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BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory and multifactorial disease that affects the periodontal structures and can cause alterations in the hepatic tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether a diet with food restriction can decrease oral and liver alterations associated with ligature-induced periodontitis. METHODS Twenty-four female Wistar rats were used in this study, randomized into three groups (n = 8 for each group): control (regular food); periodontitis (regular food + periodontitis induced with ligatures); and food restriction (diet with food restriction and periodontitis induction). The following periodontium parameters were analyzed tooth mobility (TM), probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival bleeding index (GBI), and alveolar bone height (ABH). In the liver, the levels of oxidative stress markers-malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), total cholesterol, and levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were measured. Liver samples were analyzed for histopathological score. In the blood tissue, the levels of enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, total cholesterol, and the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were also evaluated. RESULTS The animals that received a diet with food restriction + periodontitis showed a decrease in hepatic histopathological score (P

Sulfated polysaccharides (PLS) extracted from the marine algae of the genus Gracilaria showed biological activity in different inflammatory models, except for periodontitis. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment with PLS from Gracilaria caudata in ligature-induced periodontitis. 40 animals distributed into 5 groups were used (the control group (unligated), the ligated untreated group, and the ligated groups treated with 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg of PLS with intraperitoneal injection, respectively). After 20 days of treatment, the animals were killed and the following parameters were evaluated: Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), Probing Pocket Depth (PPD), Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, Alveolar Bone Loss (ABL) for periodontal tissues; histopathological examination of gingival and liver tissues (Steatosis score); glutathione and malondialdehyde concentrations in the liver, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. The data revealed that treatment with 2.5 mg/kg of PLS showed the best anti-inflammatory effects with reduction of GBI, PPD and MPO activity, as well as oxidative stress and steatosis in liver. Our results indicated that the adjunct treatment with PLS from Gracilaria caudata could prevent the periodontal and hepatic tissue alteration caused by periodontitis.

Latex proteins extracted from Plumeria pudica (LPPp) have anti-inflammatory activity in different experimental models. Considering this relevant result, we evaluated the toxicological aspects of the treatment of mice with LPPp. Acute and subchronic toxicities were determined by daily intraperitoneal administration of 40 mg/kg of LPPp for 10 or 20 days, respectively, and were followed by behavioral, hematological, biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Results showed no significant changes in body weight and organs of animals treated with LPPp. Total and differential blood leukocyte counts of LPPp groups did not differ from controls. There was no significant difference in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine and urea measurements for the group treated for 20 days. The level of glutathione in the kidney was significantly higher in animals treated with LPPp in the acute toxicity test, but no differences were observed for the subchronic evaluation. The concentration of malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase activity in the organs did not differ from controls. Histopathological examination of kidney, spleen and liver tissue of animals treated with LPPp revealed normal structures or reversible alterations. Intraperitoneal LD50 of LPPp was higher than 2,000 mg/kg. The data obtained reveal that LPPp is nontoxic at 40 mg/kg. Las proteínas extraídas del látex de Plumeria pudica (LPPp) tienen actividad antiinflamatoria en diferentes modelos experimentales. Ante este relevante resultado, evaluamos los aspectos toxicológicos del tratamiento de ratones con LPPp. La toxicidad aguda y subcrónica se determinó mediante la administración intraperitoneal diaria de 40 mg/kg de LPPp durante 10 o 20 días, respectivamente, y fueron seguidas por evaluación conductual, hematológica, bioquímica e histopatológica. Los resultados no mostraron cambios significativos en el peso corporal y los órganos de los animales tratados con LPPp. El recuento de leucocitos total y diferencial en la sangre de los grupos LPPp no difirió de los controles. No hubo diferencias significativas en las mediciones de aspartato aminotransferasa, alanina aminotransferasa, creatinina y urea para el grupo tratado durante 20 días. El nivel de glutatión en los riñones fue significativamente mayor en los animales tratados con LPPp en la prueba de toxicidad aguda, pero no se observaron diferencias para la evaluación subcrónica. La concentración de malondialdehído y la actividad de la mieloperoxidasa en los órganos no difirieron de los controles. El examen histopatológico del tejido renal, el bazo y el hígado de los animales tratados con LPPp reveló estructuras normales o cambios reversibles. La LD50 de LPPp administrada por vía intraperitoneal fue superior a 2000 mg / kg. Los datos obtenidos revelan que LPPp no es tóxico a dosis de 40 mg/kg. Proteínas extraídas do látex de Plumeria pudica (LPPp) apresentam atividade anti-inflamatória em diferentes modelos experimentais. Diante desse relevante resultado, avaliamos os aspectos toxicológicos do tratamento de camundongos com LPPp. A toxicidade aguda e subcrônica foram determinadas pela administração intraperitoneal diária de 40 mg/kg de LPPp por 10 ou 20 dias, respectivamente, e foram seguidas por avaliação comportamental, hematológica, bioquímica e histopatológica. Os resultados não mostraram alterações significativas no peso corporal e órgãos dos animais tratados com LPPp. A contagem total e diferencial de leucócitos no sangue dos grupos LPPp não diferiu dos controles. Não houve diferença significativa nas medidas de aspartato aminotransferase, alanina aminotransferase, creatinina e uréia para o grupo tratado por 20 dias. O nível de glutationa nos rins foram significativamente maior nos animais tratados com LPPp no teste de toxicidade aguda, mas nenhuma diferença foi observada para a avaliação subcrônica. A concentração de malondialdeído e a atividade da mieloperoxidase nos órgãos não diferiram dos controles. O exame histopatológico do tecido renal, do baço e do fígado de animais tratados com LPPp revelou estruturas normais ou alterações reversíveis. A DL50 de LPPp administrada por via intraperitoneal foi superior a 2.000 mg/kg. Os dados obtidos revelam que LPPp não é tóxico na dose de 40 mg/kg.

