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Technology has changed people's habits, including the way they buy things. Thrifting can be a way for fashion lovers or fashionistas to learn about trends so that they can find very varied and unexpected clothing models. In the implementation of thrifting, there are currently many platforms that can be used online. The most commonly used online platforms are Instagram, TikTok, shopee, and many other e-commerce. This article aims to discuss the mechanism of online thrifting through the Instagram application and to examine law enforcement against the practice of Thrifting through the Instagram application. The result of this research is that the impact of the online thrifting mechanism using the Instagram application hurts security in customs supervision and threatens local industries. The practice of thrifting carried out online utilizes loopholes in supervision and regulation so that many business actors can still sell imported used goods illegally. To address this issue, cooperative action is needed between the government, social media platforms, and the public. The government needs to strengthen regulations and improve oversight of online buying and selling activities, including working with platforms like Instagram to identify and crack down on unlawful accounts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loopholes involve misalignments between rules about what should be done and what is actually done in practice. The focus of this paper is loopholes in interactions between human organizations' implementations of task-specific artificial intelligence and individual people. The importance of identifying and addressing loopholes is recognized in safety science and in applications of AI. Here, an examination is provided of loophole sources in interactions between human organizations and individual people. Then, it is explained how the introduction of task-specific AI applications can introduce new sources of loopholes. Next, an analytical framework, which is well-established in safety science, is applied to analyses of loopholes in interactions between human organizations, artificial intelligence, and individual people. The example used in the analysis is human–artificial intelligence systems in gig economy delivery driving work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into the crucial role of patent marking in providing notice to the public and facilitating proper enforcement of patent rights. It discusses how the marking requirement, outlined in 35 U.S.C. § 287(a), ensures that patent owners can claim damages for infringement only after providing notice that a product is patented. It argues for a shift in the application of the marking requirement from a claim-by-claim basis to a patent-by-patent basis to address this loophole.

The definitions of disease proffered by philosophers and medical actors typically require that a state of ill health be linked to some known bodily dysfunction before it is classified as a disease. I argue that such definitions of disease are not fully implementable in current medical discourse and practice. Adhering to the definitions would require that medical actors keep close track of the current state of knowledge on the causes and mechanisms of particular illnesses. Yet, unaddressed problems in medical terminology can make this difficult to do. I show that unrecognized misuse of "heterogeneous," "biomarker," and other important health terms—which I call index terms —can misrepresent the current empirical evidence on illness pathophysiology, such that unvalidated illness constructs become mistaken for diseases. Thus, implementing common definitions of disease would require closing this "loophole" in medical discourse. I offer a simple rule that, if followed, could help do just that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossil fuel subsidies remain a persistent problem notwithstanding multiple international commitments to phase them out. A new approach is needed to ensure commitments account for, and help overcome, domestic barriers to fossil fuel subsidy reform. This new approach should comprise time-bound roadmaps, steps to close existing loopholes, and support for lower-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the author discusses the alleged flaws of the federal campaign finance laws in the U.S. that allow outsiders to coordinate monetary contributions and expenditures without punishment and his proposed reforms to address them. Also cited are the reasons why the Federal Election Commission (FEC) is ineffective in addressing illegal campaign funds and the provisions of the 1971 Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA).

