Search

This article contributes to our existing knowledge through a crime script analysis of contract killings, based on six extensively analyzed police investigations in the Netherlands. Starting from a universal crime script, a more specific crime script for contract killings is elaborated. To provide a clear picture of the whole process, the description of the scenes focuses on requirements, facilitators, modi operandi, and preparatory actions. A comparison of liquidation investigations is made through a crime script analysis, which results in three types of requirements: vehicles, automatic weapons, and technical equipment, including PGP-telephones and beacons. In addition, spy shops turn out to play a major role in liquidations as facilitators. Due to a lack of licensing and regulations, the owners of spy shops can decide to a large extent on their own procedures. This leads to the possibility of buying and selling equipment anonymously and with large amounts of cash, which facilitates the preparation of liquidations and crime in general. Hitmen are the second type of important facilitators. The analysis reveals that all liquidation investigations contain indications of a principal to whom account has to be held. Two investigations clearly demonstrate financial rewards for contract killings.

Many countries implemented large-scale programs to guarantee private credit in response to the outbreak of COVID-19. Yet the role of banks in allocating guarantees – and thus in shaping their effects – is not well understood. We study this role in an economy where entrepreneurial effort is crucial for efficiency but it is not contractible, giving rise to a debt overhang problem. In such an environment, credit guarantees increase efficiency to the extent that they allow firms to reduce their repayment obligations. We show that banks follow a pecking order when allocating guarantees, prioritizing riskier, highly indebted, firms, from whom they can extract more surplus. The competitive equilibrium is constrained inefficient: all else equal, the planner would tilt the allocation of guarantees towards more productive, safer firms, and would fully pass-through the benefits of guarantees to firms in the form of lower repayments. We confirm the model’s main predictions on the universe of all credit guarantees granted in Spain following the outbreak of COVID.

La opción de grado se llevó a cabo con las prácticas empresariales en la empresa con la cual se generó el convenio en su momento, con la razón social de SIKUANY SAS, dicha empresa desarrolla actividades económicas relacionadas con toda el área de farmacología, la compra y venta de los medicamentos contratados con las diferentes EPS (Entidades promotoras de salud), teniendo en cuenta las tablas de negociaciones pactadas entre las partes. Dentro de dicha compañía se desarrollaron diversas actividades laborales que tienen cierta relación con el área de talento humano-nómina. Dentro de estas actividades podemos encontrar la labor de realizar las liquidaciones de prestaciones sociales de todo el personal que termino sus vínculos laborales con la empresa. Otra labor, es la de realizar previamente las liquidaciones de las vacaciones tomadas por el personal que tiene periodos sin disfrutar. Adicionalmente, se realiza mensualmente la liquidación de la nómina en un archivo de Excel en donde se manejan diversos conceptos que la integran. Otra de las labores desarrolladas en la compañía SIKUANY SAS durante el periodo de pasantías se manejó todo el sistema de seguridad social en el portal de aportes en línea, conciliar empleado por empleado según las novedades previamente compartidas por el área de talento humano. Allí mismo se reportaban los retiros y las incapacidades que llegó a tener cualquier empleado en el periodo laborado. Después de elaborar mes a mes la nómina, se procedía a transmitir la nómina electrónica en el software que implementa la compañía SIKUANY SAS en el módulo de nómina electrónica. Adicional a esto, se generaban certificaciones de ingresos solicitados por los empleados durante determinado periodo laboral. Conciliaba las contabilizaciones de la nómina para validar que los valores hayan quedado diligenciados de la manera correcta. Esto es a grandes rasgos es lo que se basó las prácticas empresariales en el tiempo destinado para las pasantías empresariales en SIKUANY SAS. The degree option was carried out with the business practices in the company with which the agreement was generated at the time, with the corporate name of SIKUANY SAS, said company develops economic activities related to the entire area of pharmacology, the purchase and sale of medicines contracted with the different EPS (Health Promoting Entities), taking into account the tables of negotiations agreed between the parties. Within this company, various work activities were developed that have a certain relationship with the area of human talent-payroll. Within these activities we can find the work of carrying out the liquidations of social benefits of all the personnel who ended their employment links with the company. Another task is to previously carry out the liquidations of the vacations taken by the staff who have periods without enjoying. Additionally, the settlement of the payroll is carried out monthly in an Excel file where various concepts that integrate it are handled. Another of the tasks carried out in the company SIKUANY SAS during the internship period was handled throughout the social security system in the online contribution portal, reconciling employee by employee according to the news previously shared by the human talent area. Right there the withdrawals and disabilities that any employee had in the period worked were reported. After preparing the payroll month by month, the electronic payroll was transmitted in the software implemented by the company SIKUANY SAS in the electronic payroll module. In addition to this, income certifications requested by employees during a certain work period were generated. It reconciled the payroll postings to validate that the values have been completed in the correct way. This is broadly what was based on the business practices in the time allocated for business internships at SIKUANY SAS. Contador Público http://www.ustavillavicencio.edu.co/home/index.php/unidades/extension-y-proyeccion/investigacion Pregrado

