. KEY WORDS--ageing, employment, quality of work, skills, training. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X10000681

A study that provides a model for joint determination of premarital schooling and marriage patterns of men and women is presented. The different market wages and household roles cause men and women to have different incentives to invest in schooling. The irregularity can generate a mixed equilibrium with some individuals marrying uneducated spouses.

Using ethnographic and interview data, this article explores how labor market transformations affect gender norms and family life in a rural community that has historically been tied to a single industry. It argues that the gender strategies pursued by couples heavily impact their relationships and families. Flexibility with regard to gender norms is key to creating stable relationships in a context of labor market change that threatens the existing gender order For couples that are tied rigidly to traditional breadwinner/homemaker gender roles, men's inabilities to be the sole providers create marital and family tensions. On the other hand, couples in which men are able to refocus their conceptions of masculinity on more attainable goals such as active parenting experience less strife and more satisfaction. The research finds that rural men are more flexible with regard to masculine identity than found by previous scholars, particularly with regard to conceptions of fatherhood. The article explores in depth the processes and discourses that facilitate flexible gender identities in this conservative rural community. Keywords: gender, family, poverty, job loss, rural. DOI: 10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.599

Using census data, the author looks at the relationships between gender earnings disparities and several dimensions, including geographic location, level of education, and employer type. White men's earnings are generally higher than that of all women and all minority men and that while men earn more than women within almost all population segments, the disparities between White women and White men are different from those between women of color and men of color. The greatest earnings parity between men and women exists within metropolitan areas. While earnings increase for both women and men as education increases, the earnings gap between women and men remains fairly consistent, with the category of professional degrees, where the gap is much larger being an exception. The greatest earnings disparities exist among the self-employed and within local government and the greatest gender earnings parity within the federal government, suggesting that where requirements for parity are institutional, they reduce the gender gap. Keywords: women; equity; race; pay equity; gender; income

From July 2008 to July 2009 the labour force grew by 166,000 but there was no increase in the number of people employed Consequently this increase translated directly into growth [...]

Researchers have commonly invoked isolation from job opportunities as an explanation for persistence of gender and race inequality in the labor market, but few have examined whether access to information about job opportunities varies by race and gender. Findings from nationally representative survey data reveal significant white male advantage in the number of job leads received through routine conversations when compared to white women and Hispanics. Differences in social network resources (social capital) partly explain the deficit among Hispanics, but fail to account for the job lead gap between white women and men. Further analyses show that inequality in the receipt of job information is greatest at the highest levels of supervisory authority, where white males receive substantially more job leads than women and minorities. Keywords: social capital, networks, job information, inequality, gender, race.

Latino/as constitute the largest ethno-racial minority group in the United States, and a significant and growing proportion of the US labour force. Nevertheless, they remain at the bottom of the US economy, concentrated and overrepresented in 'bad jobs'. Using a case study from agricultural work, this paper examines how racialization is implicated in such positioning of Latino/as within the labour market. Based on data from in-depth interviews, I explore how agricultural employers articulate racial meanings about and in relation to Latino/a workers. While employers espouse colour-blindness, they routinely invoke racial meanings in their assessment of workers and everyday practices. They use race as proxy for worker quality, making racialized distinctions between recent immigrants and second +-generation Latino/as. A dual frame of reference serves as an ideological tool to de-problematize exploitative work conditions in the United States. I explore the theoretical and political implications of these findings. Keywords: Latino/as; racialization; colour-blindness; race as culture; dual frame of reference; multiple racisms.

