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Generating and manipulating magnetic skyrmions at ultrafast time scales is essential for future skyrmion-based racetrack memory and logic gate applications. Using the atomistic spin dynamics simulations, we demonstrate the nucleation of ultra-small field-free magnetic skyrmions in amorphous GdFeCo at picosecond time scales by femtosecond laser heating. The ultrafast nature of laser heating and subsequent cooling from a high-temperature state is crucial for forming magnetic skyrmion. The magnon localization and magnon coalescence are the key driving mechanisms responsible for stabilizing the magnetic skyrmions at zero-field conditions. The polarization and, hence, the topological charge can be switched by exploiting the all-optical switching observed in GdFeCo. The skyrmion sizes and numbers can be controlled by varying pulse width and fluence of incident laser pulses. Applying an external magnetic field provides an additional degree of freedom to tune the skyrmion radius during the ultrafast optical creation of magnetic skyrmions. Our results provide a detailed understanding of the ultrafast creation of magnetic skyrmions using femtosecond laser pulses, a vital step in advancing next-generation skyrmion-based memory technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) has become one of the promising studies for nano-scale computing. QCA is one of the candidate technologies to be replaced with CMOS technology. QCA technology not only reduces power consumption and delay but also increases operating frequency and speed. The arithmetic logic unit is the essential component in a processor that performs arithmetic and logical operations. This paper presents a novel 5 × 5 reversible logic gate called the NRRG (Norouzi_Rasouli Reversible Gate) which can be used as the basic building block of 4:1 and 8:1 reversible multiplexers. Then, we have designed a RALU (reversible arithmetic and logic unit) using this gate. Our design can perform 20 operations such as AND, NAND, OR, XOR, XNOR, COPY, addition, and increment. The proposed QCA RALU requires 0.44 μm2 area, 480 QCA cells, and 10 clock phases. The proposed design needs less cell count, delay, and cost of QCA compared to previous works. The structure is implemented without any rotated cells and only uses one layer which improves the manufacturability of the design. The architectures are designed and simulated using QCA Designer 2.0.3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Programmable and non-volatile spin-based logic devices have attracted significant interest for use in logic circuits. Realization of logic operations via spin–orbit torque (SOT) driven magnetization switching could be a crucial step in the direction of building logic-in-memory architectures. In this work, we demonstrate experimentally, the realization of four logic operations in a heavy metal/ferrimagnet bilayer structure via SOT switching. We also propose a general scheme for choosing input parameters to achieve programmable logic operations. The bulk and tunable perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and relatively lower saturation magnetization in ferrimagnets are found to make them more energy efficient in performing logic operations, as compared to conventional ferromagnets. Thus, ferrimagnets are promising candidates for use in logic-in-memory architectures, leading to the realization of user-friendly spin logic devices in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the most successful platforms of quantum control, trapped ions can be modulated by sequential microwave pulses to realize high-fidelity quantum logic gates, and dephasing noise may lead to invalidation of phase locking. In this work, we utilize the Dirac–Frenkel time-dependent variational approach with Davydov ansatz to simulate spin echo dynamics in the framework of spin-boson model. As the essential modulation parameters, pulse duration and waiting time have been comprehensively investigated to optimize the phase gates by two microwave pulses. We find that, as spin orientation undergoes periodic changes, the phase difference by acting one and two pulses exhibits spontaneous locking following time evolution, which indicates the robustness of the quantum phase gates. Spectrum of the environmental noise that is appropriate for the phase locking is also determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reversible quantum-flux-parametron (RQFP) is a reversible logic gate based on an energy-efficient superconductor logic family, namely, the adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron logic. The RQFP can perform logic operations in a thermodynamically reversible manner (i.e., without energy dissipation) in the quasi-static limit due to its logical and physical reversibility. Hence, it can be used for investigating the fundamental relations between information and thermodynamics from a circuit perspective. In the present study, we propose a reversible flip-flop (RFF) comprising an RQFP and investigate the minimum energy dissipation required for general information processing through numerical simulation using an RFF-based circuit. This circuit includes fundamental information processing (combinational logic, sequential logic, and data erasure) and can, thus, be used as a physical model for such an investigation. The numerical simulation of this circuit shows that both combinational and sequential logic operations can be conducted without energy dissipation in the quasi-static limit and that the amount of erased data determines the minimum energy dissipation. These results indicate that general information processing can be conducted in a thermodynamically reversible manner by using RQFP circuits as long as all data, including garbage outputs, are conserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical model for a spin wave delay-line active ring resonator is presented. Spin wave dynamics along a one-dimensional strip of magnetic material are modeled using the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. The equation is solved numerically in Fourier space using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method and yields qualitative agreement with experimental measurements of spin wave dynamics in two different regimes. The model provides a useful tool for performing experiments based on neuromorphic computing and logic gates in traveling spin wave devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent progress in quantum computing and space exploration led to a surge in interest in cryogenic electronics. Superconducting devices such as Josephson junction, Josephson field effect transistor, cryotron, and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) are traditionally used to build cryogenic logic gates. However, due to the superconducting nature, gate-voltage-based control of these devices is extremely difficult. Even more challenging is to cascade the logic gates because most of these devices require current bias for their operation. Therefore, these devices are not as convenient as the semiconducting transistors to design logic gates. Here, to overcome these challenges, we propose a ferroelectric SQUID (FeSQUID) based voltage-controlled logic gates. FeSQUID exhibits two different critical current levels for two different voltage-switchable polarization states of the ferroelectric. We utilize the polarization-dependent (hence, voltage-controllable) superconducting to resistive switching of FeSQUID to design Boolean logic gates such as Copy, NOT, AND, and OR gates. The operations of these gates are verified using a Verilog-A-based compact model of FeSQUID. Finally, to demonstrate the fanning out capability of FeSQUID-based logic family, we simulate a two-input XOR gate using FeSQUID-based NOT, AND, and OR gates. Together with the ongoing progress on FeSQUID-based non-volatile memory, our designed FeSQUID-based logic family will enable all FeSQUID-based cryogenic computer, ensuring minimum mismatch between logic and memory blocks in terms of speed, power consumption, and