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In this paper, we analyze the free boundary problem in three dimensions describing the growth of tumor cords. The model consists of a reaction-diffusion equation describing the concentration $ \sigma $ of nutrients and an elliptic equation describing the distribution of the internal pressure $ p $. The model is defined in a bounded domain in $ \mathbb{R}^{3} $ whose boundary consists of two disjoint closed curves, the known interior part and the unknown exterior part. The concentration of nutrients outside the tumor region is denoted by $ \bar{\sigma} $. We shall show that there is a positive integer $ n^{**} $ and a sequence $ \bar{\sigma}_{n} $ such that for each $ \bar{\sigma}_{n}(n>n^{**}) $, symmetry-breaking stationary solutions bifurcate from the annular stationary solution in the longitude direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nest construction is a feature of a range of taxa, yet the functional properties of nests are poorly understood. Avian nests offer thermal insulation, structural support and protection from rain, but to date there are few studies that have explored these functions for mammal nests. Here nests constructed by harvest mice (Micromys minutus) were studied ex situ to determine the thermal insulation provided by the nest wall and the degree to which simulated rainfall was absorbed. Nests were collected from across Great Britain and analysis explored whether nest size and geographical location affected insulation or rainproofing. Nests were constructed from grass leaves woven into an outer wall that surrounded smaller pieces of grass that filled the interior of the nest. Nest mass was positively related to thermal insulation but unrelated to geographical location. By contrast, nest mass was positively related to the amount of water nest absorbed after simulated rain but volume and longitude were inversely related to the time it took the nest to dry out. In many ways, harvest mice nests had similar functional properties to those of small songbirds, i.e., to provide thermal insulation and rainproofing. This study was the first to explore the environmental protection potentially offered to harvest mice by their nests. The study has highlighted our poor understanding of the factors that determine the function of mammal nests. There is scope for more research into the functional properties, e.g., thermal insulation or rainproofing, of a wide variety of mammal nests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The magnetic field in the SunÕs corona stores energy that can be released to heat plasma and drive solar eruptions. Measurements of the global coronal magnetic field have been limited to several snapshots. In this work, we present observations, using the Upgraded Coronal Multi-channel Polarimeter, that provide 114 magnetograms of the global corona above the solar limb spanning ~8 months. We determined the magnetic field distribution with altitude in the corona and monitored the evolution at different latitudes over multiple solar rotations. The field strength between 1.05 and 1.60 solar radii varies from <1 to ~20 gauss. A signature of active longitudes appears in the coronal magnetic field measurements. Coronal models are generally consistent with our observations, though they have larger discrepancies in high-latitude regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and robust positioning has become increasingly essential for emerging applications and services. While GPS (global positioning system) is widely used for outdoor environments, indoor positioning remains a challenging task. This paper presents a novel architecture for indoor positioning, leveraging machine learning techniques and a divide-and-conquer strategy to achieve low error estimates. The proposed method achieves an MAE (mean absolute error) of approximately 1 m for latitude and longitude. Our approach provides a precise and practical solution for indoor positioning. Additionally, some insights on the best machine learning techniques for these tasks are also envisaged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lack of a long‐term time series of dataset with a high spatiotemporal resolution at a global scale poses a great challenge to clarify the characteristics of DOC in space and depth, and its trend in time. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of a global DOC gridded dataset in space, time and depth. The Biogeochemical Argo (BGC‐Argo) provides an important data source for obtaining global DOC, but is limited by irregular spatial sampling locations. Besides, BGC‐Argo has shorter time series coverage and fewer profiles compared to Core‐Argo. Thus, this manuscript aims at reconstructing the DOC profiles based on the Core‐Argo and BGC‐Argo profiles and then developing a spatial, temporal and depth‐specific gridded DOC dataset, named G4D‐DOC. Validation results demonstrate that G4D‐DOC has a good overall consistency with WOA18 and GLODAPv2 datasets, particularly at depths of 10 dbar and 1000 dbar, where it surpasses consistency at other standard depths. In addition, compared to WOA18, G4D‐DOC has achieved a breakthrough in a temporal resolution from a climatological monthly to monthly, and compared to GLODAPv2, G4D‐DOC has achieved a breakthrough in space from irregular discrete locations to regular grids. Further, G4D‐DOC can be widely used to conduct the characteristics of DOC in space and depth and its trends at global and regional scales. The metadata of G4D‐DOC is as follows: four dimensions mean two dimensions in space (longitude and latitude), one in time and one in depth; data format is standard Hierarchical Data Format Version 4 (HDF4) with a spatial resolution of 1 degree and temporal resolutions of annual, seasonal and monthly intervals at 26 standard layers above 2000 dbar in depth; the spatial coverage is global and the time period is from 2005 to 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prenatal transfer of testosterone (T) from mother to offspring is an important source of phenotypic plasticity. In birds, exposure to ecologically relevant stimuli, such as social competition or an attractive mate, can cause females to deposit more T into their egg yolks. Exposure to elevated yolk T can modify the expression of several fitness‐related traits in offspring (e.g. growth, immune function, secondary sex traits and behaviour). Despite some of these changes being potentially adaptive, not all studies find that yolk T levels change in response to ecologically relevant stimuli. This heterogeneity is currently unexplained, limiting our ability to predict inter‐generational responses to ecological change. Here, we performed a systematic literature search and found 119 observations across 39 wild species that measured inter‐female variation in yolk T allocation in response to various stimuli. We used boosted regression trees, a form of machine learning, to examine whether species‐specific traits or variation in study‐level variables could explain variation in yolk T allocation (i.e. statistically significant vs. non‐significant responses). We found that both species‐specific traits and study‐level variables are important predictors of significant changes in yolk T levels. Geographic range (latitude and longitude), evolutionary distinctiveness, longevity, egg mass relative to female mass, sociality, migration status and time to fledge were among the top 10 most influential predictors of the 48 examined. We also found that studies measuring or manipulating social stimuli (e.g. competition and breeding density) or breeding date were more likely to detect changes in yolk T allocation compared with studies examining other ecological contexts. Overall, these data provide several testable hypotheses concerning yolk T allocation and its adaptive value across species and contexts. Additionally, these findings can help us predict how ecological changes will affect hormonal responses in females that can shape future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explain how the medial quandle of a classical or virtual link can be built from the peripheral structure of the reduced Alexander module. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzes the appearance of wide-spread deka-MeV solar energetic proton (SEP) events, in particular the arrival of the first protons within ≈ 4.5 – 45 MeV measured at Earth–Sun L1, and their relationship with their relative solar source longitude. The definition of "wide-spread SEP event" for this study refers to events that are observed as a 25 MeV proton intensity increase at near 1 AU locations that are separated by at least 130∘ in solar longitude. Many of these events are seen at all three of the spacecraft, STEREO (Solar-Terrestrial Relations Observatory) A, STEREO B, and SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory), and may therefore extend far beyond 130∘ in longitude around the Sun. A large subset of these events have already been part of a study by Richardson et al. (Solar Phys., 289, 3059, 2014). The event source region identifications draw from this study; more recent events have also been added. Our focus is on answering two specific questions: (1) What is the maximum longitude over which SEP protons show energy dispersion, i.e., a clear sign of arrival of higher-energy protons before those of lower energy? (2) What implications can be drawn from the ensemble of events observed regarding either direct magnetic connectivity to shocks and/or cross-field transport from the site of the eruption in the onset phase of the event? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is very well known that the observation of stars constituted an integral part of Indian astronomical texts. The twenty seven stars along the zodiac were used as references for longitudes. Here we discuss an application which is generally not highlighted. The method uses the meridian transit observation of stars to determine the ascendant (lagna), as cited in the seventeenth-century manuscript Brahmatulya Udāharaṇam by Viśvanātha. We assess the method of calculation and discuss the possibility of a table being prepared based on observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Horometer instrument in Peter Apian's 1533 Instrument Buch is described and analyzed. This paper is illustrated by several examples of how to manipulate and set up the instrument using the Sun, the Moon and stars to determine time. The paper also contains an Appendix on the mathematics behind its construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate and propose the application of an unsupervised machine learning clustering method to characterize the spatial and temporal distribution of ionospheric plasma irregularities over the Western African equatorial region. The ordinary Kriging algorithm was used to interpolate the rate of change of the total electron content (TEC) index (ROTI) over gridded 0.5° by 0.5° latitude and longitude regional maps in order to simulate the level of ionospheric plasma irregularities in a quasi-real-time scenario. K-means was used to obtain a spatial mean index through an optimal stratification of regional post-processed ROTI maps. The results obtained could be adapted by appropriate K-means algorithms to a real-time scenario, as has been performed for other applications. This method could allow us to monitor plasma irregularities in real time over the African region and, therefore, lead to the possibility of mitigating their effects on satellite-based location systems in the said region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Macau Science Satellites (MSS‐1) mission, consisting of twin low earth orbit satellites (Satellite A and B), is the first low‐inclination and high‐precision geomagnetic surveying satellite project in China. Among the multiple scientific payloads equipped with the scientific satellites, MSS‐1 carries a GNSS radio occultation (RO) receiver on Satellite A, and aims to observe the Earth's ionosphere and monitor the space weather especially in the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) area. This paper focuses on the ionospheric data of MSS‐1 obtained during the first 3 months after its launch, and assesses the RO products as well as initial scintillation measurements. Results show that MSS‐1 RO data have very good agreement with contemporary COSMIC‐2 and ionosonde observations. The scintillation amplitude indices S4 are comparable with that of COSMIC‐2 and well reflect the occurrence rates and distributions of equatorial plasma bubble and sporadic E (Es) in June solstice season. Special attentions are paid to the SAA longitude sector and inspire explorations on the seasonal variations and local‐time dependences of ionospheric irregularities. Key Points: The MSS‐1 ionospheric radio occultation products are comparable with COSMIC‐2 and ionosondesScintillation characteristics in the June solstice season are well reflected based on MSS‐1 high‐rate measurements [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To improve the positioning accuracy of the Loran system and meet the requirements of Loran/BDS integrated positioning and timing, it is necessary to enhance the traditional Loran hyperbolic positioning method, making its pseudorange calculation consistent with the BDS positioning and timing solution. The existing pseudorange algorithm based on the Andoyer-Lambert formula has issues such as strict initial value selection range and susceptibility to singularities during calculations. This study proposes a new Loran pseudorange calculation method based on the Vincenty distance formula and conducts a simulation analysis of it. The results show that, in the absence of noise interference, the positioning and timing errors of this pseudorange algorithm are close to zero, demonstrating high accuracy. When subjected to random noise with a standard deviation of less than 100 ns, the latitude and longitude errors are both less than 10 m, and the timing error is less than 10−4 ns, meeting the requirements of Loran positioning and timing. Compared to the pseudorange algorithm based on the Andoyer-Lambert formula, the one based on the Vincenty formula has comparable positioning longitude accuracy but superior timing accuracy. Moreover, the latter offers a wider range of initial value selection and can avoid more singularity issues during calculations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geocoordinates are difficult to generate and interpret and many users rely on academic articles for such data. However, their accuracy has not been assessed, and their continued use could have negative consequences. This paper assessed the accuracy of geocoordinates used to describe study