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Taking Miyagawa’s (2022. Syntax in the treetops. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) discussion as a point of departure, I examine the properties of the formal politeness markers in Japanese and Korean, namely, -mas/-des and -(su)pni. Besides being markers of formal politeness (or allocutive agreement), these elements are parallel in that they are all limited to Emonds’ (1970. Root and structure-preserving transformations. Ph.D. dissertation, MIT) root contexts and are able to license special interrogative particles, which according to Miyagawa (2022. Syntax in the treetops. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) is a consequence of their head-to-head φ-feature movement. In addition to the systematic similarities, there is an important difference concerning their base-generation in TP-internal and TP-external positions, which I suggest reflects a general pattern of grammaticalization in these languages. In addition to providing support for Miyagawa’s analysis, the discussion in this paper also shows that aspects of the behavior of Japanese and Korean, such as the formal politeness markers -mas/-des and -(su)pni, can generally be better understood when they are analyzed side-by-side rather than in isolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While previous studies on ostensible speech acts mainly concern ostensible invitations, ostensible refusals or ostensible compliments, few have touched upon ostensible criticisms. To fill the knowledge gap, this study collected online data through Baidu search engine to examine criticisables and functions of ostensible criticisms in Chinese contexts, and discusses the underlying sociocultural factors. The findings reveal that (1) the criticisables are "good shortcomings" that can range from addressee's being overworking to absentee's being too showy. (2) such ostensible criticisms can function to express implicit flattery, construct positive image or convey humblebrag; and (3) factors such as conflicting communicative needs, belief in Confucian doctrines of " lǐmào " (politeness) and " héxié " (harmony), and face sensitivities may underlie the performance of ostensible criticisms in Chinese context. • Criticisms can become ostensible in Chinese context. • "Good shortcomings" constitute criticisables of ostensible criticisms. • The performing of ostensible criticisms can fulfill specific functions. • Chinese people's use of ostensible criticisms stems from various factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the emergence of munhwaŏ ("Cultured Language") in relation to the primacy of the leader in the DPRK. The articulation of the linguistic and cultural policies of munhwaŏ was inseparable from the development and formalization of the political leadership. The active translation, reception, and development of the Stalinist and Soviet linguistic tradition by North Korean intellectuals, together with the death of Stalin in 1953, importantly shaped the state's quest for linguistic modernity. By tracing the "rhetorical turn" in North Korean linguistics in the 1960s, the author explores the development of munhwaŏ and its relation to the distinctive development of a charismatic oratory and a linguistic etiquette for the leader. One significant feature of North Korea's quest for linguistic modernity is the way in which it diverges from its Soviet counterpart. By meticulously theorizing the language to be used of and for the leader, or what the author describes as the linguistic ritualization of charisma, North Korea offered an original contribution to the field of charismatic rhetoric. A comprehensive manual describing this rhetoric was developed, serving as a guide to the "sacred text" of the leader and describing how to articulate and express the presence of the leader in the public sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research hypothesises that speech acts can serve as a fundamental device of (im)politeness, potentially outweighing the significant contribution of honorifics, including speech levels. Specifically, it argues that agreeing with interlocutors and paying them compliments are closely related to the realisation and perception of politeness in Korean speech. Although the literature notes the deep engagement of speech acts in Korean (im)politeness, scholars have primarily focused on ‘polite refusal’ or ‘polite request’ as speech acts that explicitly threaten the hearer’s ‘face’ (Brown and Levinson 1978, 1987). However, other speech acts, such as agreement, disagreement, complimenting and criticism, can also significantly affectﾠthe perception of (im)politeness across the spectrum of linguistic behaviours. Through a survey asking native Korean speakers to assess the degree of (im)politeness perceived from different utterances, the current study explores how several factors, including addressee, modality, speech level and speech acts, are complicatedly but distinctly involved in Korean speakers’ perceptions of (im)politeness. While the results confirm the impact of honorifics and ‘negative face’ on the speakers’ assessment of (im)politeness, they also indicate that positive politeness together with negative politeness needs to be more actively included in the discussion regarding how (im)politeness is perceived in actual speech practices. This comprehensive approach aims to capture the full spectrum of linguistic behaviours observed in actual speech practices, contributing to a more nuanced understanding of (im)politeness in Korean speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how the linguistic politeness of fact-checking messages affects audiences' belief