As evidencias epidemiológicas apontam que indivíduos com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) apresentam risco aumentado de desenvolver doenças cardiovasculares. Entre os fatores de risco estão a obesidade, sobrepeso e as dislipidemias. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o perfil lipídico e indicadores antropométricos de obesidade abdominal em um grupo de indivíduos com DM2, na cidade de Parnaíba-PI. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo de corte transversal com 51 indivíduos DM2. Foram realizadas: dosagem de glicose em jejum, hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), triglicerídeos, e as frações HDL-colesterol (HDL-c) e LDL-colesterol (LDL-c,). As medidas de peso, altura, circunferência de cintura (CC) e quadril foram obtidas e usadas para a obtenção do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), relação cintura/estatura (RCE) e relação cintura/quadril (RCQ). Foram utilizados os testes t de Student e Mann-Whitney. A população observada era constituida por 68,62% de mulheres e 31,37% de homens, com idade de 59 ± 6 anos. O tempo de diagnóstico foi de 8 ± 5 anos. A hipercolesterolemia teve prevalência de 72%, a hipertrigliceridemia de 65%, e a hiperlipidemia mista de 6%. A redução do HDL-c foi observada em 61% dos pacientes. Considerando o valor normal de LDL-c ≤100 mg/dL, a hipercolesterolemia isolada teve prevalência de 90,19% e a hiperlipidemia mista em 29,41%. A glicemia média foi de 133,025±52 mg/dL, e os níveis de HbA1c variaram de 5,7-7,6 %. A obesidade abdominal obtida pelo indicador CC foi de 75 % e pelo RCE foi de 91,66%. A RCQ foi observada acima dos valores recomendados em 67,34% dos pacientes. A elevada prevalência de obesidade abdominal e alterações lipídicas evidenciam a necessidade de elaboração de práticas de saúde que estimulem a alimentação saudável, prática de atividade física e perda de peso, uma vez que, a dislipidemia em indivíduos com DM2, tem uma importante relevância para o risco cardiovascular.

Background Previous studies have shown that latex proteins from Plumeria pudica (LPPp) have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects in rats of LPPp on ligature-induced periodontitis, an inflammatory disease. Methods The animals were divided into groups: saline (animals without induction of periodontitis); periodontitis (induced periodontitis and untreated) and LPPp (induced periodontitis and treated with 40 mg/kg). The following parameters were evaluated after 20 consecutive days of treatment: gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), alveolar bone height (ABH) and gingival myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In the hepatic tissue, malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and histopathological alterations were evaluated. Blood levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. Results Significant reduction of GBI, PPD and gingival MPO activity and ABH was seen in animals treated with LPPp compared to periodontitis. Values of GSH, MDA, ALT and histopathological evaluation were preserved in animals treated with LPPp. Conclusions Treatment with LPPp improved clinical aspects of periodontitis, reduced the blood and hepatic alterations and prevented alveolar bone loss. Data suggest that LPPp have potential for treatment of periodontitis.

