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The way we connect with the physical world has completely changed because of the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, there are several difficulties associated with this change. A significant advancement has been the emergence of intelligent machines that are able to gather data for analysis and decision-making. In terms of IoT security, we are seeing a sharp increase in hacker activities worldwide. Botnets are more common now in many countries, and such attacks are very difficult to counter. In this context, Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks pose a significant threat to the availability and integrity of online services. In this paper, we developed a predictive model called Markov Detection and Prediction (MDP) using a Continuous-Time Markov Chain (CTMC) to identify and preemptively mitigate DDoS attacks. The MDP model helps in studying, analyzing, and predicting DDoS attacks in Long-Term Evolution for Machine (LTE-M) networks and IoT environments. The results show that using our MDP model, the system is able to differentiate between Authentic, Suspicious, and Malicious traffic. Additionally, we are able to predict the system behavior when facing different DDoS attacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Internet of Things (IoT) will bring about the next industrial revolution in Industry 4.0. The communication aspect of IoT devices is one of the most critical factors in choosing the device that is suitable for use. Thus far, the IoT physical layer communication challenges have been met with various communications protocols that provide varying strengths and weaknesses. This paper summarizes the network architectures of some of the most popular IoT wireless communications protocols. It also presents a comparative analysis of some of the critical features, including power consumption, coverage, data rate, security, cost, and quality of service (QoS). This comparative study shows that low-power wide area network (LPWAN)-based IoT protocols (LoRa, Sigfox, NB-IoT, LTE-M) are more suitable for future industrial applications because of their energy efficiency, high coverage, and cost efficiency. In addition, the study also presents an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) application perspective on the suitability of LPWAN protocols in a particular scenario and addresses some open issues that need to be researched. Thus, this study can assist in deciding the most suitable IoT communication protocol for an industrial and production field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

LTE-M vehicle-ground wireless system based on 1.8 GHz dedicated frequency band is superior to WLAN in terms of security, delay, communication quality, coverage, adaptability to higher speed and interconnection. It has become the standard configuration for carrying CBTC service of signaling system. This paper analyzes the key elements in different stages of LTE-M replacing WLAN without affecting the operation of existing lines, and puts forward the vehicle ground wireless system renovation scheme of urban rail transit signaling system, which provides reference for similar projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today we are living in a society where an ever increasing number of devices or things are being connected to the Internet. Many of these devices are battery powered with the long term success of the business case justifying the deployment of these devices, dependent upon the ability of these devices to operate autonomously for extended periods without intervention to replace batteries. Utility companies delivering water and gas are seeking 10 year plus lifetimes from devices without a truck roll to replace batteries. The current industry understanding of the 5G technologies, NB-IoT and eMTC, is NB-IoT offers lower power consumption but there is little evidence for that belief. This paper uses standard load models to systematically investigate the energy demands of the two different radio access technologies under realistic usage patterns. The paper also investigates some key factors influencing energy consumption and whether a device could operate from an ideal 5 Wh battery for 10 years. In contributing to the field of knowledge in this area, we set out to compare 3GPP IoT radio access technologies using techniques aligned with existing 3GPP energy consumption evaluation methodologies. In adopting that approach, contrary to established industry opinions and messaging, we found when operating as an eMTC device, our radio module consumes less power than when it was operating as an NB-IoT device. Irrespective of it’s operating mode, our radio module was unable to achieve a 10 year battery life from an ideal 5 Wh battery using a typical IoT traffic model. Most interestingly, we observed minimal change in energy consumption whether the payload size was 1 byte or 1400 bytes.

Copyright of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering is the property of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT), a new paradigm, paves the way for a large-scale deployment of IoT devices. CIoT promises enhanced coverage and massive deployment of low-cost IoT devices with an expected battery life of up to 10 years. However, such a long battery life can only be achieved provided the CIoT device is configured with energy efficiency in mind. This paper conducts a comprehensive survey on energy-saving solutions in 3GPP-based CIoT networks. In comparison to current studies, the contribution of this paper is the classification and an extensive analysis of existing energy-saving solutions for CIoT, e.g., configuration of particular parameter values and software modifications of transport- or radio-layer protocols, while also stressing key parameters impacting the energy consumption such as the frequency of data reporting, discontinuous reception cycles (DRX), and Radio Resource Control (RRC) timers. In addition, we discuss shortcomings, limitations, and possible opportunities which can be investigated in the future to reduce the energy consumption of CIoT devices.

