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India is the habitat of many freshwater fish species that make a significant contribution to endemism. However, the native species population is declining at a very fast rate due to pollution, habitat loss or degradation, new species introduction, hydrologic alterations, and overfishing. The minor carp, Labeo gonius, is one of the important fish species in the Indian river systems and holds enormous potential in culture fisheries. Therefore, the precise status of population structure is a prerequisite for the management of the species. In the present study, we assessed the potential of mtDNA ATPase 6/8 and D-loop regions as markers to determine the genetic diversity and phylogeography of L. gonius from Indian rivers. We have selected five major Indian rivers for investigation which could represent geographically distant populations of the studied fish. A total of 210 ATPase 6/8 sequences (842 bp) and 203 D-loop region sequences (683 bp) of L. gonius from the five major Indian rivers were submitted to NCBI. Results revealed that ATPase 6/8 has 17 haplotypes and 70 polymorphic sites with an overall haplotype diversity of 0.560 ± 0.036 and nucleotide diversity of 0.00347 ± 0.00. Furthermore, D-loop analysis revealed 58 haplotypes, 67 polymorphic sites, 0.954 ± 0.006 overall haplotype diversity, and 0.01914 ± 0.00 nucleotide diversity. The hierarchical AMOVA analysis indicated that a high proportion of the genetic variation (76.46% and 70.22% for the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions, respectively) was attributed to among-population variation under gene pool-1 (considering all the stocks from Ganga, Brahmaputra, Teesta, Narmada, and Mahanadi as a single pool). Furthermore, in gene pool-2, samples were divided into two groups: group 1 (Himalayan rivers)--Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Teesta; and group 2 (peninsular rivers)--Narmada and Mahanadi. Genetic variations in the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions were found among populations within groups at 70.65% and 53.48%, respectively. Haplotype network analysis revealed that there were significant differences in distributions and frequencies. The observed unique haplotypes might be useful for differentiating the stocks. In brief, the present study suggested that the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions are potential markers and represent a significant contribution to the genetic characterization of the minor carp L. gonius from major Indian rivers. Moreover, the L. gonius population along the east coast especially in the Himalayan rivers (Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Teesta river basin) is found to be genetically more diverse. The results would provide a scientific basis for the assessment of fisheries resources and management of this important species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is the habitat of many freshwater fish species that make a significant contribution to endemism. However, the native species population is declining at a very fast rate due to pollution, habitat loss or degradation, new species introduction, hydrologic alterations, and overfishing. The minor carp, Labeo gonius, is one of the important fish species in the Indian river systems and holds enormous potential in culture fisheries. Therefore, the precise status of population structure is a prerequisite for the management of the species. In the present study, we assessed the potential of mtDNA ATPase 6/8 and D-loop regions as markers to determine the genetic diversity and phylogeography of L. gonius from Indian rivers. We have selected five major Indian rivers for investigation which could represent geographically distant populations of the studied fish. A total of 210 ATPase 6/8 sequences (842 bp) and 203 D-loop region sequences (683 bp) of L. gonius from the five major Indian rivers were submitted to NCBI. Results revealed that ATPase 6/8 has 17 haplotypes and 70 polymorphic sites with an overall haplotype diversity of 0.560 ± 0.036 and nucleotide diversity of 0.00347 ± 0.00. Furthermore, D-loop analysis revealed 58 haplotypes, 67 polymorphic sites, 0.954 ± 0.006 overall haplotype diversity, and 0.01914 ± 0.00 nucleotide diversity. The hierarchical AMOVA analysis indicated that a high proportion of the genetic variation (76.46% and 70.22% for the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions, respectively) was attributed to among-population variation under gene pool-1 (considering all the stocks from Ganga, Brahmaputra, Teesta, Narmada, and Mahanadi as a single pool). Furthermore, in gene pool-2, samples were divided into two groups: group 1 (Himalayan rivers)—Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Teesta; and group 2 (peninsular rivers)—Narmada and Mahanadi. Genetic variations in the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions were found among populations within groups at 70.65% and 53.48%, respectively. Haplotype network analysis revealed that there were significant differences in distributions and frequencies. The observed unique haplotypes might be useful for differentiating the stocks. In brief, the present study suggested that the D-loop and ATPase 6/8 regions are potential markers and represent a significant contribution to the genetic characterization of the minor carp L. gonius from major Indian rivers. Moreover, the L. gonius population along the east coast especially in the Himalayan rivers (Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Teesta river basin) is found to be genetically more diverse. The results would provide a scientific basis for the assessment of fisheries resources and management of this important species.