Background and objective Periodontitis may crosstalk with renal diseases, yet that remains unclear. We investigated whether the renal alterations caused by induced periodontitis are reversible after removal of the ligatures in experimental ligature-induced periodontitis. Material and methods Twenty-four female rats were divided into three groups: control (without periodontitis), periodontitis (20 days of ligature-induced periodontitis), and P20-20 (20 days of ligature-induced periodontitis and 20 days after ligature removal). The following periodontal parameters were assessed: gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth, myeloperoxidase activity, and alveolar bone height. For renal tissues, histopathology, malonaldehyde (MDA) levels, glutathione (GSH) content, and renal weight were evaluated. In the blood, creatinine, uric acid, albumin, total cholesterol, total protein, and glucose levels were assessed. Total protein and creatinine levels in urine were also investigated. Results Rat renal tissues did not demonstrate reversal of periodontitis-related changes in the P20-20 group in terms of MDA, GSH, and histopathological evaluations when compared to the periodontitis group. Accordingly, only total cholesterol levels were reversible in the P20-20. Conclusion Renal alterations caused by ligature-induced periodontitis persisted even after removal of ligatures in rats.

Several factors are involved in the periodontitis with host response through cytokines and as well as with influence of polymorphisms in cytokine genes, however the results remained contradictory. This study aimed at evaluating the rs1143634 polymorphism in interleukin-1B gene, a cytokine gene, and the risk of chronic periodontitis with conducting a meta-analysis focusing in ethnicity. A review in literature was performed in several databases to studies published before June 2017. Data extraction was performed by two calibrated investigators and the calculations of the meta-analysis were obtained through Review Manager version 5.2 statistical software with Odds Ratio (OR) calculation and Funnel plot (P 0.05) to heterogeneity and the Comprehensive Meta-analysis version 3.3.070 to assessment publication bias by Egger's and Begg's tests. In overall, 54 case/control studies composed the meta-analysis. T allele was significantly associated with patients case (OR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.48, P 0.00001) in the overall analysis. The stratified evaluation showed the rs1143634 polymorphism had significant association with disease in Caucasian, Asian and mixed population was excepted in African ethnicity (P 0.05). No publication bias was found in allelic evaluation. This meta-analysis in 9376 participants with 54 case/control studies revealed the rs1143634 polymorphism was associated with elevated risk of chronic periodontitis in overall analysis as well as Caucasian and Asian ethnicities and Mixed population.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver disease, which has common characteristics, as hepatic steatosis (lipid accumulation in hepatocytes) and fibrosis of the tissue. From these characteristics, the gold standard for diagnosis of the disease is the histopathological evaluation after liver biopsy. For this evaluation, some scores are available, and the SAF score (Steatosis, Activity, Fibrosis) has recently been described for a more complete assessment of the hepatic status. The purpose of this mini-review is to report the NAFLD using this new score.

Objective The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of bromelain (derived from Ananas comosus) upon periodontitis in rats. Materials and methods Twenty-four rats were separated into groups: control, periodontitis, and bromelain treatment. Bromelain was administered daily by intraperitoneal injection for 20 days. Periodontitis was induced by ligature around the first molars. Oral parameters and blood biomarkers were measured. The histopathological evaluation of the hepatic tissue was performed. Bromelain treatment significantly reduced several oral inflammatory parameters, alveolar bone loss, and blood biomarkers compared to the rats on periodontitis. Results Treatment with bromelain improved the steatosis score. Bromelain used in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats was able to reduce the oral inflammatory parameters Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), tooth mobility (TM), probing pocket depth (PPD), malondialdehyde (MDA), alveolar bone height (ABH) and gingival myeloperoxidase (MPO) and blood parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase). Bromelain treatment reduced the impact of periodontitis, such as the reduction of hepatic steatosis and improvement in the dosages of MDA and GSH. Conclusion Bromelain acts as a potential adjunct in the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis and, consequently, reduces the impact of periodontitis, acting as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the treatment with alpha-terpineol (αTPN) complexed with beta-cyclodextrin (βCD) on oral, blood, and hepatic parameters in ligature-induced periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty female rats were distributed among the following groups: control (vehicle solution), periodontitis (ligature + vehicle solution), 5 mg/kg of αTPN-βCD (ligature), and 25 mg/kg of αTPN-βCD (ligature). Compounds were administered daily via intraperitoneal injection over a 20-day period. Periodontitis was induced with the bilateral insertion of ligatures around the first lower molars of each rat. Oral parameters, as well as blood biomarkers, were measured: histopathological assessment of the hepatic tissue was carried out using light and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS The treatment with αTPN-βCD significantly improved several oral parameters and blood biomarkers in comparison with rats with periodontitis. In addition, the treatment with αTPN-βCD significantly ameliorated the steatosis score and reduced the number of lipid droplets and the amount of foamy cytoplasm in the hepatocytes of rats with periodontitis. CONCLUSION The results obtained suggest that the treatment with αTPN-βCD improves several oral and blood parameters in rats with experimental periodontitis. In addition, hepatic alterations caused by periodontitis were ameliorated in the rats treated with αTPN-βCD.