fabrication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A memristor is a two-terminal electrical component with the scope of future computing applications and analog electronics. In this report, bismuth sulfide decorated one-dimensional carbon nitride nanotube was synthesized and characterized with various analytical techniques. The electrical property of the synthesized material was measured using a two-terminal metal–insulator–metal type of device that exhibited the resistive switching characteristics with the ON to OFF ratio of 2 × 103. The electron transport mechanism of the device was followed by Schottky emission and Poole–Frenkel emission for a low conductance state and Ohmic conduction behavior at the high conductance state. A decrease in the trap depth was identified in the simulation study with increasing applied potential and that supported the proposed mechanism. Read endurance and retention behavior of the device are stable in nature, supported by the statistical analysis. Furthermore, a hybrid logic gate was designed using two identical memristors, one CMOS inverter, one resistor, one voltage divider, and a buffer gate. The designed logic gate exhibited stable nand and nor gate operation based on the control signal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanozymes are a class of nanomaterials with biocatalytic function and enzyme-like activity, whose advantages include high stability, low cost, and mass production. They can catalyze the substrates of natural enzymes based on specific nanostructures and serve as substitutes for natural enzymes. Their applied research involves a wide range of fields such as biomedicine, environmental governance, agriculture, and food. Molecular logic gates are a new cross-disciplinary discipline, which can simulate the function of silicon circuits on a molecular scale, perform single or multiple input logic operations, and generate logic outputs. A molecular logic gate is a binary operation that converts an input signal into an output signal according to the rules of Boolean logic, generating two signals, a high level, and a low level. The high and low levels represent the "true" and "false" values of the logic gates, and their outputs correspond to "l" and "0" of the molecular logic gates, respectively. The combination of nanozymes and logic gates is a novel and attractive research direction, and the cross-application of the two brings new opportunities and ideas for various fields, such as the construction of efficient biocomputers, intelligent drug delivery systems, and the precise diagnosis of diseases. This review describes the application of logic gates based on nanozymes, which is expected to provide a certain theoretical foundation for researchers' subsequent studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the luminescence-based detection of Group-1 carcinogen formaldehyde (FA) and Cr(VI)-oxoanions with a mesoporous Mn(II)-MOF (1), featuring a uninodal 4-c net topology and linear 1D square channels forming a polymeric 2D network. The Mn-MOF i.e., [Mn(phen)(hia)(H2O)]∞ was solvothermally constructed using π-conjugated, chelating phenanthroline (phen) and µ3–η2:η1 binding 5-hydroxyisophthalic acid (hia) ligands. The 2D rod-like crystallites of 1 demonstrated excellent phase purity, high thermal and photostability, and robustness under harsh conditions. The SCXRD and XPS studies established the structural framework and elemental composition, while the Hirshfeld surface analysis and NCI-RDG plot confirmed the presence of π–π stacking and weak interactions in 1. We explored the bright-blue emission of 1 for recyclable and fast-responsive (∼70 s) 'turn-off' detection of FA, with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 8.49 µM. Based on this, a 04-input-03-output molecular logic gate was proposed, which can be useful as a molecular switch for future applications. Furthermore, a unique experimental setup using the MOF film demonstrated ∼57% quenching upon exposure to FA vapor (an indoor VOC). Additionally, 1 exemplified itself as an efficient probe towards Cr(VI)-oxyanions, depicting LODs of 79 and 170 ppb, Stern–Volmer constants (KSV) of 16.13 × 104 and 12.73 × 104 M−1, and response times of ∼48 and ∼40 s for CrO42− and Cr2O72−, respectively. DFT calculations and specific wet-chemical investigations elucidated the FA detection to be triggered by photo-induced electron transfer (PET), while the Cr(VI)-sensing involved a combination of PET, the inner-filter effect (IFE), resonance energy transfer (RET), and electrostatic H-bonding interactions. The FA detection was validated using food samples (fish and meat) and wastewater specimens, achieving excellent recovery rates of ∼92–95%. Furthermore, the MOF's efficacy in recognizing the Cr(VI)-species in complex matrices (coal mine wastewater, sewage, and tap water) was investigated to yield high KSV values (3.10–5.17 × 104 and 2.16–7.03 × 104 M−1 for CrO42− and Cr2O72−), which demonstrated the probe's consistency and reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Due to the complexity of regulatory networks of disease-related biomarkers, developing simple, sensitive, and accurate methods has remained challenging for precise diagnosis. Herein, an "AND" logic gates DNA molecular machine (LGDM) was constructed, which was powered by the catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA). It was coupled with dual-emission CdTe quantum dots (QDs)-based cation exchange reaction (CER) for label-free, sensitive, and ratiometric fluorescence detection of APE1 and miRNA biomarkers. Benefiting from synergistic signal amplification strategies and a ratiometric fluorometric output mode, this LGDM enables accurate logic computing with robust and significant output signals from weak inputs. It offers improved sensitivity and selectivity even in cell extracts. Using dual-emission spectra CdTe QDs, with a ratiometric signal output mode, ensured good stability and effectively prevented false-positive signals from intrinsic biological interferences compared to the approach relying on a single signal output mode, which enabled the LGDM to achieve rapid, efficient, and accurate natural drug screening against APE1 inhibitors in vitro and cells. The developed method provides impetus to streamline research related to miRNA and APE1, offering significant promise for widespread application in drug development and clinical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to significant response contradictions, unidirectional carrier transmission of typical semiconductor p‐n junctions limits integrated sensors and artificial synapses in a monolithic device. In this work, a bipolar p‐n junction designed by employing the hydrogel/p‐GaN local contact interface with p‐GaN/(In,Ga)N heterojunction, demonstrating the bidirectional photocurrent and sensor/artificial synapse dual‐mode device successfully. After modifying Au nanoparticles, the negative (positive) photocurrent is increased by 900% (300%) under 365 nm (520 nm) light to achieve a more balanced bipolar carrier dynamic. Such a regulation of photocurrent is found to be attributed to the promotion of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the hydrogel/Au/p‐GaN interface. Thus, the device achieves the ultrahigh paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF) index of 243% under self‐powered condition. Moreover, the implementation of plasticity from short‐term to long‐term demonstrates its adaptability in neural morphology visual recognition. Beyond independent working mode, the function of five classic logic gates is achieved under three‐terminal operation. Finally, an encrypted wireless communication system using dual‐channel light signals demonstrates the extensive application potential of the monolithic device. Therefore, this work presents a viable construction blueprint to meet the demands of next‐generation all‐in‐one optoelectronics for intricate application scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for energy-efficient electronics has propelled the exploration of alternative transistor technologies, among which Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors (TFETs) have garnered significant interest as compared to MOSFETs, and our main focus is on getting a power-efficient device. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the utilization of TFETs for logic gate implementation, emphasizing their potential to revolutionize low-power digital circuits. TFETs offer a steep Sub-threshold Swing (SS) and can operate at lower supply voltages compared to conventional MOSFETs, making them ideal candidates for power-sensitive applications. We have designed and implemented the logic gates, including OR, NAND, AND and NOR gates, using a JL-TFET device. JL-TFET is implemented for OR and NAND functions by biasing two gates separately, and using the Gate-Source (Lov) overlapping method, JL-TFET is implemented for AND and NOR functions. These implementations illustrate that the distinct properties of TFETs, including ambipolar conduction and the tunneling dependency on Gate-Source/Drain overlaps, can be effectively leveraged to achieve compact logic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quasi‐2D perovskites are widely used in solar cells, photodetectors, and light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) due to their excellent optoelectronic properties and stability. However, much fewer all‐optical devices are realized based on quasi‐2D perovskites. Although perovskites have large nonlinear optical coefficients, the relaxation progress of excitons and carriers will slow down the response time and reduce the signal contrast of the all‐optical devices. In this paper, the exciton dynamics are investigated under off‐resonance excitation in quasi‐2D perovskite PEA2(FAPbBr3)2PbBr4. The spin‐selective optical Stark effect (OSE) is observed through circularly polarized transient absorption measurements, and a Stark shift of 3.3 meV is achieved under 1.11 eV excitation. The hot‐biexciton cooling process induced by two‐photon absorption is also observed. A spin‐based XNOR gate is demonstrated with a response time of ≈180 fs, and the logical signal contrast is enhanced through the competition of the OSE and the hot‐biexciton effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low‐dimensional hybrid organic‐inorganic metal halides (OIMHs) have attracted considerable attention in anti‐counterfeiting due to their non‐toxicity and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). However, many reported OIMHs are either not reversible or have a poor PLQY. In this study, two antimony‐based halides, (C21H21P)2SbCl5 and (C22H24P)2SbCl5, are synthesized using different organic cations. Both compounds exhibit bright orange–yellow emissions with a PLQY of 82.6% and 83.5%, respectively. The orange–yellow emission of (C21H21P)2SbCl5 and (C22H24P)2SbCl5 are attributed to the radiative recombination of self‐trapping excitons. While (C21H21P)2SbCl5 maintains stable orange–yellow luminescence when exposed to ethanol, (C22H24P)2SbCl5 undergoes a structural transformation to non‐luminescent (C22H24P)2Sb2Cl8 upon ethanol treatment, which can be reverted to its luminescent state by heating. Even after multiple cycles, the PLQY of (C22H24P)2SbCl5 is still over 80%, demonstrating excellent cycling stability. (C21H21P)2SbCl5 and (C22H24P)2SbCl5 are also explored as fluorescent materials for Morse code anti‐counterfeiting and optical logic gate applications. This work offers a completely new option for fluorescent material used for security information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article introduces a 1-bit Full Adder (FA) cell comprising 20 transistors, employing Gate Diffusion Input (GDI) and transmission gate logic. The FA cell is segmented into four modules: the first module encompasses an AND-OR module, followed by a module housing a Multiplexer (MUX) based on transmission gates for Carry Output generation. The remaining two modules are XOR gates dedicated to Sum Output generation. Simulation of the proposed design is conducted on the 45 nm technology node using Cadence Virtuoso and its GPDK 45 nm library. To validate the performance of the proposed design, it is compared against existing full adders. Performance parameters such as power consumption, delay and Power Delay Product (PDP) demonstrate superior performance across voltages ranging from 0.8 V–1.2 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Title hybrid iron(II)- and cobalt(III)-centered complexes were prepared in moderate yields using the template reactions of 3-acetylpyrazoloxime as a chelating ligand synthon with a Lewis-acidic zirconium or hafnium(IV) phthalocyaninate on the corresponding 3d-metal ion as a matrix. Formation of the cobalt(III)-centered complexes is observed due to the oxidation of Co2+ cations of the initial cobalt(II) salt. Thus obtained binuclear chloride H-bonded iron(II) and cobalt(III) compounds were characterized using elemental analysis, 1H and 13C {1H} NMR, MALDI-TOF mass, 57Fe Mössbauer (for iron compounds) and UV-vis spectra, and by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD). Their redox properties were studied by cyclic (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry methods, and using spectroelectrochemical experiments. Their encapsulated 3d-metal ions with the electronic d6 configuration are located almost in the center of MN6-coordination polyhedra, the geometry of which is more closer to a trigonal antiprism (TAP, the distortion angle ϕ = 60°) than to a trigonal prism (TP, ϕ = 0°) with ϕ ∼ 40°. FeII–N distances fall in the range 1.913(6)–1.965(7) Å, while the CoIII–N bond lengths are from 1.890(8) to 1.935(8) Å. The geometry of MIVO3N4-coordination polyhedra of their capping metal(IV) ions is intermediate between a capped TAP and a capped TP. In the molecules of ZrIVMIIIMIIMIIZrIV-pentanuclear intracomplexes, (HS)FeIII–N and (LS)CoIII–N distances in their two semiclathrochelate fragments fall in the ranges 1.915(10)–1.980(12) Å and 1.886(13)–1.930(13) Å, respectively, and the geometry of MN6-coordination polyhedra is closer to a TAP (values of ϕ are higher than 30°). The geometry of MN6-polyhedra of the HS cross-linking metal(II) ions between them is close to a TAP (values of ϕ are higher than 50°). All the obtained binuclear hybrid complexes exhibit very similar electrochemical patterns. Their CVs contain quasi-reversible or irreversible three reduction and three oxidation waves. The potentials of electrochemical reductions, assigned to the Pc-localized redox processes, are close to each other. The first of them is a quasi-reversible process attributed to the Pc-based one-electron reduction, while the first oxidation wave was assigned to the metal-centered M2+/3+ redox couples. The spectroelectrochemical data confirmed an assignment of the aforementioned electrochemical processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cancer is still a major challenge of human health. The abnormality of intracellular cancer-related signal pathways is an important mechanism for the occurrence of cancer. Methods: We used a molecular-senor to act on the endogenous signal molecules within the cell to redirect the abnormal signal flows in the cell to treat cancer. Based on CRISPR-dCas12f procedures, we combined aptamers and ribozymes to construct riboswitches, which served as molecular switches to reprogram sgRNAs, so that CRISPR-dCas12f redirected the intracellular anti-cancer signal flows after sensing specific input signal molecules. In addition, the activated molecular sensors and the inhibitory molecular sensors were constructed by combining transcription factors (VP64) and transcription inhibitors (KRAB) to specifically activate and inhibit target genes of interest. Results: Our experimental results showed that the molecular sensors that we designed and constructed specifically sensed the endogenous signal molecules and then redirect the cancer related signal networks of cancer cells. In addition, corresponding logic gates were constructed to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells and redirect anticancer signal flows to trigger specific cancer