The article discusses the Major Questions Doctrine (MQD) and its relationship to statutory interpretation. MQD is a tool used by courts to limit the power of administrative agencies to regulate matters of great economic and political significance. The article explores different views on the application of MQD, including whether it should apply in private lawsuits. It argues that MQD is a unique hybrid canon that combines elements of textualism with the protection of constitutional values. The article suggests that recognizing MQD as a hybrid canon would resolve the "lawsuit loophole" and allow the Court to apply it selectively to certain cases. [Extracted from the article]

To fight corruption, money laundering, and organized crime, a proposed APUNCAC Beneficial Owner Rule would require financial service personnel to obtain and submit certification by the true beneficial owner when covered funds are transacted in amounts exceeding USD 3000. The strategy would trap front men into false statements, create a transaction-level record of assertions by front men that can be tested by a prosecutor, eliminate loopholes that allow criminals to escape prosecution in offshore havens, not require proof of a predicate crime or the illicit nature of funds, trigger a chain of witness cooperation, fight organized crime using a domino strategy, and be accomplished via a relatively simple change in domestic laws. Analysis suggests (1) the required technology exists; (2) transaction friction would be minimal; and (3) that the implementation of the Rule is feasible and practical, both operationally and from a legal standpoint, suggesting that the proposed Rule offers a promising strategy to fight organized crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the issue of child pornography and exploitation, arguing that current federal laws are not effectively combating the problem. It discusses the role of the First Amendment in relation to child pornography, noting that while child pornography itself is not protected, artistic expressions such as drawings are. The article suggests that Congress should expand and enforce existing laws more aggressively to eliminate access to all child pornographic materials and close the distribution network. It also discusses Supreme Court cases that have shaped child pornography laws and highlights the ongoing challenges in defining and regulating child pornography in the digital age. The article concludes by advocating for the expansion of child pornography laws to include artistic expressions in order to protect children from harm. [Extracted from the article]

Legal interpretation by the WTO Appellate Body has been a controversial topic in international trade law discourse. Adding matters that were debated in the negotiating history or unfamiliar with in the legal texts may raise concerns about the overuse of this judiciary's powers. The subsidy capture over natural resource exploitation rights in Softwood Lumber IV and subsequent disputes is perhaps an example of such an interpreting preference. The article discusses the manner in which the WTO Appellate Body exercised its treaty interpretation for the case of natural resources in the subsidy context. This trade law tribunal seemed to consider natural resource exploitation rights as a mechanism of the economic transfer; however, this judgment appears to contradict the property rights' perception that natural resource exploitation rights are considered a kind of economic resource like intellectual property rights. This expansive interpretation should not be encouraged due to the sovereignty sensitiveness of the matter at issue and the politically delicate position of WTO dispute settlement mechanism. Therefore, the subsidy question of natural resource exploitation rights should be discussed by further negotiations rather than be resolved by the existing jurisprudence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two contrasting claims regarding the Hungarian judiciary. The Government asserts that it is in the best shape, while many other voices label it as captured or dependent. This article shows how both of these claims can be true, depending on the interplay between formality and informality and shows how a few small loopholes allow some actors to rig the judicial system. Therefore, the Hungarian judiciary is similar to Schrödinger's cat, which is claimed to be dead and alive at the same time. The synergy between formality and informality requires a network of a handful of trusted people in managerial positions to administer case allocation, promotion, and disciplinary systems, which seem to be very effective tools. Few small technical loopholes and some special remedies suffice to micromanage important cases precisely because key positions are captured which work as gatekeepers or emergency brakes. Most of these tools are legal in a very formal technical sense of the word because they rely on acts of Parliament. A formal legalism, a very thin understanding of the Rule of law, and a majoritarian mindset serve as a legitimizing ideology for the whole legal system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microtransactions are a type of small-scale financial transaction conducted online. With the advent of the internet, trading transactions no longer require direct interaction between the seller and the buyer, as everything is done through online platforms. One form of microtransaction found in games is gacha. The issue of microtransaction gacha arises due to their inherent gambling elements. However, there is a loophole in current criminal law in Indonesia where no specific regulation governs this issue. This research aims to compare the differences in the legal regulation of microtransaction gacha between national criminal law and Islamic criminal law. The research methodology employed is a comparative method with a literature review approach. The findings of this research indicate that there is no specific regulation in national criminal law that categorizes microtransaction gacha as prohibited acts under the law, whereas, in Islamic criminal law, microtransaction gacha fulfill the elements of gambling and are therefore considered haram (forbidden). Therefore it is important to establish a framework of criminal law that regulates gacha systems to minimize the impacts caused by microtransaction gacha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the problem of entanglement detection in the presence of faulty, potentially malicious detectors. A common—and, as of yet, the only—approach to this problem is to perform a Bell test in order to identify nonlocality of the measured entangled state. However, there are two significant drawbacks in this approach: the requirement to exceed a critical, and often high, detection efficiency, and much lower noise tolerance. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach to this problem, which is resilient to the detection loophole and is based on the standard tool of entanglement witness. We discuss how the two main techniques to detection losses, namely the discard and assignment strategies, apply to entanglement witnessing. We demonstrate using the example of a two-qubit Bell state that the critical detection efficiency can be significantly reduced compared to the Bell test approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional studies show that political connections have significant distributional effects. Yet, the means by which political connections affect the distribution of economic resources has not been fully investigated. This paper examines the role of political connections in the allocation of government procurements in China by combining quantitative and qualitative evidence. For quantitative analysis, we focus on a specific type of political connections, namely revolving‐door recruitment. A unique dataset between 2016 and 2020 based on the contract‐level transaction records of government procurements and the resumes of listed firms' board members and executives is established. The results suggest that firms establishing political connections by recruiting former government officials acquire more government procurements in the connected jurisdictions. Complementing with qualitative analysis from two publicly reported judicial cases, we show that political connections exploiting the loopholes in procurement institutions, including manipulating procurement methods, setting up restrictive requirements, and intervening in the process of expert evaluation, drives the allocation of government procurements. The results demonstrate that political connections exploit the loopholes in the context of weak institutions to benefit companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Loopholes involve misalignments between rules about what should be done and what is actually done in practice. The focus of this paper is loopholes in interactions between human organizations’ implementations of task-specific artificial intelligence and individual people. The importance of identifying and addressing loopholes is recognized in safety science and in applications of AI. Here, an examination is provided of loophole sources in interactions between human organizations and individual people. Then, it is explained how the introduction of task-specific AI applications can introduce new sources of loopholes. Next, an analytical framework, which is well-established in safety science, is applied to analyses of loopholes in interactions between human organizations, artificial intelligence, and individual people. The example used in the analysis is human–artificial intelligence systems in gig economy delivery driving work.