With the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, the smart city paradigm has become a reality. Wireless low-power communication technologies (LPWAN) are widely used for device connection in smart homes, smart lighting, mitering, and so on. This work suggests a new approach to a smart parking solution using the benefits of narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology. NB-IoT is an LPWAN technology dedicated to sensor communication within 5G mobile networks. This paper proposes the integration of NB-IoT into the core IoT platform, enabling direct sensor data navigation to the IoT radio stations for processing, after which they are forwarded to the user application programming interface (API). Showcasing the results of our research and experiments, this work suggests the ability of NB-IoT technology to support geolocation and navigation services, as well as payment and reservation services for vehicle parking to make the smart parking solutions smarter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long Term Evolution-Metro (LTE-M), as a special communication system for train control, has strict requirements on adjacent channel interference (ACI). According to the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) protocol of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) standards, this paper presents the required isolation degree for LTE-M systems to resist ACI. Aiming at the scenario of leaky cable transmission and antenna transmission adopted by the underground LTE-M system of the subway, the isolation degree required for LTE-M system deployment is deduced by combining the channel description with the principle of ACI. For the coexistence of a LTE-M system and an adjacent cellular system in a subway ground scenario, the Monte-Carlo (MC) method is used to simulate several conceivable scenarios of the LTE-M system and the adjacent frequency cellular system. In addition, the throughput loss of the LTE-M system is estimated by considering signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Simulation results demonstrate that adjacent frequency user equipment (UE) has negligible small interference with the LTE-M underground system when using the leaky cable radiation pattern, whereas for the LTE-M ground system, the main interference comes from the adjacent frequency UE to the LTE-M base station (BS). Finally, interference avoidance solutions are presented, which can be utilized as a reference in the design and deployment of LTE-M systems in the rail transit environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Increased number of the vehicles on the streets around the world has led to several problems including traffic congestion, emissions, and huge fuel consumption in many regions. With advances in wireless and traffic technologies, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has been introduced as a viable solution for solving these problems by implementing more efficient use of the current infrastructures. In this paper, the possibility of using cellular-based Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) communications, LTE-M and NB-IoT, for ITS applications has been investigated. LTE-M and NB-IoT are designed to provide long range, low power and low cost communication infrastructures and can be a promising option which has the potential to be employed immediately in real systems. In this paper, we have proposed an architecture to employ the LPWAN as a backhaul infrastructure for ITS and to understand the feasibility of the proposed model, two applications with low and high delay requirements have been examined: road traffic monitoring and emergency vehicle management. Then, the performance of using LTE-M and NB-IoT for providing backhaul communication infrastructure has been evaluated in a realistic simulation environment and compared for these two scenarios in terms of end-to-end latency per user. Simulation of Urban MObility has been used for realistic traffic generation and a Python-based program has been developed for evaluation of the communication system. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of using LPWAN for ITS backhaul infrastructure mostly in favor of the LTE-M over NB-IoT.

An important element of Internet of Things systems (IoT) is wireless data transmission. Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and LTE Cat M1 (LTE-M) are the new standards for such transmission intended for LTE cellular networks. Cellular network operators has recently launched such transmission. The article presents the results of measurements of NB-IoT transmission parameters in this network, inside the building and in open urban areas. The main features of the NBIoT system and measuring equipment are briefly discussed.

Given the proliferation of connected objects as well as the rise of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies designed to enable communication with low energy, the main ones being NB-IoT and LTE-M in our daily life. This is why in this article; our study will focus on the evaluation of the specificities of these two standards: NB-IoT and LTE-M

Copyright of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering is the property of Railway Signalling & Communication Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging networking paradigm connecting billions of devices securely to the Internet. Another emerging paradigm is quantum computing which - while opening new compute opportunities - was shown to jeopardise most cybersecurity protocols. In this study, we discuss techniques able to provide security in a post-quantum IoT. Specifically, we examine how the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) IoT security solutions fair in a post-quantum environment. Also, we analyse the security features of fifth-generation (5G) networks, propose improvements and discuss the manner in which a quantum computer can compromise security. Our results prove the existence of multiple vulnerabilities in the current IoT architecture and implementations. With advances in quantum computing having rendered the current security algorithms unsafe, more advanced techniques should be established to mitigate such risks. To this end, we present promising lattice-driven cryptographic techniques which we prove quantum resistance.

