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Drawing from the psychology of working and social resilience frameworks, this study introduces a novel intervention program to address the complex needs of long-term unemployed individuals. We examine the effectiveness of this novel intervention with a randomized, controlled field experiment where we test two versions of this program: one-on-one coaching and group coaching. Our findings show that long-term unemployed job seekers who received either form of coaching had higher reemployment rates and lower levels of self-blame than a control group that did not receive any support. Our in-depth interviews with group and one-on-one support receivers reveal that each type of support helped the long-term unemployed in distinct ways. Our findings suggest that a combination of group and one-on-one coaching to assist long-term unemployed individuals would help diminish the self-blame associated with unemployment and foster reemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background. This study assessed fidelity and feasibility of the Self-Management of Well-being (SMW) intervention for long-term social assistance recipients (SARs). Methods. Next to evaluation forms and on-site observations, semi-structured interviews with participants and teachers were used, which were recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was performed using ATLAS.ti 23. Results. The intervention was executed with high fidelity, and seems feasible for the target population. Teachers and participants were positive about the intervention, its complexity, facilitation strategies, recruitment, quality of delivery, participant responsiveness, acceptability, and suitability. Participant dropout was relatively high. Discussion. This study contributes to improving the well-being of long-term SARs, as it provides an adequate support tool for this group. Drop-out remains a challenge. The positive results encourage widespread dissemination of the intervention. A study on its effectiveness is underway.

This study seeks to determine the impact of remittances and nonlabor income on the duration of unemployment, and therefore on the hysteresis phenomenon in Colombia for the period between January 2010 and January 2021. The long-term unemployment rate in Colombia (LAPU) is calculated, and a vector autoregressive (VAR) model is subsequently estimated to evaluate the impact of remittances and nonlabor income on the LAPU. The results suggest that the increase in nonlabor income significantly affected LAPU in Colombia in the period analyzed. The growth of remittances instead turned out to positively and significantly impact LAPU only during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This suggests that remittances have become a fundamental income in times of crisis that allow for financing the search for work for a longer period of time, thus increasing the duration of unemployment and generating a hysteresis effect.

To address complex social problems, such as long-term unemployment, local authorities in many countries are developing "holistic" or "integrated" services, where multiple actors and professions collaborate with a view to better meet the needs of the individual citizen. By breaking with existing practices and regulations, collaborative services must be legitimized in new ways so as to appear acceptable not only in the eyes of the public and politicians, but also to caseworkers and the long-term unemployed persons. This article examines the multifarious and sometimes neglected efforts to make these collaborative services legitimate in the eyes of this plurality of stakeholders on multiple levels of governance. Our study indicates three distinct but mutually interrelated spheres of audience that require partly conflicting justification work. We also find that the narrow pursuit of justification work to ensure legitimacy with one audience may potentially jeopardize the justification work in the other two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Internacional y Comparada de Relaciones Laborales y Derecho del Empleo is the property of ADAPT University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study seeks to determine the impact of remittances and nonlabor income on the duration of unemployment, and therefore on the hysteresis phenomenon in Colombia for the period between January 2010 and January 2021. The long-term unemployment rate in Colombia (LAPU) is calculated, and a vector autoregressive (VAR) model is subsequently estimated to evaluate the impact of remittances and nonlabor income on the LAPU. The results suggest that the increase in nonlabor income significantly affected LAPU in Colombia in the period analyzed. The growth of remittances instead turned out to positively and significantly impact LAPU only during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. This suggests that remittances have become a fundamental income in times of crisis that allow for financing the search for work for a longer period of time, thus increasing the duration of unemployment and generating a hysteresis effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung: DIW-Wochenbericht is the property of DIW Berlin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Intervention: Theory & Practice is the property of Universiteit Utrecht and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We analysed a new counselling and support programme for people with low employment prospects in Austria. The Austrian Public Employment Service introduced regional pilots to investigate whether a new counselling strategy could improve labour market outcomes for this group. Eligible unemployed individuals could opt for third‐party counselling and support, access a wide range of low‐threshold services, and focus on personal