This paper examines inequalities between white and black and brown populations in Brazil within occupations that require university degree. The main result confirms that once reached the university degree, blacks/brown usually obtain smaller but comparable income to that of whites. Although some racial discrimination in labor market may exist, such result corroborates other studies that identify schooling differentials as the main reason for the high income inequality found in Brazil. Keywords Labor market. Social inequalities- Racial inequalities. Labor discrimination. Inequalities in Brazil

Race and sex differentials in labor market outcomes in Brazil appear substantial, phenomena often tied to occupational segregation. This paper presents an array of Duncan indices of dissimilarity to investigate the magnitude and contours of occupational differentiation in Brazil, as well as changes in the recent past, constructed from Pesquisa Nacional pot Amostra de Domicilios (PNAD) microdata for 1989 and 2001. Findings include the facts that measurable occupational differentation by sex is over twice as high as that by race and that differentiation on both counts is highest among people 35 and older and outside the Northeastern region. Occupational differentiation by race appears comparable among women and men, but may be higher among women if accurately measured. Racial differentiation grows with education, while sexual segregation declines. Differentiation has declined modestly since 1989 in almost all categories except by race among younger people, men and the most educated. Keywords Occupational segregation. Race- Ethnicity. Sex. Brazil-Labor markets. Discrimination

This study focuses on the role of social ties and human capital in the integration of Latino immigrants into the local economy. This analysis extends earlier research by focusing on more rural contexts with limited labor-market opportunities and less access to social resources provided by coethnics. We reconsider conclusions of previous studies by focusing on areas with limited labor-market opportunities and less access to resources provided by coethnics. Using data from in-depth interviews, focus-group discussions, and surveys of former farmworkers in five rural communities in New York, we consider how individuals move from agricultural to other types of employment. Multinomial logit and ordinary least squares regression analyses confirm indications from our qualitative data that strong social ties, weak ties, and human capital all play distinctive parts in the economic integration of immigrants outside the ethnic enclave. These resources have the most positive impact on incomes when they contribute to the immigrants' self-reliance in finding employment. This finding is consistent with observations from the social-network literature that those who are less reliant on strong social ties are better able to take advantage of a broader range of labor-market opportunities.

Byline: Monde Makiwane (1), Stella Kwizera (2) Keywords: Youth; Well-being; South Africa; Quality of life; Labour market; Mortality; Fertility; Poverty Abstract: This paper was a result of an analysis from various data sources with a purpose to develop a better understanding of the level of socio-economic well being of young people in South Africa. Such understanding is aimed at enabling government to plan and implement well-structured and integrated development programmes that are relevant to the socio-economic needs of the youth and that will enable them to fully participate in all aspects of society. Two main sources of data were used for this analysis. The first is the Status of the Youth (SYR) data set. The second data set used in this study is the South African Social Attitudes Survey (SASAS) which is a national representative sample of 5,000 households. The study shows that the quality of life among majority of young people remains low, reflecting the historical racial cleavages of South African society. This is mainly due to the emergence of the AIDS pandemic in South Africa, and the fact that many young people remain outside the labour market. Author Affiliation: (1) Child Youth, Family and Social Development, Human Science Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa (2) Department of Sociology, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa Article History: Registration Date: 10/06/2008 Received Date: 26/02/2008 Accepted Date: 10/06/2008 Online Date: 22/07/2008

Abundant research has found that men's economic status shapes their gender ideology such that men who are breadwinners are less likely to endorse egalitarian ideology than men in nontraditional arrangements. This article investigates how the association between men's breadwinning status and gender ideology is influenced by the institutional arrangements of different types of labor markets. Rigid labor markets support men's ability to be breadwinners in the long term, whereas flexible labor markets provide men with more frequent, but less permanent, experiences of nontraditional arrangements. The authors anticipate that breadwinner status will have stronger effects on men's gender ideology in rigid labor markets because men can expect less fluctuation in their employment situations in those contexts. Results from a multilevel analysis of 27 countries indeed demonstrate that individual men's economic dependency on their partners influences men's gender egalitarian ideology more strongly in rigid labor markets than inflexible markets. Keywords: gender ideology; labor market rigidity/flexibility; breadwinning; economic dependency; cross-national; masculinity