immunotherapy. Conclusion: The constructed molecular sensors constructed specifically recognized the signal molecules within the cell and redirected the endogenous signal pathway to reprogram the fate of cancer cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: De-novo-designed synthetic transcriptional regulators have great potential as the genetic parts for constructing complex multilayered gene circuits. The design flexibility afforded by advanced nucleic acid sequence design tools vastly expands the repertoire of regulatory elements for circuit design. In principle, the design space of synthetic regulators should allow for the construction of regulatory circuits of arbitrary complexity; still, the orthogonality and robustness of such components have not been fully elucidated, thereby limiting the depth and width of synthetic circuits. Results: In this work, we systematically explored the design strategy of synthetic transcriptional regulators, termed switchable transcription terminators. Specifically, by redesigning key sequence domains, we created a high-performance switchable transcription terminator with a maximum fold change of 283.11 upon activation by its cognate input RNA. Further, an automated design algorithm was developed for these elements to improve orthogonality for a complex multi-layered circuit construction. The resulting orthogonal switchable transcription terminators could be used to construct a three-layer cascade circuit and a two-input three-layer OR gate. Conclusions: We demonstrated a practical strategy for designing standardized regulatory elements and assembling modular gene circuits, ultimately laying the foundation for the streamlined construction of complex synthetic gene circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, electrochemical capacitor diodes (CAPodes) have been introduced as a new type of capacitive diode analogues. This device realizes unidirectional charging of ultracapacitors based on ion sieving mechanisms. Here, a new redox CAPode system is presented in which hydroxide ions react with nickel bismuth sulfide on nickel foam as a battery‐like electrode. This redox reaction leads to a high capacitance in a specific polarization window. However, for reversed bias this Faradaic electrode becomes inactive as it does not react with potassium cations, resulting in efficient blocking. By adapting counter electrode materials, mass loading, utilized substrates, and electrolyte concentrations a very high rectification ratio (RI = 37 and RII = 0.96 at 10 mV s−1) is achieved, significantly surpassing the performance of other reported redox‐type CAPodes. Moreover, this system shows an outstanding long‐term stability of a rectification retention of 90% for RII over 5000 repolarization cycles. Additionally, operando electrochemical measurements provide deep insights into the charge/discharge mechanism leading to a rationalization of the proposed concept. The integrated device, tested in logic gate circuits such as AND and OR gates, shows prospective results in ionologic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a novel scan driver combined with a logic circuit using amorphous indium‐gallium‐zinc‐oxide (a‐InGaZnO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) in order to enhance the electrical stability and reduce power consumption in display panels. The latest mobile displays with high resolution and refresh rates consume more battery power, which inevitably limits portability and usability. The proposed scan driver can mask the signal by combining the output stage with a logic circuit, thereby blocking the output pulse for static images. This allows the display panel to operate in a partial driving mode depending on the display content. Due to the masking of the scan driver's output pulses, the connected pixel circuits are consistently maintained in the same state as the previous frame, leading to a lower refresh rate and reduced power consumption. Furthermore, by constructing additional control signals, the proposed scan driver can operate stably in depletion mode under a ∆VTH = −3 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum dots (QDs) are becoming essential materials for future scientific and real-world applications, owing to their interesting and distinct optical and electrical properties compared to their bulk-state counterparts. The ability to tune the bandgap of QDs based on size and composition—a key characteristic—opens up new possibilities for enhancing the performance of various optoelectronic devices. These advances could extend to cutting-edge applications such as ultrawide-band or dual-band photodetectors (PDs), optoelectronic logic gates, neuromorphic devices, and security functions. This paper revisits the recent progress in QD-embedded optoelectronic applications, focusing on bandgap tunability. The current limitations and challenges in advancing and realizing QD-based optoelectronic devices are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a sequentially responsive peptide DNA bilingual nanobiosensor is developed, which allows integrated quantification of amyloid signaling pathway. In this system, upstream beta‐site amyloid precursor protein‐cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) protease and downstream Aβ oligomer (AβO) are designed as two inputs for the AND DNA logic gate. In the existence of both inputs, peptide substrate with aptamer can be sequentially cleaved, reporting electrochemical and fluorescence dual‐mode outputs. In comparison with conventional single protease activity assay based on peptide nanotechnology, this strategy permits accurate diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) from normal subjects. More importantly, it can achieve distinguished diagnosis between AD and type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This bilingual nanobiosensor is successfully applied to detect BACE1 (1–100 U mL−1) and AβO (5–1000 pg mL−1) with limit of detections as low as 0.10 U mL−1 and 0.76 pg mL−1, respectively. Furthermore, this strategy inspires advanced nanobiosensors to target the activation of other signaling pathways, which are potential tools for future biology and medicine investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supramolecules are considered a promising approach for molecular logic gates due to their inherent dynamic responsiveness driven by non‐covalent forces. However, the lack of input sequence dependence in these logic gates may lead to misinterpretation of outputs, compromising their reliability. This study proposes an efficient universal supramolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) platform for logic gates with self‐locking features. Specifically, well‐designed naphthalene‐based monomers serve as energy donors, while dyes such as eosin Y (EY), rhodamine B (RhB), and sulforhodamine 101 (SR101), spanning from yellow to red, are employed as energy acceptors. Leveraging large exciton migration rates (1.21 × 1014 to 1.36 × 1014 L mol−1 s−1) between donor and acceptors, FRET processes are effectively facilitated. Building upon this framework, supramolecular logic gates with self‐locking features are successfully constructed. Notably, in these logic gates, even with the correct truth table, any deviation in the order of inputs can lead to alterations in the original outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-performance field-effect transistors (FETs) based on atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors have demonstrated great promise in post-Moore integrated circuits. However, unipolar p-type 2D semiconductor transistors yet remain challenging and suffer from low saturation current density (less than 10 µA·µm−1) and high contact resistance (larger than 100 kΩ·µm), mainly limited by the Schottky barrier induced by the mismatch of the work-functions and the Fermi level pinning at the metal contact interfaces. Here, we overcome these two obstacles through van der Waals (vdW) integration of high work-function metal palladium (Pd) as the contacts onto monolayer WSe2 grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. We