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Lopes, Rogério B., Brozoski, Franciele, Buschini, Maria Luisa T. (2021): Description of the male, nest architecture and biology notes of Zethus plaumanni Bohart & Stange, 1965 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in southern Brazil. Zootaxa 5060 (4): 566-574, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5060.4.5

Zethus (Wettsteinia) plaumanni Bohart & Stange, 1965 Zethus plaumanni Bohart & Stange, 1965: 89 (key), 95 (female, in subgenus Zethus). Stange, 1969: 168 (key); 1978: 77 (key). Lopes et al., 2021: supplementary material 3 (in subgenus Wettsteinia). TYPE DATA: Holotype female, Cambridge [MCZ] ��� examined. TYPE LOCALITY: ��� Brazil, Santa Cantarina, Nova Teut��nia ��� Diagnosis: The dorsally lamellar and strongly laterally sinuous pronotal carina, palpal formula 6:4, male antennae hooked rather than rolled, T 3 and S3 with regular lamellae and the narrow petiole render it as belonging in the subgenus Z. (Wettsteinia). The mesoscutum not completely striate, S1 not cariniform, T 1 micropunctate and T 2 with macropunctures not apically concentrated assign the specimens to the Z. heydeni species group. Finally, the ventrolateral ridge on T 1 present, but weak, and the mesoscutum without welts, but with evident nearly complete notaulices define the species., Published as part of Lopes, Rog��rio B., Brozoski, Franciele & Buschini, Maria Luisa T., 2021, Description of the male, nest architecture and biology notes of Zethus plaumanni Bohart & Stange, 1965 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) in southern Brazil, pp. 566-574 in Zootaxa 5060 (4) on page 568, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5060.4.5, http://zenodo.org/record/5637970, {"references":["Bohart, R. M. & Stange, L. A. (1965) A Revision of the genus Zethus Fabricius in the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). University of California Publications in Entomology, 40, 1 - 208.","Stange, L. A. (1969) Una especie nueva de Zethus F. de Bolivia, con notas biologicas (Hymenoptera: Eumenidae). Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 25, 161 - 170.","Lopes, R. B., Carpenter, J. M. & Noll, F. B. (2021) Cladistic analysis of Zethus Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae): a new subgeneric classification. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 82, 253 - 283. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / jhr. 82.65760"]}

Zethus giseleae Hermes & Lopes new species (Figs. 1���4 and 7���9) Diagnosis. Zethus giseleae runs into couplet 6 of the key proposed by Lopes et al. (2015). It differs from Z. kaapora Lopes by the lack of thick, erect, golden pilosity along the entire body (Fig. 1). Zethus giseleae differs particularly from Z. smithii by the truncate apex of the clypeus (Fig. 2, concave in Z. smithii), by the shape of the apical male flagellomere (Fig. 3, wider apically in Z. giseleae), and by the higher profile of T1 (Fig. 4). Also, several male genitalic features allow ready distinction between the two species: volsellar crest wider (Fig. 7, narrower in Z. smithii), setae on digitus dense and long (Fig. 7, shorter and sparser in Z. smithii), ventral margin of the ventral lobe of the aedeagus rounded, with a prominent basal projection (Fig. 8, somewhat rectangular in Z. smithii), basal plaque of aedeagus elliptical (Fig. 9), and apex of aedeagus strongly bifid (Fig. 9). All images may be compared to those provided by Lopes et al. (2015) for Z. smithii. Description. Holotype male. Body length from head to apex of T1 12 mm. Forewing length from middle of tegula 13 mm. Body ground color predominantly black, with yellow markings as follows: broad stripe along inner margin of mandibles; apical band on clypeus; small bands on inner orbit of compound eyes near clypeus; spots on inner upper margins of antennal sockets; small stripes on gena at the height of eye emargination; thin lateral stripes on pronotum adjacent to pronotal carina; small spots on apical projections of tegulae and parategulae; stripe on most of metanotum; longitudinal stripes on posterior surface of propodeum; interrupted apical stripes on outer surface of fore femora; stripes on frontal surface of fore tibiae; irregular markings on frontal surface of mid and hind coxae (the latter having markings on posterior surface as well); large stripes on inner surfaces of mid femora and tibiae; stripes on inner surfaces of hind tibiae; apical lateral stripes on each side of T1; basal spots on stem of T2; thin apical stripes on T2 and S2; apical wide stripes on T3���7 and S3���7. Hind femora and tibiae and mid femora with chestnut markings. Wings dark-hyaline, venation black-brownish, especially dark along costal region. Clypeal apex somewhat truncate, teeth slightly developed; distance between antennal sockets wide, around 2.5x a socket diameter; last flagellomere apically enlarged; gena wide, wider than the upper lobe of the compound eye; occipital carina strong and sharp, angular near mandibles, almost touching compound eyes inferiorly near mandibles; pronotal carina lamellar