stability rather than job placement. The goal was to achieve similar or even better labour market outcomes at lower cost. By comparing pilot and control regions, we found that introducing the offer resulted in higher costs without improving labour market outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses effects of subsidised, predominantly non‐standard, employment within the German labour market programme ‘participation in the labour market’ for long‐term welfare recipients on their health satisfaction, health‐based quality of life, satisfaction with standard of living and households' actual ownership of important goods (e.g., car or new clothes) or the lack thereof due to financial reasons. We differentiated subgroups by health, age and working hours. Data for participants and non‐participants (but entitled to welfare benefits) stem from the first two waves (2020/2021) of the panel survey ‘Quality of Life and Social Participation’. To identify causal effects, we employed matching methods based on administrative and survey data. Our findings show that 1 and 2 years after programme start, participation had significant positive effects on all indicators of health and standard of living. Thus, for the programme's focus group, subsidised employment, even if non‐standard, can contribute to improving health and material well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides insights into the impacts of a self-employment and entrepreneurship education program for high-skilled long-term unemployed workers aged 45-65 in France during the COVID-19 pandemic. The training program involves individual tutoring, synchronous online classes and lead generation workshops with a freelancing project to design and present to a committee. We studied the impact of the training through an adapted version of the CHEERS questionnaire sent to the trainees six months after the training completion. In contrast to the previous literature, we show promising results for this kind of training. Our results show that this training program not only helps people to start a freelancing career but also prepares many of them to find an employee position after a long period of unemployment. We have also been able to identify the main characteristics of the jobs obtained afterwards that matter to high-skilled senior workers and to describe five trainee profiles through a cluster analysis: (1) enthusiastic but not confident, (2) quick return to salaried employment, (3) focused on freelancing, (4) demanding and disappointed elders, and (5) struggling with business tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is still a lack of knowledge on how to effectively help the long-term unemployed into employment. We evaluate a wide range of active labour market policies for this target group, using a dynamic matching approach. Measures vary considerably in the extent to which they improve labour market prospects. Human capital-intensive training programs that substantially enhance vocational skills and employment programs are most effective, short activating job search training the least. Our results suggest that not only wage subsidies in the private sector, but also direct job creation in the public and non-profit sectors can work, if properly designed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent explanation of hysteresis suggests that downward wage rigidity may be caused by long-term unemployment as individuals who are detached from the labor market are not good inflation fighters. Based on this hypothesis, some scholars have attempted to estimate the Phillips curve and the Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU) either by including only short-term unemployment or by taking into account weighted measures of unemployment duration. This essay investigates whether the conclusion that long-term unemployment is less relevant to the inflation path than short-term unemployment is supported by data. To do this, we consider the short- and long-term unemployment rates jointly in a Phillips curve, while also considering institutional variables and without using any measure of the unemployment gap or the NAIRU. Using panel data for 25 OECD countries for the period 1970–2016, we test whether there is a statistically significant difference between the coefficients of short- and long-term unemployment rates in this version of the Phillips curve. Our findings indicate that there is no significant difference between long and short-term unemployment rates in wage-setting, and provide a critique of the mainstream explanation of the hysteresis mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides insights into the impacts of a self-employment and entrepreneurship education program for high-skilled long-term unemployed workers aged 45–65 in France during the COVID-19 pandemic. The training program involves individual tutoring, synchronous online classes and lead generation workshops with a freelancing project to design and present to a committee. We studied the impact of the training through an adapted version of the CHEERS questionnaire sent to the trainees six months after the training completion. In contrast to the previous literature, we show promising results for this kind of training. Our results show that this training program not only helps people to start a freelancing career but also prepares many of them to find an employee position after a long period of unemployment. We have also been able to identify the main characteristics of the jobs obtained afterwards that matter to high-skilled senior workers and to describe five trainee profiles through a cluster analysis: (1) enthusiastic but not confident, (2) quick return to salaried employment, (3) focused on freelancing, (4) demanding and disappointed elders, and (5) struggling with business tasks.