accuracy and message acceptance by shaping their perceived face threat and psychological reactance. In 2 experiments with national convenience samples of South Korean adults, we manipulated linguistic politeness by using either honorific or non-honorific sentence endings—a well-established marker of linguistic politeness in Korean—in fact-checking news articles correcting misinformation about COVID-19 (Study 1) and refugees (Study 2). Study 1 (N = 240) found that fact-checking articles using honorific sentence endings were perceived as less face-threatening than those presenting identical content with non-honorific endings, which in turn increased belief accuracy and the perceived persuasiveness of the articles. Study 2 (N = 296) replicated the findings of Study 1 and extended them by demonstrating: (1) the effect of using honorific (vs. non-honorific) sentence endings on recipients' perceived face threat was not moderated by their conspiratorial predisposition or need for cognition; (2) the effects of perceived face threat were mediated by psychological reactance; and (3) the sequential mediation also produced attitudinal effects. The findings are discussed in light of their theoretical and practical implications for designing effective fact-checking messages to combat misinformation in non-Western languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study elucidates how speakers of different cultures, namely, Saudi Arabia and United States employ the speech act of requesting, drawing upon various politeness features. It conducted a qualitative analysis to offer explanations for different strategies of requests used by both groups and how they employ politeness features. The present study also conducted small statistics (frequencies and percentages) to explore the most and least common strategies that were used by participants in this study. The sample of this study included 20 Saudis and 20 Americans who were students at Southern Illinois University. The findings revealed that while Saudi participants used more direct strategies than their American counterparts, these direct strategies were characterized as positive politeness. That is, Saudi participants relied on directness feature to minimize the social distance with the addressee. However, American students were more formal than their Saudi counterparts, suggesting that they were less direct when they made requests. But this type of directness is negative as it doesn’t aim at removing social borders between interlocutors. This study indicates that Saudis tend to be more informal (and hence less indirect) than Americans when they make requests. The present study demonstrates that culture is a key social factor to determine how this speech act is employed by speakers of different cultures. It can thus be argued that directness has social implications as it plays an important role in eliminating social borders and minimizing social distance between the interlocutors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examined 150 emails sent by Saudi female English as a foreign language (EFL) undergraduate students to their instructor. Greetings (opening moves) and farewells (closing moves) were investigated, exploring how social and interactional factors affected the politeness strategies and language formality employed. The study analyzed the types of opening and closing moves and the students’ ability to use formal forms, considering the formality of the context and their awareness of social distance. Most of the emails did not include opening and closing moves, suggesting a low awareness of politeness strategies. Opening moves were used more frequently than closing moves and when greetings were used in the opening moves, formal greetings were more frequent than less formal ones. Moreover, the use of greetings was affected by the students’ first language. The paper concludes with recommendations to enhance EFL students’ knowledge of politeness strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The authors develop a contrast between grounded and ungrounded language ideologies, defining grounded ideologies as those which are anchored empirically and ungrounded ideologies as those which are not. This framework guides a description of the history of translanguaging theory from early translanguaging theory, grounded in empirical research on codeswitching and other scholarship on bilingualism, to late translanguaging theory, which changed under the influence of a postmodernist approach to language policy known as deconstructivism. The authors further discuss charges of "abyssal thinking" attributed to those who do not accept deconstructivism. Approach: The approach is argumentative. Data and Analysis: The authors draw on a wide range of previously published empirical work to support their conclusions. Conclusions: The authors conclude that late translanguaging theory is at odds with empirical research and holds negative consequences for pluralist language ideologies and civil rights advocacy. Originality: The article makes original contributions to language ideology, the history of translanguaging theory, and the relationship between language theory and language ideology. Significance: The article makes a significant critical contribution to the literature on multilingual language theory by drawing attention to significant limitations of translanguaging theory as a resource for language ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The late early modern period witnessed critical consumer transitions across Europe. Yet, while the explosion of the material world and the transition from an 'old luxury' material culture to a 'new luxury' model is well documented, our