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Background Aims Methods Results Conclusions Liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) and root exudates contain easily decomposable carbon that can stimulate microbial growth. It is unknown what role the amount of organic matter (OM) in the growing media, and potential interactions between root presence and LOF, might play in enhancing the breakdown of OM.The aim was to better understand how the decomposition rate of plant litter is affected by added fertilizer, plant presence, and growing media OM content.A container experiment was conducted with and without tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.; Heinz 5608 variety) present to evaluate the effect of three one‐time fertilizer additions (no fertilizer, LOF, and synthetic fertilizer) on litter decomposition rate. The equivalent amount of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium(K) was added in both fertilizer treatments. The experiment was conducted using two growing media, one containing high OM and one with negligible OM.The presence of tomato roots stimulated litter decomposition in high OM media, but not in low OM media. Adding LOF did not affect decomposition in either growing medium. Adding synthetic fertilizer led to a negative priming effect in low OM media when roots were present. The rate of decomposition was not affected by root traits.When ample OM was available, the presence of plant roots had a strong positive impact on litter decomposition. In both low and high OM media, a one‐time addition of fertilizer had minimal or negative effects on litter decomposition. We speculate that the continuous nature of root exudation leads to sustained changes in the microbial population (both community composition and size). Boosting root length growth via the one‐time addition of inorganic fertilizer when OM was negligible allowed the plant to outcompete decomposing microbes for N, possibly leading to selection for microbes that primarily feed on exudates, which resulted in retarded litter decomposition rates. In conclusion, as adding inorganic fertilizer stimulated plant and root growth more than adding the equivalent nutrients in LOF, particularly in growth media with a high OM content, it is better to add inorganic nutrients than LOF to stimulate OM breakdown when plants are present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is a plant with considerable potential for energy generation due to its rapid growth, high biomass yield, and resistance to environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the nitrogen fertilization strategy on the yield and energy balance in the production technology of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) in a perennial cropping system. The article presents the results of a three-year experiment which was conducted in Poland to determine the effect of different N rates (0, 50, 75, and 100 kg ha−1) supplied with mineral fertilizers and liquid digestate on the energy balance in the production of JA aerial biomass. The experiment had a randomized block design with three replications. The demand for energy in JA cultivation reached 16.2–26.3 (year 1) and 2.9–14.6 GJ ha−1 (years 2 and 3). Energy inputs in the cultivation technology were reduced by 17–19% (year 1) and 35–47% (years 2 and 3) when mineral fertilizers were replaced with digestate. Jerusalem artichoke yields were lowest in the technology without fertilization (12.5 Mg ha−1 DM). Dry matter yield increased significantly (by 43–55%) after the application of 75 kg N ha−1, regardless of fertilizer type. The energy output of biomass peaked (230.1 GJ ha−1) in response to a mineral fertilizer rate of 75 kg N ha−1. In turn, the highest energy gain (218.5 GJ ha−1) was noted after the application of digestate at a rate equivalent to 75 kg N ha–1. The energy efficiency ratio was highest in the technology without fertilization (20.1) and after the application of digestate at a rate equivalent to 75 kg N ha−1 (19.7). Regardless of the factors that limit agricultural production, the energy balance of JA biomass production was most favorable when JA was fertilized with digestate at a rate equivalent to 75 kg N ha−1. The results of this study may pave the way for future research on novel agronomic strategies for sustainable bioenergy production, including nutrient recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Although the popularity of liquid organic fertilizers (LOFs) has considerably increased recently, there have been concerns over their usage due to low nitrogen content. This study aims to discuss the current developments in nitrogen-enriched LOFs that address the above limitation, subsequently promoting sustainable agricultural practices. Method: A thorough review of existing literature on nitrogen-enriched LOFs based on their chemical attributes and methodologies to increase the nitrogen content. Results: The research highlights several promising methods for nitrogen enrichment, such as using highnitrogen raw materials like cottonseed meal, bone meal, and blood meal, which also provide phosphorus and potassium benefits. Also, techniques like thermal hydrolysis, plasma activation, and inoculation of microorganisms can release and fix nitrogen in LOFs. Membrane technologies promise sustainably by recycling organic waste. Combining these materials and processes results in well-balanced nutrient profiles and improve the agricultural value of LOFs. However, formulating nitrogen-enriched LOFs requires considering critical factors like organic carbon content, pH values, raw material availability, cost implications, and overall sustainability. Optimizing these factors potentially lead to eco-friendly solutions for sustainable agriculture. Conclusion: Cost-effective nitrogen enrichment in LOFs can be achieved through diverse methods and raw materials. Future investigations should focus on discovering raw materials with high nitrogen content, devising innovative enrichment techniques, and rigorously evaluating the efficacy of fertilizers. Investments in research, development, distribution, storage, packaging, and value-addition processes are essential to bolster LOF production and enhance affordability and accessibility, thus fostering sustainable agricultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial wastewater generally contains many nutrients and organic materials that can be useful as a source of nutrition for plants. Processing wastewater into liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) can be a solution to manage industrial wastewater produced and can reduce the negative environmental impact of direct discharge into the environment. This study aims to determine the effect and optimal concentration of LOF from WWTP output of PT X on pak choi (Brassica rapa L.) plant growth and analyze the quality of LOF content according to SNI in the Minister of Agriculture Regulation Number 70 of 2011. This study used the complete randomized design (CRD) method, with the following treatment combinations: A (control, 100% WWTP output of PT X), B (20% LOF), C (40% LOF), D (60% LOF), E (80% LOF), F (100% LOF). Each treatment was repeated three times so that 18 test plants were obtained. Observation variables include height, number of leaves, leaf width, and fresh weight of Brassica rapa L. plants. Data analysis using SPSS one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and continued to DMRT test. The results showed that the provision of LOF from WWTP output of PT X had a significant effect on the growth of Brassica rapa plants in the parameters of plant height in the fourth and fifth weeks, the number of leaves from the second to the fifth week, the leaf width parameter in the fifth week, and the fresh weight parameter. The optimal treatment for the LOF comparison of all parameters is in treatment D (60% LOF). The test results of LOF content contain C-organic 3.61%, nitrogen 1.1%, phosphate 0.385%, potassium 0.485%, and pH 5.27. These values have not met the SNI LOF in the Minister of Agriculture Number 70 Regulation of 2011. There is a need for the addition of organic ingredients that can increase the N, P, and K content in order to increase the POC yields and have a higher impact on plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The organic and inorganic composition of pyrolytic liquids derived from biomass pyrolysis and their effects on plant growth with foliar fertilization are insufficiently understood. Particularly, whether there is a link between the composition and effect on plant growth and their property of feedstock and of pyrolysis conditions remains unknown. In this study, three typical pyrolytic liquids derived from pyrolysis