Platform work in general requires workers to apply specific strategies to stay afloat. In Poland, platform work is a complex system of mutual relations and interdependencies between transnational corporations, national regulators, service providers, intermediaries and platform workers. Based on thirty-one in-depth interviews with Uber drivers in Poland and two expert interviews with fleet partners, this article presents the working strategies adopted by platform workers and looks at how the historical experience of communism may shape responses to twenty-first-century global capitalism. The analysis shows that an adequate remuneration can only be made by adopting the strategy called kombinowanie, a combination of small cheating, fiddling and exploiting loopholes in the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qualified immunity is a judge-made doctrine originally created to shield officers from liability only when they could not have been on notice that their actions were wrongful. In the four decades since the Supreme Court first articulated this justification for qualified immunity, the doctrine has become unmoored from its roots and has expanded to protect officers even in the face of clear evidence that the officers should have known better. The test for qualified immunity states that officers are immune from liability in the absence of clearly established law that previously condemned their conduct, but the Supreme Court has not defined exactly what "clearly established law" means. In a set of conflicting cases, the Court has both repudiated the consideration of departmental policies as clearly established law and, subsequently, cited departmental policies as evidence of clearly established law. As a result of this ambiguity, lower courts have been inconsistent--even within circuits--about whether departmental policies count as clearly established law. This Comment addresses this gap in the doctrine by proposing a solution that ameliorates the legal fiction at the heart of the clearly-established-law inquiry. Using Hope v. Pelzer's obviousness exception to the clearly-established-law requirement, this Comment proposes incorporating departmental policies into the qualified immunity doctrine as an objective measure for determining when an officer's rights violation was obvious. This solution shifts the application of qualified immunity to align with the original justification for the doctrine without requiring a change in precedent from the Supreme Court. Ultimately, it closes a loophole in the doctrine by offering a method through which officers can be held accountable for their conduct when they clearly should have known that their actions were wrong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most respected principles of human societies is the freedom of individuals' will in fulfilling their desired interests. Therefore, not only individuals but also public authorities cannot prevent the freedom of individuals from benefiting social and economic interests under any pretext. However, in some cases, the freedom of individuals in obtaining the greatest benefit, conflicts with each other, in such a way that the absolute freedom of someone to obtain more benefit, in some cases, makes harm the others. Therefore, it is very important to determine the limits and loopholes of individuals freedom and to establish a balance between it and the harm that may be caused to others due to this freedom. as this determination can have a wide impact on the comprehensive development of a state and the people living on it, Due to this necessity, many schools of thought throughout the history have commented on this issue including Islamic and Western schools of thought. The philosophical thoughts of these two schools, one of which is included in the Islamic rule of "no harm" and the other in the Western rule of "harm," has led this article to investigate the points of commonality and differences between these two rules in the shared interaction between them. This paper finally reached the conclusion that from the perspective of legal science, the freedom of individuals in fulfilling their interests is of special importance to ensure the maximum social welfare of any society and its people. So governments, not only should not hinder people's activities, but also In their management, should first seek to combine the conflicted interests of individuals with each other and if it is not possible, in the second step, they should give priority to fulfilling the interests that have the most public function for the most people in the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In June 2014, Singapore seized 29,434 rosewood logs worth US$50 million that were illegally exported from Madagascar, marking one of the largest-ever seizures of CITES-protected species. Rosewood, highly prized for its unique properties and coloration, is obtained from genera in several families, including Fabaceae (in particular I Dalbergia i ), Meliaceae, and Proteaceae, and ebony comes primarily from species of I Diospyros i and I Euclea i (Ebenaceae); the taxonomy of most of these remains inadequate (Waeber et al. [8]). [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture is the property of Journal of Beijing University of Civil Engineering & Architecture Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Sharia & Law is the property of United Arab Emirates University, College of Law, Sharia & Law Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Australia's considerable success in attracting substantial numbers of international students has come at a cost. A USD 27 billion industry has grown up, and it is inadequately regulated. Loopholes in the visa system allow corrupt agents to organize a student visa to a reputable university, while simultaneously planning to switch the student