and somewhat translucent dorsally; mesepisternum swollen; propodeal dorsal aperture with two orifices; posterior surface of propodeum with median carina along its entire length; propodeal submarginal carina trapezoidal when seen from behind; propodeal valvula enlarged and rectangular; mid tibiae with two apical spurs; biggest high of T1 before middle of tergum when seen in profile; stem of T2 longer than that of T1; T2 and S2 with translucent narrow lamella. Clypeus with somewhat sparse and shallow punctures; frons above clypeus with strong and striate punctures, becoming regular and sparser on vertex and gena; strong and dense punctures on dorsal surface of pronotum, mesoscutum, mesepisternum and scutellum; lateral surface of pronotum with shallow and irregular punctuation, with weak striae near pronotal fovea; metanotum with small and shallow punctures basally, impunctate posteriorly; posterior surface of propodeum striate, striae becoming weak on lateral surfaces; T1 sparsely punctate basally, punctures becoming denser towards apex; punctures somewhat obsolete on remaining terga, but well developed on S2-7, especially on S2. Clypeus with pubescence concentrated on center, and with long, sparse, decumbent whitish setae on its entire surface; long, erect whitish setae on frons, becoming shorter and decumbent on vertex and gena; sparse and short erect whitish setae on pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum, longer on metanotum, mesepisterum and propodeum; short and erect setae on base of T1, becoming shorter and sparser towards apex; short and erect setae on S2, becoming longer and thicker on T3���7 and S3���7. Male genitalia: volsellar crest wide; setae on digitus dense and long; ventral margin of the ventral lobe of the aedeagus rounded, with a prominent basal projection; basal plaque of aedeagus elyptical; apex of aedeagus strongly bifid. Female unknown. Etymology. The specific epithet is an homage to our colleague Gisele G. Azevedo, who promotes the study of Hymenoptera in one of the least explored northeast states in Brazil, Maranh��o. Type material. Holotype male (CEUFLA), ��� Brasil, Maranh��o, Penalva,\ Real Lodge (Faz. Canad��),\ 3��17���S 45��07���O 25.I.2014 \ Muniz & Azevedo leg���. Additional examined material. Zethus smithii: One female (RPSP), ��� Parque Est. Morro do Diabo \ Teodoro Sampaio-SP, Brasil \ 22��32���33���S, 52��19���40���W \ 14���16/11/1999 ��� Tavares leg.���. One male (UFMT), ��� BRASIL: Mato Grosso,\ Cotrigua��u, R 10���11 (12)\ -9.79���84.11���S, -58.29���\ 72.15���W, 245 Trap-nest,\ 20.XII.2016, GAra��jo���. One male (UFMT), ��� BRASIL: Mato Grosso,\ Cotrigua��u, N 9-2 1 (12)\ -9.79���84.11���S, -58.29���\ 72.15���W, 245 Trap-nest,\ 20.X.2016, GAra��jo���. One male (MNHNPY), ��� Paraguay: Canindeyu \ Res. Nat. Bos. Mbaracay�� \ La Morena, 15���16.i.1997 \ B. Garcete Barrett \\ IBNPY-INVERT 7584���. One male (MNHPY), Paraguay:\ Itapua: Alto Ver��,\ Estancia Mendieta, 9\ ��� 11.ii.1999 B.\ Garcete\\ IBNPY-INVERT 7583���., Published as part of Hermes, Marcel G. & Lopes, Rog��rio B., 2018, A new species of Zethus Fabricius (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Zethinae) from Northeast Brazil, with notes on morphology and distributional records of Z. alessandroi Lopes, pp. 245-250 in Zootaxa 4462 (2) on pages 246-247, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4462.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/1441567

Zethus (Zethus) wileyi Stange, sp. nov. (Figs 1, 3 a, c, e, g, 4) Diagnosis. Stem of T2 longer than stem of T1; F11 of male falciform, long and sharp; submedian carina present. The configuration of the digitus (see below) is unique in the genus so far. Description. MALE. Coloration. Black. Following markings yellow: ventral half of clypeus; stripes on scape; small spot above each antennal socket; small spot on humeral angle; small spots on tegula and parategula apically; basal spot on fore femora; basal and apical spot on fore tibiae; stripes on mid and hind tibiae; subapical band on T1 extending forwards laterally; narrow subapical bands on T2 and T3 and S2 and S3. Brownish: tegula; tibiae; tarsi; S1; base of T2 and S2; S5���S7 (T4 and S4 not visible); wings hyaline with brown costa. Structure. Clypeus wider than high with concave apical margin; F-XI long, sickle shaped, very sharp; pronotal carina lamellar dorsally; pretegular carina present but inconspicuous; parategula vey short; two midtibial spurs; propodeal aperture slit-like, closed dorsally; propodeum with narrow and deep concavity; T1 expands gradually; stem of T2 longer than stem of T1, with gradual expansion both on dorsal and lateral view. Sculpture. Tyloids on F6���F9; clypeus with moderate shallow macropunctures intercalated by smooth areas; frons striatopunctate for short extension, becoming densely punctate all the way to vertex; most of mesosoma densely macropunctate intercalated by moderate to sparse micropunctation; notauli present posteriorly; propodeum shagreened laterally until lateral carina, after which becomes sharp striae dorso-laterally that develop into coarse reticulation on