areas in academic articles. The PRISMA methodology was used to select 87 articles. The results revealed that 77 (82.8%) geocoordinates had errors. The study concluded that majority of the articles misinformed the readers about the geocoordinates of their study areas. Hence, authors, editors and reviewers should pay attention to geocoordinates during the writing and review process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plasmasphere accounts for the majority of the mass of Earth's magnetosphere and contains most of the cold ion (1 eV) population. The plasmasphere is extremely dynamic, undergoing a constant cycle of erosion and refilling. In this paper we perform a statistical study of erosion and refilling rates using 6 years of data from the Van Allen Probes from the beginning of 2013 through the end of 2018. Using in‐situ density measurements derived from the upper hybrid resonance line, we create global maps of the erosion and refilling rates over a wide range of L shells and local times. Sorting the data by L shell, magnetic local time, and distance to the plasmapause, we characterize the absolute and relative rates of erosion and refilling during a variety of geomagnetic conditions. We also examine three case studies of geomagnetic storms and compare their density evolutions during the recovery period. Our results are in agreement with refilling rates found by previous statistical studies using different methods, but somewhat lower than many of the case studies reported. We find median erosion rates of 164, 83, and 43 cm−3/day and refilling rates of 87, 42, and 27 cm−3/day at L = 3, 4 and 5, respectively when Kp ≤ ${\le} $ 3. We also find little local time dependence for both erosion and refilling rates. Plain Language Summary: The plasmasphere is the innermost region of Earth's magnetosphere, and accounts for the majority the magnetosphere's mass. During a geomagnetic storm, the plasmasphere loses mass in process called erosion where plasma is transported toward the sun until it is lost from the magnetosphere. Following the storm, material from the ionosphere slowly refills the plasmasphere in a matter of weeks. In this paper we study average erosion and refilling rates using data from the Van Allen Probes during the years 2013–2018. We create global maps of the erosion and refilling rates over a wide range of longitudes and distances to Earth. We characterize both the absolute and relative rates of erosion and refilling during storms of varying intensities. We also examine three case studies of geomagnetic storms and compare their density evolutions throughout these events. Our results are in agreement with refilling rates found by previous statistical studies, but somewhat lower than many of the case studies reported. At locations of 3, 4, and 5 Earth radii away, we find median refilling rates of 87, 42, and 27 cm−3/day for storms of the lowest intensity. We also find that the erosion and refilling rates are roughly the same for the dawn, day, dusk, and night sides of the planet. Key Points: We perform a statistical study of erosion and refilling rates in the plasmasphere over L shell, local time, and geomagnetic conditionsWe present three case studies which all show similar density evolutions during the recovery periodThe percent rate of change erosion rates are well sorted by distance to the plasmapause, while refilling rates are better sorted by L shell [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study documents the first occurrence of Siganus fuscescens, known as the mottled spine foot, within the inshore waters of Vaan Island (latitude 8°73 N, longitude 78°16 E) and New Fishing Harbor (latitude 8°84 N, longitude 78°22 E), which are located in the Gulf of Mannar region. The species, commonly referred to as rabbitfishes, was captured by bottom-set gill nets deployed in reefassociated areas of the Gulf of Mannar at a depth of approximately 2-3 m. Furthermore, detailed analyses of the morphometric and meristic characteristics of the specimens were conducted using established taxonomic keys. A comprehensive discussion is also presented, elucidating the distribution patterns of Siganus species within the Gulf of Mannar region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Responses of turfgrass to shade vary in individual species, and the degree and quality of low light; therefore, the selection of low light tolerant cultivars of turfgrass is important and beneficial for turf management rather than other practices. The stolons of thirteen bermudagrass genotypes were planted with two treatments and three replications of each treatment to establish for one month in the Yangzhou University Jiangsu China greenhouse. The established plants were transferred outside of the greenhouse, and 50% shading was applied to them with a black net. After 30 days of stress treatment, the morpho-physiological and biochemical analyses were performed. The expression of genes such as HEMA, HY5, PIF4, and Cu/ZnSOD was assessed. Cynodon dactylon is a C4, and perennial that grows as lawn grass and is used as forage. Based on different indicator measurements, the most shade-tolerant germplasm was L01 and L06 along the longitudes and L09 and L10 along the latitudes. At the same time, L02 and L08 were more susceptible, respectively. However, germplasm showed greater tolerance in higher latitudes while longitudinal plants showed less stress response. The current study aimed (1) to screen out the most shade-tolerant Cynodon dactylon genotype among 13 along longitudinal and latitudinal gradients in China. (2) to examine morpho-physiological indicators of different bermudagrassgenotypes; (3) to evaluate if and how differences in various indicators of bermudagrass correlated with geographic region. This study will significantly advance the use of Cynodon germplasm in breeding, genomics, management, nomenclature, and phylogeographical study. It will decisively define whether natural selection and migration can drive evolutionary responses for populations to adapt to their new environments effectively.

We show for the first time the results of a study into the spatial distribution of birds in forests at the eastern edge of Europe (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia) and changes from early to late winter. A transect method was used to census randomly selected plots spread over a large geographical area in the winters 2018/9–2022/3. We used regression and ordination methods to assess the influence of key environmental factors on species richness, total density of birds, biological diversity, and the probabilities of occurrence of individual species. The most abundant bird species in early winter was the Willow Tit, and in the late winter was the Common Redpoll. Compared with the end of the 20th century, the number of wintering bird species has increased in the study area, likely due to climate warming. Species richness, total density, and the Shannon Index of diversity were higher in early winter than in late winter. Species richness and the Shannon Index were also higher at low elevations and in the west of the study region. Our research shows strong ecological-geographical differences in the preferences of individual bird species in the studied forests. However, almost without exception, birds had a higher probability of occurrence at lower elevation and toward the west.