Periodontitis results from the presence of periodontopathogenic bacterial activity in the region of the gingival sulcus promoting tissue degradation and alveolar bone resorption. Biochemical analysis of the saliva can be used as a less invasive method for disease prognosis. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between biochemical protein levels in the saliva sample of patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy patients.A literature review was performed using electronic databases (Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Web of Science) for studies published before July 2, 2016. The abstracts were evaluated, and the data extraction was performed by two calibrated examiners. The mean difference, and heterogeneity were calculated, and funnel plots were produced.Twenty case-control studies were selected with 2436 patients with chronic periodontitis and 1787 controls. The meta-analysis showed that increased levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) were all associated with periodontitis (p 0.05), while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) levels did not show statistical differences between cases and controls (p 0.05).This meta-analysis evidenced that increased levels of AST, ALT, CK, gama glutamil transferase (GGT), LDH, ALP, and ACP are associated in patients with chronic periodontitis, while BUN and OPG level in saliva did not present differences between groups.

Objetivo: Desenvolver um modelo de dieta rica em gordura (DRG) que sozinho não resultou em doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA), permitindo estudar a associação de comorbidades com o modelo de dieta rica em gordura. Material e métodos: Os ratos foram divididos em 2 grupos: dieta padrão e dieta rica em gordura, cada grupo com 8 animais. Os ratos foram submetidos à análise dos seguintes parâmetros no tecido hepático: dosagem de malondialdeído (MDA), glutationa (GSH) e atividade da mieloperoxidase (MPO). As amostras de fígado também foram avaliadas histopatologicamente quanto aos níveis séricos de alanina aminotransferase (ALT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), albumina (ALB), fosfatase alcalina (FAL), ácido úrico e colesterol total (TC), cálcio (CA), ureia e HDL. Resultados: Mostraram que houve diferença significativa em MDA, GSH, colesterol total (CT), ALT, ALB, ácido úrico (AU), cálcio (CA) e HDL. A avaliação histopatológica apresentou escore baixo, insuficiente para a classificação da DHGNA. Conclusão: Este estudo demonstrou que o modelo de dieta rica em gordura não causou DHGNA. Esse achado permite utilizar a dieta hiperlipídica caracterizada neste estudo para investigar as possíveis alterações hepaticas causadas por outras comorbidades.

BACKGROUND Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that causes periodontium and hepatic alterations. Liver disease is related to the intake of foods rich in fat and sugars (high-fat). The objective of this study was to evaluate whether a high-fat diet can aggravate the liver disease caused by ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. METHODS Twenty-one female rats were divided into three groups (n = 7 in each group): control; periodontitis (periodontitis induced with ligature) and high-fat + periodontitis (received hypercaloric diet and induction of periodontitis). The rats were submitted to the analyses of the following periodontal parameters: gingival bleeding index (GBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), tooth mobility (TM), and alveolar bone height. In the hepatic tissue, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), total cholesterol, and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) were measured. Liver samples were also histopathologically evaluated. Finally, blood levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, total cholesterol, cholesterol high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and uric acid were measured. RESULTS The high-fat + periodontitis group presented an increase in the steatosis score (P

Objective Quantitatively evaluate blood parameters of the erythrocyte lineage in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy controls by means of a meta-analysis. Material and methods A review of literature was performed in the scientific databases for studies published before September 2016. The abstracts were evaluated and the extraction of data performed by two examiners. The parameters assessed were: hemoglobin levels, number of circulating red blood cells, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration in patients with chronic periodontitis and healthy controls. The calculations were obtained through the statistical software Review Manager version 5.3, with calculation of Mean Difference, heterogeneity (I²) and funnel plot with P Results Nine case/control studies composed the results with 342 patients with chronic periodontitis and 359 healthy controls. There was a significant decrease in hemoglobin levels (MD = -1.60, 95% CI: -2.72, -0.48, P = 0.005) and number of circulating red blood cells (MD = -0.51, 95% CI: -0.78, -0.24, P = 0.0002), hematocrit (MD = -4.41, IC 95%: -7.13, -1.68, P = 0.002), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MD = -0.80; IC 95%: -1.38, -0,22, P = 0.007) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MD = -0.93, IC 95%: -1.63, -0.23, P = 0.009) in patients with chronic periodontitis when compared to healthy controls. No publication bias was found through the funnel plot asymmetry. Conclusion There is an associated of the reduction of hematological parameters (such as levels of hemoglobin and circulating red blood cells, hematocrit, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) to patients with chronic periodontitis.