Recessions often happen after periods of rapid accumulation of houses, consumer durables and business capital. This observation has led some economists, most notably Friedrich Hayek, to conclude that recessions mainly reflect periods of needed liquidation resulting from past over-investment. According to the main proponents of this view, government spending should not be used to mitigate such a liquidation process, as doing so would simply result in a needed adjustment being postponed. In contrast, ever since the work of Keynes, many economists have viewed recessions as periods of deficient demand that should be countered by activist fiscal policy. In this paper we reexamine the liquidation perspective of recessions in a setup where prices are flexible but where not all trades are coordinated by centralized markets. We show why and how liquidations can produce periods where the economy functions particularly inefficiently, with many socially desirable trades between individuals remaining unexploited when the economy inherits too many capital goods. In this sense, our model illustrates how liquidations can cause recessions characterized by deficient aggregate demand and accordingly suggests that Keynes' and Hayek's views of recessions may be much more closely linked than previously recognized. In our framework, interventions aimed at stimulating aggregate demand face the trade-off emphasized by Hayek whereby current stimulus mainly postpones the adjustment process and therefore prolongs the recessions. However, when examining this trade-off, we find that some stimulative policies may nevertheless remain desirable even if they postpone a recovery.

The inactivity of banks may be the result of a number of events, such as merger & acquisition (M&A), liquidation, default-bankruptcy, etc. All these phenomena of inactivity contribute to the same result, the reform of the European banking sector and they may have the same causes. The paper will address the issue of inactivity and will try to detect its causes using econometric models. Six groups of indicators are examined: performance, size, ownership, corporate governance, capital adequacy or capital structure and loan growth. Three econometric methods (Probit, Logit, OLS) have been used to create a system that predicts inactivity. The results of the econometric models show that from the six groups of indicators, four have been found to be statistically important (performance, size, ownership, corporate governance). Two have a negative impact (ownership, corporate governance) on the probability of inactivity and two positive (performance, size). The paper’s value and innovation is that it has given a systemic approach to find indicators of inactivity and it has excluded two groups of indicators as non-statistically important (capital adequacy or capital structure and growth).

MOLINO ARROZ VIVIANA es una empresa comercializadora de origen del llano ubicada en el municipio de Pachaquiaro-Meta entrando por la pista Tobasia vía a Guichiral y en Ecuador-Guayaquil, conquistando las regiones del oriente colombiano, especializada en servicios de comprar, procesar y comercializar arroz y sus productos Soya, Sorgo y Maíz; la cual lleva en la región oriente de Colombia 5 años contribuyendo al desarrollo de la región, en el cual comenzó con el mercado del municipio de Puerto López y ahora llegando con la marca Arroz Viviana a más municipios como Villavicencio, granada, acacias entre otros del llano y en Ecuador además con el propósito de posicionarse su marca en la mente de los llaneros y llegar a todos los colombianos principalmente y ecuatorianos. Este informe evidencia la labor realizada como practicante universitario en la empresa en el departamento administrativo y procedimiento logístico de producción, el cual efectúa las operaciones del procesamiento del arroz con calidad en cada etapa del mismo para un despacho optimo listo para el consumo y administrativamente efectuando operaciones de cartera, estudios de mercado, liquidaciones de compra y venta, nomina, créditos, bienestar laboral entre otros. Aportando así conocimiento al aprendiz de cómo es el procedimiento de la operación empresarial de producción de Arroz y derivados. En este escrito dará a conocer los objetivos diseñados para la praxis empresarial durante los siete meses de práctica empresarial, las metas cumplidas y los conocimientos adquiridos al transcurrir esta enriquecedora práctica. Además, se revela el crecimiento que obtuvo el practicante al pasar de la teoría a la práctica. Pregrado