Monitoring the generation and movement of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) in a large longitude region is crucial important for better understanding their day‐to‐day variability. Using the newly developed Low lAtitude long Range Ionospheric raDar (LARID) at Dongfang (19.2°N, 108.8°E, dip lat. 13.8°N), China, an extremely long‐range experiment for observing EPB irregularities in a range of ±9,600 km to the radar site was first carried out. The results show that EPB irregularities with ranges up to 7,000 and 9,500 km were observed by the east and west beams of LARID, respectively. By incorporating simultaneous observations from GNSS receiver and ionosonde networks, it is demonstrated that the EPBs generated from post‐sunset to sunrise over a very wide longitude of ∼140°, from Pacific to Africa could be observed by LARID. The results, for the first time, demonstrate the possibility for tracing global EPBs in real time using a few low latitude over‐the‐horizon radars. Plain Language Summary: Equatorial plasma bubble (EPB), which can cause severe ionospheric scintillation, is an important space weather phenomenon. The occurrence of EPBs exhibits complex longitude variation characteristics. Due to the fact that most of the equatorial and low latitude region is covered by ocean, it is challenging to monitor the generation and movement of global EPBs. Recently, an over‐the‐horizon (OTH) radar at low latitude, that is, the LARID, has been built for observing EPB irregularities. However, it is not clear that how far an OTH radar at low latitude can observe irregularities. This would be very important in the design of a low latitude OTH radar network for tracing global EPB irregularities. To address this issue, an extremely long‐range experiment covering a wide longitude of about 180° was performed for the first time with LARID. The successful observation of EPB irregularities from Pacific to Africa sectors demonstrates the possibility of monitoring the complex longitudinal variations of EPBs by an OTH radar, even during geomagnetic storms. The results provide meaningful insight for building a low latitude OTH radar network in future, that consists of three to four OTH radars could have the capability to obtain global EPBs in real time. Key Points: First extremely long‐range experiment for observing equatorial plasma bubbles over a large longitude was conductedEquatorial plasma bubbles with ranges as far as 9,500 km were successfully observed by an over‐the‐horizon radarThe results demonstrate the capability for tracing global equatorial plasma bubbles using a few low latitude over‐the‐horizon radars [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In urban scenes, buildings are usually dense and exhibit similar shapes. Thus, existing autonomous unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) localization schemes based on map matching, especially the semantic shape matching (SSM) method, cannot capture the uniqueness of buildings and may result in matching failure. To solve this problem, we propose a new method to locate UAVs via shape and spatial relationship matching (SSRM) of buildings in urban scenes as an alternative to UAV localization via image matching. SSRM first extracts individual buildings from UAV images using the SOLOv2 instance segmentation algorithm. Then, these individual buildings are subsequently matched with vector e-map data (stored in.shp format) based on their shape and spatial relationship to determine their actual latitude and longitude. Control points are generated according to the matched buildings, and finally, the UAV position is determined. SSRM can efficiently realize high-precision UAV localization in urban scenes. Under the verification of actual data, SSRM achieves localization errors of 7.38 m and 11.92 m in downtown and suburb areas, respectively, with better localization performance than the radiation-variation insensitive feature transform (RIFT), channel features of the oriented gradient (CFOG), and SSM algorithms. Moreover, the SSRM algorithm exhibits a smaller localization error in areas with higher building density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statistical analysis of low latitude spread F is presented for three different longitudinal sectors from Jicamarca (12°S, 76.8°W, -2.5° declination angle) from 2001 to 2016, Ascension Island (7.9°S, 14.4°W, -15.09° declination angle) from 2000 to 2014, Kwajalein (8.71°N, 167.7°E, 7.5° declination angle) from 2004 to 2012. Digisonde data from these stations have been processed and analyzed to study statistical variations of equatorial spread F, a diagnostic of irregular plasma structure in the ionosphere. A new automated method of spread F detection using pattern recognition and edge detection for low latitude regions is used to determine solar and seasonal variation over these three sites. An algorithm has been developed to detect the foF2 and hpF2 parameters and this has been validated by comparisons with manually scaled data as well as with SAMI2 and International Reference Ionosphere models showing good correlation. While significant variation is not observed over the solar cycle, the different longitudes and declination angles contribute to the variations over the seasonal cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we answer a question raised in "Peripheral elements in reduced Alexander modules" [J. Knot Theory Ramifications 31 (2022) 2250058]. We also correct a minor error in that paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates variabilities and trends in the onset, peak, and retreat of Intertropical Discontinuity (ITD) annual migrations over West Africa between 1979 and 2020, using reanalysis data of the daily mean surface location of ITD of longitudes 15°W to 15°E. The ITD migration peaks are determined from its migration pentad graphs, while its migration onsets and retreats are detected using the ogive. ITD attains peak from August 4 to 28 at latitudes 17°N to 23°N. The percentage cumulative migrations of ITD perfectly exhibit the ogive/sigmoid curve that reflects changes in ITD's migration speed and direction. A new precision method is developed for the determination of the onsets and retreats on the ogive. The ITD periods of onset are between April 26 and May 5 in the west and April 21 and 25 in the east while their corresponding periods of retreats are between October 27 and November 1 and October 18 and 22. The locations of ITD at the onset and retreat periods increase from approximately 11°N and 12°N to 17°N and 20°N in the east and west, respectively. The peak period exhibits the highest variability (5.5–8.6% Coefficient of Variation (CV) and 45–85 days ranges), followed by the onset (4.9–7.2% CV and 20–35 days ranges) and the retreat (1.8–2.9% CV and 20–40 days ranges). However, the latitudinal location of the onset shows the highest variability (9.4–19.7% CV and 8.3–13° latitudinal ranges), followed by the retreat (9.0-15.3% CV and 4.7–11.8° latitudinal ranges) and lastly, the peak (1.6–7.8% CV and 1.4–7.9° latitudinal ranges). There are significant upward trends in the ITD's latitudinal location at the onset, peak and retreat along longitudes 5°E, 0°-15°E, and 10°E, respectively. The trends are attributed to the deepening of the Sahara Heat Low, which in turn is due to its enhanced heating in association with climate change. Direct relationships are observed between the pairs of ITD onset, peak and retreat periods. The ITD migration speed increases from the beginning of the year to the end and displays a gradual advance but rapid retreat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the data of 17 mid-latitude ionospheric stations for 1958–1988, the study analyzes seasonal features of the F2 layer peak concentration (NmF2) at different longitudes with enhanced (48 > ap(τ) > 27) geomagnetic activity, where ap(τ) is the weighted average (with a characteristic time of 14 h) ap-index of this activity. As the characteristics of the NmF2 variability, the standard deviation σ of NmF2 fluctuations relative to quiet level and the average shift of these fluctuations xave during daytime (1100–1300 LT) and nighttime (2300–0100 LT) were used. It was found that at all analyzed stations, the dispersion σ2 for enhanced geomagnetic activity is greater than for quiet conditions, and, other things being equal, it is maximum in winter at night. For enhanced geomagnetic activity in all seasons, the difference in xave values between the analyzed stations is quite large. One of the reasons for this difference