posterior face and fades into feeble striae and shagreened on concavity; lateral and submedian carina well developed, extending little after half height of propodeum; media carina of propodeum well developed on central half; T1 moderately macropunctate with sparse micropuntation; T2 densely micropunctate with feeble and inconspicuous medium sized punctures on center and aggregation of well-marked shallow and dense macropunctures apically, especially on the sides; S2 with sparse macropunctures intercalated by smooth areas basally becoming more like T2 halfway through. Pilosity. Thin, erect, golden densely setae on most of head and mesosoma; long sparse setae ventrally on F1��� F9; clypeus with curved sparse setae; thicker, longer and denser, whitish pilosity on ventrally on mesosoma and coxae metanotum, propodeum and base of petiole; moderate to sparse thin, golden, curved setae on T1; T2 with short dense tomentum; S-II with pilosity, similar to that of T1, basally becoming very dense apically. Fore wing length: 8,6 mm; stem of T2 a little under two times as long as wide. Genitalia. Aedeagus: basal plate with rounded apex in ventral view; apodema rounded, bending approximately 90�� from base to apex; ventral lobe semi-circular with posterior margin reflexed and toothed; body margin nearly parallel with apex weakly bilobate and reflexed ventrally. Volsellar body very wide and nearly perpendicular to axis of gonocoxite. Volsellar lamella with thick setae directed apically, thin ones directed basally. Cuspis large, completely covered by very thick scale-like setae, except for root; large basal projection and medial lobe well indicated with conules. Digitus large and complex; distal lobe dorsally folding, apparently forming two superposed lamellae; more sclerotized on folding region and more strongly so on apical margin (obs: these were probably connected, but were broken during extraction/handling of the genitalia); basal lobe reflexed behind from base of the root, marked by conules visible even from inner view. FEMALE. Unknown. Type material. Holotype, ♂ (FSCA): PANAMA, CZ, Gamboa, May 10 ���72 [10.v.1972], R & E Froeschner. Etymology. This species is dedicated to Jim Wiley, former curator of Hymenoptera at the FSCA in recognition of his Zethus collecting in the Bahamas and outstanding curating of the Zethus collection. Systematics. The matrix (Table 1) used in the search for trees with k = 2,343750 returned two trees, whose strict consensus result in the collapsing of one node. In this consensus (Fig. 2), Z. wileyi is the sister species-group to the Z. hilarianus species-group. This relation is strongly supported by symmetric resampling. In these circumstances, one could simply place the new species described here as the earliest derived lineage within the Z. hilarianus species-group. However, some characters disagree (two are unknown since they are observable only in females) with the given diagnosis of the species-group (Lopes et al., 2015). Although, there are three synapomorphies grouping the new species with the Z. hilarianus species-group, only one of these represents a diagnostic character for the species-group (Table 2). The anterior margin of S1 can be interpreted as a midway state, with a larger straight portion, in contrast with a semi-elliptic aspect from other species, such as Z. productus Fox, 1899 (see Lopes et al., 2015: 428, Fig. 4 L). Furthermore, Z. wileyi shows six autoporphies (Fig. 2), of which four are unique and two are homoplastic, demonstrating that it is a well-defined and distinct lineage. In this way, it is better to maintain a well-supported, well-delimited species-group as it is rather than expanding it to comprise one species that would lead to an extension of its diagnostic amplitude and blurring of its delimitation. TABLE]. Character matrix useđ in analysis. Species Characters * Synapomorphy of Z. hilarianus species-group according to Lopes et al. (2015)., Published as part of Lopes, Rog��rio B., Noll, Fernando B. & Stange, Lionel A., 2017, Zethus (Zethus) wileyi (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae), a new species with its own species-group, pp. 137-144 in Zootaxa 4231 (1) on pages 138-141, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/293607, {"references":["Lopes, R. B., Kumagai, A. F., Stange, L. A. & Hermes, M. G. (2015) Cladistic analysis and systematic revision of the Zethus smithii (de Saussure) species-group sensu Bohart & Stange (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Invertebrate Systematics, 29, 421 - 443.","Fox, W. J. (1899) Contributions to a knowledge of the Hymenoptera of Brazil, N ° 7. - Eumenidae (genera Zethus, Labus, Zethoides, Eumenes, Montezumia and Nortonia). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1899, 407 - 464."]}

