9 results on '"LOXORIBINE"'
Search Results
2. Loxoribine pretreatment reduces Salmonella Enteritidis organ invasion in 1-day-old chickens.
- Author
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Swaggerty, C. L., He, H., Genovese, K. J., Duke, S. E., and Kogut, M. H.
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IMMUNOREGULATION , *SALMONELLA enteritidis , *BROILER chickens , *COLONIZATION (Ecology) , *ANIMAL defenses , *TOLL-like receptors - Abstract
Young poultry exhibit a transient colonization by some food-borne pathogens, including Salmonella, during the first week of life that stems from immature innate and acquired defense mechanisms. Consequently, modulation of the hosts' natural immune response is emerging as an important area of interest for food animal producers, including the poultry industry. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists have been shown to boost the innate immune response in young chickens and increase their resistance to colonization by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. The objective of the present study was to determine if pretreatment with loxoribine, a TLR7 agonist and immune modulator, protects young chicks from Salmonella Enteritidis organ invasion. Loxoribine (0-100 μg) was administered intra-abdominally to 1-d-old broiler chicks, and 4 h later, the birds were challenged orally with Salmonella Enteritidis. Twenty-four hours postchallenge, birds were euthanized and the liver and spleen aseptically removed and cultured for Salmonella Enteritidis. This was carried out on 3 separate occasions using 26 to 50 chicks per dose per experiment. Pretreatment of chicks with loxoribine (6.25-25 μg) significantly (P ≤ 0.05) reduced liver and spleen organ invasion by Salmonella Enteritidis. Higher doses (50-100 μg) of loxoribine had no effect. The results obtained in this study indicate that there is a potential application for using loxoribine to increase protection of young chicks when they are most susceptible to infections with Salmonella. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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3. Loxoribine, a selective Toll-like receptor 7 agonist, induces maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and stimulates their Th-1- and Th-17-polarizing capability
- Author
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Dzopalic, Tanja, Dragicevic, Ana, Vasilijic, Sasa, Vucevic, Dragana, Majstorovic, Ivana, Bozic, Biljana, Balint, Bela, and Colic, Miodrag
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DENDRITIC cells , *CELL receptors , *CYTOKINES , *MONOCYTES , *CELL differentiation , *FLOW cytometry , *T cells , *ENZYME-linked immunosorbent assay - Abstract
Abstract: Recently, a guanosine analog, 7-allyl-7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanosine (loxoribine), has been identified as a selective Toll-like receptor (TLR)7 agonist. Bearing in mind the controversy regarding the expression of TLR7 by human myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) and its significance for functions of these cells, the goal of this study was to investigate the effect of loxoribine on differentiation, maturation and functions of human monocyte-derived (Mo)DCs. Immature MoDCs were obtained by cultivation of monocytes for 6days with recombinant granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-4. These cells were stimulated with loxoribine (250μM) for an additional 48h. Phenotypic properties of MoDCs were determined by flow cytometry, cytokine production was assayed by ELISA, whereas their allostimulatory capability was tested using a mixed leukocyte reaction. We showed that loxoribine up-regulated the expression of TLR7, CD40, CD54, CD80, CD83 and CCR7 and stimulated the production of IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-10 by MoDCs, whereas the level of interferon (IFN)-β was not modulated. Allogeneic CD4+T cells in co-culture with loxoribine-treated MoDCs proliferated more strongly, at lower DC/CD4+T-cell ratio (1:80), and secreted significantly higher levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ compared to the cultures with control MoDCs. The stimulatory effect of loxoribine on T helper (Th)1 polarization capability of MoDCs was further potentiated by ligation of CD40. In conclusion, our results show that loxoribine stimulated differentiation, maturation, allostimulatory as well as Th1 and Th17 polarization capability of human MoDCs and suggests that these effects might be associated with up-regulation of TLR7 expression, but not increased IFN-β production. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2010
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4. Inhibition and enhancement of Respiratory Syncytial Virus replication by nucleoside analogues and bis(indole) compounds
- Author
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Jensen, Lionel D
- Subjects
- Bis(indole), Antiviral, Loxoribine, Syncytial, Nucleoside, Isatisine, Virus, Toll Like Receptor 7, RSV, Respiratory, TLR7
- Abstract