is associated with the dependence of xave on geomagnetic latitudes. To select these latitudes, approximations of the geomagnetic field with tilted dipole (TD), eccentric dipole (ED), or with corrected geomagnetic (CGM) coordinates were used. It was found that the xave dependence on the ED latitude is more accurate in comparison to the xave dependence on the TD latitude or CGM latitude during all seasons at night, and during equinoxes and winter, in the daytime. In summer, in the daytime hours, the xave dependences on ED latitude and CGM latitude are comparable in accuracy, and they are more accurate compared to the xave dependence on TD latitude. Consequently, ED latitudes are optimal for taking into account the effects of storms in the F2 layer peak concentration at mid-latitudes during all seasons. This conclusion has apparently been made for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Timely and accurate predictions of winter wheat yields are key to ensuring food security. In this research, winter wheat yield prediction models for six provinces were established using a random forest (RF) model. Two methods were employed to analyze feature variables. RF partial dependence plots were generated to demonstrate the nonlinear relationships between the feature variables and yield, and bivariate Moran's I was considered to identify the spatial associations between variables. Results showed that when environmental data from key growth periods were used for prediction model establishment, the root mean square error (RMSE) varied between 200 and 700 kg/ha, and the coefficient of determination (R2) exceeded 0.5. Feature variable analysis results indicated that the longitude, latitude, topography and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were important variables. Below the threshold, the yield gradually increased with increasing NDVI. Bivariate Moran's I results showed that there was zonal distribution of meteorological elements. Within a large spatial range, the change in environmental variables due to the latitude and longitude should be accounted for in modeling, but the influence of collinearity between the feature variables should be eliminated via variable importance analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prediction of vessel trajectories plays a crucial role in ensuring maritime safety and reducing maritime accidents. Substantial progress has been made in trajectory prediction tasks by adopting sequence modeling methods, containing recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and sequence-to-sequence networks (Seq2Seq). However, (1) most of these studies focus on the application of trajectory information, such as the longitude, latitude, course, and speed, while neglecting the impact of differing vessel features and behavioral preferences on the trajectories. (2) Challenges remain in acquiring these features and preferences, as well as enabling the model to sensibly integrate and efficiently express them. To address the issue, we introduce a novel deep framework VEPO-S2S, consisting of a Multi-level Vessel Trajectory Representation Module (Multi-Rep) and a Feature Fusion and Decoding Module (FFDM). Apart from the trajectory information, we first defined the Multi-level Vessel Characteristics in Multi-Rep, encompassing Shallow-level Attributes (vessel length, width, draft, etc.) and Deep-level Features (Sailing Location Preference, Voyage Time Preference, etc.). Subsequently, Multi-Rep was designed to obtain trajectory information and Multi-level Vessel Characteristics, applying distinct encoders for encoding. Next, the FFDM selected and integrated the above features from Multi-Rep for prediction by employing both a priori and a posteriori mechanisms, a Feature Fusion Component, and an enhanced decoder. This allows the model to efficiently leverage them and enhance overall performance. Finally, we conducted comparative experiments with several baseline models. The experimental results demonstrate that VEPO-S2S is both quantitatively and qualitatively superior to the models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat management can directly impact Setophaga discolor (Prairie Warbler) abundance and distribution. Despite regional declines, Prairie Warbler populations at Camp Edwards (Bourne, MA) have increased. To investigate habitat-management effects on Prairie Warbler populations at Camp Edwards, we used a dynamic-occupancy model to analyze a long-term monitoring dataset collected across 84 point-count sites from 2013 to 2022. The model results indicated that Prairie Warbler colonization and extinction probabilities were impacted by management (measured in years since disturbance). Colonization probability was highest initially after disturbance, then subsequently decreased for ∼50 years, and extinction probability also decreased for ∼25 years. Both probabilities remained low before increasing at ∼75 years since disturbance. The increase in colonization probability >75 years since disturbance may have been an artifact of our study design and incomplete disturbance records. We also found that latitude and longitude significantly affected colonization probability, likely a result of how habitat types are distributed across the base. These results inform how Prairie Warblers respond to long-term management, suggesting that habitat management could improve colonization rates and sustain Prairie Warbler populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a high-precision algorithm for interpreting transit light curves in a model of a classical eclipsing binary star-exoplanet system, we studied the possibility of determining the system parameters in the absence of a priori knowledge of the orbital eccentricity. It was shown that it is impossible to determine the exact value of the eccentricity and periastron longitude based on the main minimum of the transit light curve alone. Also, at an observational accuracy of ~1% of the eclipse depth, the uncertainty in the eccentricity and periastron longitude together causes a significant uncertainty in the values of the component radii (a two-threefold error relative to the true values) and the orbital inclination angle. However, the ratios of the system component radii and the limb darkening coefficients are determined with good accuracy. At an increase in the observational accuracy to 0.1% of the eclipse depth, it becomes possible to determine the component radii and the orbital inclination angle when interpreting the light curve with allowance for the eccentricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this paper is to construct an analytical model for determining the total duration of eclipse events of satellites. The approach is based on the assumption that the trace formed in the orbital plane, cutting body's shadow under the classical conical shadow model, can be described as an ellipse. This allows for the derivation of its parameters through the use of classical orbital elements and solar position in the body's centric frame. Consequently, the problem of identifying satellite occultation events is simplified to searching for points of intersection between two ellipses: the satellite orbit and the shadow. The developed model has been demonstrated to be applicable for a wide range of inclinations, with the exception of cases where the orbital plane of the satellite's motion coincides with that of the sun's in the body-centric frame. It is shown that the shadow function constructed under the aforementioned assumptions can be simplified in the cylindrical shadow model. Several simplifications are provided in the research. The paper also considers the extension of the model to account for the non-spherical shape of celestial bodies and presents an algorithm for accounting for changes in eclipse duration caused by the heliocentric motion of celestial bodies. The model has been validated through numerous tests with a numerical algorithm and satellite real data, as well as with other analytical models. • An analytical method for calculating the total duration of satellite eclipses has been developed. • Developed approach can be applied to wide range of satellite orbits either hyperbolical or elliptical ones. • The equations that depend on the satellite's orbital elements and solar longitude to predict satellite eclipses are obtained. • Simplification of the problem in certain scenarios, allowing for rigorous and simple algebraic solutions are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modelling the response of the filled fracture to the stress