This paper aims to identify the factors contributing to the unusually high prevalence of over-indebtedness and debt enforcement proceedings in the Czech Republic at the granular geographic level of extended-powers municipalities (ORP). The main reason for this level is simple, not to lose information about differences among the municipalities, since there is quite a sharp contrast even within the same regions. The dependent variable is the share of people with one or more debt enforcement proceedings outstanding against them. We employ a set of explanatory variables including long-term unemployment, socially excluded localities, regional GDP per capita, education level, and a proxy for distance to the local economic center. The results are estimated using panel data regression with random effects, due to the time-invariant nature of certain variables. Because of poor data availability for some variables at this highly localized level, we make several assumptions; for example, we transfer the regional GDP per capita values to all ORPs in the region. Similar problems arise with education level, where we use data from the 2011 national census. Even with these data restrictions, our set of explanatory variables is shown to be statistically significant with the expected coefficient signs. GDP per capita and higher education level have a negative impact on the prevalence of debt enforcement proceedings, while long-term unemployment, the number of socially excluded localities in the area, and the distance-to-center proxy have a positive effect.

The authors evaluate the exemption of long-term unemployed job seekers from Germany's national minimum wage. Using linked survey and administrative micro data, they rely on a regression discontinuity design to identify the effects of the policy by comparing hiring rates, employment stability, and entry wages around the administrative threshold between short-term and long-term unemployment. They find that the exemption is very rarely used and that the minimum wage binds irrespective of past unemployment duration. While the minimum wage led to a relative rise in entry wages for the long-term unemployed compared to the short-term unemployed, the authors do not detect a relative deterioration in their employment prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Germany, the great majority of long-term unemployed face difficulties in (re-)entering the labour market due to a variety of barriers, including insufficient educational and/or vocational qualifications, poor health, migration background, language deficits, being over 50 years old, and family care responsibilities. However, the work-first approach of German employment services has difficulties in overcoming the multitude of these barriers. In contrast to many quantitative analyses on the topic, our qualitative study adopts a relational-theoretical approach. This approach combines synchronicity and diachronicity perspectives to analyse the conditions that enable transitions into sustainable and sufficient employment, despite the aforementioned adversities. Based on 33 cases of long-term unemployed we used biographical interviews and a modified qualitative network analysis to identify factors that hinder or facilitate such unlikely transitions into the primary labour market. Our findings suggest that a "life-first approach" referring to the lifeworld of individuals can increase the likelihood of these transitions and retention in employment. Therefore, our findings imply that casework focused on lifeworld and biography holds the greatest potential for providing institutional support to these individuals.

Copyright of Czech & Slovak Social Work / Sociální Práce / Sociálna Práca is the property of Czech & Slovak Social Work and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background Health literacy comprises the ability to identify, obtain, interpret and act upon health information. Low health literacy is a major risk factor for hospitalizations, use of emergency care and premature mortality among others. Known risk factors for low health literacy such as lower educational attainment, migration history and chronic illnesses overlap with those for long-term unemployment – in itself a risk factor for low health literacy. These factors are difficult to address in interventions to support health literacy. Therefore, the objective of this review is to identify potentially modifiable predictors of HL in populations potentially affected by long-term unemployment. Methods A rapid review (PROSPERO registration number: 290873) was carried out in Pubmed and SCOPUS including quantitative studies on potentially modifiable predictors of health literacy in working-age populations following PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Where possible, reported effect sizes were transformed into r, and random-effects meta-analyses were conducted where appropriate to pool effect sizes for the association between modifiable predictors and health literacy. Results In total, 4765 titles and abstracts were screened, 114 articles were assessed in full-text screening, and 54 were included in the review. Forty-one effect sizes were considered for 9 different meta-analyses. Higher language proficiency, higher frequency of internet use, using the internet as a source of health information more often, being more physically active, more oral health behaviours, watching more health-related TV and a good health status were significantly associated with higher health literacy. Significant heterogeneity suggests between-study differences. Conclusions Improving language proficiency and/or providing information in multiple and simplified languages, together with reliable and accessible health information on the internet and in linear media are potentially promising targets to improve health literacy levels in working-age populations.