of apple branches, maize shoots, and rice husks were selected, the mineral elements and organic molecular composition as well as dissolvable organic carbon content were analyzed using volumetric analysis and GC-MS mass spectroscopy. Subsequently, the liquids were used to formulate liquid fertilizers with consistent amounts of major mineral nutrients (N-P2O5-K2O + DOC, 35% + 10%) . Then, a field demonstration experiment with foliar spraying on capsicum was conducted in a vegetable farm near Nanjing. The field experiment included 5 treatments of no foliar fertilizer (CK, clean water only), commercial foliar fertilizer (WSF), and foliar fertilizer with pyrolytic liquids of rice husk (RF), maize shoots (CF), and apple branches (AF) . When the capsicum was ripe, fruit yield was measured and plant samples were collected for quality assessment. The results showed that the pyrolytic liquids varied not only in organic and inorganic contents but also in organic molecule abundances. The dissolvable organic carbon pool was dominated by organic acids and phenolic compounds with varying amounts of ketones, aldehydes, and esters. In pyrolytic liquids derived from pyrolysis of apple branches and rice husks, organic acids and phenolic compounds were the most abundant, respectively. However, all liquid fertilizers with pyrolytic liquids promoted capsicum growth and improved plant quality. Among them, the AF treatment was the best, followed by CF, RF and WSF treatments. Compared with CK, all the foliar spraying treatments increased the capsicum yield (over 35% on average) and AF treatments increased by 62%. Particularly, the number of fruits, leaf area, and SPAD of a single capsicum plant was significantly increased by 54.73%, 26.99%, and 19.67%, when sprayed with fertilizers containing AF over those containing CK. Similarly, all the foliar spraying treatments increased the size of capsicum fruit (over 25%) and the content of soluble sugar and capsaicin (20% on average) as well as soluble protein (5%) . Moreover, AF treatment exerted the most significant improvement in capsicum growth and quality parameters among the studied foliar fertilizers, the content of soluble sugar, soluble protein, Vitamin C, capsaicin and dry matter were increased by 6%-30%. Overall, the effect of the pyrolytic liquids-based foliar fertilizers on capsicum plant growth and quality was related to the abundance of organic acids of low molecular weight and antioxidant phenols than to that of mineral nutrients [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the fertilization effects of liquid fertilizer (LF) produced by aerobic microbial processing of cattle urine, we investigated the influence of LF on growth and shoot genetic responses of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. LF significantly enhanced both shoot and root growth under aseptic conditions. Although filtrate from ultrafiltration (molecular weight cutoff: 10 000) also promoted shoot growth and root elongation, the concentrate only promoted root growth. Multiple growth-promoting factors were therefore associated with the growth promotion. Transcriptome analysis of shoots following LF addition identified 353 upregulated and 512 downregulated genes. According to gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses, signal transduction of a phytohormone cytokinin was influenced by LF addition. Cytochrome P450 induction triggered the related signal transitions, and would introduce the growth promotion for shoot. Primary auxin responses and abscisic acid signaling responses were also observed in the presence of LF. Ethylene signaling seemed to be insensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Soil fertility is determined by the presence of humus as the main part of organic matter. The extended reproduction of soil fertility is ensured by the introduction of organic and mineral fertilizers, the cultivation of sidereal crops and the decomposition of plant residues. (Research purpose) The research purpose is developing the technologies and means of mechanization for extended reproduction of fertility. (Materials and methods) For the joint application of liquid organic fertilizers and the cultivation of siderates, a unit has been developed that implements a hose technology for transporting liquid organic fertilizers. Fertilizers are fed through pressure hose lines to the working parts deep into the soil layer. The combined unit consists of a tractor K-744 Kirovets and an adapter for deep tillage with liquid fertilizers, as well as a seeder for small-seeded crops. To level the surface of the field after the passage of the unit and the sealing of the sown seeds of the sideral culture, the unit is equipped with a tooth roller. (Results and discussion) Formulas for determining the critical processing depth are given, the power calculation of the unit is performed. The design of the tillage tool allows to install flat-cutting working parts with a grip of 0.80 meters and slits with a grip of 0.45 meters. Tests of the combined unit were carried out. The depth of tillage was 36±1 centimeters, the seeding rate of the sideral crop (oilseed radish) was 25 kilograms per hectare, the operating speed range of the unit was from 0.4 to 0.8 meters per second. (Conclusions) The uniformity of the subsurface distribution of organic fertilizers was 90-95 percent. The specific energy intensity of the technological process of the combined unit based on the K-744 tractor for intra-soil fertilization is 40-65 kilowatt hours per hectare (excluding the capacity for pumping fertilizers). Energy consumption depends on the depth of cultivation and resistivity of the soil. The proposed method allows preventing water and wind erosion of the soil, improving its agronomically valuable properties. Reducing the pesticide load on the soil and its microflora contributes to the transition to a model of sustainable agroecosystems, improving and improving crop quality. The proposed technology provides extended reproduction of soil fertility.

Organic farming methods, including the use of organic substrates, fertilizers, pesticides, and biological control, are gaining popularity in controlled environment agriculture (CEA) due to economic benefits and environmental sustainability. However, despite several studies focusing on the preparation and evaluation of liquid organic fertilizers, none have explored the compatibility of these fertilizers with different hydroponic systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate lettuce production using a liquid organic fertilizer under different hydroponic systems. Four distinct hydroponic methods were selected: nutrient film technique (NFT), deep water culture (DWC) (liquid culture systems), and Dutch bucket (DB), regular plastic container (RPC) (substratebased systems). 'Green Butter' lettuce was grown using a liquid organic fertilizer (Espartan) for four weeks. Shoot growth parameters (e.g., shoot width, number of leaves, leaf area, foliar chlorophyll content, fresh weight, and dry weight) and root growth parameters (e.g., root length, fresh weight, and dry weight) were measured. The growth difference of lettuce under the DB and RPC systems was negligible, but the growth in RPC was 29% to 60% and 15% to 44% higher than the NFT and DWC systems, respectively, for shoot width, number of leaves, leaf area, shoot fresh weight and dry weight. Root parameters were nearly identical for the NFT and DWC systems but significantly lower (21% to 94%) than the substrate-based DB and RPC systems. Although lettuce grown in the NFT system showed the least growth, its mineral content in the leaf tissue was comparable or sometimes higher than that of substrate-based hydroponic systems. In conclusion, the tested liquid organic fertilizer is suitable for substrate-based hydroponic systems; however, further evaluation of different liquid organic fertilizers, and crop species is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long-term use of inorganic fertilizers has negatively influenced rice productivity, being unsafe environmentally. The planned strategy sought to improve rice (Oryza sativa L.) production with a quality of environment-friendly rice cultivation by reducing the excessive inorganic fertilizers. The latest research aimed to analyze the effects of liquid organic fertilizer and urea on the growth and productivity of lowland rice managed with irregular irrigation. The urea (U) comprised four doses, i.e., control 0 kg/ha (U0), 50, 100, and 150 kg/ha (U1-U3, respectively), which fertilized the main plots. The liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) (P) also comprised four levels, viz., control 0 cc/L (P0), 2, 4, and 6 cc/L of water (P1-P3, respectively), which