to a lower- quality training provider, who offers a higher commission. More regulation of education agents is urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution (CV-MDI QKD), whose core is Bell detection, can effectively resist attacks on the detection system. However, in CV-MDI QKD, Charlie is untrusted; the external environment will cause non-ideal Bell detection that will open security loopholes. We give a complete security analysis under non-ideal Bell detection caused by on-orthogonal measurement. The simulation results indicate that compared with no angle error, only 1 ∘ angle error will cause the transmission distance to drop by 7 km. Therefore, our research further improves and perfects the security of CV-MDI QKD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Taiwan Law Review is the property of Angle Publishing Co., Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, a continuous variable (CV) measurement‐device‐independent (MDI) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol using Gaussian modulated coherent states is proposed. The MDI is first proposed to resist the attacks on the detection equipment by introducing an untrusted relay. However, the necessity of propagation of local oscillator between legitimate users and the relay makes the implementation of CV‐MDI‐QKD highly impractical. By introducing the plug‐and‐play (P&P) technique into CV‐MDI‐QKD, the problems of polarization drifts caused by environmental disturbance and the security loopholes during the local oscillator transmission are solved naturally. The proposed scheme is superior to the previous CV‐MDI‐QKD protocol on the aspect of implementation. The security bounds of the P&P CV‐MDI‐QKD under the Gaussian collective attack are analyzed. It is believed that the technique presented in this paper can be extended to quantum network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, significant progress has been made in studies related to terrorism and violence in the Basque Country. Nevertheless, there is still a considerable loophole in this field of research. Matters related to youth and education, specifically, universities. This article evaluates the current state on this historiographical gap, justifying the need to fill it. Despite its importance for the development of ETA, its relationship with youth, education and universities have received less historiographical attention than other elements of the radical nationalist network, such as the terrorist group itself, the political party HB or the trade union LAB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article assesses the impact of reunification on the Bundestag from a historical institutionalist perspective. Accordingly, it focuses on procedural development and parties' behaviour. More specifically, it analyses parties' control of the legislative agenda and their willingness to obstruct this agenda. Prior to reunification, the Bundestag emerged as a working legislature with decentralised agenda control. Even though the Bundestag was vulnerable to obstruction, especially by questioning the quorum, obstructive behaviour virtually ceased after 1951. After reunification, the Bundestag's vulnerability was increased when a plenary 'core time' was introduced in 1995. However, all parties, including the one most directly related to reunification, the Left Party, continued to abstain from exploiting procedural loopholes. Only the AfD as the other post-1990 newcomer (albeit less directly related to reunification) did so by questioning the quorum to an unprecedented extent after it entered the Bundestag in 2017. So far, this systematic obstruction has only led to a path-dependent procedural reform. If, however, the AfD continues with this behaviour, it can be regarded as a threat to legislative democracy at least indirectly related to German reunification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the recently suggested loophole view of causal closure, nothing in a universe has its cause coming from another universe. It is allowed, though, that something, especially a first thing, can have its cause situated in an interface between universes. However, the possibility of such an interface does not mean that there is any actual interface. In fact, there are several major obstacles to be managed before an interface should be hoped for. One such obstacle, the need for an account of how objects in one universe relate to objects in another universe, is addressed in this paper. The outcome is positive and suggests that objects of different ontological status relate as the kind 'object'. Some positive and negative properties of such higher-order objects are noted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1-out-of-n oblivious transfer is an important research topic in secure multiparty computation, including its quantum version, i.e., quantum oblivious transfer (QOT). However, most QOT protocols (including its most practical variant called QKD-based quantum private query) cannot efficiently send the receiver exact one bit from the n bits transmitted by the sender. These protocols' communication complexity is usually O(nlogn). Since modern data size can be extremely large, it is important to reduce this communication as much as possible. In this sense, we propose a more efficient 1-out-of-n QOT protocol, whose communication complexity is O(logn). A potential loophole in our protocol is part of transmitted bits may be partial correlated. We then give an improved protocol to eliminate their correlation with communication complexity of O(n). Besides, our protocol has better performance in resisting the joint-measurement attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper Rights of Persons with Disabilities in India: Provisions, Promises and Reality traces the historical evolution of the disability