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Main telecommunication companies in Argentina have had transnational shareholders since the 1990's and have achieved a very high level of concentration and growth due to national state laws. Telefónica Argentina is one of the most important companies that has been favoured by different governments ensuring a great business development and a dominant market position. This paper presents a critical analysis of the public communication policies in Argentina between 1989 and 2021 using Telefónica as case study, under the political economy perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the development of digital information competence with journalism as a didactic tool. A review of the educational regulation and digital competence is carried out, as well as its relationship with media literacy. Different authors defend the need to train students with critical and reflexive capacity, so as the access and the compression of the information are fundamental. Thus, our approach places journalism as a didactic tool in the classroom for all subjects and raises the possibility of a specific subject linked to digital information literacy and media literacy. To justify this study, 107 teachers from 32 secondary schools in Seville, who have participated in the project "The Press in Schools", have been surveyed. The fundamental objective is to demonstrate that media literacy is an important axis of digital information competence and that it is directly related to the comprehension of journalistic content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper represents the initial phase of a larger project being developed by the "Media, communication policy and democracy in the European Union" research group, which is currently working on the study "Communication policies, SVOD platforms and values education for minors in the single digital market (2020-2022)". We wish to pursue in this study that, beyond technological considerations, it is necessary to expand the scope of child protection by establishing mutual collaboration between regulators, distributors and video on demand services, as well as consumers and parents' organisations, in an effort to further enhance cooperation and mutual understanding (European Regulators Group for Audiovisual Media Services, 2017b, p. 75). It is for this reason that we believe that the academic sphere can also be invited into this wide-ranging discussion on child protection to contribute reflections on a key aspect: audiovisual and media education, an essential pillar of protection in addition to filters, external limits, and electronic labelling. We thus uphold a vision that not only considers the "digital stuff" but also highlights the need for "ethos stuff" (Goggin, 2008, p.89). In this respect, we have considered it essential a literature review on the concept of media literacy. Secondly, our qualitative methodology involves an analysis of the instructions issued by the European Union and their implementation in Spain. In this stage, we have conducted desk research based on a narrative analysis of the documents and programs of different institutions in order to chart the evolution of the question in recent years, at a time when the digital environment has changed more quickly than ever before. This same type of analysis is also conducted on the initiatives of European and Spanish companies to determine whether they are implementing child protection strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the production companies in Spanish commercial television for the channels Antena 3 (Atresmedia Televisión) and TeleCinco (Mediaset España), which are the two private television networks with the greatest audience share in Spain. Methods. A quantitative method was used to analyze the programming grid of an 8-day sample based on a content analysis. Results and discussion. The paper shows that the production companies that appeared in both channels are linked in most times with international conglomerates and that, on the contrary, small production companies have scare presence. Conclusion. The tendency of outsourcing contents fosters a high penetration of transnational groups and international capital sources in the production of Spanish TV programs, which impedes formats created in Spain, and consequentially, the presence of national production companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines freedom of expression in Spain in the context of the concept of "risk society" proposed by German sociologist Ulrich Beck and originally applied to scientific knowledge. Noting the original use of the term to refer to the feudalization implicit in cognitive practice, it finds that freedom of expression in Spain is limited by a press that perpetuates a single version of reality generated by special interests. The article describes how the practice of journalism in Spain is shaped by evolving technologies, the impact of images, and routine in the journalism profession.