treated the subplots. The urea (100 kg/ha) application resulted in the highest average number of productive tillers (16.8) and the topmost percentage of full grain (84.47%). However, the urea fertilizer (150 kg/ha) produced the maximum flag leaf length (32.3 cm). The LOF concentration (4 cc/L) produced the superior 100-grain weight (2.84 g). The LOF (6 cc/L) produced the utmost index of chlorophyll a (236.43 μmol/m2), chlorophyll b (95.83 μmol.m-2), and total chlorophyll (339.64 μmol.m-2). The results showed that the combination of urea fertilizer (150 and 100 kg/ha) and liquid organic fertilizer concentration (LOF 6 cc/L) provided the best productivity of 6.26 and 6.13 t/ha, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perennials are usually pre-cultivated on vegetation mats consisting of coconut fiber (coir), which require weather-dependent irrigation and regular fertilization with fast-acting fertilizer to achieve a saleable condition as quickly as possible. In the pre-cultivation of sheep's wool–coir–vegetation mats, nitrogen (N) is already sufficiently contained in the vegetation mats due to the natural nitrogen content of the sheep's wool fibers, so that additional liquid fertilization during pre-cultivation can be dispensed with if necessary. In this study, sheep's wool–coir–vegetation mats of 4.5 kg/m2 were pre-cultivated with 16 perennial plants (8 species) in 2018. Variant 1 (V1) received regular fertilization with mineral liquid fertilizer (total 8.7 g N/m2) during pre-cultivation. Variant 2 (V2) was not fertilized during pre-cultivation. In spring 2019, all pre-cultivated vegetation mats were lifted and laid on an area prepared with topsoil. No additional fertilization was applied after laying. The overall impression, plant height, number of flowering perennials, and plant coverage were examined in the 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, with only minor differences observed between V1 and V2. The number of flowers, biomass, and nitrogen content were determined for the two aster species used. There were differences between V1 and V2 in 2018, but not in 2019. The coverage of perennials of 50%, which is the prerequisite for the saleability of the vegetation mats, was already achieved on both V1 and V2 after 4 months of pre-cultivation. The overall impression of the perennials on both V1 and V2 also did not differ during pre-cultivation nor in the following year. Therefore, liquid fertilization is not necessary during the pre-cultivation of perennials on sheep's wool–coir–vegetation mats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabbits, which are commonly raised as livestock in many rural areas of Asian countries, produce liquid waste called urine that can have negative environmental impacts. In order to tackle this issue, the development of technology is necessary to effectively process this waste into a form that can be utilized without causing harm to the environment. Urine contains valuable organic compounds that can be used as raw materials for the production of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF). The quality of this fertilizer is dependent on the availability of microorganism substrates and the duration of fermentation. The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of different substrates and fermentation periods on the properties of liquid organic fertilizer. The raw material used in this research is locally sourced rabbit urine. The experiments were conducted in a laboratory at the Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia. Three types of substrates were employed: bioactivator animal substrate (BAsb), bioactivator plant substrate (BPsb), and commercial microorganism (C-mic) as the control. Two different fermentation periods were tested: 2 weeks and 4 weeks. The data were analyzed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with factorial patterns. The results revealed that the type of bioactivator substrate had a significant impact (p < 0.05) on the N-organic, C/N ratio, P2O5, and K2O content. However, pH and C-organic showed no significant effect (p > 0.05). Additionally, fermentation time had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on C-organic, N-organic, and the C/N ratio, but pH did not have a significant effect (p > 0.05). Moreover, there was a significant interaction (p < 0.05) between the substrate type and fermentation time in the LOF-RU process. The production of N-organic content from local rabbit urine yielded promising results. For the LOF-RU production process with BAsb or BPsb, fermentation periods of up to 4 weeks can be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The community partnership program at Kelompok Usaha Bersama (KUBE) Rare Angon Goat Farming aims to increase the productivity of goat livestock to support livestock and agricultural businesses in partner groups, especially in terms of providing a technological touch in processing livestock and agricultural waste into solid and liquid organic fertilizer of high quality and economic value. Goat farming is one of the livestock commodities that produce meat and milk which has great potential to be developed Target What is achieved from the activity is that partners can look after goats well and can independently make quality organic fertilizers that have economic value. Apart from that, an increase in the economic value of livestock waste was also achieved by up to 20%. The able in this activity is This activity is also able to reduce environmental pollution by up to 40%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are many agroindustrial wastes that can provide one or more essential nutrients for plant growth. The present study deals with the characterization of fique juice, its environmental evaluation and an analysis of the requirements to be used as liquid fertilizer. The environmental impact was determined with the gray footprint of 377,9 ± 14,7 m³/m³ juice for chemical oxygen demand (COD); 255,3 ± 11,2 m³/m3 juice for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5); 29,6 ± 3,1 m³/m³ juice for phosphorus and 10,6 ± 1,8 m³/m³ for nitrogen, indicating that its discharge would cause severe environmental damage. However, since it is organic, the capacity to biologically reduce the organic load was determined, reaching a percentage of 90% biodegradability in 55 hours, which indicates that it would be rapidly utilized by microorganisms. Finally, with the results of the physicochemical characterization and taking into account the NTC-ISO 5167 standard, the fique juice is classified as a non-humic liquid organic amendment or conditioner, although the concentrations of the macronutrients N, P2O5, K2O do not meet the minimum value, it is feasible that fique growers can move towards a circular economy by using fique juice as an amendment and fertilizer substitute in their own crops, complementing fertilization with organic fertilizer that can also be obtained from fique bagasse or another source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to its rich nutritional composition, biogas slurry can serve as a special liquid fertilizer. However, the application of slurry in agricultural fields currently faces challenges such as reliance on skilled famers' experience, low precision, and difficulty in accurately controlling the irrigation dosage. To address these issues, an agricultural biogas slurry mixing agricultural machinery and its system has been designed and developed with the aim of enhancing the precision and safety of slurry application. The structure of the device has been designed, filter components have been selected, and improvements have been made to the structure of traditional connectors. Taking into account factors such as soil and humidity, an algorithm based on biogas slurry conductivity for slurry mixing decisions and the feedback control mechanism has been designed. After assembling the prototype, experiments were conducted, and the results showed that after processing by the system, compared to the calculated theoretical optimum, the concentration error of each component in the mixed fertilizer was controlled within 10%, and the conductivity fluctuation range was within 5%. This indicates that the overall ratio accuracy and stability of the biogas slurry mixing system are high. The biogas slurry mixing agricultural machinery and its system provide a novel intelligent equipment solution for the precise application of slurry, effectively enhancing the accuracy and safety of slurry application, reducing the use of chemical fertilizers during agricultural irrigation, and minimizing pollution to the environment and soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteen coleus (Coleus