Recessions often happen after periods of rapid accumulation of houses, consumer durables and business capital. This observation has led some economists, most notably Friedrich Hayek, to conclude that recessions often reflect periods of needed liquidation resulting from past over-investment. According to the main proponents of this view, government spending or any other form of aggregate demand policy should not be used to mitigate such a liquidation process, as doing so would simply result in a needed adjustment being postponed. In contrast, ever since the work of Keynes, many economists have viewed recessions as periods of deficient demand that should be countered by activist fiscal policy. In this paper, we re-examine the liquidation perspective of recessions in a setup where prices are flexible but where not all trades are coordinated by centralized markets. The model illustrates why liquidations likely cause recessions characterized by deficient aggregate demand and accordingly suggests that Keynes' and Hayek's views of recessions may be closely linked. In our framework, interventions aimed at stimulating aggregate demand face a trade-off whereby current stimulus postpones the adjustment process and therefore prolongs the recessions, but where some stimulative policies may nevertheless remain desirable. The ADEMU Working Paper Series is being supported by the European Commission Horizon 2020 European Union funding for Research & Innovation, grant agreement No 649396.

Gemensamhetsanläggningar har ett väl etablerat regelverk i form av anläggningslagen, där villkor för bland annat anläggningens inrättande och kostnadsfördelning för anläggningens utförande och drift finns lagstadgat. När anläggningen inte längre är i bruk och ägarna till de deltagande fastigheterna vill avveckla och bortföra anläggningen, saknas däremot ett fullständigt regelverk för bortförandet av den fysiska anläggningen och för hur kostnader ska fördelas. Examensarbetets syfte är att framställa ett underlag för hur relevant lagstiftning och tillämpningen av relevant lagstiftning vid avvecklingar av gemensamhetsanläggningar kan förbättras, för att i framtiden underlätta handläggningen i förrättningar där avvecklingar av gemensamhetsanläggningar genomförs. För att uppfylla studiens syfte genomfördes en granskning av förrättningsakter där avvecklingar av gemensamhetsanläggningar tidigare genomförts. I förrättningsakterna granskades vilka problem som uppstått gällande kostnadsfördelningen och hur ansvaret för den fysiska anläggningens bortförande hanterats. Som ett komplement till granskningen av förrättningsakterna utfördes intervjuer, samt en juridisk metod där relevanta lagrum, förarbeten och doktrin granskades. Resultatet visar att det finns ett behov av att avveckla gemensamhetsanläggningar, och att förrättningsprocessen där avvecklingar tidigare genomförts sett olika ut. Kostnadsfördelningen och ansvaret för den fysiska anläggningens bortförande har hanterats på olika sätt av ansvariga förrättningslantmätare, och i ett fall ligger delar av en avvecklad gemensamhetsanläggning kvar fysiskt. Vår egen slutsats är att det finns brister i relevant lagstiftning och även brister i hur lagstiftningen skall tillämpas, gällande avvecklingar av gemensamhetsanläggningar. Bristerna medför att förändringar behöver göras, för att i framtiden underlätta handläggningen i förrättningsprocesser. Joint facilities have a well-established framework in shape of the joint facility act, where terms of the facilities formation and distribution of costs for the facilities construction and operation is statuated. When the facility is no longer in use and the owners of the participating property units wishes to liquidate and remove the facility, a complete legislation framework is missing regarding the removal of the facility and how to distribute resulting costs. The purpose of the study is to provide support on how pertinent legislation and the application of the legislation regarding liquidations of joint facilities can improve, in order to facilitate conduction in the cadastral procedure in the future, where liquidations of joint facilities are performed. To achieve the purpose of the study an inspection of cadastral dossiers were made, where earlier liquidations of joint facilities have been accomplished. The cadastral dossiers were reviewed to give information about occurring problems in earlier liquidations of joint facilities, regarding the responsibility for the removal of the facility and the distribution of resulting costs. As a complement to the inspection of the cadastral dossiers, interviews and a legal method were used, where relevant sections of the law, preparatory work and doctrine were examined. The result of the study shows that there is a need for liquidation of joint facilities. The result also shows that previously performed cadastral processes regarding liquidations of joint facilities have been performed differently by the cadastral surveyor in charge. The cost distribution and the responsibility for the physical facilities removal have been handled differently and in one performed cadastral procedure parts of a physical facility still remains after the liquidation. Our own conclusions are that there are flaws in pertinent legislation regarding liquidations of joint facilities, and how pertinent legislation can be applied. We therefore consider that reforms are needed to facilitate the conduction in the cadastral process in the future.

Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. Doing Business 2016 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. This regional profile presents the Doing Business indicators for economies in Small Island States. It also shows the regional average, the best performance globally for each indicator and data for the following comparator regions: Caribbean States, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), East Asia and the Pacific (EAP), Latin America and Southern African Development Community (SADC).. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January–December 2014).

Doing Business sheds light on how easy or difficult it is for a local entrepreneur to open and run a small to medium-size business when complying with relevant regulations. It measures and tracks changes in regulations affecting 11 areas in the life cycle of a business: starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts, resolving insolvency and labor market regulation. Doing Business 2016 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex. The report does not present rankings of economies on labor market regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business. This regional profile presents the Doing Business indicators for economies in Latin America and Caribbean (LAC). It also shows the regional average, the best performance globally for each indicator and data for the following comparator regions. The data in this report are current as of June 1, 2015 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January–December 2014).

While the microfinance sector is extensively used in Mali (about 1 million members often based in rural areas), the sector has experienced a major crisis for over six years. The clean-up of the microfinance remains the most pressing priority for the Malian authorities and the adoption of the emergency plan for the microfinance sector is a key milestone to cleaning up the sector. While the plan addresses the main issues (restructuring or liquidation not viable MFIs; depositors indemnization mechanism; consolidation of active MFIs; reform and strengthening of the national supervisory body), but the implementation remains very challenging in a context of fiscal tightening and donor’s reluctance to intervene. It is only the Government of Mali that can restore confidence in the sector, and only by undertaking the recommendations highlighted in the emergency plan. One of the most sensitive issues will be to manage the liquidation of a few important distressed institutions together with the indemnization of their depositors.

Although keeping bank supervision independent from macroprudential supervision may ensure more checks and balances, placing bank supervision in the central bank could exploit synergies with macroprudential supervision. This paper studies whether placing microprudential supervision of banks, typically the systemic part of the financial system, under the same roof as financial stability policy, typically entrusted to the central bank, can improve financial stability. Specifically, the paper analyzes whether having bank supervision in the central bank mitigated the likelihood of banking crises during 2007–12. The analysis conditions on crisis indicators commonly found in the early-warning models of banking crises, the quality of microprudential supervision, and the quality of macroprudential supervision. The authors find that countries with deeper financial markets and those undergoing rapid financial deepening can better foster financial stability when they put bank supervision in the central bank.

During February 17 to March 5, 2014 an assessment under the international monetary fund (IMF) and World Bank financial sector assessment program (FSAP) was conducted for the Republic of Moldova. As part of the FSAP, the deposit insurance system was assessed against the Basel committee on banking supervision (BCBS) - International Association of Deposit Insurers (IADI) core principles for effective deposit insurance systems. The team found the deposit guarantee fund (DGF) is compliant or largely compliant with 12 out of 17 applicable core principles, materially non-compliant with 4 core principles and non-compliant with one. This report presents review of the background and structure of the DGF, a review of preconditions for effective deposit insurance systems, a summary of key findings and recommendations, and a section providing the detailed assessment of the core principles.