demonstrate unipolar p-type monolayer WSe2 FETs with superior device performance: room temperature on-state current density exceeding 100 µA·µm−1, contact resistance of 12 kΩ·µm, on/off ratio over 107, and field-effect hole mobility of ~ 103 cm2·V−1·s−1. Electrical transport measurements reveal that the Fermi level pinning effect is completely effectively eliminated in monolayer WSe2 with vdW Pd contacts, leading to a Schottky barrier-free Ohmic contact at the metal-semiconductor junctions. Combining the advantages of large-scale vdW contact strategy and CVD growth, our results pave the way for wafer-scale fabrication of complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) logic circuits based on atomically thin 2D semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hysteresis window observed in ferroelectric negative capacitance field-effect transistors (NCFETs) have been a persistent challenge in the development of reliable logic circuits, often leading to abnormal operational conditions. Despite its significance, the underlying factors driving this hysteresis phenomenon remain elusive. In this study, we employ the quasi-static L–K equation in conjunction with the Mott–Gurney law to study the impact of VO++ migration on the hysteresis behavior of NCFETs, based on a surface potential-based physical model. Compared with pristine NCFET, the difference of peak voltages in value of 1.3 V was achieved in VO++-involved sample upon reverse and forwards scanning. This result clearly suggests that the relaxation of charged oxygen vacancies significantly affects the threshold voltage under applied sweeping voltages, providing a plausible explanation for the emergence of hysteresis windows in NCFETs. A replacement of the conventional oxide layer with a buffer layer containing high-mobility ions is proposed to adjust the hysteresis window. Importantly, in accordance with the theoretical predictions, the increased ion mobility results in a substantial reduction in the hysteresis window observed in NCFETs. Our proposed physical mechanism, elucidating the space-charge-induced hysteresis behavior, provides fresh insights for mitigating hysteresis effects, thereby advancing the potential applications of NCFETs in logic circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superconducting diode effects have recently attracted much attention for their potential applications in superconducting logic circuits. Several pathways have been proposed to give rise to non-reciprocal critical currents in various superconductors and Josephson junctions. In this work, we establish the presence of a large Josephson diode effect in a type-II Dirac semimetal 1T-PtTe2 facilitated by its helical spin-momentum locking and distinguish it from extrinsic geometric effects. The magnitude of the Josephson diode effect is shown to be directly correlated to the large second-harmonic component of the supercurrent. We denote such junctions, where the relative phase between the two harmonics can be tuned by a magnetic field, as 'tunable second order φ0-junctions'. The direct correspondence between the second harmonic supercurrents and the diode effect in 1T-PtTe2 junctions at relatively low magnetic fields makes it an ideal platform to study the Josephson diode effect and Cooper quartet transport in Josephson junctions. This work reports on the observation of a large Josephson diode effect in a type-II Dirac semimetal 1T-PtTe2. The magnitude of the Josephson diode effect is found to be related to an asymmetry of the critical supercurrent which is modeled as a phase shift between the first and second harmonic terms of the current-phase relationship and can be tuned by an external magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The burgeoning need for extensive data processing has sparked enthusiasm for the development of a novel optical logic gate platform. In this study, junction field‐effect phototransistors based on molybdenum disulfide/Germanium (MoS2/Ge) heterojunctions are constructed as optical logic units. This device demonstrates a positive photoresponse that is attributed to the photoconductivity effect occurring upon irradiation with visible (Vis) light. Under the illumination of near‐infrared (NIR) optics with wavelengths within the communication band, the device shows a negative photoresponse, which is associated with the interlayer Coulomb interactions. The current state of the device can be effectively modulated as different logical states by precisely tuning the wavelength and power density of the optical. Within a 3 × 3 MoS2/Ge phototransistor array, five essentially all‐optical logic gates ("AND," "OR," "NAND," "NOT," and "NOR") can be achieved in every signal unit. Furthermore, three complex all‐optical logical operations are demonstrated by integrating two MoS2/Ge phototransistors in series. Compared to electronic designs, these all‐optical logic devices offer a significant reduction in transistor number, with savings of 50–94% when implementing the above‐mentioned functions. These results present opportunities for the development of photonic chips with low power consumption, high fidelity, and large volumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superconducting diode effects have recently attracted much attention for their potential applications in superconducting logic circuits. Several pathways have been proposed to give rise to non-reciprocal critical currents in various superconductors and Josephson junctions. In this work, we establish the presence of a large Josephson diode effect in a type-II Dirac semimetal 1T-PtTe2 facilitated by its helical spin-momentum locking and distinguish it from extrinsic geometric effects. The magnitude of the Josephson diode effect is shown to be directly correlated to the large second-harmonic component of the supercurrent. We denote such junctions, where the relative phase between the two harmonics can be tuned by a magnetic field, as 'tunable second order φ0-junctions'. The direct correspondence between the second harmonic supercurrents and the diode effect in 1T-PtTe2 junctions at relatively low magnetic fields makes it an ideal platform to study the Josephson diode effect and Cooper quartet transport in Josephson junctions. This work reports on the observation of a large Josephson diode effect in a type-II Dirac semimetal 1T-PtTe2. The magnitude of the Josephson diode effect is found to be related to an asymmetry of the critical supercurrent which is modeled as a phase shift between the first and second harmonic terms of the current-phase relationship and can be tuned by an external magnetic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a contents list for the journal "Analyst" published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It includes articles on various topics such as glass nano/micron pipette-based ion current rectification sensing technology, MOF-based SERS substrates in quantitative analysis of food contaminants, and DNA circuit-based immunoassay for ultrasensitive protein pattern classification. The journal aims to connect the world with the chemical sciences and reinvest its profits back into the chemistry community. [Extracted from the article]