scutellarioides) cultivars (genotypes) with four cultivars representing four industry-categorized color groups [phenotypes (Burgundy, Orange, Red, and Yellow/Green)] were evaluated to determine if leaf color affected tissue nutrient concentrations. Plants were grown at two locations provided with a liquid fertilizer concentration of 150 mg.L−1 N delivered from 17 N–1.31P–14.1K. Leaf tissue samples were collected and analyzed for the concentration of 12 elemental nutrients after eight or 10 wk of growth, depending on location. Leaf tissue nutrient concentrations were influenced by leaf color (color groups), but the magnitude varied for each elemental nutrient. Leaf tissue nutrient concentrations were significantly different for each color group for phorphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium, magnesium, iron, copper and boron, but not for nitrogen, sulfur, manganese, or zinc. Trends for higher P and K leaf tissue concentrations in Red-leaf coleus cultivars, and lower P in Yellow/Green cultivars agree with prior work reported for Heuchera sp. This data further support the initial foundational work to determine the relationship between leaf color and tissue nutrient concentration. Further investigations among other species may offer additional data that will help establish a relative relationship between an element and phenotypes. Given the wide variation in leaf tissue concentrations across all 16 cultivars, an overall consolidated data set was developed to provide a refinement of the leaf tissue nutrient standards for coleus across all elements. This expands the recommended ranges available for interpreting leaf tissue samples, which will assist growers and crop advisors in diagnosing nutrient disorders of coleus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Restoration of rare plants is essential to maintain species diversity in natural areas. The methods used to grow and plant these rare plants for restoration impact seedling health and potentially the success of restoration attempts. We evaluated how different fertilizers and planting seasons impacted survival and reproductive potential for transplants of Silene regia. Plants were grown from seeds in greenhouses with four fertilizer treatments: slow‐release, liquid biweekly (every other week), liquid weekly, and control (no fertilizer). Transplanting was conducted in spring and fall for 2 years (2010 and 2011) at three sites. Number of leaves on transplants were counted before planting. Plants were counted over the growing seasons for 8 years (2010–2017) to determine survival and stem elongation (an indication of reproductive potential). Transplants produced the most leaves with slow‐release, followed by both liquid fertilizers and the fewest leaves with no fertilizer. The fertilizer type had a limited effect, but plants grown with fertilizer had increased survival and stem elongation relative to no fertilizer when a fertilizer effect was found. Planting season had a more consistent effect, with spring having higher survival and stem elongation. Sites differed for all measured parameters. Year‐to‐year survival was initially high, then dropped after 3–5 years, and less than 20% of plants remained by 2017. These findings demonstrate the value of pre‐planting fertilizer to provide vigorous transplants and planting season for reintroductions. Finally, multiple sites and long‐term monitoring are important to ensure success for reintroductions of rare species such as S. regia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK), with two treatment factors, where the first factor was the administration of a dose of NPK 17+17+17 Kuda Sakti (N) fertilizer consisting of 4 levels, namely, N0 = No Treatment, N1 = 150 kg/ha (60 g/plot), N2 = 300 kg/ha (120 g/plot), N3 = 450 kg/ha (180 g/plot). The second factor is the dose of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) GDM (G) which consists of 4 levels, namely, G0 = No Treatment, G1 = 6.7 ml POC GDM/1 liter of water, G2 = 13.4 ml POC GDM/1 liter of water, G3 = 20 ml POC GDM/1 liter of water. The parameters observed were primary stem length (cm), number of fruit per plant (fruit), number of fruit per plot (fruit), fruit weight per plant (kg), and fruit weight per plot (kg). The interaction of NPK 17+17+17 fertilizer treatment and GDM liquid organic fertilizer (POC) had a significant effect on primary stem length at 14, 28, and 42 DAT, number of fruit per plant, fruit weight per sample, and fruit weight per plot, but had no effect real impact on the number of fruits per plot. The interaction between the two treatments with the highest mean for each parameter, namely primary stem length at 14, 28, and 42 HST respectively, was highest at N3G3 (15.14 cm), (120.08 cm), (184.12 cm), number of fruit per plant The highest number is found in N3G3 (10.00 pieces), the highest number of fruit per plot is found in N3G3 (39.00 pieces), the heaviest fruit weight per plant is found in N3G3 (2.73 kg), the heaviest fruit weight per plot is found in N3G3 (14.76 kg). The parameters observed in this research included: Plant Height (cm) at 30, 45 HST, Number of Branches, Number of Pods per Plant (fruit), Pod Weight per Plant (g) and Pod Weight per Plot (g). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia is the property of IPB University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research method takes the form of a qualitative field study or field research. The data collection techniques were carried out using observation with active participation, indepth interviews, documentation and focus group discussions. The research results show: In the Agribusiness Program Driving Talas Air Tourism Villages (ANGGREK DEWATA) there are 3 (three) programs carried out by PT Pertamina EP Limau Field, namely: BU JUSI (Organic Cultivation of Siamese Oranges), BUDE ARTA MAJU (Women of Air Talas Village Managing Oranges) and PUTERI JELITA (Liquid Fertilizer from Air Talas Orange Waste. The economic impact of this program for women is an increase in family income by IDR 2,500,000/person/month or 20% from the previous year from product sales. This program also has a positive social and environmental impact. This is in line with the fifth SDG goal, namely gender equality Talas (DEWATA ORGANGREK) from the Social Return on Investment (SROI) Report shows that the calculated SROI value of the program is 1.66, indicating that every rupiah of program costs produces a positive change worth IDR 1.66. Meanwhile, from the results of the Community Satisfaction Index assessment, the Anggrek Dewata Program obtained Community Satisfaction Index (IKM) results with the predicate "Very Good", with an index value of 3.44 with a conversion value of 86.07%. The Commitment aspect received an average SME score of 3.80 and is included in the Very Good category. And the community has optimism to continue the program after the intervention is carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MITIGATE the adverse effects of excessive mineral nitrogen fertilization on vegetative crops, TM imperative to decrease the doses of mineral nitrogen applied and explore alternative nitrogen sources to fulfill the plants' requirements. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted over two consecutive seasons (2022 and 2023) to examine the impact of bio fertilizer (either with seed inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense or without inoculation at 8 kg ha-1), as main factor, on the growth and productivity of spinach plants. The plants were subjected to varying doses of mineral nitrogen (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the Nitrogen Recommended Dose NRD) as sub main treatments, while different liquid organic fertilizers [none (control), compost tea at rate of 48 L ha-1, liquid biogas at rate of 48 L ha-1 and vermicompost extract at rate of 48 L ha-1 Jwere evaluated as sub- sub treatments. Regarding bio fertilization, the results revealed that all growth and productivity parameters, including yield (Mg ha-1), plant height (cm), and No. of leaves plant-1 as well as the chemical composition of leaves, (N, P, K %) attained their peak values when treated with Azospirillum brasilense inoculation compared to untreated plants. For example, yield of plants treated with bio fertilization were 24.51 and 25.92 Mg ha-1 for 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively, while the yield of the plants grown without bio fertilization were 21.18 and 22.66 Mg ha-1 for 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively. On the other hand, as the nitrogen recommended dose (NRD) decreased, the values of these parameters declined. Among the liquid organic fertilizers studied, biogas emerged as the most effective (yield