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Viene studiato il radicamento nella storia della lingua italiana delle scelte linguistiche di Camilleri.

A partire dalla rilettura di un passo della "Retorica" di Aristotele,si sostiene che l'ascoltatore, non solo è parte costitutiva del linguaggio, ma è anche il motore reale del parlare. Tanto da proporre di riscrivere la formula "parlante-ascoltatore" in "ascoltatore-parlante". Ne seguono osservazioni sul ruolo della negazione nelle lingue verbali e una rilettura della nozione wittgensteiniana di "gioco linguistico".

In this paper we describe the relationships between two fundamental “cognitive gestures” of human beings: naming and counting. In particular, we try to define these relationships by examining the theoretical efforts of such authors as Euclide, Frege, Wittgenstein, Chomsky and Aristotle. The analysis is centered around justifying the mutual dependence between noun and number in human cognition.

Ciò che viene detto trae il suo significato dal non detto che le parole dette mostrano senza dirlo. Questa complessa relazione semantica viene studiata con l'aiuto di Freud e Wittgenstein.

This book illustrates how pragmatics transcends the boundaries of linguistics. This volume covers Gricean pragmatics as well as topics including: conversation and collective belief, the norm of assertion, speech acts, what a context is, the distinction between semantics and pragmatics and implicature and explicature, pragmatics and epistemology, the pragmatics of belief, quotation, negation, implicature and argumentation theory, Habermas’ Universal Pragmatics, Dascal’s theory of the dialectical self, theories and theoretical discussions on the nature of pragmatics from a philosophical point of view. Conversational implicatures are generally meaning augmentations on top of explicatures, whilst explicatures figure prominently in what is said. Discussions in this work reveal their characteristics and tensions within current theories relating to explicatures and implicatures. Authors show that explicatures and implicatures are calculable and not (directly) tied to conventional meaning.

International audience; 'Structuralisme' est un terme qui a beaucoup de significations. Ici, je vais employer le terme ‘structure’ dans la signification générale, rappelée par Christian Puech dans son Introduction, de “système de systèmes de valeurs”. L’idée que les langues sont des systèmes de systèmes de valeurs ne nait ni avec Saussure ni avec Troubetskoy ou Jakobson. Il s’agit d’un point de vue qui est apparu plusieurs fois dans l’histoire de la pensée et qui, pourtant, autant de fois a été oublié. Je vais donner quelques-unes des preuves qui montrent qu’Aristote a été parmi les premiers à penser que la langue verbale est justement un système de systèmes de valeurs.

Al fine di individuare le caratterische specifiche che rendono le lingue storico-natuali diverse dai codici si segue una procedura insolita. Vengono elencate le attività cognitive che non sarebbero possibile senza il concorso di una lingua verbale.

Diversamente da quanto si legge in letteratura, Aristotele fu un filosofo che ha messo a fuoco le cause naturali della variabilità, nel tempo e nello spazio, delle lingue verbali. Dante, pur non conoscendo la lingua greca e potendo accedere alle opere aristoteliche tramite le traduzioni latine, teorizza il linguaggio in sintonia con questo aspetto della filosofia aristotelica. Nel saggio si mette in luce la somiglianza tra la locutio vulgaris teorizzata nel De vulgari eloquentia e la nozione di dialektos descritta da Aristotele nelle opere biologiche. Vengono anche esaminate le ragioni aristoteliche del motivo per cui secondo Dante gli angeli non hanno bisogno di locutio vulgaris e quindi non parlano.

In the preface to the Philosophische Untersuchungen Wittgenstein writes that he owes to the Italian professor of economics Piero Sraffa "the most important ideas contained in the book". As Sraffa has not writed anything on language, this statement was never given a detailed content. Amartya Sen, who knew the Italian economist during the years spent in Cambridge as a PhD student, in an article (2003) suggests that, during his conversations with Wittgenstein, Sraffa made use of philosophical-linguistic ideas he had learned from Gramsci, while he worked as a student in Turin for the newspaper "Ordine Nuovo" directed by Gramsci himself. Thus, Gramsci, through Sraffa, played a decisive role in the transition from the first to the second Wittgenstein. Not only the young Gramsci but also the Gramsci of the Quaderni indeed considered language as one of the main interests of his theoretical and political research. The essay provides historical evidences of contacts between Gramsci and Sraffa from 1918 to 1937 (death of Gramsci) and, through a comparative and philologically accurate analysis, shows the correspondences between the two philosophies of language. At least three Wittgensteinians concepts depend on the influence of Sraffa-Gramsci: the notion of praxis, the idea of linguistic game, the foundation of the linguistic norm on the authority-prestige of some speakers. This comparison is also a way to clarify some of the main concepts of the second Wittgenstein's philosophy of language .

On appelle gnomon une partie d''une totalité qui, dès qu''on 1''ajoute ou la soustrait à celle-là, reproduit une figure semblable à la totalité dont elle est une partie : le tout et les parties dont elle est composée se trouvent donc dans une relation qu''on dit de self-similarity. On présente la définition qu’en fournit Euclide dans les “Elements”. La relation entre la proposition (la totalité) et les mots qui la composent est une relation gnomonique: les mots sont des propositions condensées et, pour cela, semblables aux propositions dont its font partie. La thèse trouve ses argumentations dans la reflexion d''Aristote et de Wittgenstein. La définition aristotélicienne de la métaphore est présentée en tant qu''exemple de relation gnononique.

Sulla base di alcune riflessioni di Wittgenstein e Aristotele si individua il significato di una parola nella proposizione che ne spiega l’uso. La parola si configura così come proposizione contratta e la relazione tra la proposizione e le parti (le parole) che la compongono viene presentata come un esempio di relazione di self-similarity studiata dalla geometria frattale. All’interno del paradigma frattale viene indagata la natura della metafora.

Saussure was an innovator of the meta-linguistic terminology, too. In addition to his theoretical analysis he tried to find the more adequate terms to explain how the language works. The Greek philosophers were the main source of this theoretical and terminological research. The essay compares concepts and terms of the Saussurian linguistic with concepts and terms of Greek philosophy. "Signifiant" and "signifié", for example, which belong to the common sense of modern linguist, are a Saussurian innovation modeled on the stoic couple "semainon/semainòmenon". But this is not a loan translation. He focuses on the arbitrary nature of their relation through the Aristotle’s and early Stoicism’s analyses on the notion of "pros ti". Thanks to this comparison the essay detects the presence of an hidden phoneme in the Aristotelian-Saussurian phonological system: the linguistic pause.

Originally, the term "symbol" did not mean "conventional sign of something else" or "something which relates to something else by similarity". In ancient Greece it had the meaning of “a half complementary of a whole”. The essay reconstructs the epistemic history of this notion and considers the Christian culture as the key-moment of the transition to the modern meaning