With the emerging Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, the smart city paradigm has become a reality. Wireless low-power communication technologies (LPWAN) are widely used for device connection in smart homes, smart lighting, mitering, and so on. This work suggests a new approach to a smart parking solution using the benefits of narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) technology. NB-IoT is an LPWAN technology dedicated to sensor communication within 5G mobile networks. This paper proposes the integration of NB-IoT into the core IoT platform, enabling direct sensor data navigation to the IoT radio stations for processing, after which they are forwarded to the user application programming interface (API). Showcasing the results of our research and experiments, this work suggests the ability of NB-IoT technology to support geolocation and navigation services, as well as payment and reservation services for vehicle parking to make the smart parking solutions smarter.

Increased number of the vehicles on the streets around the world has led to several problems including traffic congestion, emissions, and huge fuel consumption in many regions. With advances in wireless and traffic technologies, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has been introduced as a viable solution for solving these problems by implementing more efficient use of the current infrastructures. In this paper, the possibility of using cellular-based Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) communications, LTE-M and NB-IoT, for ITS applications has been investigated. LTE-M and NB-IoT are designed to provide long range, low power and low cost communication infrastructures and can be a promising option which has the potential to be employed immediately in real systems. In this paper, we have proposed an architecture to employ the LPWAN as a backhaul infrastructure for ITS and to understand the feasibility of the proposed model, two applications with low and high delay requirements have been examined: road traffic monitoring and emergency vehicle management. Then, the performance of using LTE-M and NB-IoT for providing backhaul communication infrastructure has been evaluated in a realistic simulation environment and compared for these two scenarios in terms of end-to-end latency per user. Simulation of Urban MObility has been used for realistic traffic generation and a Python-based program has been developed for evaluation of the communication system. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of using LPWAN for ITS backhaul infrastructure mostly in favor of the LTE-M over NB-IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Random-access channels (RACHs) are designed to establish a connection between the user equipments (UEs) and the network. However, the current long-term evolution (LTE) standard has limitations in providing RACH resources to massive UE connections. If numerous UEs send a connection request simultaneously, it results in severe collisions and significant access delays that degrade system performance. There has been a lot of previous research into controlling this overload; however, there are no proposals to resolve RACH overload issues for mission-critical high-priority (MCHP) UEs in coexisting LTE-based public safety (PS-LTE) and LTE-based marine (LTE-M) networks. Thus, immense interest and practical research are urgently required to resolve the UE initial access problem during the random-access procedure, most importantly when MCHP users exist. In this paper, we propose an efficient mission-critical user priority-based random-access scheme for coexisting PS-LTE and LTE-M networks. Since PS-LTE users have mission-critical service requirements, we give higher priority to PS-LTE UEs when allocating RACH resources in the contention-based random-access (RA) procedure. Our proposed scheme efficiently assigns RA preambles to MCHP UEs in order to avoid preamble collisions when multiple UEs try to access coexisting PS-LTE and LTE-M networks. In this paper, the performance of the proposed scheme is analyzed and evaluated based on the number of successful RACH attempts, the number of collisions, and the access delay. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Compared with a conventional random-access scheme, the proposed scheme performs remarkably well by improving the number of successful RACH attempts, reducing the number of collisions, and minimizing the access delay to coexisting PS-LTE and LTE-M networks.

Long-Term Evolution for Metro (LTE-M) is adopted as the data communication system in urban rail transit to exchange bio-direction train-wayside information. Reliable data communication is essential in LTE-M systems for ensuring trains’ operation safety and efficiency. However, the inter-cell inference problem exists in LTE results in throughput reduction, especially when trains are in the edge area of adjacent cells, and has negative effects on train operation. The uplink power control and radio resource scheduling scheme is studied in LTE-M system which differentiates from public cellular networks in user numbers and the availability of the trains’ locations. Since the locations of the trains are available, the interferences from the neighbouring cells can be calculated, and a location based algorithm together with soft frequency reuse is designed. In addition, a proportional fair algorithm is taken to improve uplink radio resource scheduling considering the fairness to different train-wayside communication service requirements. Through simulation, the practicability of the proposed schemes in communication system of urban rail transit is verified in aspects of radio power control and data communication throughput.