values of 24.79 and 26.8 Mg ha for 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively), followed by vermicompost extract and then compost tea, all surpassing the control (yield values of 20.03 and 21.61 Mg ha for 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively). Importantly, the presence of bio fertilizer alongside any of the liquid organic fertilizers under 75% NRD resulted in higher values for growth and productivity parameters compared to plants fertilized with 100% NRD without bio fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer. Concerning soil properties, the interaction among treatments did not have a significant effect on the studied properties. However, there was a noticeable relative improvement in fertility parameters due to the application of both bio fertilizer and liquid organic fertilizer. Finally, it is recommended to incorporate Azospirillum brasilense inoculation and biogas, vermicompost extract, or compost tea as alternatives to mineral nitrogen fertilization, especially at lower NRD levels, to optimize spinach production while maintaining soil fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The concentration of ARB was about 103 to 106 CFU/g-dry in the raw material. • E. coli and ARB were not detected after the higher temperature than 150 °C of HTT. • The reduction of ARG was 2.9-log under the operating condition of 175 °C and 120 min. • The GI of diluted samples exceeded 90 %, except for 200 °C of temperature condition. • The operating condition of 175 °C and 120 min for HTT was recommended. In this study, the reduction in the abundance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and the fertilizer potential of liquid products from hydrothermally treated cattle manure were investigated. Hydrothermal treatment (HTT) was conducted under different reaction temperatures (125, 150, 175 and 200 °C) and retention times (60, 90 and 120 min). The total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) of the liquid product increased with increasing reaction temperature. The germination index (GI), a measure of the percentage of germination, exceeded 90 % at 125, 150, and 175 °C in diluted samples, while it decreased to 18 % at 200 °C. Although a longer retention time contributed to an increase in TOC of liquid products, it did not increase the GI values. The liquid product should be diluted or adjusted before use as fertilizer to prevent phytotoxicity. In our analysis of ARB and ARGs, E. coli and antibiotic-resistant E. coli were completely reduced after HTT, except for the operating conditions of 125 °C and 60 min. Although both a higher reaction temperature and longer retention time tended to be better for the reduction of ARGs and intI1, it was found that the longer retention time is much more effective than the higher reaction temperature. The reduction of target ARGs and intI1 was 2.9-log under175 °C and 120 min. Comprehensively considering the fertilizer potential of liquid product and the reduction of ARB and ARGs, 175 °C of reaction temperature and 120 min of retention time of operating conditions for HTT were recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, using the method of probabilistic deterministic planning (PDP), the optimum design parameters of a standard polyethylene tank used worldwide for transporting liquid mineral fertilizers (LMF) were determined. By the finite element method, the effect of the density of liquid mineral fertilizer, tank wall thickness and four motion modes (braking, acceleration, jump and landing) on the strength of standard polyethylene tanks was studied. According to the results of the study, the five most informative areas in the tank design were identified, for which the values of maximum stresses (σmax) were obtained: filler neck, pockets, walls, tapin points and wall transition to the tank roof. As the LMF density increases, σmax in the tank increases linearly. Increasing the tank wall thickness by 1.5 times reduces the maximum stresses by 30 to 50 %. It was found that motion mode has a significant effect on the stress-strain state of a standard tank. The “heaviest” mode for a standard tank is “braking”. The “acceleration” motion mode causes σmax of no more than 60 % of the “braking” mode values. The “lightest” mode is “landing”, in which σmax is no more than 28 % relative to “braking”. Based on the PDP method, equations were derived for calculating maximum stresses depending on LMF density, wall thickness and motion mode of the tank. Nomograms were built that make it possible to quickly determine the wall thickness of a standard tank without calculations, depending on external factors. The results of the study can be used in practice when designing safe and durable tanks for transporting liquid mineral fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was conducted at CCSHAU Regional Research Station, Bawal-123501, India, during Kharif season of 2016 to 2018. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of recommended dose of fertilizers {RP (20 kg N, 40 Kg P2O5 and 20 kg K2O)} alone and RDF in combination with seed soaking in thiourea (500 ppm) for 30 minutes alone and with foliar spray of NPK (20:20:20). The liquid fertilizers NPK and KNO3 at 1% each (separately) were sprayed once and twice at flowering and pod formation stage. The results revealed that two sprays of thiourea, KNO3 (13:0:45) and NPK at flowering and pod formation stage produced significantly higher seed yield (18, 17 and 22%, respectively) of cluster bean in comparison to control (RP) and were statistically at par with each other. The treatment with seed soaking in thiourea (500 ppm) for 30 minutes + two sprays of NPK at flowering and pod formation stage was found best in terms of productivity (seed yield) as well as profitability (net returns) i.e. 24 and 75% higher than control, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the problem of predetermining the spray angle and uniformity of the flat fan sprayer with a semicircular impact surface for the intra-soil application of liquid mineral fertilizers. The jet impact on a round splash plate and radial atomization properties are investigated theoretically, the formation features of the spray with an obtuse angle are studied in a geometrical way, and the design search of the nozzle shape and optimization calculations are performed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and then verified experimentally. It was revealed that the spray rate and spray angle can be adjusted by changing the parameter s, and when the spray angle is within s = 0–0.2 mm, it forms spray angles with range of 140°–175°. The spraying angle, in turn, shows the potential length of the tillage knife in accordance with the undersoil cavity dimensions. A spray uniformity of up to 74% was achieved, which is sufficient for applied studies and for intra-soil application operations. According to the investigations and field experiments, it can be concluded that the designed nozzle is applicable for the intra-soil application of liquid mineral fertilizers. The use of flat fan nozzles that form a spraying band under the soil cavity and along the entire length of the tillage knife ensures a highly efficient mixing process, the liquid mineral fertilizers with treated soil (particles) positively contributing to plant maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huangshui is a typical organic wastewater in Chinese Baijiu production, with high pollution and valuable ingredients. Conventional wastewater treatment leads to resource-wasting and environmental pollution. It is urgent that the demand for effective Huangshui treatment with the development of the Baijiu-making industry. This review systematically summarizes recent studies, revealing the main characteristics and application of Huangshui, focusing on the application of the rich microbial resources and flavor substances, which provides a practical approach to cascade and full use of Huangshui in medicine, cosmetic, functional food, fertilizer, and wastewater treatment fields. Further research suggested that Huangshui can also be used as an external carbon source for the denitrification system or as an organic liquid water-soluble fertilizer for more fruits and grains. The applications favor improving production efficiency and lowering pollutant emissions and introduce novel concepts for the sustainable development of related industries. Thus, Chinese Baijiu plants can achieve the near-zero emissions of wastewater and cleaner production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock blood, typically considered a waste byproduct of the slaughter industry, has the potential to be a valuable resource in the environmental and agricultural