Unemployment is an integral part of the capitalist economy. High rates of unemployment can be considered a positive phenomenon on the labour market, breeding respect for work and stronger motives for better work performance as related to the risk of losing one’s job. However, long-term unemployment (i.e. lasting longer than one year) is a negative phenomenon. It bears a range of harmful consequences, including the consolidation of joblessness, often leading to its chronic quality. While the supply of jobs may reduce the unemployment rate, it does not solve the problem of long-term unemployment, and this is particularly dangerous for those who experience it. In the post-industrial era, long-term unemployment is a has various facets and characteristics. As such, it calls for varied interventions for people at risk of and affected by it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Long-term unemployed have poor nutritional and physical activity statuses, and, therefore, special health promotion needs. Particularly in rural areas, however, they often do not have access to health promotion service. Thus, new promising strategies to improve the health of long-term unemployed are needed. Hence, a digital health intervention to promote nutritional and physical health behaviors was conceived, and the effectiveness of the intervention in combination with face-to-face sessions will be evaluated in a randomized controlled trial. Objective: The aim of this study is to elucidate the effectiveness of a mobile digital health intervention to promote the nutritional and physical activity behaviors of long-term unemployed in the rural areas of Germany. Methods: The 9-week intervention aims to promote nutritional or physical activity behavior by improving drinking habits, increasing the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, increasing daily step count, strengthening muscles, and improving endurance. The intervention design is based on the transtheoretical model and is implemented in a mobile app using the MobileCoach open-source platform. The effectiveness of the intervention will be elucidated by a 9-week, 2-armed, parallel-designed trial. Therefore, long-term unemployed will be recruited by employees of the German social sector institutions and randomized either to receive information brochures; the digital intervention in the form of a mobile app; and 3 face-to-face sessions regarding technical support, healthy eating, and physical activity (n=100) or to receive a control treatment consisting of solely the hand over of information brochures (n=100). The effectiveness of the intervention will be assessed using questionnaires at baseline, after 9 weeks in face-to-face appointments, and after a 3-month follow-up period by postal contact. The use of the mobile app will be monitored, and qualitative interviews or focus groups with the participants will be conducted. Incentives of €50 (US $49.7) will be paid to the participants and are tied to the completion of the questionnaires and not to the use of the mobile app or progress in the intervention. Results: The effectiveness of the intervention in promoting the nutritional and physical activity behaviors of long-term unemployed participants will be elucidated. The adherence of the participants to and the acceptance and usability of the mobile device app will be evaluated. Recruitment started in March 2022, and the final publication of the results is expected in the first half of 2023. Conclusions: Positive health-related changes made by the intervention would display the potency of digital health interventions to promote nutritional and physical activity behaviors among long-term unemployed in the rural areas of Germany, which would also contribute to an improved health status of the German population in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents, in a sociological approach, the analysis of the issue of women's unemployment, a topic that plays an important part both on the European public policies' agenda, as well as in the current sociological research and studies, which aim at increasing the rate of employment for the vulnerable categories of population. The importance of this topic derives from the fact that female persons in the rural areas are considered to be a vulnerable social category, usually confronted with several obstacles regarding employment, lacking the same acces as those in the urban areas to financial, educational and training resources that would allow them to improve the quality of life or to evolve in a proffesion. The article also presents the results of a quantitative research carried out in three rural communities in Dolj county (the South-West Oltenia Region) which are facing high or severe risk of marginalization, and in which one of the issues that require attention is women's unemployment, especially long-term unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Moneta e Credito is the property of Associazione Economia Civile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: A digital health check can be used to screen health behavior risks in the population, help health care professionals with standardized risk estimation for their patients, and motivate a patient to change unhealthy behaviors. Long-term unemployed individuals comprise a particular