Zethus wileyi species-group, new species-group Diagnosis. Stem of T2 longer than stem of T1; F11 of male falciform, long and sharp; submedian carina present; and complex male genitalia (described below). Included species. Zethus wileyi Stange, sp. nov. Systematics. The squared anterior margin of S1 along with rounded aspect of the basal plate of the aedeagus are synapomorphies that support this species as sister group to the Z. hilarianus species-group, while plesiomorphies such as the hirsute ventral surface of the fore femur of the male, slit-shaped propodeal aperture and convergent antero-lateral margin of S1 keep it from being part of the extant species-group. Remarks. Following Bohart and Stange���s (1965) key, the specimen (Fig. 1) runs to the Z. smithii de Saussure, 1855 species-group, which is now part of the Z. hilarianus de Saussure, 1855 species-group, according to Lopes et al. (2015). However, it does not agree with any of the known species., Published as part of Lopes, Rog��rio B., Noll, Fernando B. & Stange, Lionel A., 2017, Zethus (Zethus) wileyi (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae), a new species with its own species-group, pp. 137-144 in Zootaxa 4231 (1) on page 138, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4231.1.11, http://zenodo.org/record/293607, {"references":["Saussure, H. de (1855) Etudes sur la famille des vespides 3. La Monographie des Masariens et un supplement a la Monographie des Eumeniens. V. Masson, Paris & J. Cherbuliez, Geneva, 352 pp","Lopes, R. B., Kumagai, A. F., Stange, L. A. & Hermes, M. G. (2015) Cladistic analysis and systematic revision of the Zethus smithii (de Saussure) species-group sensu Bohart & Stange (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae). Invertebrate Systematics, 29, 421 - 443."]}

Synoeca ilheensis Lopes & Menezes, sp. nov. (Figs 1; 2C, D, I – L; 3D – F) Diagnosis. Median depression in vertex present and evident, otherwise females highly similar to S. septentrionalis, some distinguished by a more globose tegula. Males with first mandibular tooth absent, tegula always more globose, S7 whitish and distinct male genitalia. Description. Female. Metallic blue. Red markings: clypeus, mandibles, gena inferiorly, head ventrally, two weak spots on T2 and basal three-fourths of S2. Antennae blackish. Wings completely infuscated. Structure: Clypeus wider than high, narrowly truncated apically and marked by two feeble and blunt teeth. Mandible with first tooth rounded. Vertex with slight median depression. Gena wider than eye at height of sinus. Malar space about one antennal socket diameter. Pronotal carina and fovea absent. Tegula globose, with outer margin of evenly rounded. Propodeum convex, without posterior concavity. Clypeus with very sparse macropunctures intercalated on apical two-thirds by smooth areas and basal third by dense micropuncture. Head and mesosoma with sparse, weak, but evident punctuation. Posterior face of propodeum with coarse punctures, moderately distributed medially and very dense, some coalescent, on angles. T1 strongly petiolate. Entirely covered by whitish tomentum, denser and longer on propodeum and base of petiole. Long thick setae apically on clypeus. Moderate pilosity of thin, erect and very short setae on most of body; also longer and denser on propodeum and petiole; shorter and sparser on gaster. Fore tibiae and tarsi densely hirsute, with thick, erect, golden setae. Dense patch of short thick setae on basitibial plate. Fore wing length: 19.7 mm. Male. as in female, except: Red markings: clypeus on apical two-thirds, with basal third darker; entire occiput; abundant markings in mesosoma. Apical half of S7 whitish. Clypeus narrower, pointed apically. First tooth of mandible absent. Median depression of vertex much stronger. Gena narrower than eye. Smooth area only apical one-fifth of clypeus, further projected medially to center. Fore wing length: 17.2 mm. Variation (both sexes). Specimens in alcohol darker, instead of metallic blue, widely blackish, if not entirely. Red area of clypeus varying from completely marked to only a wide band at apical margin, forming a central dark triangle. Color of clypeus may vary, reaching bright orange in some specimens. Few females may present a more elongated tegula. Median depression of vertex may vary from in depth, but always evident and stronger on males. Etymology. The specific epithet is a tribute to the type locality, Ilhéus, Bahia-Brazil. Distribution. Endemic to Brazilian lowland Atlantic Forest, from Moreno (Pernambuco state) to Ubatuba (São Paulo state). Type material. Holotype ♀, Brazil: Bahia: Ilhéus, 16.v.2012, (14º48’01”S, 39º04’30”W; 10 m), coll. Menezes, R.S.T. [RPSP]. Paratypes, same data as holotype, 1♂ [RPSP]; 1♂, 1♀ [MZUSP]; 1♂, 1♀ [AMNH]; 1♂, 1♀ [HYMSJRP]. Non-type material examined. Brazil: Pernambuco: Moreno, 26.ix.2012, coll. R.S.T. Menezes, 1♀ [RPSP]; Bahia: Ilhéus 16.v.2012, coll. R.S.T. Menezes, 9♂, 2♀ [RPSP], same data, 04.iv.2012, 38♀ [RPSP]; Porto Seguro 18.xii.2011, coll. R.S.T. Menezes & S. Tomas, 1♀ [RPSP]; Itamaraju, 20.xii.2011, coll. R.S.T. Menezes & A.F. Carvalho, 15♀ [RPSP]; Santa Terezinha, Serra da Jiboia, 09.xi.2010, coll. R.S.T. Menezes & A.F. Carvalho, 1♂, 1♀ [RPSP]; Espírito Santo: Linhares, Reserva Vale, 21.ii.2013, coll. R.S.T. Menezes, 1♂, 1♀ [RPSP]; Alfredo Chaves 15.i.2010, coll. R.S.T. Menezes, 1♀ [RPSP]; São Paulo: Ubatuba 07.ix.2016, coll. R.S.T. Menezes, 5♀ [RPSP].