wave is of great significance for the prediction and prevention of rock mass instability under dynamic loads. An actual stress wave has varied frequencies, amplitudes, and multiple cycles, which makes the filled fracture suffer from cyclic loading/unloading actions. As a result, its mechanic properties such as the stiffness are progressively altered, which can prominently influence stress wave propagation in a feedback manner. However, existing analytical methods face challenges in modelling this dynamic process. Here, we conducted cyclic compression tests on simulated filled fractures. The filled fracture first produced compression-hardening deformation with stiffness increasing. When unloaded, its stiffness was abruptly enhanced compared with the loading case. This enhanced stiffness could be memorized when reloaded till the compressive stress exceeded the historical maximum, after which the filled fracture produced compression-hardening deformation again. Constitutive equations were proposed to characterize the above compressive stress-closure relation and were accurately validated by experimental results. On this basis, we established an analytical model for the propagation of the longitude stress wave through a filled fracture considering cyclic loading/unloading behaviours. It could well reproduce the experimental result on propagation of the stress wave with two main merged pulses through an artificially filled fracture. Parametric studies were conducted to systematically examine the influences of the cyclic loading/loading process, amplitude, and frequency. It was found that cyclic loading/unloading actions to the filled fracture could be memorized and accumulated to a maximum extend, which prominently affected subsequent stress wave propagation. Highlights: A filled fracture produced compression-hardening deformation and its stiffness could be abruptly increased when unloaded. Enhanced stiffness could be memorized when reloaded till the historical maximum compressive stress was exceeded. Cyclic loading/unloading behaviors of the filled fracture significantly influenced the stress wave propagation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Okmok volcanic eruption in Alaska has recently been discovered and is precisely dated to have occurred in 43 BCE. Some Chinese climate records of 43–33 BCE have been found in historical documents that provide descriptions of observed environmental abnormities that appear to be consistent with the anticipated changes due to volcanic climate forcing. In this paper, we provide a full translation with discussions of the Chinese climate records that may be related to the Okmok eruption. We have converted ancient Chinese calendar dates to modern Gregorian dates and provided the latitudes and longitudes of the geographical locations mentioned in the records. Relevant climate information in similar areas of China in the decades after the 1783 Laki eruption is also briefly summarized for comparison. We believe the detailed information contained in these records will be useful for further research on the climate impact of volcanic eruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Location-based services are gaining popularity; prediction of future destinations and crowd movement patterns are crucial components of these services. This article presents an attention-based neural network regression model designed to forecast future user locations, a critical aspect of location-based services. Leveraging two real-world mobility datasets, New York City check-in data from the Foursquare API and Porto taxi trajectories from Portugal. The model employs an attention-based encoder–decoder neural network to predict user destination coordinates in latitude and longitude. Beyond its predictive capabilities, this research delves into the intricacies of human mobility patterns, contributing to a deeper understanding of movement behavior and shedding light on challenges in current models for mobility prediction. The study explores the impact of various optimization algorithms on model performance, analyzing their effects on accuracy, with the mean haversine distance error serving as the evaluation metric. Notably, the model achieves remarkable results, giving a mean haversine distance error of 1.3336 for the Porto dataset and 1.6379 for the Foursquare NYC dataset when employing the Adam optimizer. We have extended our study by implementing our model on Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate systems. These findings underscore the model's superiority over previous approaches, offering valuable insights for developing more precise location-based services and advancing mobility and human behavior analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is devoted to cloud and snow semantic segmentation using multispectral satellite imagery, received from a multizone scanning instrument (MSU-GS) installed on the Russian satellite Electro-L No. 2. For segmentation, some additional geographic information is used such as latitude, longitude, and altitude. The main difficulty of evaluating snow and cloud masks from MSU-GS data is absence of shortwave infrared (SWIR) spectral channels in the 1.3 - 1.6 μ m range, which are necessary for accurate snow and cloud distinction. This fact makes it impossible to apply any of existing algorithms for cloud and snow destinction used for other multispectral satellite imagery. The results of the presented work include a self-collected dataset, consisting of cloud masks from the meteorological satellites GOES-16 and Meteosat-10 L2 products, snow masks from Terra/MODIS products, considered to be the ground truth for multispectral imagery from Electro-L No. 2 with geographical information for each sample, as well as a trained Multi-Scale Attention Network (MANet), able to perform snow and cloud segmentation for multispectral data from Electro-L No. 2. The purpose of this study is to create a stable algorithm for MSU-GS imagery to conduct an operational snow and cloud coverage monitoring of the full Earth disk, that can not be evaluated by using multispectral data from other Russian satellites. The novelty of the work is the combining geographical and multispectral information with weighted sampling approach for hard samples, as well as using other satellite products for creating ground truth masks for needed satellite imagery. The developed algorithm was tested on various scenes during all seasons with F 1 and IoU metrics. We reach segmentation quality equal to F 1 = 0.7454 , F 1 = 0.8773 and IoU = 0.7398 , IoU = 0.7976 for snow and clouds respectively. The proposed neural network can be used at any time of year during daytime for processing Electro-L No. 2 multispectral data in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Global behavior of the TEC anomalies are examined. • A TOI-like event observed at the SH midnight time. • Long-lasting longitude asymmetry of the TEC response. • Reconstructions of the observed TEC anomalies. This study examines the global behavior of the ionospheric TEC anomalies, i.e. their structures and temporal variability, during the initial, main and recovery phase of the geomagnetic storm occurring on 23–24 March 2023. For this purpose the global vertical TEC maps, generated by the NASA JPL IGS Ionosphere center, have been used and the geomagnetically forced anomalies have been presented in 2D (longitude-modip latitude) and polar maps. The main peculiar features of the TEC response could be summarized as: (i) the TOI-like event observed at the SH midnight hours during the main storm phase, and (ii) a clear longitude asymmetry between the TEC response at low and middle latitudes of the western and eastern hemispheres was seen; while the long-lasting positive response was evident for a full day in the western hemisphere the negative response or almost the lack of response was a characteristic of the eastern part. The study presented possible explanations of the above mentioned basic type of TEC anomalies by using the GUVY [O/N 2 ] ratio maps and geomagnetic data from eight magnetometric stations situated at low latitudes for the separation of the effect generated by the DDEF. An attempt was made the observed TEC response during different storm phases to be reproduced. The presented reconstructions described in almost perfect way the real TEC responses and the RMSE assessments provided clear evidence for this evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The climate of the study area, deep within the Eurasian land mass, varies greatly from warm summers