subgroup with an increased risk of lifestyle-related diseases., Objective: This study aims to investigate the clinical utility of a general digital health examination, the STAR Duodecim Health Check and Coaching Program (STAR), which was developed in Finland, in the targeted screening of long-term unemployed individuals. For this purpose, we compared health challenges identified by a digital health check with those identified by a nurse during a face-to-face health check for unemployed individuals., Methods: In this comparison study, 49 unemployed participants attending a health check were recruited from two Finnish primary health care centers. The participants used STAR and attended a nurse's health check. Data were collected by surveys with multiple-choice and open-ended questions from the participants, nurses, and a study assistant who observed the session. The nurses were asked to name the three most significant health challenges for each participant. These health challenges were categorized into health challenges corresponding to STAR and these were compared with each other. Percentages of agreement between STAR and nurses were calculated. Sensitivity and specificity, as well as Cohen κ with P values and CIs, were computed for agreement., Results: STAR identified a total of 365 health challenges, an average of 7.4 (SD 2.5) health challenges per participant (n=49). The nurses named a total of 160 health challenges (n=47). In 53% (95% CI 38.1-67.9; n=25) of cases, STAR identified all categorized health challenges named by nurses. In 64% (95% CI 48.5-77.3; n=30) of cases, STAR identified at least 2/3 of the health challenges identified by nurses. Cohen κ was 0.877 (P<.001) for alcohol, indicating almost perfect agreement, and 0.440 (P<.001) for smoking and 0.457 (P=.001) for cholesterol, indicating moderate agreement. STAR left a total of 89 health challenges, an average of 1.8 (SD 1.1) per participant, uncategorized because STAR lacked an answer to the question or questions required for the classification of a certain health challenge. The participants did not always add information on their blood pressure (n=36, 74%), cholesterol (n=22, 45%), and waist circumference (n=15, 31%)., Conclusions: In conclusion, STAR identified most of the health challenges identified by nurses but missed some essential ones. Participants did not have information on measurements, such as blood pressure and cholesterol values, which are pivotal to STAR in assessing cardiovascular risks. Using the tool for screening or as a part of a traditional health check with necessary measurements and dialog with health care professionals may improve the risk assessments and streamline the health checks of unemployed individuals., International Registered Report Identifier (irrid): RR2-10.2196/27668., (©Venla Raussi, Sari Kujala, Iiris Hörhammer, Kaisa Savolainen, Reija Autio, Tuomas Koskela. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 16.10.2024.)

Background: Health literacy comprises the ability to identify, obtain, interpret and act upon health information. Low health literacy is a major risk factor for hospitalizations, use of emergency care and premature mortality among others. Known risk factors for low health literacy such as lower educational attainment, migration history and chronic illnesses overlap with those for long-term unemployment - in itself a risk factor for low health literacy. These factors are difficult to address in interventions to support health literacy. Therefore, the objective of this review is to identify potentially modifiable predictors of HL in populations potentially affected by long-term unemployment.Methods: A rapid review (PROSPERO registration number: 290873) was carried out in Pubmed and SCOPUS including quantitative studies on potentially modifiable predictors of health literacy in working-age populations following PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. Where possible, reported effect sizes were transformed into r, and random-effects meta-analyses were conducted where appropriate to pool effect sizes for the association between modifiable predictors and health literacy.Results: In total, 4765 titles and abstracts were screened, 114 articles were assessed in full-text screening, and 54 were included in the review. Forty-one effect sizes were considered for 9 different meta-analyses. Higher language proficiency, higher frequency of internet use, using the internet as a source of health information more often, being more physically active, more oral health behaviours, watching more health-related TV and a good health status were significantly associated with higher health literacy. Significant heterogeneity suggests between-study differences.Conclusions: Improving language proficiency and/or providing information in multiple and simplified languages, together with reliable and accessible health information on the internet and in linear media are potentially promising targets to improve health literacy levels in working-age populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hiring subsidies are widely used to create (stable) employment for the long-term unemployed. This paper exploits the abolition of a hiring subsidy targeted at long-term unemployed jobseekers older than 45 years of age in Belgium to evaluate