Abstract: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an Orthopneumovirus that infects the epithelium of the airways. Severe RSV infection of the lower respiratory tract in infants is a leading cause of pediatric hospitalizations. RSV also causes substantial morbidity in immunocompromised and elderly populations. Palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, is available for the prophylactic treatment of high-risk infants. However, this intervention is expensive and has a limited impact on annual hospitalization rates caused by RSV. No vaccine is available to prevent RSV infection and no efficacious antivirals are available to treat active infection. To address the burden of disease imposed by RSV, this project sought to develop and implement a screening assay to identify compounds with antiviral activity against RSV. Different screening protocols were examined as platforms for testing antiviral activity. The first protocol quantified changes to RSV replication complex morphology during antiviral treatment. Through confocal microscopy, changes to replication complex morphology were identified as early as six hours post infection. However, this assay was hindered by the low signal intensity produced by replication complexes. Therefore, alternative RSV-antiviral screening protocols were investigated. Subsequent protocols quantified initial monolayer infection, or quantified RSV progeny production, via colourimetric or immunofluorescence (IF) staining. Automated detection of IF-stained RSV-infected cells was conducted using a high content imaging system. This protocol (referred to as ‘the IF protocol’) offered the highest throughput screening capacity and most reliable detection of RSV infection versus the other methods that were tested. Using the IF protocol, the chemotherapeutic nucleoside analogue cytarabine was investigated and antiviral activity against RSV was observed. The IF protocol was then used to screen a series of bis(indole) compounds for antiviral activity against RSV. Bis(indole) compounds were hypothesized to have antiviral activity as they were derived from Isatisine A, a naturally occurring compound with modest antiviral activity. Bis(indole) compounds with antiviral activity against RSV were identified; the IF protocol was then used to guide the synthesis of novel bis(indole) compounds with improved cytotoxicity profiles. The Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) agonist loxoribine was investigated for antiviral activity against RSV, however, enhancement of RSV replication during loxoribine treatment was observed. This observation was unexpected as TLR7 is a pattern recognition receptor which contributes to the identification of pathogens by the innate immune system and TLR7 stimulation typically elicits an antiviral immune response. Furthermore, TLR7 agonists are undergoing clinical investigations to examine their potential as immunomodulatory treatments for airway diseases. As enhancing the severity of RSV infections in this population could be hazardous, it was considered essential to further characterize the relationship of loxoribine with RSV replication. Loxoribine-mediated enhancement of RSV replication in human airway epithelial cells was determined to be concentration-dependent and this effect was reproducible with the distinct TLR7 agonist CL097. Inhibition of TLR7 stimulation by the antagonist IRS-661, or by siRNA knock down of TLR7, prevented enhancement of RSV replication by loxoribine. Finally, TLR7-mediated enhancement of RSV replication was determined to be dependent on extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. These results support the novel conclusion that exogenous stimulation of TLR7 benefits RSV replication. These results also suggest caution is warranted during the ongoing development of TLR7-based therapeutics, especially for therapeutics being developed for the treatment of airway diseases.
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- 2019
5. ChemInform Abstract: Guanosine Derivatives as Immunostimulants. Discovery of Loxoribine
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Marianne S. Rampulla, Barbara L. Pope, D C Argentieri, Reitz Allen B, Stanley C. Bell, Dieter H. Klaubert, Robert Chen, Mary R. Schott, L. E. Burr, Michael G. Goodman, Bruce E. Maryanoff, J H Goodman, and J. Come
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LOXORIBINE ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Chemistry ,medicine.drug_class ,Stereochemistry ,Nucleic acid ,medicine ,Guanosine ,General Medicine ,Immunostimulant ,Nucleoside - Abstract
7-Allyl-8-oxoguanosine (loxoribine, 5) was selected from a series of guanosine derivatives for further evaluation as an immunostimulant. Numerous related analogs were also synthesized and evaluated: 2′,3′-ketals of 5 are particularly interesting because they are active, apparently without being cleaved to the free nucleoside.
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- 2010
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6. Klonierung der Toll-like Rezeptoren 7 und 8 sowie Identifizierung ihrer Liganden
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Heil, Florian Josef Markus, Bauer, Stefan (Priv.-Doz. Dr.), Gierl, Alfons (Prof. Dr.), and Durner, Jörg (Priv.-Doz. Dr.)