industries owing to its high protein content. This study reports the mechanisms involved in developing a continuous process capable of processing 5 tons/day of livestock blood into high purity amino acid liquid fertilizer and dried protein feedstuff simultaneously. Large-scale processing units were fabricated for the ultrasonic pretreatment and solubilization of proteins, enzymatic degradation of dissolved proteins for amino acid conversion, solid-liquid separation using a membrane filter press to produce high purity amino acid liquid fertilizer, and microwave drying of the solid component to produce dry protein feedstuff. The main processing units were integrated into a continuous, efficient system. The final amino acid liquid fertilizer and dry protein feedstuff contained >20% amino acids and approximately 78% protein, respectively. An economic feasibility analysis of the integrated system based on an annual processing capacity of 3000 tons of livestock blood yielded a total annual profit of 17.4 million euros (5812 euros/ton). This study presents an efficient and profitable approach to repurposing the waste generated by slaughterhouses toward agriculture and feed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an effort to solve the P availability issue in Inceptisols, fermentation is one method used to enhance the quality of liqiuid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from Moringa (Moringa oleifera). The type and concentration determine the effectiveness of LOF on nutrient uptake and plant yields. This study aims to evaluate the impact of LOF types, concentrations, and their interactions on P uptake and rice grain yield in Inceptisols. The research was conducted in a greenhouse using a completely random design (CRD) with two factors. The first factor is the type of LOF, consisting of two levels, i.e., fresh and fermented Moringa extract. The second factor is the LOF concentration, with four levels (i.e., 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 ml/l) and three replications. Data analysis using ANOVA, DMRT, and correlation. The study revealed that the interaction between LOF types and concentrations affects P uptake. The highest P uptake shown by fermented Moringa with a concentration of 60 ml/l was 20.02 mg/plant and 40 ml/l was 18.73 mg/plants or 1.5 times higher than the control. Grain yield was not affected by type, LOF concentration, or their interaction. Fermented Moringa has good potential as LOF, while the effect on grain yield needs further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum are important fungal pathogens of a wide range of hosts. Infection prevention and control can be extremely difficult. There are no effective fungicides to control these soil-borne pathogens, causing gray and white mold on pepper. The results of a study of the influence of liquid fertilizer "Optysil" (Intermag, Poland) are presented: containing silicon: (SiO2 - 200 g/L) and iron (Fe 16.5 g/L) on the pepper resistance to attack by Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. The experiment was carried out in 2022, in field conditions at the Maritsa VCRI with the Stryama variety, planted according to a scheme (60/25 cm) on the area naturally infected with Pyrenochaeta lycopersici. The fertilizer "Optysil" was applied by spraying as an aqueous solution at a concentration of 0.05 ml per L of water three times: one week after transplanting, twice during mass flowering stage with an interval of 14 days. Plants were artificially infected with pure cultures of the pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum by the method of decapitation of the main stem, applying a 7-day pure culture of each isolate and wrapping the wounded area with aluminum foil. An increase in the necrotic areas was observed in the variants treated with "Optysil" and the control variants without treating the plants with this preparation. Infection of the young plants was carried out in the beginning of flowering stage. The degree of infection of the roots with corky root rot is recorded after removing the plants from the soil according to a generally accepted 5-point scale for reporting. Temperature during the trial period: daytime 27-32°C; night - 13-17°C. The length of necrotic lesions in decapitated plants was measured in mm up to and including the 10th day after transplanting. A tendency to strengthen the immune response of pepper plants treated with "Optysil" to infection with the studied fungal pathogens was established. The effect of "Optysil" application against the growth of necrosis from gray mold is 43%, against white mold - 41%, corky root rot - above 50%. The results show that the silicon acts as an immunostimulant, blocking the rapid growth of stem necrosis caused by wound infection with Botrytis cinerea and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and inhibiting the process of infection of pepper roots with the pathogen Pyrenochaeta lycopersici. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to the poor fertilization performance of the deep application mechanism of the deep application liquid fertilizer applicator under multiple parameters, the fertilization variation of the crank rocker deep application mechanism under multiple working parameters is explored. To obtain the fertilization variation of the crank rocker deep application mechanism, a fertilization performance test bench for the crank rocker deep application mechanism is developed. On this test bench, the crank speed, liquid pump pressure, and spray hole diameter are used as experimental factors, and fertilizer application rate is used as experimental indicators. A composite design scheme of rotation center is adopted to establish a relationship model and response surface diagram between experimental influencing factors and influencing indicators. Design Expert 8.0.10 software is used to analyze and optimize the experimental data. The optimal results are a crank speed of 145.80 r/min, a liquid pump pressure of 0.25 MPa, a spray hole diameter of 3.02 mm, a fertilizer application rate of 28.6 mL, and a fertilizer loss rate of 1.95%. At this time, the fertilization performance of the mechanism is optimal. This parameter combination is applied for testing and verification to verify its rationality. The results can ensure that the crank rocker deep application mechanism has good working performance when working under multiple parameters, providing theoretical reference for designing deep application liquid fertilizer machines with simple structure and optimal fertilization performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidification of slurry is a promising approach for reducing ammonia emissions during the application procedure. Since only a few studies have been conducted focusing on ammonia emissions during the application of liquid organic fertilizers on the soil surface, a suitable incubation system was developed to evaluate the effects of acidification under controlled conditions. This incubation system was used to measure the ammonia emissions of various liquid organic fertilizers. The substrates were acidified with sulfuric and citric acid to different pH values to determine both the influence of the pH value of the substrates and of the type of acid on the ammonia emissions. The emissions decreased with declining pH value, and the reduction in emissions compared to the initial pH of the substrate was over 86% for pH 6.5 and over 98% for pH 6.0 and below. At the same pH value, the ammonia emissions did not differ between substrates acidified with citric acid and sulfuric acid, although more than twice as much 50% citric acid was required compared to 96% sulfuric acid to achieve the same pH value. Overall, our results demonstrate that the incubation system used is suitable for measuring ammonia emissions from surface-applied liquid organic fertilizers. The system allows for the differentiation of emission levels at various pH levels and is therefore suitable for testing the effectiveness of additives for reducing ammonia emissions from liquid organic fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malaysian government has been challenged with handling unmarketable vegetables and fruit waste that pollutes the environment and emits greenhouse gases, mainly methane and nitrous oxide. These greenhouse gases have been contributing to climate change. In contrast, these wastes consist of high moisture and readily biodegradable nutrients that can serve as the perfect substrate rate for fermentation. The valuable nutrients contained in these wastes can produce liquid organic fertilizers (LOF), which help improve the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological characteristics and reduce