Pirhosigma sulcata Ferreira & Hermes, sp. nov. ( Figs 1 ���4, 12��� 14) Diagnosis. Pirhosigma sulcata differs from congeners by the following combination of features: male antennae with a reduced, triangular apical flagellomere, directed backwards above F 9���10; pronotal carina developed along its entire dorsal margin; T 1 with basal petiole extending further half of the tergum length; T 2 without a basal dorsal hump; metasomal S 2 smoothly convex. The species runs to couplet four of Giordani Soika��s (1978) key, better fitting P. mearimense (Zavattari, 1912) (Fig. 5) but differing from it by: (i) the medially shorter dorsal pronotal surface (compare Figs 2 and 6); (ii) the thick and well developed lamellar posterior margin of the pronotum (compare Figs 2 and 6); (iii) the pointed apex of parategulae (rounded in P. m e a r i m e n s e) (compare Figs 2 and 6); (iv) the slightly more laterally prominent mesepisternum (compare Figs 3 and 7); (v) the conspicuous sulcus between scutellum and metanotum (compare Figs 4 and 8); and (vi) the denser and longer pilosity on the lower portion of the propodeum (compare Figs 4 and 8). Description. Holotype male. Body ground color black, with somewhat sparse brownish and yellow markings. Antennae predominantly brownish to black, except by yellow inner face of pedicel and apical flagellomeres. Yellow markings as follows: two lateral stripes on clypeus; quadrangular inter-antennal mark; stripes on inner orbits of compound eyes; narrow stripes on upper outer orbit of compound eyes; apical band on T 1, interrupted medially; T 2���6 and S 2���6 with apical bands. Parategulae pale-yellow. Mid-legs yellowish. Lateral marks on dorsal surface of pronotum and hind legs brownish. Wings dark-brownish, venation blackish. Clypeus longer than wide, with apex emarginate; F 11 triangular, directed backwards above F 10; inter-antennal region smooth; inner margin of antennal sockets with slightly developed carinae; pronotal carina well developed all along, laterally slightly sinuous; dorsal pronotal surface small medially, with mesoscutum almost reaching pronotal carina; posterior margin of pronotum well developed, somewhat lamellar; mesepisternum laterally prominent; outer rim of tegulae with slight lamella more developed posteriorly; parategulae narrow, slender; scutellum in profile slightly more raised than mesoscutum; sulcus between scutellum and metanotum evident; T 1 longer than wide, with petiole extending further half of the total length of the tergum; pre-apical fossa of T 1 developed, oval; T 1 with lateral longitudinal carina; T 2 wider than long. Genitalia as in Figs. 12���14. Clypeus with large, shallow and sparse macropunctures, with distance among them larger than one puncture diameter, and evident micropunctures; frons with conspicuous, larger and denser punctation than the clypeus; pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum, metanotum and propodeum coarsely punctate, and background micropunctation; upper mesepisternum coarsely punctate, with space between punctures becoming larger and micropunctures evident downwards; T 1 with denser macropunctation towards apex, and background micropunctation; T 2 with basal conspicuous macropunctation, denser than that of T 1. Pubescence conspicuous, with abundant whitish pilosity as follows: clypeus, frons, lower surface of mesepisternum near coxae, propodeum, T 2���6 and S 2���6. Sparse, shorter, erect and brownish pilosity on pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum and metanotum. Sparse and thin pilosity on lateral base of T 1, denser on apex. Denser, longer whitish pilosity on lower lateral propodeum and on metasomal terga and sterna. Female unknown. Type material. Holotype, ♂, Brazil: ���KM 31 AM-010/ CEPLAC AM-BR/ 18 -VI- 76 / Joselita M. Santos��� (handwriten label) [INPA]. Distribution. Brazil (Amazonas). Etymology. The specific epithet refers to one of the diagnostic features of this species: the conspicuous sulcus between the scutellum and the metanotum. Additional examined material: Pirhosigma mearimense (Zavattari, 1912), Brazil, Mearim: holotype, ♂ (MSNG), ���Coll. Gribodo\ Miarim\ D��� (partially handwriten label) ��� HOLOTYPUS \ Eumenes \ mearimensis\ Zavattari, 1912 ��� (partially handwritten label) ��� Eumenes \ mearimensis\ ♂ Zav.\ E. Zavattari, det.��� (partially handwriten label) ���Museo Civico\ di Genova��� ���Typus��� (in the back of the label)., Published as part of Ferreira, Wellington D., Grandinete, Yuri C., Lopes, Rog��rio B. & Hermes, Marcel G., 2015, A new contribution to the knowledge of Neotropical Eumeninae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae), pp. 117-124 in Zootaxa 3981 (1) on pages 118-119, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3981.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/233199, {"references":["Giordani Soika, A. (1978) Revisione degli Eumenidi neotropicali appartenenti ai generi Eumenes Latr., Omicron (Sauss.), Pararhaphidoglossa Schulth. ed affini. Bolletino della Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, 29, 1 - 420.","Zavattari, E. (1912) Materialien fur eine Monographie der neotropischen Eumeniden. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 78, 1 - 272."]}

Pseudodynerus carpenteri Hermes & Melo, 2008 Examined material: Brazil, Amazonas: 1 ♀ (INPA), ‘ BRASIL, AM, Manaus,\ Reserva F. Adolpho Ducke\ 04- 11.x. 2010 \ Somavilla, A., et al. Leg.’ ‘Grade do PPBio\ NSS (LO 7 \LO 3)\ Vespidae – Eumeninae ’ ‘ Pseudodynerus \ carpenteri \ Hermes det. 2013 ’ (handwriten label). Distribution. French Guiana, Suriname (Hermes & Melo 2008), Brazil (new record).