understanding of the underlying value systems of consumer goods is still under‐developed. Building on a database of eighteenth‐century advertisements for household auctions in the London‐based Daily Advertiser, this article maps the value systems that characterized elite secondary markets in London. We find the language of consumption growing in complexity and sophistication as the eighteenth century progressed, but historiographically, key concepts such as fashion and modernity played minor and sometimes unexpected roles. While silverware is traditionally perceived as a store of wealth and marker of status, and hence a textbook 'old luxury', in the auction advertisements it is often praised for its design value. Chinaware, often attributed a central role in forging an affordable yet fashion‐sensitive 'new luxury model', is paradoxically valued for its age and patina. In fact, the boundaries between 'new' and 'old' luxuries were never clear‐cut. The intrinsic value of material culture continued to matter, and the language of consumption continued to reproduce social inequalities, much as it did in previous centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electronic correspondence at a university in an asymmetric relation between student – academic teacher, academic teacher – student very often contains various kinds of requests or inquiries, which are directed by students to academic teachers. Compared to students, lecturers are less likely to make requests to students, but the commands and instructions they give tend to take a polite form, based on the word please suggesting an act of request. The aim of this article is to analyze the polite expressions used by students and academic teachers in e-mails addressed to each other containing requests. The research corpus includes 393 examples of student e-mails to faculty and 405 examples of faculty e-mails to students. The examples come from 224 works by third-year full-time and fourth-year part-time students of various technical faculties of the Kielce University of Technology. The authors of the works analyzed in the text were a total of 400 students (152 women and 248 men). The linguistic material was collected in 2016/2017 and 2017/2018.

In this paper, we revisit the popular assumption that politeness in languages such as Japanese and Korean with a complex honorific system is crucially different from politeness in languages with no comparably rich honorific repertoires, such as Chinese. We propose a bottom–up, contrastive and corpus-based model through which we challenge this binary view. This model combines interaction ritual and speech acts. As a case study, we compare a set of expressions representing lexico-grammatical honorifics in Japanese and Chinese, i.e., in a so-called "honorific-rich" and a "non-honorific-rich" language. Our results show that the group of honorifics studied work in an essentially comparable fashion, hence disproving the above-outlined binary view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jieun Kiaer's book, "Pragmatic Particles: Findings from Asian Languages," explores the interpretation and meaning of pragmatic particles in Asian languages. The book provides insights into the development of a formal framework for investigating pragmatic particles, using examples from various Asian languages. It discusses the cultural and interactional meanings of particles, as well as their functions and categories. The book also highlights the importance of socio-pragmatic sensitivity in Asian language interaction and the challenges faced by Asian language learners in synchronizing non-verbal expressions with verbal messages. Overall, the book offers a comprehensive overview of pragmatic particles in Asian languages and calls for further research in the field. [Extracted from the article]

This study investigated WhatsApp messages exchanged between two generations of Iranian students and their respective lecturers in light of politeness, age, and the speech act of request. We utilised two sets of data: messages sent by current young students to two young lecturers, and those sent by former middle-aged students to two senior lecturers. Altogether, 100 WhatsApp messages were analysed (50 from each data set) focusing on salutations, body, and closing parts. The findings revealed that politeness is expressed differently across the two age groups: the younger students' messages featured short and informal expressions and frequent use of emojis while the older group utilised elaborate messages to express politeness through the frequent use of honorifics and other politeness markers. Moreover, the younger group used WhatsApp messages towards their academic goals, such as requesting the postponement of an exam, whereas the older group messages aimed at re-establishing solidarity with their lecturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to study the concept of "politeness" from the point of view of its linguistic and cultural nature is caused by the desire to study the national identity of speech etiquette in different cultural spaces and conditions. The aim of the work was to form an idea about the specifics of the implementation and understanding of the concept of "politeness" in the Uzbek information field. In this study, the following methods were used: contextual, conceptual, communicative, linguocultural, analytical-synthetic, and comparative. This study is focused on the study of key lexical meanings (stylistically neutral and marked, basic and additional) that are within the functional-semantic field of the concept "politeness." With the help of contextual study of different variants of the use of the lexeme, the meanings were