Machine to Machine (M2M) is foreseen as an emerging technology for smart metering applications where devices communicate seamlessly for information transfer. The M2M communication makes use of long term evolution (LTE) as its backbone network and it results in long-term evolution for machine type communication (LTE-M) network. As huge number of M2M devices is to be handled by single eNB (evolved Node B), clustering is exploited for efficient processing of the network. This paper investigates the proposed Improved M2M Clustering Process (IMCP) based clustering technique and it is compared with two well-known clustering algorithms, namely, Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical (LEACH) and Energy Aware Multihop Multipath Hierarchical (EAMMH) techniques. Further, the IMCP algorithm is analyzed with two-tier and three-tier M2M systems for various mobility conditions. The proposed IMCP algorithm improves the last node death by 63.15% and 51.61% as compared to LEACH and EAMMH, respectively. Further, the average energy of each node in IMCP is increased by 89.85% and 81.15%, as compared to LEACH and EAMMH, respectively.

An important element of Internet of Things systems (IoT) is wireless data transmission. Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and LTE Cat M1 (LTE-M) are the new standards for such transmission intended for LTE cellular networks. Cellular network operators has recently launched such transmission. The article presents the results of measurements of NB-IoT transmission parameters in this network, inside the building and in open urban areas. The main features of the NBIoT system and measuring equipment are briefly discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai University / Shanghai Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Shanghai University (Natural Sciences) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication is one of the key technologies to realize Internet of Things (IoT). Since IoT applications are mainly for smart sensing, such as metering, home surveillance, disaster detection, and e-health, their special sensing/uploading behaviors will result in periodic and/or event-driven small data transmissions, which may potentially decrease the radio resource efficiency. On the other hand, due to the frequent communication nature of sensing data for IoT applications, the power consumption is increasing dramatically. To reduce the power consumption of IoT devices, the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has defined the discontinuous reception/discontinuous transmission (DRX/DTX) mechanism to allow devices to turn off their radio interfaces and go to sleep in various patterns. However, how to optimize the DRX/DTX scheduling while improving the resource efficiency is still an open issue. In this paper, we investigate an uplink resource allocation problem over long-term evolution machine-to-machine (LTE-M) networks, which is standardized by 3GPP to improve performance on IoT. In this network, we consider the periodic, event-driven, and query-based IoT traffic while minimizing the devices' power consumption. We prove this problem to be NP-complete and propose an aggregation-efficient DRX/DTX scheduling (AEDS) scheme. This scheme takes advantage of both spatial and temporal data aggregation while applying DRX/DTX for energy saving. Specifically, the scheme consists of three phases. The first phase exploits long-term static scheduling for periodic data to ensure the latency and data rate while minimizing the devices' wake-up time. The second phase tries to decrease devices' power consumption through precisely determining their DRX/DTX configurations. Finally, the third phase employs short-term dynamic scheduling for event-driven and query-based data to improve transmission efficiency. Therefore, both small data and power consumption problems are relieved. Extensive simulation results show that the proposed scheme can improve resource efficiency, enlarge network capacity while reducing power consumption compared to the existing schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shanghai University / Shanghai Daxue Xuebao is the property of Journal of Shanghai University (Natural Sciences) Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many different wireless personal communication technologies including Bluetooth, ZigBee, Wi-Fi, even LTE-M, can connect Internet of Things (IoT) products, such as personal electronics or industrial machine sensors. However, the nonlinearity and linear distortion produced by RF power amplifiers (PAs) will degrade the quality of transmitted signals. In this article, based on an inverse autoregressive moving-average (IM-ARMA) model, we applied a method of digital predistortion (DPD) to linearize the RF PAs for several typical protocols in the IoT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless networks are now a part of the everyday life of many people and are used for many applications. Recently, new technologies that enable low-power and long-range communications have emerged. These technologies, in opposition to more traditional communication technologies rather defined as "short range", allow kilometer-wide wireless communications. Long-range technologies are used to form Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN). Many LPWAN technologies are available, and they offer different performances, business models etc., answering different applications’ needs. This makes it hard to find the right tool for a specific use case. In this article, we present a survey about the long-range technologies available presently as well as the technical characteristics they offer. Then we propose a discussion about the energy consumption of each alternative and which one may be most adapted depending on the use case requirements and expectations, as well as guidelines to choose the best suited technology.