Pseudodynerus griseus (Fox, 1902) Examined material: Brazil, Cear��: 1 ♂ (INPA), ��� BRASIL, Cear��\ P. N. Ubajara\ - 3.83830 ��/- 40.89803 ��\ 14- 19.ii. 2013 846 m. a.��� ���Busca ativa\ A. Sommavila & M. L. Oliveira leg. ���. Distribution. Brazil (Cear�� [new record], Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul). Remarks. The collecting records for this species were restricted to latitudes above 15 �� S in the Brazilian States of Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Hermes & Melo 2008). The specimen examined is a male, with strongly depressed lateral surface of pronotum and lateral angles of propodeum prominent in posterior view. This last character (lateral angles of propodeum clearly prominent versus somewhat rounded) may be tricky, but the specimen in hand fits better the mentioned condition. The genitalia of the specimen was removed and examined as well, and compared to related species (e.g. P. subapicalis). Despite from being clearly distinct from related species, the genitalia fits perfectly the description and drawings provided by Hermes and Melo (2008) for P. gr i s e us. Until more specimens are collected to either corroborate or refute our identification, we defer attributing this male specimen to any other taxon in the genus, or even associating it with species whose males are unknown but have close collecting records (e.g. P. carpenteri Hermes & Melo). This record extends considerably the putative distributional range of P. g r i s eu s (the nearest northern previous record is around two thousand kilometers southward). It may be possible that additional collecting efforts reveal this species to be related to the Atlantic Forest biome along the Brazilian coast, with some introgression in transition areas between this forest and the Cerrado. This assumption may find some support when P. serratus (Fox, 1902), the sister-species of P. g r i s e u s, is considered: the first occurs westward in South America, ranging from dry areas in Argentina to the Cerrado of Mato Grosso in the Brazilian border with Bolivia; the two species overlap in south Brazil, in the remnants of Atlantic Forest in the State of Santa Catarina (Hermes & Melo 2008, Fig. 118)., Published as part of Ferreira, Wellington D., Grandinete, Yuri C., Lopes, Rog��rio B. & Hermes, Marcel G., 2015, A new contribution to the knowledge of Neotropical Eumeninae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae), pp. 117-124 in Zootaxa 3981 (1) on page 122, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3981.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/233199, {"references":["Fox, W. J. (1902) Contributions to a knowledge of the Hymenoptera of Brazil, Nº 8 - Eumenidae, continued (genus Odynerus). Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1902, 44 - 69.","Hermes, M. G. & Melo, G. A. R. (2008) Revision and cladistic analysis of the eumenine wasp genus Pseudodynerus de Saussure (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae). Systematic Entomology, 33 (2), 361 - 394. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.2008.00421. x"]}

Ferreira, Wellington D., Grandinete, Yuri C., Lopes, Rogério B., Hermes, Marcel G. (2015): A new contribution to the knowledge of Neotropical Eumeninae (Hymenoptera, Vespidae). Zootaxa 3981 (1): 117-124, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3981.1.6

Zethus (Zethus) sinuostylus Lopes, sp.nov. (Figs 3, 4) This species belongs to the Zethus spinosus group according to the following combination of characters: stem of T- II shorter than that of T-I; broad subhumeral area; apical propodeal lamella abbreviated; tegula narrowed posteriorly; and S-VII of male notched, and female clypeus closely punctured, not striate. Diagnosis. The sinuous parameral spine pointing ventrally is unique in Zethus spinosus group. Wide and shallow notch on S-VII differ the male of new species from other ones in the group. The female runs to Z. anisitsii (Br��thes) in Bohart and Stange���s (1965) key, but differs from it by having denser punctuation of clypeus and by having acute tubercle on metanotum. Description. Male. Clypeus wider than long, with three very obtuse and blunt apical teeth; pronotal carina projected backwards on humeri, forming an oblique humeral carina; posterior and lateral surfaces of pronotum somewhat beveled, with critical breadth narrow, less than two midocelli diameters; parategula elongated; propodeum with a slit like dorsal aperture, shallow and wide concavity and apical lamella undeveloped; T-I in dorsal view more than three times as long as wide; T-II with stem shorter than stem of T-I, a roof -like dorsum medially on expanded part of tergum (an obtuse angle, marked by a line, better seen in oblique view) and apical medial projection; S-VII flat with a wide and shallow notch apically with a thin translucent membrane; parameral spine sinuous. The paramere presents a rather curious arch-like structure dorso-apically. Fore wing length 7.6 mm. Very coarse and dense macropunctuation/reticulation throughout the head and mesosoma; clypeus with moderate macropunctuation and dense micropunctuation tyloids from F-I to IX; mesoscutum with no signs of welts and notauli, and with smooth area adjacent to tegula, laterally margined by dense punctuation; metanotum cristate, interrupted medially, with an acute tubercle; propodeum with lateral and submedian carina developed running all the way to the submarginal carina and concavity striate, angles reticulate; T-I moderately macropunctate