Background Periodontitis not only causes injury to the periodontium, but also damages other tissues such as: articulate, renal, cardiac, and hepatic. The objective of this study was to investigate periodontitis induced alterations in liver function and structure using an experimental model. Methods Twenty female rats (Rattus norvegicus) were allocated into two groups: control and periodontitis. Gingival bleeding index and oxidative stress parameters and specific circulating biomarkers were measured. Immunohistochemistry was carried out using alkaline phosphatase (AlkP) staining of the liver. Hepatic tissues, cytokines, and lipid contents were measured. Histopathologic evaluation of the liver was carried out using light and electron microscopy. Results Liver histopathologic and immunohistochemistry assessment showed increase in steatosis score, and presence of binucleate hepatocytes and positive cells for AlkP in periodontitis versus control group. Ultrastructural evaluation showed significant increase in size and number of lipid droplets (LD), distance between the cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), mitochondria size, foamy cytoplasm, and glycogen accumulation in the liver of the periodontitis group compared with the control group. In addition, plasma levels of AlkP, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, and total cholesterol were also changed. Conclusion Experimental periodontitis caused immunohistochemistry, histopathologic, ultrastructural, oxidative, and biochemical changes in the liver of rats.

Background Periodontitis is a chronic disease that due to an intense inflammatory response triggers systemic changes such as hepatic alterations. This study aimed to compare hepatic damage in rats that received experimental periodontitis at one or two periodontal sites with ligatures. Material and Methods Eighteen rats were separated into three groups: control, without ligature; periodontitis 1, with one ligature; and periodontitis 2, with two ligatures. The following parameters were assessed: gingival bleeding index, probing pocket depth, tooth mobility, alveolar bone loss, malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in periodontal tissue; histopathological evaluation of hepatic tissue (steatosis score); glutathione levels (GSH), MDA, MPO, cholesterol and triglycerides in the liver; and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Results Periodontal evaluation data showed that the periodontitis model worked well. The groups with periodontitis did not differ significantly in relation to MPO activity and MDA levels in the gingival samples, but they were significantly different when compared with the control group. Steatosis was observed in the histological analysis of the groups with periodontitis, but between the periodontitis groups, two ligatures did not cause increase in steatosis score. The levels of GSH, MDA, total cholesterol and triglycerides in the hepatic tissue were not altered between groups with periodontitis, but they showed significant differences in comparison with the control group. The activity of MPO in hepatic tissue and serum levels of AST and ALT did not present significant difference among the three groups. Conclusions In conclusion, our results demonstrated that one or two ligatures inducing periodontitis were both sufficient to cause fatty liver. Steatosis caused by two ligatures did not present larger extension and severity than steatosis caused by one ligature. Key words:Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agents, experimental design, periodontal disease, periodontal medicine.

This study aimed to investigate the chemical characteristics and the effects of an orabase gel with Cashew Gum Polysaccharide (CG-P) from Anacardium occidentale L. on alveolar bone loss and relative mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, RANK, RANKL, and OPG in the periodontal tissue of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) subjected to ligature-induced periodontitis. Crude cashew gum was collected and purified by chemical processes; then, the CG-P was mixed with orabase gel. Female rats were randomly divided into four groups of six animals each: saline 0.9% (Sal Group); orabase gel (Gel Group); 50mg CG-P/1g orabase gel (CG-P50 Group) and 150mg CG-P/1g orabase gel (CG-P150 Group). Periodontitis was induced in the animals; they were treated for 20days with one daily topical application. The purification process of CG-P presented high yield and resulted in a protein-free product. The treatment with CG-P150 (150mg CG-P/1g orabase gel) significantly reduced alveolar bone loss, decreased the relative mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, RANKL and the RANKL/OPG ratio, and caused a significant decrease in myeloperoxidase activity of the gingival tissue. Thus, the CG-P in orabase represents a potential adjuvant drug for the treatment of periodontitis and possible source of new biotechnological discoveries.