its effectiveness in the short and medium run. Based on a triple-difference methodology, the hiring subsidy is shown to increase the job-finding rate by 13% without any evidence of spillover effects. This effect is driven by a positive effect on individuals with at least a bachelor's degree. However, the hiring subsidy mainly creates temporary short-lived employment: eligible jobseekers are not more likely to find employment that lasts at least 12 consecutive months compared with ineligible jobseekers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the causes and social consequences of long-term unemployment in Ukraine. According to the results of in-depth interviews and quantitative survey, the causes of long-term unemployment in Ukraine can be divided into three groups. The first group includes the current situation on the world labor market, the second group deals with the inside situation in Ukraine, and the third group deals with the social and psychological characteristics of the long-term unemployed. The first group of causes affects the long-term unemployment and economic inactivity indirectly. A significant number of labor migrants and high-paying freelancers among the citizens of Ukraine creates conditions for maintaining of long-term unemployment among their family members. Low wages and rapid changes in the labor market (declining demand for a number of specialties, for example engineering and technical workers), low pensions and their low differentiation, high level of the shadow and gig-economy, shortcomings in the tax sphere are the most reasons for the second group of unemployment reasons. Among the cultural reasons there are lack of knowledge of the basic principles of labor law, lack of experience in formal communication with employers, prejudice against government institutions. For a large proportion of the long-term unemployed, formal employment is associated with a decline in their social status. It was also found that the status of the official long-term unemployed largely does not correspond to their real status. The most part of them are economically quite active unofficially in shadow and gig-economy. It is concluded that the problem of including the official long-term unemployed in economic life should be reformatted into the problem of legalizing their informal economic activity.

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Strategic Issues of Northern Hungary ECONOMY-REGION-SOCIETY / Észak-magyarországi Stratégiai Füzetek GAZDASAG-REGIO-TARSADALOM is the property of University of Miskolc, Faculty of Economics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While unemployment rates in Europe declined after the global financial crisis until 2018/2019, the incidence of long-term unemployment, the share of people who have been unemployed for >1 year to the total unemployed, remained high. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic could aggravate the long-term unemployment. This paper explores the factors associated with long-term unemployment in European countries using a panel of 25 European countries over the period 2000–2018. We find that skill mismatches, labor market matching efficiency, and labor market policies are associated with the incidence of long-term unemployment. Among the different types of active labor market policies, training and startup incentives are found to be effective in reducing long-term unemployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This qualitative study aims to explore the valuable functionings—things that people consider to be important—of the older long-term unemployed and their ability to achieve valued outcomes. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 long-term unemployed people aged 45 and over. Participants were included through purposeful sampling. The theoretical frameworks of the latent deprivation theory and the capability approach were used to develop an interpretive analysis. Nine valuable functionings were identified: social contact, feeling appreciated, structure, feeling useful, meaningfulness, autonomy, financial resources, paid work, and being active. These valuable functionings were partly accessible through the activities that people performed, varying from physically active and physically passive activities to informal work. The functionings of meaningfulness, autonomy, financial resources, and paid work seemed to be difficult to achieve. We identified three groups. The first consisted of people whose work status changed when they entered the benefit system; for them paid work was still a valuable functioning, and they experienced the most difficulties in achieving valued outcomes. The second group also experienced a change in work status once they started to receive benefits, but those people adapted to their new situation by attributing greater value to other functionings. The third group had no change in work status, e.g., housewives who had applied for a benefit because they were not able to make ends meet after a divorce. This group did not experience a loss of functionings due to unemployment, nor did they try to achieve other functionings. The results of this study indicate a need for a more personalized, tailor-made approach, with an emphasis on an individual’s valued outcomes instead of on rules and obligations.