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Biowissenschaften, Biologie ,Innate Immunity ,Toll-like Receptor ,HEK293 ,Resiquimod ,Loxoribine ,single-stranded RNA ,HIV ,endosomal maturation ,monoclonal antibody ,ddc:570 ,ddc:540 ,Chemie ,Angeborene Immunität ,Toll-like Rezeptor ,Loxoribin ,einzelsträngige RNA ,endosomale Reifung ,monokonaler Antikörper ,virus diseases - Abstract
Toll-like Rezeptoren (TLR) sind signalgebende Rezeptoren des angeborenen Immunsystems, die nach Kontakt mit Pathogenen eine Immunantwort auslösen und steuern. Diese Rezeptoren erkennen unterschiedliche Komponenten, wie z. B. bakterielles Lipopolysaccharid, Peptidoglykan, Flagellin oder doppelsträngige RNA. In dieser Arbeit wurden die Toll-like Rezeptoren 7 und 8 (TLR7 und TLR8) aus dem Menschen und der Maus identifiziert, kloniert und untersucht. Das Hauptaugenmerk lag auf der Identifizierung der Liganden von TLR7 und TLR8. Als erster Ligand für humanen TLR8 konnte mithilfe eines transienten Transfektionssytems eine Mischung aus den Nukleosiden Guanosin und Uridin identifiziert werden. Diese Beobachtung ließ sich bei murinem TLR8 jedoch nicht bestätigen. Die antivirale Substanz R-848 (Resiquimod) aus der Familie der Imidazoquinoline konnte als erster synthetischer Stimulus für humanen und murinen TLR7 sowie humanen TLR8 beschrieben werden. Über murinen TLR8 konnte wiederum keine Aktivierung von Immunzellen oder Sekretion von Zytokinen durch R-848 festgestellt werden. Im weiteren Verlauf konnte ein weiterer synthetischer Stimulus, der spezifisch für humanen und murinen TLR7 ist, identifiziert werden. Diese Substanz trägt den Namen Loxoribin (7-allyl-7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanosin), ist ein Analogon der Purinbase Guanosin und besitzt ebenfalls antivirale und antitumor Aktivität. Die Loxoribin-vermittelte Aktivierung von Immunzellen über TLR7 konnte durch die Verwendung von TLR7-und MyD88-defizienten Mäusen bestätigt werden. Schließlich konnte einzelsträngige GU-reiche RNA als physiologischer Ligand für humanen TLR8 und murinen TLR7 identifiziert werden. Die hier verwendete einzelsträngige RNA wurde in Form von Oligonukleotiden synthetisiert. Die Sequenz stammte aus der GU-reichen U5-Region des Humanen Immundefizienz Virus-1 (HIV-1; RNA40). Zusätzlich wurden noch zwei Varianten dieses RNA-Oligonukleotids synthetisiert, in denen jeweils alle Uridine (RNA41) und alle Guanosine (RNA42) gegen Adenosin ausgetauscht wurden. Im transienten Transfektionssystem konnte sowohl durch RNA40 als auch durch RNA42 eine Induktion von NF-κB durch humanen TLR8 ausgelöst werden. Durch Untersuchungen mit Zellen von TLR7-defizienten Mäusen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die, in den Zellen der Wildtyp-Maus beobachtete Sekretion inflammatorischer Zytokine durch RNA40 (RNA41 und RNA42 zeigten keinen Effekt) in der TLR7-/--Maus komplett aufgehoben war. Des Weiteren konnte gezeigt werden, dass endosomale Reifung für die Aktivierung von TLR7 und TLR8 notwendig ist. Im Gegensatz zu TLR2 und 4, die auf der Zelloberfläche exprimiert werden, ist von TLR9 bekannt, dass er von endosomaler Reifung abhängig ist und in intrazellulären Vesikeln lokalisiert ist. Aufgrund der Sequenzhomologie zu TLR9 wurden TLR7 und TLR8 ebenfalls daraufhin untersucht, ob sie diese Eigenschaft besitzen. Die TLR7 und TLR8-vermittelte Signalweiterleitung konnte konzentrationsabhängig durch die Inhibitoren der endosomalen Reifung, Bafilomycin A1 und Rab5 GTPase-Mutante vermindert werden. In Anlehnung an TLR9 ist dies ein Hinweis darauf, dass auch TLR7 und TLR8 in intrazellulären Kompartimenten exprimiert werden. Gegen den humanen TLR8 wurde ein monoklonaler Antikörper generiert. Dazu wurde auf DNA-Ebene ein Expressionsvektor konstruiert, der die Expression eines hTLR8-Fusionsproteins für die Immunisierung der Maus ermöglicht. Nach Herstellung von genügend Protein wurde die gereinigte extrazelluläre hTLR8-Domäne der Maus injiziert. Es wurden monoklonale Antikörper nach der Methode von Köhler und Milstein generiert. Vier Hybridomklone konnten bestimmt werden, die einen monoklonalen Antikörper gegen humanen TLR8 sezernieren. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are signaling receptors of innate immunity, which elicit and trigger an immune response after contact to a cognate pathogen. These receptors recognize different components, e.g. bacterial lipoploysaccharide, peptidoglycan, flagellin and double-stranded RNA, respectively. In this work, human and murine Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 were identified, cloned and examined. The main focus of this thesis was the identification of ligands for TLR7 and TLR8. First, by using a transient transfection system based on HEK293-cells, a mixture of the nucleosides guanosin and uridine could be identified as a ligand for human, but not murine TLR8. The antiviral compound R-848 (resiquimod) which belongs to the family of imidazoquinolines was first identified as synthetic stimulus for human TLR8 and murine TLR7. In further studies another synthetic compound could be identified activating exclusively human and murine TLR7. This compound named loxoribine (7-ally-7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-guanosine) is an analog of the purinbase guanosine and features antiviral and antitumor activity. The loxoribine-mediated activation of immune cells via TLR7 could also be shown by the utilization of TLR7- and MyD88-deficient mice. Finally, single-stranded GU-rich RNA oligonucleotides could be defined as the first physiological ligand for human TLR8 and murine TLR7. The sequence was derived from the GU-rich U5-region of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1, RNA40). Two further variants of this RNA-oligonucleotide were synthesized in which all uridines or all guanosines, were replaced by adenosines, respectively. In our transient transfection system, a induction of NF-κB through human TLR8 could be elicited either by RNA40 or RNA42. Further, TLR7-deficient murine cells showed a complete abolishment of the wildtype-cells specific secretion of inflammatory cytokines after stimulation with RNA40 (In this context, neither RNA41 nor RNA42 showed any effect). In addition, it could be shown that activation of TLR7 and TLR8 is depending on endosomal maturation. In contrast to TLR2 and 4, which are expressed on the cell surface, TLR9 is known to be localized in intracellular vesicles and to be contingent on endosomal maturation. Due to the sequence homology among TLR9, TLR7 and TLR8 we examined if TLR7 and TLR8 also showed these characteristics. TLR7 and TLR8 mediated signaling could be decreased concentration-dependent by the inhibitors of endosomal maturation, bafilomycin A1 and Rab5 GTPase-mutant. Therefore TLR7, 8 and 9 form a subfamily within the TLRs that is expressed in intracellular compartments and recognizes intracellular nucleic acids. In further addition, a monoclonal antibody was generated against human TLR8. First, an expression vector was constructed enabling the expression and subsequent purification of a human TLR8-fusion-protein. After producing sufficient amounts of protein, mice were injected for immunization. Antibody secreting hybridomas were generated using the protocol established by Kohler and Milstein and four clones secreting a monoclonal antibody against human TLR8 were established.
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- 2008
7. Sa1769 Gliadin Peptide P31-43 and Viral Ligand Loxoribine Use the Same Pathway to Activate Innate Immunity
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Maria Vittoria Barone, Riccardo Troncone, Salvatore Auricchio, Merlin Nanayakkara, and Giuliana Lania
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LOXORIBINE ,Innate immune system ,Hepatology ,Chemistry ,Immunology ,Gastroenterology ,Gliadin peptide ,Ligand (biochemistry) - Published
- 2015
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8. CO33 BOTH GLIADIN PEPTIDE P31–43 AND TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR 7 LIGAND, LOXORIBINE, ARE ABLE TO INDUCE IFN-ALPHA PATHWAY, INCREASING MXA EXPRESSION
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Giuliana Lania, Bana Jabri, Maria Vittoria Barone, Merlin Nanayakkara, R. Troncone, K. Ferrara, M. Sarno, A. Gaito, D. Ponticelli, Valentina Discepolo, Mariantonia Maglio, Rosita Aitoro, M. Cuomo, and Salvatore Auricchio
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LOXORIBINE ,Ifn alpha ,Toll-like receptor ,Hepatology ,business.industry ,Gastroenterology ,Medicine ,business ,Ligand (biochemistry) ,Gliadin peptide ,Molecular biology - Published
- 2012
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9. The TLR7 Ligand Loxoribine Induces Pentraxin 3 Expression in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
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J.I. Tirumalasetty, Soon Cheon Shin, Anne C. Miranowski, Leslie C. Grammer, Quynh Ai Truong-Tran, Paul A. Greenberger, and Robert P. Schleimer
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LOXORIBINE ,Chemistry ,Immunology ,Immunology and Allergy ,TLR7 ,Ligand (biochemistry) ,Peripheral blood mononuclear cell ,Molecular biology ,Pentraxin-3 - Published
- 2006
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