with smooth interspaces; T-II densely micropunctate, with coarse and dense macropunctures subapically; S-II sparsely punctate. Black, with following markings yellow: clypeus, except for a thin dorsal part; antennal hook; small spots on top of antennal socket and eye emargination; genal spot; a band along the base of the pronotal carina; parategula; hind margin of tegula; a pair of lateral spots on scutellum; a pair of transversal lines on metanotum; stripes on external surface of fore and midtibiae and femora; two longitudinal lines on the posterior surface of the propodeum; apical band on T-I, projecting anteriorly on the lateral margin; subapical bands on T-II to VI and S-II to VI; two spots on T-VII and S-VII. Forewing hyaline with light brown costa. Apical lamella of T-II hyaline. Inconspicuous sparse short setae on head, pronotum, mesoscutum, scutellum and mesepisternum; longer and erect on metanotum and propodeum; tomentum of dense, very short setae on T-II. Female. Similar with male, except for: clypeus apically truncate; T-VI with an obtuse medial depression; S-VI convex, not widely and shallowly notched and without membrane. Fore wing length: 8.6 mm. Antennae without tyloids; mesoscutum with discoid puncture isolated by smooth area; propodeum with lateral carina incomplete and submedian carina indistinct. Clypeus, midfemora and S-VI entirely black; Yellow markings on legs reduced, yellow spot on discoid puncture. Clypeus with dense tomentum, denser at sides; hypostomal region with long setae. Etymology. The specific name refers the sinuous parameral spine. Material. Holotype, ♂ [RPSP], BRAZIL: Brasil, SP, Corumbata��/ Cerrado de Corumbata��/ 23.IV. 2001 /Mechi, M. R. col. PARATYPES: 2 ♂, 1 ♀, with the same data. Distribution. Brazil: S��o Paulo., Published as part of Lopes, Rog��rio B. & Noll, Fernando B., 2014, Notes on the Neotropical Zethus Fabricius, 1804 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) with the description of two new species from Brazil, pp. 179-186 in Zootaxa 3784 (2) on pages 182-183, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3784.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/229049

The Brazilian ground pearl Eurhizococcus brasiliensis is the most prevalent insect pest of grapes in Brazil. The natural occurrence and biological activity of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) against this pest are poorly known. In this study, we evaluate the presence of E. brasiliensis-associated EF in soil and the virulence of a ground pearl-derived strain of Isaria fumosorosea against cysts under laboratory conditions. EF were not identified on cysts in an initial survey performed in a grape-producing area in southern Brazil. However, 6% of mobile females that had emerged from cysts were infected by Metarhizium brunneum, which was the first report of this insect pathogen on ground pearls in Brazil. Cysts without the protective wax layer were inoculated with I. fumosorosea conidia suspension by immersion. The symptoms and the signs of the disease were described. Infected cysts had a yellow-ochre color and "hard-boiled egg" consistency when broken, in contrast to the intense bright yellow color and "raw egg" consistency of living cysts. Vegetative fungal cells were present inside symptomatic cysts, and later, outside conidiation was visible. The LC25 for the cysts protected with the wax layer and also inoculated by immersion was 1.31 x 10(7) conidia·mL-1. However, the presence of fungal structures was not observed on symptomatic individuals. Considering the motionlessness of cysts and the absence of disease signs for mortality assessment, the symptoms described may be helpful for further studies on E. brasiliensis control using I. fumosorosea. La perla de tierra Eurhizococcus brasiliensis es el insecto plaga más importante en las uvas de Brasil. La presencia natural y actividad biológica de hongos entomopatógenos (HE) contra esta plaga son poco conocidas. En este estudio se evaluó la presencia de E. brasiliensis asociada a HE en suelos y la virulencia de una cepa de Isaria fumosorosea proveniente de la perla de la tierra contra quistes bajo condiciones de laboratorio. No se logró identificar ningún HE en los quistes durante una evaluación inicial conducida en un área de producción de uva al sur de Brasil. Sin embargo, el 6% de las hembras móviles que emergieron de los quistes estaban infectadas con Metarhizium brunneum, el cual es el primer reporte del aislamiento de este patógeno sobre perlas de la tierra en Brasil. Los quistes sin su capa de cera protectora fueron inoculados por inmersión a una suspensión de conidios de I. fumosorosea. Se describieron los síntomas y signos de la infección. Los quistes infectados tenían un color amarillo oscuro y una consistencia de "huevo cocido" cuando rotos, en contraste a un color amarillo claro y una consistencia de "huevo crudo" de los quistes vivos. Las células fúngicas vegetativas se encontraron dentro de los quistes sintomáticos, y más tarde se hizo visible la conidiación en la parte externa. La CL25 para los quistes protegidos por su capa de cera e inoculados por inmersión fue de 1,31 x 10(7) conidios.mL-1. Sin embargo, la presencia de estructuras del hongo no se observó en los individuos sintomáticos. Teniendo en cuenta la inmovilidad de los quistes y la ausencia de signos patológicos para la evaluación de mortalidad, los síntomas descritos pueden ayudar en estudios futuros sobre el control de E. brasiliensis utilizando I. fumosorosea.

