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1. Influence of flicker noise and nonlinearity on the frequency spectrum of spin torque nano-oscillators

Author

Serge Galliou, Paolo Bortolotti, Kay Yakushiji, Julie Grollier, Vincent Cros, Hitoshi Kubota, Shinji Yuasa, Steffen Wittrock, Gilles Cibiel, Ursula Ebels, Philippe Talatchian, Denis Crété, Sumito Tsunegi, Enrico Rubiola, Akio Fukushima, Femto-st, Temps-fréquence, Unité mixte de physique CNRS/Thales (UMPhy CNRS/THALES), THALES [France]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spintronics Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), SPINtronique et TEchnologie des Composants (SPINTEC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Franche-Comté Électronique Mécanique, Thermique et Optique - Sciences et Technologies (UMR 6174) (FEMTO-ST), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC), ANR-10-LABX-4801,ANR-10-LABX-48-01,ANR-10-LABX-48-01, ANR-18-CE24-0012,SPINNET,La spintronique microondes pour les réseaux de capteurs sans fils(2018), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-THALES, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard (UTBM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM)-Université de Franche-Comté (UFC), Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté [COMUE] (UBFC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Labex First-TF ANR-10-LABX-48-01, Cooperative Research Agreement Award No 70NANB14H20, through the University of Maryland, and 'SPINNET' ANR-18-CE24-0012

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, [SPI.OTHER]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, Spectral shape analysis, Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, lcsh:Medicine, Context (language use), Article, [SPI]Engineering Sciences [physics], 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Nanoscience and technology, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), Phase noise, Torque, Flicker noise, [NLIN]Nonlinear Sciences [physics], Statistical physics, lcsh:Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Spin-½, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Physics, Multidisciplinary, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, [SPI.OTHER] Engineering Sciences [physics]/Other, lcsh:R, Nonlinear system, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Q, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract

The correlation of phase fluctuations in any type of oscillator fundamentally defines its spectral shape. However, in nonlinear oscillators, such as spin torque nano-oscillators, the frequency spectrum can become particularly complex. This is specifically true when not only considering thermal but also colored 1/f flicker noise processes, which are crucial in the context of the oscillator’s long term stability. In this study, we address the frequency spectrum of spin torque oscillators in the regime of large-amplitude steady oscillations experimentally and as well theoretically. We particularly take both thermal and flicker noise into account. We perform a series of measurements of the phase noise and the spectrum on spin torque vortex oscillators, notably varying the measurement time duration. Furthermore, we develop the modelling of thermal and flicker noise in Thiele equation based simulations. We also derive the complete phase variance in the framework of the nonlinear auto-oscillator theory and deduce the actual frequency spectrum. We investigate its dependence on the measurement time duration and compare with the experimental results. Long term stability is important in several of the recent applicative developments of spin torque oscillators. This study brings some insights on how to better address this issue.

Published
2020
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2. First international comparison of fountain primary frequency standards via a long distance optical fiber link

Author

Heiner Denker, M. Lours, Sébastien Bize, Sebastian Koke, Gesine Grosche, Y. Le Coq, Anne Amy-Klein, Daniele Nicolodi, Christian Chardonnet, Burghard Lipphardt, Giorgio Santarelli, J. Guena, Paul-Eric Pottie, S. M. F. Raupach, M. Abgrall, Peter Rosenbusch, Nicolas Quintin, Christian Grebing, Stefan Weyers, F. Meynadier, R. Le Targat, Fabrice Wiotte, A. Kuhl, Nicola Chiodo, Emilie Camisard, Olivier Lopez, Vladislav Gerginov, Fabio Stefani, Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais - Systèmes de Référence Temps-Espace (LNE - SYRTE), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt [Braunschweig] (PTB), Institut für Erdmessung, Leibniz Universität Hannover=Leibniz University Hannover, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), GIP RENATER, RENATER, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1 (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Labex First-TF ANR-10-LABX-48-01, Equipex REFIMEVE+ ANR-11-EQPX-0039), Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Conseil Régional Ile-de-France (DIM Nano'K), CNRS with Action Spécifique GRAM, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) within the CRC 1128, ANR-11-BS04-0009,LIOM,Lien optique multiplexé pour la métrologie et la physique fondamentale(2011), European Project: SIB02, European Project: SIB55, European Project: 15SIB05, Leibniz Universität Hannover [Hannover] (LUH), and Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Dewey Decimal Classification::500 | Naturwissenschaften::550 | Geowissenschaften, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Optical fiber, International Atomic Time, Frequency standards, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Optical link, Frequency standard, 01 natural sciences, Primary frequency standard, Physics - Atomic Physics, law.invention, Optical fiber frequency transfer, Optical frequency standard, Engineering (all), law, Transfer (computing), ddc:550, Atomic fountain clocks, International fountain clock comparison, Hyperfine structure, Clocks, Physics, primary standard, General Engineering, Redefinition of the seconds, time and frequency metrology, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Physikalisch-technische bundesanstalt, Clock comparisons, optical fiber link, Fibers, Atomic physics, International atomic time (TAI), Standards, atomic clock, Atomic clocks, Frequency transfer, Ground state, Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, Natural frequencies, 010309 optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], 0103 physical sciences, Optical fibers, 010306 general physics, Rubidium, Computational physics, Optical materials, Fountain, Satellite links
Abstract