related legal provisions in India briefly, in the context of the United Nations mandated Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons (1975) and the Convention on the Rights of the Persons with Disabilities (CRPD, 2007). In such a scenario, the paper attempts to arrive at an understanding of the extent to which the provisions have been implemented. To this extent, the researcher conducted a series of telephonic interviews with several parent-advocates who have been vocal about disability rights in India. An extensive interview was also conducted with a parent-activist, Mr. A.Joshi, who has been at the forefront of the disability rights movement in India with his personal as well as professional engagements at a national level and who was able to provide a critical understanding of the systemic roadblocks in the implementation of the legal provisions. The paper particularly tried to look at the implementation of the provisions of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPwD Act), 2016 and the proposed dilution of the National Trust Act (NTA), 1999 that was hailed by many as a landmark Act for its provision of legal guardianship of individuals with special needs (after 18 years of age). A critical reading of the press coverage on these issues as well as the extensive interview with Mr. Joshi threw significant light on them. In conclusion, although several remarkable disability laws have been passed in India, till date, due to systemic inadequacies and loopholes, the fissures between what could have been achieved and what has been achieved, are quite wide. A more concerted effort needs to be taken towards strengthening the dialogue between various stakeholders in the disability sector as well as place pressure on the powers that be, to acknowledge the gaps inherent in the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of College of Law Journal for Legal & Political Sciences / Magallat Kulliyyat Al-Qanun Li-L-ulum Al-Qanuniyyat Wa-Al-Siyasiyyat is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study titled "Iphigenia: The Mythical Character with Many Dimensions" uses the 'Reader Response Theory' to critically analyze the texts such as Aeschylus' (c. 525-c. 456) The Oresteia (458 BCE) and Euripides' (c. 480-c. 406 BC) Iphigenia in Tauris (414 BC - 412 BC) and Iphigenia in Aulis (408-406 BC). The multiple interpretations of the legend of Iphigenia and the projection of the character of Iphigenia in multifaceted ways is the focus of the study. The study analyzes the reception of the texts from the points of view of the readers who visit the texts in different periods across a spatial dimension. The study analyzes the role of the readers in terms of continuing signification by generating multiple meanings of the texts. The study shows that the texts are written for the theoretical 'implied reader' and they engage in a dialogue with the actual readers. The actual readers respond to the texts by making meaning/s out of the texts. The readers' subject positions or critical positions are analyzed in the study as they are shown to bestow their ideological frameworks on the texts. The readers' ideological frameworks are a result of the unconscious archives of ideas that psychologically condition them thereby changing the politics of reception across a temporal dimension and a spatial dimension. The readers are shown to capitalize on the loopholes in the texts to generate meanings. The study highlights the critics' own subjective and affective reaction/s to a text to understand it. The study exhibits that each reader belongs to an interpretive community conditioned by time and space. The study displays that the readers rewrite different texts by interacting with the texts, influencing texts by their own identities, focusing on the meaning/s of the texts, and imposing their subjectivity on the texts. The study displays that Iphigenia is a mythical character with many dimensions because of the visitations of several readers to the literary texts and the subsequent derivations of meanings that have made the character of Iphigenia more nuanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past sixty years, the world has developed significant concern for burgeoning environmental issues. Starting in the 1960s, governments, industries, and the public have embraced efforts to set standards for public and private actors in areas of environmental concern. Particularly, increased globalization has led to an increase in the trade of wildlife and its products, including endangered species. Unregulated wildlife trade implicates various issues, such as conservation concerns, the spread of diseases, and even funding for criminal organizations. While sovereign governments work independently and together to combat wildlife trafficking and its effects, current law leaves significant gaps in the implementation and enforcement of international agreements. Instead, advocates and researchers are turning to the transport sector to fill the loopholes that allow traffickers to exploit the current antiwildlife trafficking conventions. Part I of this Comment details the dangers of wildlife trafficking and why industry leaders should care about adopting policies to combat it. Part II discusses the history of international wildlife law and argues that current law is ineffective and requires more comprehensive enforcement at the international level. Foremost, Part III of this Comment argues that the air-travel industry can and should adopt policies, like standards and regulations, that directly affect wildlife trafficking where current law fails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Precedente is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brocar: Cuadernos de Investigación Histórica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nachrichten aus der