Foram estudadas 19 estirpes de Bacillus sphaericus Neide obtidos no Brasil além de uma estirpe considerada padrão (2362) fornecida pelo Instituto Pasteur. A maioria das estirpes foi mais eficiente que o padrão, sendo que sete deles causaram mortalidade igual ou superior a 80%, em baixa concentração (7 × 10² esporos/ml). A estirpe ESALQ MS6 foi selecionada para formulação por apresentar melhor produção, em meio de cultura líquido (3 × 10(9) UFC/ml). A formulação granulada G4 foi testada em criadouros artificiais, constituídos de baldes plásticos com 10 L de água e 20 larvas de 3º ínstar de Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). Comparou-se a eficiência da formulação em teste, em três concentrações diferentes, com um produto comercial. As avaliações foram feitas 24 horas, sete e 18 dias após a inoculação, seguindo-se a reposição de larvas no balde. A formulação G4 foi semelhante ao produto comercial, controlando 100% das larvas nas concentrações testadas, contudo teve maior tempo de permanência dos grânulos na superfície. Em lagoas de tratamento de efluentes de cortume, a formulação G4, na concentração de 2 kg/ha reduziu o número de larvas em 21%, 47%, 85% e 94%, após 1, 3, 7 e 15 dias, respectivamente. Nineteen Bacillus sphaericus Neide strains obtained in Brazil were evaluated in addition to a standard strain (2362) supplied by Pasteur Institute. Most strains were more efficient than the standard, and seven of them caused mortality equal to or higher than 80%, at a low concentration (7 × 10² spores/ml). Strain ESALQ MS6 was selected for formulation, since it showed better yield in liquid culture medium (3 × 10(9) CFU/ml). The G4 granular formulation was tested in artificial rearing sites, consisting of plastic buckets containing 10 L water and twenty 3rd-instar larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). The efficiency of formulation was compared against a commercial product, at three different concentrations. Evaluations were taken every 24h, at seven and 18 days after inoculation, with subsequent replacement of larvae in the bucket. The G4 formulation was similar to the commercial product, and controlled 100% of the larvae at the concentrations tested; however, the granules remained at the surface for a longer period. In tannery effluent treatment ponds, the G4 formulation at a concentration of 2 kg/ha reduced the number of larvae by 21%, 47%, 85%, and 94%, after 1, 3, 7, and 15 days, respectively.

Avaliou-se o controle do cupim Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) utilizando-se a isca Termitrap impregnada com inseticidas em baixas concentrações e associados ou não ao fungo Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., isolado 634 (obtido de Solenopsis invicta F. Smith) em cana-de-açúcar (híbridos de Saccharum officinarum L.). O experimento foi conduzido num canavial da Fazenda São José, no município de Rio Claro-SP, com alta infestação de cupins. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: imidacloprid 0,01%; imidacloprid 0,01% + B. bassiana; WG 0,003%; WG 0,003% + B. bassiana; B. bassiana; e Testemunha (sem tratamento). Cada tratamento foi repetido cinco vezes. As iscas foram impregnadas com os inseticidas por imersão em água, sendo suas concentrações calculadas de acordo com o peso da isca, sendo B. bassiana aplicado em conídios puros (10(9) conídios/isca). As avaliações foram realizadas após 15, 30, 41, 63, 86 e 136 dias, aplicando-se notas para as populações encontradas. O trabalho foi conduzido entre os meses de novembro de 1996 a abril de 1997. Foi possível observar que o imidacloprid 0,01% causou a diminuição da população de H. tenuis de forma mais lenta, pois essa população somente chegou a zero na avaliação aos 30 dias. Quando fungo foi aplicado isoladamente, o decréscimo da população foi mais lento do que nos tratamentos imidacloprid 0,01% e WG 0,003%. Os tratamentos com imidacloprid e WG, associados ao fungo B. bassiana foram os mais eficientes no controle dessa espécie de cupim em cana-de-açúcar. Os cupins visitaram e se alimentaram das iscas normalmente, demonstrando não haver repelência dos tratamentos a esses insetos. The control of the termite Heterotermes tenuis (Hagen) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) was evaluated using the bait/trap Termitrap impregnated with insecticides in low concentrations and associated to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. isolate 634 (from Solenopsis invicta F. Smith) in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). The experiment was conducted in Rio Claro-SP, in a sugarcane field highly infested with termites. The treatments consisted of: imidacloprid 0,01%; imidacloprid 0,01% + B. bassiana; WG 0,003%; WG 0,003% + B. bassiana; B. bassiana; and Untreated control. Each treatment was replicated five times. The insecticides were impregnated on baits by immersion in water, being their concentrations calculated according to the weigth of the bait, and the B. bassiana was applied as pure conidia (10(9) conidia/bait). The research was conducted during November 1996 through April 1997. The evaluations were made after 15, 30, 41, 63, 86 e 136 days by assigning indexes to populations levels. All treatments significantly reduced termite populations when compared to the control. However, it took longer for B. bassiana alone to reduced H. tenuis population. The treatments with imidacloprid and WG were the most efficient in the control of termites in sugarcane. The baits/traps did not repel the termites.