We report on the first comparison of distant caesium fountain primary frequency standards (PFSs) via an optical fiber link. The 1415 km long optical link connects two PFSs at LNE-SYRTE (Laboratoire National de m\'{e}trologie et d'Essais - SYst\`{e}me de R\'{e}f\'{e}rences Temps-Espace) in Paris (France) with two at PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) in Braunschweig (Germany). For a long time, these PFSs have been major contributors to accuracy of the International Atomic Time (TAI), with stated accuracies of around $3\times 10^{-16}$. They have also been the references for a number of absolute measurements of clock transition frequencies in various optical frequency standards in view of a future redefinition of the second. The phase coherent optical frequency transfer via a stabilized telecom fiber link enables far better resolution than any other means of frequency transfer based on satellite links. The agreement for each pair of distant fountains compared is well within the combined uncertainty of a few 10$^{-16}$ for all the comparisons, which fully supports the stated PFSs' uncertainties. The comparison also includes a rubidium fountain frequency standard participating in the steering of TAI and enables a new absolute determination of the $^{87}$Rb ground state hyperfine transition frequency with an uncertainty of $3.1\times 10^{-16}$. This paper is dedicated to the memory of Andr\'{e} Clairon, who passed away on the 24$^{th}$ of December 2015, for his pioneering and long-lasting efforts in atomic fountains. He also pioneered optical links from as early as 1997.

Published
2017
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3. In-line extraction of an ultrastable frequency signal over an optical fiber link

Author

Fabio Stefani, Christian Chardonnet, Paul-Eric Pottie, Giorgio Santarelli, Anthony Bercy, Olivier Lopez, Anne Amy-Klein, Saida Guellati, MMTF, Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers (LPL), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Métrologie des systèmes simples et tests fondamentaux / Metrology of Simple Systems and Fundamental Tests, Laboratoire Kastler Brossel (LKB (Jussieu)), Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Systèmes de Référence Temps Espace (SYRTE), lp2n-06, Laboratoire Photonique, Numérique et Nanosciences (LP2N), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut d'Optique Graduate School (IOGS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris 13 (UP13)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR BLANC 2011-BS04-009-01), Labex First-TF (ANR-10-LABX-48-01), the European Metrology Research Programme (EMRP) under contract SIB-02 NEAT-FT and IFRAF-Conseil Régional Ile-de-France., European Project, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Fédération de recherche du Département de physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure - ENS Paris (FRDPENS)

Subjects
Computer science, Optical link, Optical engineering, optical links, Metrology, 01 natural sciences, (120.3930) Metrological instrumentation, (060.2360) Fiber optics links and subsystems, (140.0140) Lasers and laser optics, (120.5050) Phase measurement, Optical fiber networks, High resolution spectroscopy, wide area networks, Fiber optic splitter, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Mechanics of Materials, Plastic optical fiber, optical fibre networks, Instrumentation, Ultrastable laser, Optical link, frequency transfer , Phase noise, Optical fiber couplers, Optical fiber networks, Adaptive optics, wide area networks, optical fibre networks, optical links, multiuser dissemination, ultrastable frequency signal, inline extraction, optical fiber link, optical frequency standard, France, metrological fibre wide-area network, frequency transfer, Quantum Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], Measurement, Multi-mode optical fiber, Optical cross-connect, Phase measurement, optical fiber link, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Ultrastable laser, inline extraction, ultrastable frequency signal, France, Physics - Optics, optical fiber links, Signal processing, metrological fibre wide-area network, Optical fiber couplers, Laser stability, FOS: Physical sciences, Metrological instrumentation, 010309 optics, multiuser dissemination, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Power spectral density, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic, Electronic engineering, Optical fibers, Optical and Magnetic Materials, 010306 general physics, optical frequency standard, business.industry, Phase noise, Statistical and Nonlinear Physics, Optical performance monitoring, Fiber-optic communication, Instrumentation, Measurement, Metrology, High resolution spectroscopy, Laser stability, Optical fibers, Phase noise, Power spectral density, Signal processing, extraction, business, Quantum Physics (quant-ph), Adaptive optics, Optics (physics.optics)
Abstract

International audience; We demonstrate in-line extraction of an ultra-stable frequency signal over an optical link of 92-km of installed telecommunication fibers, following the proposition of G. Grosche in 2010. We show that the residual frequency noise at the extraction end is noticeably below that at the main link output when the extraction is near the input end, as expected from a simple model of the noise compensation. We obtain relative frequency instabilities, expressed as overlapping Allan deviation, of 8×10-16 at 1 s averaging time and a few 10-19 at 1 day. These results are at the state-of-the-art for a link using urban telecommunication fibers. We also propose an improved scheme which delivers an ultra-stable signal of higher power, in order to feed a secondary link. In-line extraction opens the way to a broad distribution of an ultra-stable frequency reference, enabling a wide range of applications beyond metrology.

Published
2014
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