Inadequate ambient temperature along with short photoperiod, during five winter months (November to March) is one of the major hindrances in development of aquaculture sector in the NE region of India, which besides hampering in growth and production of fish also cause mismatching in between culture period and availability of stocking material, leading to poor performance of the available culture resources. To address this issue, a study on the impact of artificially enhanced temperature and photoperiod during winter months on sexual maturation and breeding of cultivable fish species was undertaken at Fisheries Research Centre, AAU, Assam, NE India, by taking a minor carp Labeo gonius (Ham) as the test fish. The water temperature of the experimental pond was maintained at 26±2°C during winter months (normal average temperature 14.8±8°C), by using Polyhouse made of UV stabilized LDPE film over a concrete pond and water heating system. The photoperiod was increased by 2.0±0.5 hours per day inside the polyhouse by artificial illumination. The results indicated that optimum water temperature (26.0±2°C) and enhanced photoperiod during the winter months had significant positive impact by way of rapid gonadal development and early sexual maturity of the test fish. Successful induced breeding in advance (70±6 days ahead of the normal breeding period) could be achieved in the experimental pond with 90.0±10% spawning success, 85.0±5% fertilization & 90.0±5% hatching rate. The results of the study pave the way for developing a protocol for advance breeding of different carp species by artificially enhancing temperature and photoperiod, thereby addressing the issue of non availability of stocking material at proper time of stocking in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study explains the population structure and genetic diversity of medium carp Labeo gonius by analyzing partial sequence of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene. Labeo gonius is a lower risk Near Threatened species, distributed throughout the North Indian major rivers, reservoirs and lakes. This species has a larger scope as an alternative candidate species in carp aquaculture system. In the present investigation, 223 individuals of Labeo gonius were collected from five locations of phylo-geographically isolated riverine ecosystems of India resulted in 12 haplotypes. These haplotypes showed 14 variables, out of which 9 were singletons and 5 were parsimony informative sites of nucleotide positions. The haplotypes H1 was considered as ancestral haplotype. All the haplotypes were connected to each other by 1-4 nucleotide mutations. The Narmada haplotypes (H10; H11 and H12) were isolated from H1 by four nucleotide mutations. The analyses resulted maximum expansion events (τ = 4.13672) in Narmada, with Fst scores more than other population pairs. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed significant genetic differentiation among populations (ØST = 0.69470, p < .000). The genetic differentiation patterns were significantly consistence with geographical distributions. This study rejected the null hypothesis of single panmictic population of medium carp, Labeo gonius in Indian water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growth performance of kuria labeo, Labeo gonius as a component species in the major carp polyculture system was evaluated at two incorporation levels against a control without the species through a year-round grow-out study in nine earthen ponds (0.08 ha). Three species ratio of catla, silver carp, rohu, mrigal and kuria labeo at 15:15:40:30:0 (T-1: control), 15:15:40:20:10 (T-2) and 15:15:40:10:20 (T-3) were evaluated as three treatments. The carps were stocked at a combined density of 7500 fingerlings ha−1. Silver carp demonstrated the highest survival (75-81%) followed by rohu (70-76%), catla (69-76%), kuria labeo (69-71%) and mrigal (67-69%). Species-wise yield attributes such as survival, harvest weight, SGR and biomass yield of silver carp, catla and rohu were similar in their respective treatments. Kuria labeo at 10% inclusion demonstrated 12% higher harvest weight than its 20% inclusion. However, such higher weight gain could not affect the total biomass yields of carps which remained similar among the treatments. Furthermore, harvest weight of kuria labeo at 10% inclusion was comparable to that of mrigal when the latter incorporated at 20-30% level. Therefore, the study suggested 10% to be a suitable incorporation level for kuria labeo in the commercial grow-out carp polyculture system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Fingerling rearing of two minor carps fringe-lipped carp (Labeo fimbriatus), kuria labeo (Labeo gonius) and silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) along with the Indian major carp rohu (Labeo rohita) was carried out in outdoor concrete seed rearing system for 90days at four densities viz., 10, 20, 30 and 40m−2 to evaluate their relative growth performance and feasibility of polyculture during seed rearing. All the species except rohu showed more than 90% survival at all the densities and did not vary with regard to densities, whereas, rohu showed significantly lower survival of 64.5–66.8% in the two higher densities. Silver barb and kuria labeo showed higher growth potential than rohu and fringe-lipped carp while growth in the latter two was similar at all the densities. The study also revealed better fingerling production attributes, both in terms of number and biomass yield, at combined density of 40m−2 compared to 10–30m−2 and suggested