Since the end of the Great Recession in June 2009, and despite the current low unemployment rate, wage growth in the United States has been substantially slower than in previous recoveries. This paper argues that the cost of job loss—the one year income loss associated with job loss—and the long-term share of unemployment can account for slow wage growth relative to other labor market variables. Using a wage-Phillips curve for three sample periods, empirical evidence suggests that the cost of job loss and the long-term share of unemployment better explain and forecast wage growth in the United States, particularly during the recovery from the Great Recession relative to conventional measures. This finding better highlights and captures deeper trends in the U.S. labor market, specifically the declining bargaining power of labor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our aim was to investigate the prevalence of resilience personality profiles in a sample of Swedish long‐term unemployed in relation to the general Swedish population. We found that only 1.50% (vs. 26% in the general population) in the long‐term unemployed sample had a resilient personality profile, that is, low in harm avoidance (e.g., relaxed and optimistic), high in persistence (e.g., hard‐working), and high in self‐directedness (i.e., goal‐oriented and resourceful). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the crises of long-term unemployment using subject theory, biographical research and critical theory as the framework. Based on narrative-biographical interviews with long-term unemployed people, I identify the factors and conditions that turn long-term unemployment into a crisis, arguing that expansive learning processes and the competence of utopian thinking are essential for creating visions of one’s occupational future as well as (social) utopias, thus, being a way out of these crises. The findings of the data show that subjective crises in times of prolonged unemployment are not always caused by unemployment itself and that existing visions of the occupational future cannot always be pursued

Nearly a decade after the Lisbon Strategy's formulation, long‐term unemployed individuals in Germany seem to lack opportunities on the labour market that their short‐term unemployed counterparts enjoy. Despite Germany's robust economic development and declining unemployment rates in the past, the German Federal Employment Agency (Bundesagentur für Arbeit) has nevertheless identified the 'hardening of the long‐term unemployment situation'. This article illuminates the institutional measures taken by the BA, along with their promotional and inhibitory effects, as analysed in narrative interviews with long‐term unemployed individuals who transitioned into Germany's primary labour market despite multiple constraints. Although the BA provides a range of measures to promote integration into the labour market, the people affected have no binding claim to those services and measures, and many of the long‐term unemployed individuals that we interviewed revealed problematic consequences of institutional support received and described strategies for securing employment apart from the BA's institutional means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the crises of long-term unemployment using subject theory, biographical research and critical theory as the framework. Based on narrativebiographical interviews with long-term unemployed people, I identify the factors and conditions that turn long-term unemployment into a crisis, arguing that expansive learning processes and the competence of utopian thinking are essential for creating visions of one's occupational future as well as (social) utopias, thus, being a way out of these crises. The findings of the data show that subjective crises in times of prolonged unemployment are not always caused by unemployment itself and that existing visions of the occupational future cannot always be pursued. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low education and unemployment are common adult-age outcomes associated with childhood RD (c-RD). However, adult-age cognitive and non-cognitive factors associated with different outcomes remain unknown. We studied whether these outcomes are equally common among individuals with c-RD and controls and whether these outcomes are related to adult-age literacy skills or cognitive and non-cognitive factors or their interaction with c-RD. We examined adult participants with c-RD (n = 48) and their matched controls (n = 37). Low education was more common among c-RD than the controls, whereas long-term unemployment was equally common in both groups. Moreover, adult-age literacy skills, cognitive skills and non-cognitive factors were related to both low education and long-term unemployment. Only a few c-RD-specific associations emerged: c-RD, especially in interaction with low verbal or reading comprehension, was associated with low education, and c-RD in interaction with slow adult-age reading was associated with long-term unemployment. Avoidant coping style, emotional wellbeing and social functioning were related to education, and life-satisfaction to unemployment irrespective of c-RD. Thus, the non-cognitive factors associated with education and employment are similar in individuals with and without c-RD. Special attention should be paid to training c-RD individuals in basic academic, social and emotional skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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