the demand for inorganic fertilizers and costs to farmers. In this regard, a study was conducted to produce and characterize LOF derived from unmarketable vegetables and fruit waste. The waste was identified from the nearest wet market, collected, and incubated in containers with a ratio of 1: 2: 0.1 (10 kg unmarketable vegetable and food waste: 20 L water: 1 kg inducer) for 30, 45, and 60 days. The unmarketable vegetables and fruits were fermented using three different types of inducers: yeast (Y), brown sugar (BS), and shrimp paste (SP). Unmarketable vegetables and fruit waste with no inducer were also included as a control. Samples from the produced LOF were taken after 30, 45, and 60 days of fermentation, filtered, and subjected to analysis for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), macro-, and micronutrients. These experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The highest nitrogen (0.95%), phosphorus (0.31%), potassium (1.68%), copper (0.23 ppm), and manganese (9.03 ppm) were obtained from LOF fermented for 60 days using yeast, indicating that it improved the nutrient availability of agricultural waste. Moreover, this treatment provided optimum pH and EC values for the growth and development of plants. Thus, LOF derived from unmarketable vegetable and fruit waste can be considered an attractive alternative for supplementing chemical fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) is one of the essential ways to add extra quantities of minor and major nutrients, plant hormones, stimulants, and other useful ingredients for soil cultivation. Research Method: The experiment was set up using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments and four replicates. The treatments were recommended basal and topdressing (Control T1), 5t/ha poultry manure as basal with foliar spray of 0.5% (T2), 1% (T3), 1.5% (T4) of Vermiwash, 0.5% (T5), 1% (T6), 1.5% of vegetable waste solution (T7). Vermiwash and vegetable waste solution were applied at 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 7th week after planting. Findings: The study showed that leaves per plant and number of branches per plant, plant height, number of flowers per plant, dry weight of leaves, and dry weight of stem and roots were significantly (P<0.05) increased in T2 at the 8th week after planting. The total pick yield achieved in T2 was higher than in tested treatments. Originality/ Value: This study suggests that the application of 5t/ha poultry manure with 0.5% vermiwash (T2) would be preferable for growing green beans in red-yellow podzolic soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, by using the finite element method, the effect of five parameters (density of a liquid mineral fertilizer (ρ), its temperature (T), tank wall thickness (L), spacing of stiffeners (K) and stiffeners height (h)) on the strength of standard polyethylene rotomolded tanks used for storage of liquid mineral fertilizers (LMF) was studied. Using the Taguchi method, it was found that these parameters are ranked according to the degree of their influence (in decreasing order) on: maximum stresses (ρ>L>h>T>K), maximum stresses in the tank walls (ρ>L>K>T>h) and deformations of the tank ( for DX/DY: ρ>L>h>T>K and for DZ: ρ>L>h>K>T). Validation of the FEM strength calculations was carried out, which showed satisfactory convergence of the calculated and experimental values. Generalized equations are derived that describe the effect of all five studied parameters on P, PW and tank deformations (along the X, Y and Z axes). On the basis of the derived equations, a nomogram has been constructed, which makes it possible to choose the optimal wall thickness that will correspond to the LMF density and storage temperature. Applying the optimal wall thickness ensures a guaranteed service life of at least 50 years, minimizing the risk of environmental accidents caused by tank failure and the release of LMF and associated toxic substances into groundwater. This research offers valuable insights for designing safer and more durable storage tanks for liquid mineral fertilizers. As an optimal design of the tank for storing the most common fertilizer UAN-32 (Urea Ammonium Nitrate, 32 % nitrogen), with a density of 1.32 g/cm³ and at storage temperatures up to 40 °C, the following values of structural parameters are recommended: L=10 mm, K=38 mm, and h=4 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotics in animal production are widely used around the world for therapeutic and preventive purposes, and in some countries, they still serve as antibiotic growth stimulants. Regardless of the purpose of using antibiotics in livestock, they may be present in animal tissues and organs as well as in body fluids and excretions (feces and urine). Farm animal excrement in unprocessed form (natural fertilizers) or processed form (organic fertilizers) is applied to agricultural fields because it improves soil fertility. Antibiotics present in fertilizers may therefore contaminate the soil, surface, groundwater, and plants, which may pose a threat to the environment, animals, and humans. Therefore, it is important to develop analytical methods that will allow for the control of the presence of antibacterial substances in natural and organic fertilizers. Therefore, in this study, an LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of 21 antibacterial substances in natural and organic liquid fertilizers. The developed method was used to analyze 62 samples of natural and organic liquid fertilizers, showing that over 24% of the tested samples were contaminated with antibiotics, mainly from the group of tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. Studies of post-fermentation sludge from biogas plants have shown that the processes of anaerobic methane fermentation, pH, and temperature changes taking place in bioreactors do not lead to the complete degradation of antibiotics present in the material used for biogas production. For this reason, monitoring studies of natural and organic fertilizers should be undertaken to limit the introduction of antibiotics into the natural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was conducted in the Courtyard of the Tebing Tinggi Pangkatan Village Post in Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatra Province, from November 2022 to January 2023. The study utilized a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 replications and 1 treatment factor, which was the dosage of liquid organic fertilizer. Based on the results of the 35-day study on the application of Liquid Organic Fertilizer (LOF) to sweet mustard plants (Bransisca Juncea L), it was found that the highest dosage, which was 185 ml, significantly differed from the control group where no LOF was applied. Meanwhile, the growth with dosages of 90 ml, 100 ml, and 150 ml showed significant differences compared to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The domestic liquid bioorganic fertilizer, 'BioEcoGum,' which led to improved germination, also positively affected the growth and yield of cereals. The study sought to determine the influence of the domestic bioorganic fertilizer 'BioEcoGum' on the growth, development, and yield of the 'Porumben' corn (Zea mays L.) in southeast Kazakhstan. Processing of corn seeds with the bioorganic fertilizer 'BioEcoGum' activated and increased seed germination by accelerating biochemical functions, enhancing immunity and stress resistance (10%-20%), and improving foliar feeding for growth, development, and increase of grain yield by 50%-70%. In the Porumben 456 and 461 corn hybrids, the accumulation of root biomass during seed processing and double leaf emergence increased to 5.93 t/ha compared with the control production, recorded at 3.96 t/ha (without 'BioEcoGum'), with a difference of 19.7 kg/ha (50%). Based on the presented results, the bioorganic fertilizer 'BioEcoGum' requires promotion for widespread use in corn cultivation in the southern regions of Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The demand for pak choi plants always increases over time. Hydroponics is one technique for the quick cultivation of pak choi. The advantages of hydroponics are its easy setup anywhere that is healthy and clean, requiring minimal areas and still having optimal production. Usually, hydroponics uses AB mix nutrients from various brands on the market. However, this research used NPK 16:16:16 and NASA liquid organic fertilizer to find alternative nutrients to increase the growth and production of pak choi by formulating an effective combination of nutrients and growing media using the nutrient film technique (NFT) system. The research commenced at a greenhouse of the Universitas Teuku