to harsh winter conditions. Here we investigate birds in forests before and after the winter solstice for five years starting in winter 2018/9. Their distribution and abundance changed with respect to geographical location, forest composition, and food supply. Abundance was lower later in winter. However, even in this remote location, climate change is having an impact, with a greater diversity of bird species under more recent milder winters. Further change is expected under anticipated future warming. We show for the first time the results of a study into the spatial distribution of birds in forests at the eastern edge of Europe (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia) and changes from early to late winter. A transect method was used to census randomly selected plots spread over a large geographical area in the winters 2018/9–2022/3. We used regression and ordination methods to assess the influence of key environmental factors on species richness, total density of birds, biological diversity, and the probabilities of occurrence of individual species. The most abundant bird species in early winter was the Willow Tit, and in the late winter was the Common Redpoll. Compared with the end of the 20th century, the number of wintering bird species has increased in the study area, likely due to climate warming. Species richness, total density, and the Shannon Index of diversity were higher in early winter than in late winter. Species richness and the Shannon Index were also higher at low elevations and in the west of the study region. Our research shows strong ecological-geographical differences in the preferences of individual bird species in the studied forests. However, almost without exception, birds had a higher probability of occurrence at lower elevation and toward the west. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on data from mid-latitude ionospheric stations at close corrected geomagnetic latitudes, the properties of the variability in the F2 layer peak density (NmF2) at different longitudes were analyzed during increased (48 > ap(τ) > 27) and high (ap(τ) > 48) geomagnetic activity, where ap(τ) is the weighted average ap-index of this activity. The standard deviation σ of Nm fluctuations with respect to the quiet level and the average shift of these fluctuations xave were used as characteristics of this variability. It was found that at all analyzed stations, the variance σ 2 for increased geomagnetic activity is greater than for quiet conditions but hardly differs from σ 2 for high geomagnetic activity. For all analyzed cases, the average shift xave < 0, and for high geomagnetic activity, the absolute value of xave is greater than for increased geomagnetic activity. The difference in xave values between the analyzed stations is quite large. One reason for this difference may be related to the dependence of xave on geomagnetic latitudes. Approximations of the geomagnetic field by the tilted dipole (TD), eccentric dipole (ED), or using corrected geomagnetic (CGM) coordinates were used to select these latitudes. It was found that the dependence of xave on ED latitude is more accurate than the dependence of xave on TD latitude and, moreover, the dependence of xave on CGM latitude. Therefore, ED latitudes, and not CGM latitudes, are optimal for accounting for storm effects on the F2 layer peak density at mid-latitudes. This conclusion has apparently been obtained for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2012–2015, 90 large (85–117 cm) Northern cod (Gadus morhua) with pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) set to release 1 year later were released from offshore spawning aggregations on the northeast Newfoundland shelf. Forty-nine (54%) transmitted or were recovered; 82% migrated inshore and 15% remained offshore (balance predated). Geo-locations were based on release, capture, and surfacing positions, and at tag-recorded depths <50 m, on Kalman-predicted light-based longitudes matched with coastal bathymetry. Migrating fish moved southwestward on average 5° longitude (350 km) and 2° latitude (222 km) to the northeast coast of Newfoundland, southern Labrador, and northern Grand Bank, as historically from similar release points. Migration onset through the Labrador Current (<0 °C) and arrival inshore were correlated with capelin (Mallotus villosus) peak spawning, inshore duration with capelin, and cod biomass. Both species were delayed a month from historical norms. The probability of a cod remaining inshore after 1 December was 50%, which could impact time-dependent surveys. Fishing exploitation was 6% and predation 5%. Northern cod have re-established historical spatial migration patterns, with capelin a key influence on timing and duration inshore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oceanic transports shape the global climate, but the evaluation and validation of this key quantity based on reanalysis and model data are complicated by the distortion of the used curvilinear ocean model grids towards their displaced north poles. Combined with the large number of different grid types, this has made the exact calculation of oceanic transports a challenging and time-consuming task. Use of data interpolated to standard latitude/longitude grids is not an option, since transports computed from interpolated velocity fields are not mass-consistent. We present two methods for transport calculations on grids with variously shifted north poles, different orientations, and different Arakawa partitions. The first method calculates net transports through arbitrary sections using line integrals, while the second method generates cross sections of the vertical–horizontal planes of these sections using vector projection algorithms. Apart from the input data on the original model grids, the user only needs to specify the start and endpoints of the required section to get the net transports (for the first method) and their cross sections (for the second method). Integration of the cross sections along their depth and horizontal extent yields net transports in very good quantitative agreement with the line integration method. This allows us to calculate oceanic fluxes through almost arbitrary sections to compare them with observed oceanic volume and energy transports at available sections, such as the RAPID array or at Fram Strait and other Arctic gateways, or to compare them amongst reanalyses and to model integrations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIPs). We implemented our methods in a Python package called StraitFlux. This paper represents its scientific documentation and demonstrates its application on outputs of multiple CMIP6 models and several ocean reanalyses. We also analyze the robustness and computational performance of the tools, as well as the uncertainties in the results. The package is available on GitHub and Zenodo and can be installed using pypi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates wavenumber‐4 (wave‐4) structure in the longitude variation of zonal and meridional winds observed by the Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument onboard the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) satellite. The amplitude of the wave‐4 pattern in meridional wind displays semi‐annual variation with equinoctial maxima whereas its seasonal variation in zonal wind shows maxima during August–October at the equatorial and low latitudes. The wave‐4 longitude variation maximizes at lower thermospheric heights (below 130 km) in zonal and meridional winds. It is considered primarily driven by the non‐migrating eastward propagating diurnal tide with zonal wavenumber‐3 (DE3) in the zonal wind. However, the amplitude of DE3 tide in the meridional wind does not show any enhancement during September–October. The seasonal variations of the wave‐4 amplitude and the DE3 tide are not similar in the zonal and meridional winds. The migrating ter‐diurnal tide (TW3) exhibits significant amplitudes during March–April and September–November in the meridional wind. In addition, the latitude variation of non‐migrating TE1 tide shows maximum amplitude during September–October. These results suggest that the non‐linear interaction between the TW3 and TE1 tides can serve as a potential source for the wave‐4 longitude variation in the meridional wind at lower thermospheric altitudes. Plain Language Summary: The four peaked longitudinal structure observed in ionosphere and thermosphere has long been investigated to determine its seasonal and inter‐annual variability in many