Given the aging of the U.S. population and the greater contributions of older workers to the labor force, understanding how policy levers can affect elderly labor supply has become increasingly important. The authors use data from the Health and Retirement Study linked to state identifiers to estimate the responsiveness of the labor supply of older workers to the wage and features of the tax code, both on the probability of participating in the labor market and on hours of work for those who choose to work. The authors find that a 10% increase in the wage is associated with a 5% increase in participation, and they estimate slightly larger responses to marginal tax rates. These results suggest that government policies could increase the labor supply of older individuals by changing the returns to work through the tax code. Keywords: aging; labor supply; elderly; taxes

Byline: Niels Spierings (1,2), Jeroen Smits (2), Mieke Verloo (1) Keywords: Democracy; Islam; Women's labor market participation; Modernization Abstract: Although the Muslim world is sometimes depicted as a homogeneous civilization lacking democracy and gender equality, Muslim countries show tremendous economic, political and cultural variation. In this paper, this variation is used to gain insight into the determinants of women's labor market participation (LMP) in the Muslim world. We use data on 45 Muslim countries and apply SEM models to determine effects of modernization, democracy, cultural background, and state Islamization on women's participation in the formal economy (absolute LMP) and on the share of women in the labor force (relative LMP). Women's absolute LMP is higher in Muslim countries with higher levels of economic development and in the oil-exporting countries. For women's relative LMP, practical democracy (the degree to which people actively participate in the system) takes in a key position. It has a strong positive effect on women's relative LMP and mediates the effects of economic development (positive), formal democratic structures (positive) and state Islamization (negative) on women's relative LMP. Results indicate that in these countries modernization may lead to empowerment of women by increasing their absolute LMP, but that for attaining gender equality the political opportunity structures is most important. Author Affiliation: (1) Department of Political Science, Institute of Management Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9108, 6500 HK, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (2) Department of Economics, Institute of Management Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands Article History: Registration Date: 29/05/2008 Received Date: 07/02/2008 Accepted Date: 27/05/2008 Online Date: 27/08/2008

This article reviews Daniel Patrick Moynihan's views on employment and young black men in his 1965 report. The author then updates the evidence on their employment status and reviews the causes and policy implications of these trends. Moynihan was extremely insightful and even prescient in arguing that the employment situation of young black men was a 'crisis ... that would only grow worse.' He understood that these trends involve both limits on labor market opportunities that these young men face as well as skill deficits of and behavioral responses by the young men themselves. Policies that deal with a wide range of disadvantages and behaviors are needed to reverse these trends. Keywords: Daniel Patrick Moynihan; The Negro Family; employment; black men; labor market

This article examines the effect of prior military service on hiring for entry-level jobs in a major metropolitan labor market. The research employs an audit method in which resumes differing only in the presentation of military experience versus civilian work experience are faxed in response to an advertised position. Results suggest that employers exhibit preferential treatment of black military veterans with transferable skills over black nonveterans. Veterans with traditional military experience in the combat arms do not experience preferential treatment by employers, regardless of racial/ethnic background. These findings suggest a possible mechanism generating the postmilitary employment benefit among blacks found in prior observational studies. A veteran premium in hiring may stem from the concentration of blacks in military occupational specialties with a high degree of civilian transferability, combined with employer preferences for military veterans with such work experience over their nonveteran peers. Keywords: military; veterans; Army; hiring; discrimination

The author reviews evidence on age discrimination in U.S. labor markets and on the effects of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) in combating this discrimination, focusing on the challenge of population aging facing the U.S. economy in coming decades. Combating age discrimination is likely to help in meeting this challenge by encouraging the employment of older individuals. But the author also explores how the rapid aging of the population protected by the ADEA might inhibit the ADEA's effectiveness and raises questions about possible changes in age discrimination policies and enforcement that could enhance the ability of the ADEA to mitigate some of the adverse consequences of population aging. Keywords: age discrimination; Age Discrimination in Employment Act; population aging