the former to be ideal density for fingerling rearing of these species under polyculture in concrete tanks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Nursery rearing of an endangered fish, Labeo gonius (Ham.) was studied in relation to varying stocking densities in earthen ponds. The experiment was conducted for 8 weeks in nine nursery ponds having an area of 0.012 ha with an average depth of 1 m. Four-day-old hatchling stocked at 0.6 million/ha was designated as treatment-1 (T1), 0.8 million/ha as treatment-2 (T2) and 1.0 million/ha as treatment-3 (T3), respectively. At stocking, all hatchlings were of same age group with a mean length and weight of 0.66 ± 0.08 cm and 0.001 ± 0.0001 g, respectively. Hatchlings in all the experimental ponds were given wheat flour for the first 7 days, finely ground mustard oilcake lot the next 7 days and a mixture of rice bran, and mustard oilcake (1 : 1) for days 15 to 56. The rate of feeding was 20 kg/million hatchling/day for the first two weeks. 25 kg for the second two weeks, 30 kg for the third two weeks and 35 kg for the fourth two weeks. The physicochemical parameters of water and plankton were monitored simultaneously and were within the acceptable range for fish culture. Growth parameters (final weight, final length, weight gain length gain and specific growth rate) and survival of fingerlings were significantly higher in T1 (0.6 million hatchling/ha) than those in T2 (0.8 million/ha) and T3 (1.0 million/ha), respectively. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was significantly lower in T1 followed by T2 and T3 in that order. The estimated gross and net productions of fingerlings were significantly higher in T1 than in T2 and T3, respectively. Significantly higher number of fingerlings was produced in T3 than those in T2 and T1, Despite this, consistently higher net benefits were obtained from T1 than from T3 and T2. Overall, highest growth, survival, production and benefits were obtained from T1 where stocking density of hatchlings was 0.6 million/ha. Hence, of the treatments evaluated, stocking density of 0.6 million hatchling/ha appears to be the most efficient stocking density for rearing of L. gonius fingerlings in earthen nursery ponds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The effects of periphyton, grown on bamboo substrates, on growth and production of two Indian major carps, rohu, Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and gonia, Labeo gonius (Linnaeus), were studied at the Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. For each species, five ponds were provided with bamboo substrates and five ponds without substrate (control). Ponds were stocked at a rate of 10 000 ha[sup -1] in both treatments. There was no discernible difference in water quality parameters between treatments. A large number of plankton (39 genera) showed periphytic nature and colonized the bamboo substrates. Rohu grew faster, resulting in a 77% higher net production (P < 0.05) in the ponds with bamboo substrates compared with the ponds without substrate. In contrast, the growth and production of gonia did not vary significantly (P > 0.05) between the substrate and control ponds. Rohu seems to be a more suitable candidate for periphyton-based aquaculture systems than gonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eighty three specimens of Labeo gonius were examined to study the fecundity of the species. The weight of the two ovaries together accounted for 14·71 to 21·87% of the total weight of the fish. Specimens about 1 kg in weight had ovaries weighing about 205·312 g on an average and this worked out to about 19·93% of the total weight of the fish. The average number of eggs per g weight of fish and ovary was 271 and 1424 respectively. The fecundity per kg body weight of fish was 286111. The relationships between standard length and fecundity, total weight and fecundity, ovary weight and fecundity, ovary length and fecundity, ovary volume and fecundity, fish length and ovary weight and fish weight and ovary weight of Labeo gonius have been determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which examined a trematode Plagioporus gibsoni from the freshwater fish Labeo gonius from Keenjhar lake, Sindh, Pakistan. The study characterized the species by having oval, elliptical body, round oral sucker, small pre-pharynx, short esophagus, oval testes and uterus winding between anterior testis, ovary and acetabulum. It compared the species with the similar species of the genus Plagioporus Stafford and demonstrated the differences in diagnostic features between the two species.

In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence ofLabeo goniusis reported using PGM sequencer (Ion Torrent). The complete mitogenome ofL. goniusis obtained by thede novosequences assembly of genomic reads using the Torrent Mapping Alignment Program (TMAP) which is 16 614 bp in length. The mitogenome ofL. goniuscomprised of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNA genes, and D-loop as control region along with gene order and organization, being similar to most of other fish mitogenomes of NCBI databases. The mitogenome in the present study has 99% similarity to the complete mitogenome sequence ofLabeo fimbriatus, as reported earlier. The phylogenetic analysis of Cypriniformes depicted that their mitogenomes are closely related to each other. The complete mitogenome sequence ofL. goniuswould be helpful in understanding the population genetics, phylogenetics, and evolution of Indian Carps. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]