Running a business involves continuous growth. Such growth can be organic, stemming from resources created internally in the enterprise. However, in many cases an external development strategy is adopted, based on acquisition of other entities. Such an acquisition may involve creation of a capital group, within which each of the companies maintains its separate legal personality. However, if a capital group is not the optimal form for the given business activity, acquisition of another entity may take form of a business combination. In such case, assets and liabilities of the acquire are directly incorporated into the books of the acquirer. The overriding principle of accounting regulation is primacy of economic substance over legal format. Pursuant to this principle, economic transactions must be recorded in the accounting records in accordance with their economic nature1. In order to determine properly the economic nature of a business combination, an analysis must be performed of economic impacts of such a combination. Economic consequences for merging entities are described in the provisions of commercial law.

The bank insolvency framework in Poland should be modernized to ensure financial stability, maintain the continuity of critical functions in the banking system, and protect depositors and creditors, while assigning losses according to a pre-established creditor hierarchy. Several country experiences in Europe and elsewhere have demonstrated the effectiveness of new bank resolution measures by the European commission. A key aspect of the resolution process is for the authorities to swiftly assess and revalue the balance sheet of the intervened bank. Other particularities of modern resolution procedures relate to maintaining the integrity of secured financial contracts to prevent disruptions in financial market transactions including in payments and settlements systems. The treatment of systemically important institutions should rely on extraordinary resolution tools which are necessary if a bank is too large to be purchased or for its liabilities to be readily assumed. The purpose of this paper is thus to describe and recommend new features that can be added to strengthen the Polish legislation for handling commercial bank insolvencies. The paper focuses on the legal issues related to insolvency of banks (including commercial banks and cooperative banks). The banking sector's share in the total assets of the credit sector amounts to 89 percent while cooperative banks control 6 percent. The only wholly-owned state bank is the development bank Bank Gospodarstwa Krajowego (BGK) which is subject to supervision by the Polish Financial Supervisory Authority (KNF).

Owing primarily to extensive investment in new mining projects, Mongolia's economy is on a path of very rapid long-term growth. While financial intermediation in Mongolia has been growing fast, access to finance remains a critical constraint for enterprises, and especially for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). Improving access to financial services will require strengthening the legal and regulatory framework and financial infrastructure, including the secured transactions framework, creditor rights and insolvency regime, credit information sharing system, platform for technology-based banking products, regulation and supervision of nonbank financial institutions, and consumer protection in financial services. To realize fully its economic potential, Mongolia needs to build a diversified, efficient and stable financial system, capable of intermediating both on a large scale and in specific market segments. Due to its focus on the development agenda, and specifically on access to finance for the SME sector, capital markets development, and housing finance market development, this report does not address financial sector stability issues. Financial intermediation in Mongolia has grown significantly in recent years; credit and deposit penetration are on par with the average in the East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) region. Access to finance is particularly constrained for SMEs, which are also more sensitive to an unstable macroeconomic environment, characterized by high inflation and exchange rate fluctuations.

The global financial crisis and ensuing credit crunch has revived the discussion on the role of public sector in the financial system around the world and in El Salvador, authorities have announced plans to step up their activities. A clearly defined strategy for the public banks, focused on complementing private sector activity, is necessary as their activities expand to improve access to finance and diversify the sources of funding. Any process of growth needs to accompany by improvement in risk management processes, governance arrangements and enhanced supervision. Going forward, the two public retail banks should increase their specialization in different market segments. The development bank role can be enhanced while maintaining its second tier status. To make the guarantee funds effective, in addition to scale their size, several operational features need to be improved.

The observation that liquidations are concentrated in recessions has long been the subject of controversy. One view holds that liquidations are beneficial in that they result in increased restructuring. Another view holds that this rise in restructuring is costly since liquidations are privately inefficient and essentially wasteful. This paper proposes an alternative perspective. On the basis of a combination of theory with empirical evidence on gross job flows and on financial and labour market rents, we find that, cumulatively, recessions result in reduced rather than increased restructuring, and that this is likely to be socially costly once we consider inefficiencies on both the creation and destruction margins. Copyright 2005, Wiley-Blackwell.

The Economic Research Service (ERS), U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), estimates gross farm income and its component cash receipts and government payment accounts annually. Loan activity data from USDA's Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) are critical to these estimations. This report presents the Statelevel CCC nonrecourse loan activity that ERS uses in estimating farm-level cash receipts for 16 crops. Data summarized for calendar years 1985-91 are those supplied to ERS by USDA's Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (ASCS) for inclusion in the farm income accounts. .