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Increasing consumer demand for quality-differentiated food products has given rise to a large quantity of food product classifications related to production practices and locations. Some food product claims such as [...]

Opponents of child labor suggest that demand-driven mechanisms can eliminate such practices. If consumers prefer adult-labor products, they suggest that labeling will drive out child-labor products. I show that under Bertrand competition, even with complete information, this is unlikely. When products are differentiated only by labor type, such a scheme requires at least three firms and child-labor costs at least as large as adult-labor costs. With additional lines of differentiation, child labor is eliminated only when the adult-labor costs are smaller. Thus, while labeling may reduce child labor, it is unlikely to eliminate it. JEL classification: L15; L21; J13 Keywords: Child labor; Labeling; Product differentiation

This article evaluates the usefulness and clarity of food nutrition labels. Findings indicate that women who had never seen a nutrition label were as competent as women who were familiar with labels in locating data and judging nutritional claims but were less able to manipulate data for dietary planning.

Objective To evaluate an educational intervention about the food label designed specifically for women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Design A pretest-posttest control group design. Participants received random group assignment. Subjects/setting Forty-three women aged 40 to 60 years with type 2 diabetes living in a rural community in Pennsylvania participated. Forty participants (93%) completed the program. Intervention Nine weekly group sessions were developed on the basis of findings from previous research among this sample. Principles from Ausubel's learning theory were also incorporated into program design and evaluation. Main outcome measures The effectiveness of the food label education program on participants' knowledge was determined using a multiple-choice test designed to measure declarative and procedural knowledge. A skills inventory assessed participants' perceived confidence in using the food label. The validity and reliability of the instruments had been established previously. Statistical analyses Analysis of variance was performed to compare groups. Paired t tests compared pretest and posttest results. Results The experimental group showed a greater gain than the control group in total knowledge (P, Nutrition therapy is an essential component of successful diabetes management. Food selection affects the nutrient and energy content of the diet and the metabolic control of levels of glycated hemoglobin, [...]

Objective - The Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990 mandated that standardized nutrition information appear on almost all packaged foods manufactured after May 1994. This study describes the demographic and diet-related psychosocial correlates of nutrition label use, and examines the relationship between label use and diet. Design/subjects - Data are from a random-digit-dial telephone survey of 1,450 adult residents of Washington State. The questionnaire assessed nutrition label use, fat-related diet habits, fruit and vegetable consumption, diet-related psychosocial factors, health behavior, and demographic characteristics. Statistical analyses - Analyses examined associations of demographic characteristics with nutrition label use; diet-related psychosocial factors and health behavior with nutrition label use, controlled for demographic characteristics; and nutrition label use with fat and fruit and vegetable intake, controlled for demographic characteristics and psychosocial factors. Results - Nutrition label use was significantly higher among women, residents younger than 35 years, and residents with more than a high school education. When controlled for demographic characteristics, the strongest predictors of label use were believing in the importance of eating a low-fat diet, believing in an association between diet and cancer, and being in the maintenance stage of change for adopting a low-fat diet. Label use was significantly associated with lower fat intake and, after controlling for all demographic, psychosocial, and behavioral variables, explained 6% of the variance in fat intake (P, In 1990, the US Congress passed the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (1), and in May 1994, food manufacturers were required to comply with the first major changes in food [...]

The life cycle concept has become the basis of most government-sanctioned environmental labeling programs. The concept involves the assessment of the environmental impact of a product's entire life cycle from the raw material stage to the disposal stage. These assessments enable labeling programs to grant seals of approval for various products and promote the continuous development of environment-friendly products and services.

A study was conducted on the helpfulness of nutritional value labels in choosing low-fat products. The results indicate that information on food packages help most consumers choose low-fat products, with the nutritional value label being the primary source of information for the choice. Using more information items on the package also increased the probability of choosing low-fat products. Furthermore, certain information on packages, such as product names, were found to be misleading.

Ecolabels are seals of approval given to manufactured products deemed to have fewer impacts on the environment than functionally and competitively similar products. But far from encouraging industry to strive for higher environmental standards, voluntary ecolabelling schemes are rapidly degenerating into a means whereby industry can set the standards it likes. Whilst some products and processes have undoubtedly been improved, overall ecolabelling is proving to be an extremely blunt instrument for environmental protection., As environmental issues became the object of public concern in Western Europe and North America in the 1970s and 1980s, citizens were urged to use their purchasing power to pressure [...]

A study which sought to test the hypothesis that the effectiveness of graphical energy labels depends on consumers' information search and decision strategies found that the symbolic label resulted in more energy-efficient choices only when the respondents were not under any time pressure. These findings indicate that the effectiveness of symbolic labels is at its best for relatively simple decisions.

The presentation of nutrition information on food labels has received much interest, but relatively few studies are available concerning the effectiveness of various label formats. Most recently, the National Academy [...]

Two important changes have occurred in Americans' eating habits -- they are eating away from home more often (1,2) and they are more interested in nutrition because of the role [...]

The article discusses the negative effects of labeling an institution or group of people as a distinctive school of thought, ideology, or methodology, and argues for a more open, outward-looking, and inclusive research strategy. Examples are illustrated from the experience and characteristics of North American cities.

The methods of adoption of the powerful discourses of eugenics and medicine by the professions of clinical psychology and psychotherapy are examined. These professions may act in a more liberatory way through the emphasizing connectedness with clients.