Byline: Arthur Sakamoto, Department of Sociology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712; email: asakamoto@austin.utexas.edu; Kimberly A. Goyette, Department of Sociology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122; email: kgoyette@temple.edu; ChangHwan Kim, Department of Sociology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045; email: chkim@ku.edu Keywords: educational attainment, labor market, earnings, majority-minority paradigm, model minority myth, post-Civil Rights era Abstract According to the majority-minority paradigm, racial and ethnic minorities have lower socioeconomic characteristics than whites owing to discrimination. Asian Americans defy this conventional view, however, at least on average. Asian Americans tend to have higher mean levels of educational achievements, and several recent studies indicate approximate parity with whites in most arenas of the labor market for those Asian Americans who were schooled in the United States. Their favorable socioeconomic outcomes stand in contrast to the widespread discrimination and labor market disadvantages that Asian Americans encountered during the earlier part of the twentieth century. The improved opportunities for Asian Americans suggest increasingly successful interrelations with whites in the post-Civil Rights era, with its more multicultural ethos. Less encouragingly, the favorable average socioeconomic profile of Asian Americans in the post-Civil Rights era in part reflects the rising significance of class resources and associated inequalities. The latter trend is evident in the notable socioeconomic variability within the racial category of Asian Americans.

Throughout the industrialised world, promoting the retention of older workers is high on the agenda of governments, employers, unions and the media, but not at any price. If persuading older workers to stay at work longer is to benefit companies and wider society, then the employees should be committed and satisfied with their decision. This study explores the factors that keep older workers satisfied and committed at work by contrasting samples of older (aged 50 or more years) and younger workers (up to 25 years) in favourable (Sweden) and unfavourable labour markets (Belgium). The core research question is whether the influential factors are different for the two age groups, after controlling for country, gender, educational level, employment sector, supervisory position, and the employee's financial contribution to the household. The predictors included workers' self-reports of skill discretion (i.e. the range of skills used on the job), organisational fairness, and perceived job insecurity. Hierarchical linear regressions revealed that, across age groups, skill discretion and organisational fairness predicted both job satisfaction and organisational commitment. For older workers there was a negative impact of perceived job insecurity on job satisfaction and organisational commitment. The national context only affected younger workers. In the unfavourable Belgian labour market, they were more satisfied and committed to their organisation. KEY WORDS--older workers, job satisfaction, organisational commitment, workforce retention.

Prior studies suggest that the passage of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) in 1986 signaled deterioration in the labor market conditions faced by Mexican migrant men. In this article, the authors examine whether and how labor market conditions changed for migrant women after 1986, and the extent to which these shifts were comparable to those experienced by men. Using data about household heads and their spouses from the Mexican Migration Project, they examine sex differences in five employment conditions: hourly wages, hours worked, and the likelihoods of receiving wages in cash and paying federal and Social Security taxes. The authors find significant gender differences in the post-1986 period, especially after 1993 when most avenues to legal visas disappeared. These findings document negative policy impacts on the employment conditions of Mexican migrant men and women, and they suggest particularly precarious employment conditions for women since 1994. Keywords: employment; Mexico; immigration; policy; gender

The key variable is the incipient formation of global labor markets at the top and bottom of the economic system. At the top there is the transnational market for high-level managerial and professional talent across economic sectors, from finance to engineering; this market is increasingly shaped by public and private regulations. At the bottom one finds an amalgamation of mostly informal flows, with the 'global care chains' among the most visible ones. There are sites of complex intersection between these two markets. The two sites singled out for examining the formation of these labor circuits are the global city and a set of Global South countries subject to the international debt-financing regime that puts governments, firms, and households under enormous constraints to survive. Emigration and people trafficking now generate money flows that help governments, firms, and households survive. The focus is especially on lower labor circuits and their feminizing. Keywords: labor circuits; global labor markets; global cities; feminization of survival