parameters, as well as its sources, which can be of lower atmospheric origin. Earlier studies have shown that wave‐4 structure in the longitude variation of thermospheric zonal wind has large amplitudes between June and October. The investigation of ICON‐MIGHTI zonal wind confirms this. The wave‐4 pattern in the longitude variation of the meridional wind reveals that it has maxima during equinox different from the zonal wind. The DE3 tide is the primary contributor to the wave‐4 pattern in zonal wind. The DE3 shows large amplitudes during March–April however, it is weak during September–October in meridional wind. The source of wave‐4 pattern in the meridional wind is investigated. In meridional wind, the seasonal variation of migrating ter‐diurnal TW3 tide shows large amplitudes (40 m/s) during March–April and September–November. The non‐migrating ter‐diurnal TE1 tide shows enhanced amplitudes during September–October which suggests that the non‐linear interaction between the TW3 and TE1 tides can generate wave‐4 longitude structure in meridional wind at lower thermospheric altitudes. This study indicates the existence of other possible sources for the wave‐4 pattern observed in thermosphere. Key Points: Wave‐4 longitude structure in thermospheric meridional wind shows semi‐annual variation with equinoctial maxima at 100–110 kmThough DE3 tide does not show any enhancement during September–October, TW3 tide is found to be dominant in the meridional windIt is suggested that the non‐linear interaction between TW3 and TE1 tides can generate wave‐4 structure in thermospheric meridional wind [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposes a hedonic pricing model to efficiently capture the values of locations without assuming a specific functional form or the factors affecting it. The K-means clustering algorithm serves as a subdivider for allocating indicators into samples according to their locational similarity. The advantage of this approach is that it allows the value of a location to be measured using only its latitude and longitude. We examine the predictive accuracy of the model in an out-of-sample context based on apartment transaction data for Seoul, the capital of Korea. Our results show that the predictive power of the proposed model is significantly higher than that of conventional models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the interpretation of Emily Dickinson's poem that includes the word "Checks" in the last line. The word was later changed to "chart" in subsequent publications, but the meaning of "Checks" has remained unclear. The author suggests that the definition of "check" as "checkered cloth" or "to variegate with cross lines" may provide insight into the meaning of the word in the poem. The author also explores Dickinson's reliance on Noah Webster's dictionary and the connection between language, nature, and spirit in her work. The article concludes by discussing the concept of "belief" in Dickinson's poetry and its connection to creating fictive explanations of natural facts. [Extracted from the article]

For the native Lithuanian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) population, rapidly changing climatic conditions raise new issues, related to survivability and resistance of local provenances to biotic and abiotic stressors. The aim of this study is to revise and update the findings of Abraitis & Ericsson (1996) who assessed the productivity of Scots pine provenances following 22 years of growth. In this study, we assessed the productivity of same provenances following 39 years of growth. This study was done based on a long-term pine provenance research experiment established in 1975 in Lithuania, as an integral part of the Prokazyn investigation that was launched across the former USSR. Our results indicate a clear effect of latitude as well as longitude on the mean stand performance values of Scots pine provenances. With increasing latitude, mean height, mean quadratic diameter and the volume of growing trees per hectare had a clear decreasing tendency. Except for the mean squared diameter, the impact of the longitude was the same on the mean stand height and the volume of growing trees per hectare. Ranking of Scots pine provenances based on breeding indices showed that provenances that were identified as the most productive ones by Abraitis & Ericsson (1996) after 17 years of growth, lost their top positions after 39 years of growth. In the case of demand for genetically improved planting material, it could be recommended to use southerner populations which demonstrate higher growth intensity up to 39 years.

Attributing intensification extreme precipitation to anthropogenic factors on the regional scale is challenging, given the large fluctuations and the complexity of quantifying interactions among these anthropogenic factors. Here, we propose a new variance‐based method to investigate the roles of human‐induced greenhouse gas (GHG), aerosol (AER), and their interactions (GA) in shaping extreme precipitation on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP) at stational scale. In terms of contribution, GHG has the greatest impact on total wet‐day precipitation and simple daily intensity. In terms of significance, GA, and AER exert significant effects on all 10 extreme indices (P; < 0.05) over 48.3% and 44.8% of all stations, while GHG affects less (25.9%). Overall, GHG is not the only dominant factor, and GA and AER are expected to play vital roles in intensifying extreme precipitation over the QTP under SSP2‐4.5. These findings challenge the conventional insights that GHG is the primary anthropogenic driver of extreme precipitation. Plain Language Summary: Greenhouse gas (GHG) has long been regarded as the primary anthropogenic driver of the intensification of extreme precipitation. However, extreme precipitation is closely linked to the complex interplay of various anthropogenic influences, with contributions varying across regions due to differences in longitude, latitude, and altitude. Here, we propose a new method to robustly quantify the contributions of GHG, AER, and GA to extreme precipitation at each station on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP). The results show that the majority of the stations quantified by this method are statistically significant. Importantly, we find that complex interactions of GHG and AER will shape extreme precipitation over the QTP. These findings challenge the traditional understanding of climate change attributed solely to GHG and prompt a reconsideration of whether reducing GHG alone could effectively mitigate climate change. Key Points: We propose a new variance‐based factorial analysis method to quantify contributions of anthropogenic factors at each meteorological station over Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP)Extreme precipitation over the QTP is projected to increase in the upcoming centuryThe interaction between greenhouse gas and aerosol would play a key role in intensification extreme precipitation over QTP under SSP2‐4.5 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The common shrew (Sorex araneus) is one of the most studied shrew species of the Western Palaearctic. Despite this, the general drivers underlying morphological variation still remain unclear. Here we provide evidence for contradictory effects of climatic and geographical factors on the mandible of the common shrew. At the continental scale there is a negative correlation between body- and skull-size and latitude and longitude but at regional scales such an association is often not apparent; in fact, in some cases body size and skull size follow the opposite trend and observations at various scales yielded contradictory results. We studied shrew mandibles using geometric morphometrics and tested for correlations of their size and shape with selected geographical and climatic variables. We examined 1155 mandibles from 29 European localities and found significant interpopulation differences in both size and shape. Centroid size negatively correlated with latitude. We also found that centroid size was significantly correlated with altitude and annual precipitation. Our results confirmed an inverse Bergmann's rule relationship in S. araneus along the transect from the Baltic to the Adriatic Sea. Regarding mandible shape, Slovenian shrews were the most distant from all other studied populations. We discuss how altitude and precipitation can influence the morphology of the common shrew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]