Umar, Aceh, Indonesia. The split-plot design employed had nutrients for the main plot, N1 = AB mix Goodplant, N2 = NPK fertilizer 16:16:16, and N3 = NASA liquid organic fertilizer; and the growing media in the subplots, M1 = husk charcoal, M2 = rockwool, M3 = cocopeat, and M4 = sponge. The studied parameters were the plant's fresh and dry weights and chlorophyll a and b. The result showed that nutrition, growing media, and their interaction significantly affected the fresh and dry weights of the pak choi plants. The best combination of nutrients and growing media was AB mix nutrition and cocopeat (N1M3), which showed remarkable performance in increasing the growth and physiological traits of pak choi plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change, soil erosion, air and water pollution, or problems related to waste management are just some of the many problems in the modern world. Comprehensive solutions are sought to reduce the effects of progressive environmental degradation according to the assumptions of the concept of sustainable development. The paper presents a technological concept that may be a response to these problems. The presented solution assumes full utilization of slaughterhouse waste with the simultaneous recovery of nutrients and the production of functional fertilizing products with designed properties. Four liquid fertilizer formulations with the following composition were prepared: N — 2.30–3.64%, P2O5 — 2.18–9.66%, and K2O — 0.11–4.49%. The manufactured products were characterized by a high sulfur content and the addition of microelements. The tests carried out on plants confirmed their effectiveness similar to commercial mineral fertilizers. An increase in green matter yield of peas by 5 t/ha and maize by 2 t/ha was observed. The lack of microbiological risk associated with their use has been proven. Good efficiency with a simultaneous reduction in production costs resulting from the use of waste materials, as well as limiting the negative impact of poultry farms on the environment, make this solution an attractive alternative to mineral fertilizers, in line with the assumptions of the circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic fertilizer is utilized to improve the organic carbon levels in arable soils, which is helpful for soil quality improvement and crop yield increase. However, the after-effect of organic fertilizer varies among regions with different temperature and precipitation conditions, and the extent of the impact remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the impact of varying temperature and rainfall conditions on the accumulation of soil organic carbon after organic fertilizer application. A meta-analysis of 168 peer-reviewed studies published between 2005 and 2022 involving a total of 464 trials was conducted. The following was discovered: (1) In the major grain-producing areas of China, there was a significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) between latitude and soil organic carbon content. Meanwhile, temperature and precipitation had a significant negative correlation (p < 0.01) with soil organic carbon content. (2) The increase in temperature inhibited the increase in soil organic carbon storage. The improvement effect of organic fertilizer application in the low-temperature areas was significantly increased by 60.93% compared with the mid-temperature areas, and by 69.85% compared with the high-temperature areas. The average annual precipitation affected the after-effect of organic fertilizer as follows: 400–800 mm > 400 mm > more than 800 mm. (3) The influence of climatic conditions on the after-effect of organic fertilizer was more significant depending on the specific tillage practice. To increase organic fertilizer use efficiency and eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, liquid organic fertilizers with abundant trace nutrients and amino acids, which take advantage of releasing nutrients more swiftly and have a better fertilization effect, could be an alternative to traditional organic fertilizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kappaphycus striatus, a member of the Rhodophyta class, is extensively farmed by the coastal residents of Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. The objective of this study was to examine the development and productivity of seaweed by the application of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) using both floating net cages and the longline method. The data analysis was conducted via a factorial full random analysis approach. The findings indicated that the mean values of absolute growth, relative growth, daily growth rate, and production associated with the floating net cage method were 11.91± 0.80g/day, 0.032± 0.002g/g/day, 3.14± 0.17%/day, and 16.19± 1.08gdw/m, respectively. Regarding the longline approach, the values obtained were 9.48± 2.09g/day, 0.027± 0.004g/g/day, 2.65± 0.43%/day, and 12.89± 2.84gdw/m, respectively. The growth and output of seaweed can be influenced indirectly by the quality of water. The statistical analysis revealed a significant difference (P< 0.01) in the effect of seaweed cultivation when comparing the cultivation method with the LOF treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of research on the effect of electrolyte-plasma hardening on tribological and mechanical properties of hollow needles of 12Kh18N10T steel applicators for liquid fertilizer application. For the application of liquid fertilizers for processing and testing, the hollow needles of the applicator are made of 12Kh18N10T steel of cylindrical shape with a diameter of 20 mm. To ensure uniformity of the hardening process, the part was rotated clockwise during the entire procedural cycle. To reveal the influence of the sample rotation speed on the uniform surface hardening, an experiment was conducted for three applicators with rotation speeds of 4, 6, and 8 rev/min. As a result of electrolyte-plasma surface hardening (EPSH), the phase composition of the specimen's surface is characterized by the presence of austenite (γ-Fe) and ferrite (α-Fe). It is revealed that the maximum value of microhardness after EPSH is 2 times higher than the initial value. According to the results of the performed works, the contract on application of tests in field conditions and revealing of perspectivity of needle applicators for liquid fertilizers application was concluded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precise amount of liquid fertilizer and the suitable location for fertilization during the growth of crops will promote crop growth and improve fruits quality. However, existing fertilizer application methods, while improving fertilizer utilization to some extent, can have adverse effects such as soil salinization and weed breeding. To this end, this paper developed a robot platform for root zone fertilization based on stalk identification, used the D435i depth camera and YOLOv5 detection algorithm to identify single seedling stalks and positioning the compound point of the root and stalk, which provides corresponding guidance for the movement of the fertilization robotic arm. At the same time, the fertilization pressurization system quickly delivers the liquid material in the fertilizer tank carried by the robot to the soil near the stalk of crops to achieve the purpose of reducing fertilizer and increasing its effect. The experimental results show that the average identification accuracy of the improved target detection algorithm reaches 99.3%. Under the premise that the distance between the fertilization point and the seedling stalk is specified as 30 mm, the average absolute error between the end of the fertilization needle and the center point of the stalk bottom is 2.15 mm, and the maximum error distance is 3.9 mm. This method can identify the stalk and locate the center point of the stalk bottom for single corn seedlings, and simultaneously complete the liquid fertilizer application at specific locations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vegetation experiment was carried out to determine the efficiency of liquid organic fertilizers application in the initial phases of wheat development. Three types of liquid organic fertilizer with single and double application (in 14 days) were tested -”Extra force”, “Zinovii Corn” and “Zinovii Oil”. All studied fertilizers application have a positive results. Compared to the control treatment, tested organic fertilizers show good results with one application and significantly better results with two applications. “Extra force” and “Zinovii Corn” when applied twice had double effect on yields and height of wheat plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]