Chemie is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To constrain transnational crime effectively and strengthen mutual legal assistance mechanisms among member states, the United Nations adopted four Suppression Conventions: the Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances of 1988, the 1999 UN International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, the 2003 UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the 2005 UN Convention against Corruption. Ratified globally, these conventions contain many similar or identical mutual legal assistance obligations and non-mandatory measures with which state parties either must or should comply. Afghanistan is a state party to all four UN Suppression Conventions. This article examines the Afghan domestic mutual legal assistance mechanisms and the extent to which they comply with the requirements of the UN Suppression Conventions. This article identifies and analyzes the relevant provisions of Afghanistan’s domestic law and proceeds to compare and contrast those provisions with the requirements set forth by the UN Suppression Conventions. The resulting analysis reveals how Afghanistan has either fully or partially complied or else completely failed to comply with its mutual legal assistance obligations. The article also reveals the extent to which Afghanistan has either fully or partially incorporated or else entirely failed to incorporate the UN Suppression Conventions’ non-mandatory mutual legal assistance measures. This article then exposes loopholes in the Afghan mutual legal assistance mechanisms. These include serious problems and inconsistency in use of legal terminology; setting unrealistic and inconsistent time frames and deadlines for taking or completing actions; and designating competent authorities and a central authority. The article also reveals how the implementation of domestic legislation confuses mutual legal assistance with extradition and lacks clear references to the international obligations arising from the UN Suppression Conventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recognition of cryptocurrency as digital assets in Malaysia under the purview of security governed by the Securities Commission of Malaysia contributed to cryptocurrency's positive acceptance, with evidence that the number of cryptocurrency users is growing. Nonetheless, due to the unique characteristics of cryptocurrency, the lack of legal regulation on cryptocurrency inheritance will have an impact on crypto estate administration. Apparently, the law on cryptocurrency in Malaysia is still in its infancy, and the existing issue of frozen estate in Malaysia, which is constantly increasing, prompted the researchers to investigate potential loopholes in cryptocurrency estate administration from a legal and shariah standpoint. The study conducts content analysis by examining the relevant statutories, such as "the Probate and Administration Act 1959, the Capital Market Service Act 1997, the Capital Market and Services (Prescription of Securities) (Digital Currency and Digital Token) Order 2019, Shariah Resolutions and Fatwas in Malaysia", other literatures related to cryptocurrency estate administration. As a result, there are legal loopholes in cryptocurrency estate administration in Malaysia that prevent cryptocurrency from being inherited by the entitled beneficiary. The issue of cryptocurrency inheritance may arise in the near future; thus, this study provides policy implications to the Malaysian regulators to solve the highlighted lacuna as well as social implications to the Malaysian society to consider cryptocurrency in their inheritance planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on one particular and under‐investigated dimension in the study of social policy – crisis events and their special function in promoting and shaping social protection programs. Crises are usually regarded as negative social events that tempestuously challenge the pre‐existing socio‐economic order, triggering social conflicts and disruption, either temporarily or in a more enduring fashion. However, social crises may also foster new opportunities for social investment, public finance expansion and welfare state building after the outbreak of a crisis and even during the post‐crisis period. This article first examines the SARS pandemic and analyzes its developmental trajectory, reconstructing the national debates and discourses on the negative consequences and lessons learned in the SARS and post‐SARS period. I argue that this crisis event revealed many loopholes in the Chinese public health system, constituting a powerful driving force for rebuilding the medical insurance system and health governance in China, and strengthening public discourse on welfare state responsibility. Second, I explore how, during the COVID‐19 pandemic, scholars and experts have constructed the 'short board' of Chinese social policy, calling for further social policy reforms to narrow the gaps in health protection resources among social classes and to eliminate the fragmentation of health resource distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article, "Circumventing the Law: Rabbinic Perspectives on Loopholes and Legal Integrity" by Elana Stein Hain, explores the concept of legal loopholes in the Jewish legal system. The author examines the use of "ha'aramah," a Hebrew/Aramaic term that can have positive or negative connotations, to achieve otherwise illegal outcomes within the law. The article traces the development of this practice from ancient times to modern legal theory, highlighting the tension between the letter and intention of the law. The author argues that Jewish law regarding legal loopholes is dynamic and continually evolving, engaging in internal debates about legal integrity. [Extracted from the article]