Detecting multiple targets in complex cellular and biological environments yields more reliable results than single-label assays. Here, we introduced an electrochemical biosensor equipped with computing functions, acting as a smart automaton to enable computing-based detection. By defining the logic combinations of miR-21 and miR-122 as detection patterns, we proposed the corresponding AND and OR detection automata. In both logic gate modes, miR-21 and miR-122 could be replaced with single-stranded FO or FA, modified with Fc, binding to the S chain on the electrode surface. This process led to a significant decrease in the square wave voltammetry (SWV) of Fc on the same sensing platform, as numerous ferrocene (Fc)-tagged DNA fragments escaped from the electrode surface. Experimental results indicated that both automata efficiently and sensitively detected the presence of the two targets. This strategy highlighted how a small amount of target could generate a large current signal decrease in the logic automata, significantly reducing the detection limit for monitoring low-abundance targets. Moreover, the short-stranded DNA components of the detection automata exhibited a simple composition and easy programmability of probe sequences, offering an innovative detection mode. This simplified the complex process of detection, data collection, computation, and evaluation. The direct detection result ("0" or "1") was exported according to the embedded computation code. This approach could be expanded into a detection system for identifying other sets of biomarkers, enhancing its potential for clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A networked supramolecular logic AND gate system is accomplished using precise chemical communication within a multicomponent ensemble via metal ion‐driven self‐sorting processes. The cybernetic AND gate is composed of a copper(I)‐loaded nanoswitch, an aza‐crown ether and a rhodamine receptor. The modus operandi of the AND gate, from state (0,0), was induced with stoichiometric amounts of two inputs (IN‐1=Hg2+, IN‐2=Li+) generating copper(I) ions as output only in state (1,1). Generation of state (1,1) from state (0,0) involves selective Cu+ ion translocation from the nanoswitch to the aza‐crown ether in the first step (IN‐1) and then from the aza‐crown ether to the rhodamine receptor in the second step (IN‐2). The released copper(I) output acts as a messenger that binds to the rhodamine receptor, triggering it's spiro‐lactam ring opening, which leads to a diagnostic FRET emission from the copper(I)‐loaded rhodamine scaffold accompanied by a remarkable fluorescence and colour change from pale yellow to pink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The CRISPR system finds extensive application in molecular biology, but its continuous activity can yield adverse effects. Leveraging programmable CRISPR/Cas9 function via nano-device mediation effectively mitigates these drawbacks. The integration of RNA-sensing platforms into CRISPR thus empowers it as a potent tool for processing internal cell data and modulating gene activity. Here, an intelligent guide RNA—a cis-repressed gRNA synthetic circuit enabling efficient recognition of specific trigger RNAs—is developed. This platform carries two toehold switches and includes an inhibited CrRNA sequence. In this system, the presence of cognate trigger RNA promotes precise binding to the first toehold site, initiating a cascade that releases CrRNA to target a reporter gene (luciferase) in this study. Decoupling the CrRNA segment from the trigger RNA enhances the potential of this genetic logic circuit to respond to specific cellular circumstances, offering promise as a synthetic biology platform. Developed 'IngRNA,' an intelligent CRISPR/Cas9 system with RNA-sensing toehold switches, enabling precise gene modulation by activating CrRNA in response to specific trigger RNAs. Demonstrated effective luciferase targeting in various systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper details the approach to the efficient design and optimization of a reversible adder and multiplier utilizing Peres gates, which is a three-input, three-output gate. Peres gates are recognized for their universality and energy-efficient properties and present an intriguing option for constructing reversible circuits. Reversible logic is characterized by its ability to uniquely determine input states from output states. The design methodology involves a cascading arrangement of Peres gates, each performing a reversible XOR operation on corresponding bits of the input numbers and the carry-out from the preceding stage. This paper presents a detailed schematic representation, simulation results, and analysis of the proposed designs of different adders and multipliers, showcasing their potential for reversible applications. The integration of Peres gates in the adder and multiplier design signifies a step forward in the exploration of reversible logic circuits and their applications in contemporary computing paradigms. The overall hardware reduction is the main achievement of this research in terms of quantum cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stimuli‐responsive circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) materials have been attaching wide attention in the field of optical information storage and encryption, while still facing the challenge of the realization of high luminescence dissymmetry factors (glum). This work presents a pair of stimuli‐responsive chiral co‐assemblies P7R3 and P7S3 by combining polymer PFIQ containing iso‐quinoline units with chiral inducers. The obtained chiral co‐assemblies can reversibly undergo significant modification in CPL behavior under trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) fumigation and annealing treatment, with the |glum| values exhibiting a reversible shift between 0.2 and 0.3. Moreover, the chiral co‐assemblies before TFA fumigating can effectively induce achiral emitters to generate intense full‐color CPL signals through CPL energy transfer (CPL‐ET), with the corresponding |glum| values larger than 0.2. Moreover, information encryption and decryption as well as a multi‐level logic gates application are achieved by leveraging the reversible stimuli‐responsive CPL activity of the chiral co‐assembly. This work provides a new perspective for the construction of stimuli‐responsive chiral luminescent materials with large |glum| values and the activation of CPL behavior in achiral emitters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solution-processable semiconductors hold promise in enabling applications requiring cost-effective electronics at scale but suffer from low performance limited by defects. We show that ordered defect compound semiconductor CuIn5Se8, which forms regular defect complexes with defect-pair compensation, can simultaneously achieve high performance and solution processability. CuIn5Se8 transistors exhibit defect-tolerant, band-like transport supplying an output current above 35 microamperes per micrometer, with a large on/off ratio greater than 106, a small subthreshold swing of 189 ± 21 millivolts per decade, and a high field-effect mobility of 58 ± 10 square centimeters per volt per second, with excellent uniformity and stability, superior to devices built on its less defective parent compound CuInSe2, analogous binary compound In2Se3, and other solution-deposited semiconductors. They can be monolithically integrated with carbon nanotube transistors to form high-speed and low-voltage three-dimensional complementary logic circuits and with micro-light-emitting diodes to realize high-resolution displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic electrochemical transistor (OECT)-based inverter introduces new prospects for energy-efficient brain-inspired artificial intelligence devices. Here, we report single-component OECT-based inverters by incorporating ambipolar p(gDPP-V). Notably, p(gDPP-V) shows state-of-the-art ambipolar OECT performances in both conventional (p/n-type mode transconductance of 29/25 S cm-1) and vertical (transconductance of 297.2/292.4 μS μm-2 under p/n operation) device architectures. Especially, the resulting highly stable vertical OECT-based inverter shows a high voltage gain of 105 V V-1 under a low driving voltage of 0.8 V. The inverter exhibits undiscovered voltage-regulated dual mode: volatile receptor and nonvolatile synapse. Moreover, applications of physiology signal recording and demonstrations of NAND/NOR logic circuits are investigated within the volatile feature, while neuromorphic simulations with a convolutional neural network and image memorizing capabilities are explored under the nonvolatile behavior. The ambipolar OECT-based inverter, capable of both volatile and nonvolatile operations, provides possibilities for the applications of reconfigurable complementary logic circuits in novel neuromorphic computing paradigms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical and functional constraints on biological networks lead to complex topological patterns across multiple scales in their organization. A particular type of higher-order network feature that has received considerable interest is network motifs, defined as statistically regular subgraphs. These may implement fundamental logical and computational circuits and are referred to as "building blocks of complex networks". Their well-defined structures and small sizes also enable the testing of their functions in synthetic and natural biological experiments. Here, we develop a framework for motif mining based on lossless network compression using subgraph contractions. This provides an alternative definition of motif significance which allows us to compare different motifs and select the collectively most significant set of motifs as well as other prominent network features in terms of their combined compression of the network. Our approach inherently accounts for multiple testing and correlations between subgraphs and does not rely on a priori specification of an appropriate null model. It thus overcomes common problems in hypothesis testing-based motif analysis and guarantees robust statistical inference. We validate our methodology on numerical data and then apply it on synaptic-resolution biological neural networks, as a medium for comparative connectomics, by evaluating their respective compressibility and characterize their inferred circuit motifs. Author summary: Networks provide a useful abstraction to study complex systems by focusing on the interplay of the units composing a system rather than on their individual function. Network theory has proven particularly powerful for unraveling how the structure of connections in biological networks influence the way they may process and relay information in a variety of systems ranging from the microscopic scale of biochemical processes in cells to the macroscopic scales of social and ecological networks. Of particular interest are small stereotyped circuits in such networks, termed motifs, which may correspond to building blocks implementing fundamental operations, e.g., logic gates or filters. We here present a new tool that finds sets of motifs in networks based on an information-theoretic measure of how much they allow to compress the network. This approach allows us to evaluate the collective significance of sets of motifs, as opposed to only individual motifs. We apply our methodology to compare the neural wiring diagrams, termed "connectomes", of the tadpole larva Ciona intestinalis, the ragworm Platynereis dumerelii, and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster at different developmental stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collaborative working mode of different memory patterns–sensory, short‐term, and long‐term memories–in the human brain is significantly efficient and economical. This work reproduces the three memory patterns synchronously with the retention of 60 s, 30 min, and 18 h, respectively, on a Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 ferroelectric MoS2 phototransistor, showing the potential of vision perceptual‐like in‐memory sensing and computing ability. It also can be programmed to function as an optical multiply and accumulate (MAC) operator, in‐memory Boolean logic gates, and optical‐electrical cooperative synapses used for artificial neural network (ANN) pattern recognition. In addition, the current on/off ratio, subthreshold swing, and carrier mobility of the device is observed to reach 105, 72 mV dec−1 and 31 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. Also, its photodetection range can be extended from visible to near‐infrared by gate tuning. The responsivity and specific detectivity at 400 nm wavelength are 171452 A W−1 and 1.3 × 1014 Jones, respectively, while that at 1100 nm are 605 A W−1 and 3.2 × 1011 Jones, respectively. This work demonstrates that the ferroelectric phototransistor is capable of photodetection, parallel computing, and synaptic plasticity based on various memory patterns, so as to realize the real in‐memory sensing and computing functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many researchers have focused on molecular electronics, and this field can progress faster by applying semiconductors to molecular modeling. In this work, two middle rings of a bipyridine–biborinine molecular diode are rotated from 25∘ to 90∘ such that the current along the molecule is reduced. The current is minimum and almost zero at 90∘, while it is maximum at 25∘. Accordingly, considering these two angles, the molecule can act as a switching device when the two middle rings are rotated. The bipyridine–biborinine molecular diode is modeled considering the effect of rotation by including two resistors in the model. Two parallel diodes are used in this modeling for pyridine and borinine rings. The ideality factors of these diodes are varied based on the electronegativity of pyridine and borinine rings. This model is then applied to consider different molecular logic gates such as NAND, NOR, NOT, OR and AND gates, as well as molecular logic circuits (half adder and full adder), using the unique capabilities of the LTspice software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In quantum systems, a counterintuitive phenomenon known as quantum Zeno dynamics is usually exploited to tailor and protect the coherent evolution of quantum states by the back action of quantum measurements and strong couplings. Here, with the quantum-classical analogy, we report that the acoustic Zeno dynamics can be reproduced in acoustic waveguide arrays by setting segmented waveguides. We experimentally demonstrate that the segmented waveguide acts as an acoustic barrier to tailor the whole Hilbert space into different subspaces by separating the communication between waveguides. By arranging the acoustic Zeno barriers, we can control the sound transport in waveguide arrays into the target output ports, such as the Zeno dynamics, analog-quantum walk, and analog-quantum logic gates. In this context, we highlight that the Zeno barrier can be a versatile tool to arbitrarily control and guide the sound transport in waveguide arrays, which can provide an alternative choice for acoustic metamaterials and metasurfaces without cumbersome and complicated structure design. The acoustic Zeno barrier may provide a versatile approach to manipulate acoustic wave propagation for designing advanced on-chip integrated sound devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precise control over polarity in field‐effect transistors (FETs) plays a pivotal role in the design and construction of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) logic circuits. In particular, achieving such precise polarity control in 2D semiconductors is crucial for the further development of advanced electronic applications beyond unit devices. This paper presents a systematic investigation on the reversible transition of carrier types in a 2D MoTe2 semiconductor under different annealing atmospheres. Photoemission spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that annealing processes in vacuum and in ambient air induce a modification in the density of states, resulting in alterations in p‐type or n‐type characteristics. These reversible changes are attributed to the physisorption and elimination of oxygen on the surface of MoTe2. Furthermore, it is found that the device geometry affects the polarity of the transistor. By strategically manipulating both the annealing conditions and the geometric configuration, the n‐ and p‐type unipolar characteristics of MoTe2 FETs are successfully modulated and ultimately demonstrating that the functionality of not only a complementary inverter with a high voltage gain of ≈20, but also more complex logic circuits of NAND and NOR gates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use and adoption of quantum computers by the wider computing community is diminished by the need to adopt new programming techniques. These techniques involve moving from a high-level language where the programmer can define and manipulate objects, to a quantum model where the programmer defines and configures the circuits at a gate level. Previous work by the authors aimed to ease this transition through the use of a software development kit (Qx86 SDK) that emulates a traditional CPU for execution on a quantum computer, but only delivered a raw capability. The current work now presents a number of new methods that extends and improves the SDK's capability. These methods include optimizing traditional logic gate emulation, multiple gate simplification methods, reducing the number of required qubits and alternative optimized techniques for many CPU instructions. A quantum machine code mapping method is described that enhances the emulation of a traditional/quantum hybrid CPU prototype. While still orders of magnitude slower than the performance of a traditional CPU in terms of arithmetic, logic and bitwise operations, execution speed is shown to be markedly improved (in some cases by more than 1,000%) and without introducing any unrealistic requirements (that is, all execution can be performed utilizing less than 32 qubits). The usefulness of the SDK has now been enhanced as a reference guide, where the programmer/researcher can contrast traditional methods versus multiple quantum methods of execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: At present, many DNA logic circuits have been successfully constructed. However, advanced complex DNA computing tasks with simple structure, fast response, and modularization still remain a huge challenge. In this paper, molecular switch circuits (MSCs) are constructed based on DNA strand displacement to improve above problems. At first, molecular switch is constructed, which is the basic element for building logic circuits. Next, the functions of AND, OR, Fan‐in, and Fan‐out are realized through switches cascading in series or parallel. Furthermore, switch canvas strategy is explored to obtain the shortest reaction path and highest output concentration for circuits. Finally, a novel strategy of integrating computing module using molecular switches is proposed. Here, we construct a half‐adder, half‐subtractor, and a 9‐bit parity checking circuits to verify its feasibility. Compared with the classical monorail and dual‐track logic circuits, the structure scale is reduced by more than two times, and the DNA strands are decreased by more than four times, which effectively reduces the circuit complexity and raises the reaction speed. The above results show that MSC strategy has a great potential to construct large‐scale DNA circuits and provides a development model for the scalability and modularity of biological computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Multivalued logic (MVL) offers higher information density as compared with binary logic systems for an equal number of digits. In a ternary microprocessor, memory access is the most time‐ and power‐consuming action. In order to design a ternary computer, the possibilities for designing ternary encoders and decoders must be examined. This paper presents the designs of 9:2 unbalanced ternary encoder (TENC) and 2:9 unbalanced ternary line address decoder (TDEC) based on novel designs of standard ternary inverter (STI), ternary NAND (TNAND), and ternary NOR (TNOR) logic gates using resistive random‐access memory (RRAM) and carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNTFET) technology. The simulation results indicate an improvement in performance parameters such as power consumption, delay, power–delay product (PDP), and component count of the proposed circuits in comparison with the different existing counterparts. Moreover, a detailed analysis is carried out on the impact of different process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations on the performance metrics, including propagation delay, power consumption, and PDP of the 9:2 unbalanced ternary encoder and 2:9 unbalanced ternary line address decoder. The proposed ternary encoder circuit shows an improvement of 62% in delay, 71% in power consumption, 88.6% improvement in PDP, and 53% reduction in CNTFET count, whereas the ternary decoder circuit exhibits an improvement of 6.6% and 94% in delay and 43% and 94% improvement in power consumption, respectively. Moreover, the CNTFET count is reduced by 16.07% and 46%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motor circuits represent the main output of the central nervous system and produce dynamic behaviors ranging from relatively simple rhythmic activities like swimming in fish and breathing in mammals to highly sophisticated dexterous movements in humans. Despite decades of research, the development and function of motor circuits remain poorly understood. Breakthroughs in the field recently provided new tools and tractable model systems that set the stage to discover the molecular mechanisms and circuit logic underlying motor control. Here, we describe recent advances from both vertebrate (mouse, frog) and invertebrate (nematode, fruit fly) systems on cellular and molecular mechanisms that enable motor circuits to develop and function and highlight conserved and divergent mechanisms necessary for motor circuit development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through precise band engineering, Van der Waals heterostructures integration holds great promise for advancing high‐performance optoelectronic devices, especially photodetectors. This study presents self‐sustaining, dual‐polarity, high photo‐responsive heterostrutures (HS) photodetectors based on Sb2Se3, specifically Bi2Se3/Sb2Se3 and ZnSe/Sb2Se3. The Bi2Se3 (ZnSe) layer functions as a channel in a reconfigurable HS phototransistor configuration. These HS devices demonstrate a negative photoconductive response with bias‐modulated polarity switching of the photocurrent. The Bi2Se3/Sb2Se3 device exhibits a responsivity switch from −4 mA W−1 to 0.14 A W−1, while the ZnSe/Sb2Se3 device shows a substantially enhanced responsivity switch from ‐400 mA W−1 to 12 A W−1. This negative photo response results from a photoinduced carrier trapping mechanism at the interface of the channel layer and photosensitizer material. The bias modulation enables the switching from negative to positive responsivity. A comprehensive investigation of photoconductivity modulation provides a deeper understanding of the impact of the photogating effect and trap states under applied bias conditions. Ultrafast transient spectroscopy supports these findings, offering insights into the dynamics of charge carrier relaxation mechanisms and the trapping of photoexcited carriers in defect states, crucial for explaining the dual polarity photo response. These devices present significant advantages for switchable light imaging, optical communication, memory devices, convolution processing, and logic circuits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuum shape‐morphing structures with the capability to encode memory and execute logic operations have garnered significant interest for the development of mechanical systems with embodied intelligence and soft robots. Achieving the integration of memory and computing within a mechanical system necessitates building blocks that possess a range of tunable, metastable states. Prior efforts have been dedicated to constructing mechanical memory and logic through the exploitation of snap‐through instabilities in multistable structures. Typically, the creation of each logic gate demands a distinct structural design. Here, presents an unconventional design strategy that leverages a single kirigami architecture to perform and switch between multiple fundamental logic operations. By utilizing the kirigami architecture as the fundamental element, mechanical signal transmission is demonstrated and half‐adder computations are performed. It is envisioned that this design strategy can be applied to a wide range of materials and structures, and reduce the complexity of developing materials systems with embodied intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]