distributed in the conceptual structure (core, near and far periphery). Also, the key etiquette formulas representing the originality and national-specific features of the Uzbek linguocultural tradition were considered. The importance of politeness in the information space of Uzbekistan is assessed, including with the help of both positive and negative associations, that is, from an axiological point of view. Speech etiquette and linguistic formulas were considered from the point of view of the influence of social, cultural, and political values of the Uzbek people. In the process of analyzing the lexical layer, the boundaries of the functional-semantic field of the concept "politeness" were determined: from the principles of communication and a set of rules of etiquette to the strategy of obtaining benefits from communication and insincere attitude. In the future, this work can be used for comparative analysis of the conceptual structure of politeness with models presented in other close and distant languages, comparison of speech etiquette and linguistic formulas in different national cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractComputer-supported collaborative argumentation is an online activity that can engage students in deep discussion and analysis of complex problems. Given the potentially confrontational nature of argumentation, using polite language becomes a strategic approach to prevent breakdowns in group communication and nurture productive dialogues. This study aims to understand how politeness and argumentation moves influence subsequent conversation dynamics in online debates. Student postings in threaded discussions (from 20 online debates containing 2,008 messages posted by students across five semesters of a graduate-level course on distance education) were coded and scored on politeness and impoliteness using natural language processing software. The scored postings were examined to determine how impoliteness and politeness impact students’ proclivity to engage in and produce more sustained argumentative exchanges to evaluate presented claims thoroughly. The findings show that impoliteness steadily increased by up to 84% as contentious discussion threads reached 7 levels deep, and impoliteness was significantly higher in frequency in postings presenting challenges. Correspondingly, the use of politeness increased steadily by up to 139% as discussion threads reached 6 levels deep, with the frequency of politeness nearly equal across postings presenting challenges, explanations, and evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the viewpoint of information transaction models in linguistic pragmatics, expressions of linguistic politeness (LP) induce costs upon speakers. That speakers regularly “pay" such cost is what formal models of LP typically explain either by individual-level strategic considerations (e.g., the speaker’s aim of avoiding a face-threat to the hearer) or community-level conventional considerations (e.g., the use of LP as a relation-acknowledging device). Because these explanations are compatible, as each relates to the speaker and hearer’s social relation, we combine them into a single game-theoretical model enriched by three types of social network structures (ring-shaped, star-shaped, and complete). Using simulation studies of (single and repeated) speech acts of requesting, we let the degree of LP be determined by (i) the degree of social imposition associated with a request, (ii) the number of interlocutors’ past interactions, and (iii) the relative importance of strategic and conventional considerations. The greatest average optimal degree of LP is obtained in the star-shaped network, which intuitively corresponds to a power-centered, hierarchical society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has shown that sign languages share socio-cultural norms, such as 'politeness,' with spoken/written languages. For example, in Japanese Sign Language (JSL), a head nod and bending the upper body are exclusively observed in polite signing contexts, demonstrating that JSL shares politeness norms with Japanese (Yoon and Kim 2022). Similar to Japanese, Korean has a well-defined honorification to convey politeness (e.g., Brown et al. 2014), and we therefore assume that Korean Sign Language (KSL) may also have systematic strategies to mark politeness. We recruited a native KSL signer and sign language interpreter to compare nonmanual features between two different hierarchical orders (a superior versus a peer/subordinate), and across different contexts (apology vs. compliment). Our findings reveal that, similar to JSL, KSL shows nonmanual characteristics, such as squinted eyes, head nods, narrowed shoulders, and upper body bending, in polite settings. We interpret upper body bending as a feature that likely reflects language contact with spoken/written Korean, embodying Korean politeness culture. Moreover, our results suggest that a smaller signing space may not always indicate more politeness. Unlike previous findings, our study shows that a larger signing space is employed to mark more politeness in emphasizing lexical signs. Our study primarily attempts to investigate systematic relationships between nonmanual features, contexts, hierarchical orders, and politeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Review article of Words at War: The Contested Language of the English Civil War, edited by Andrew Hadfield and Paul Hammond, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2024, xi + 342 pp., £90 (hardback), ISBN 9780197267622. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is a review of the book "Historical Pragmatics of Spanish: Forms of Address, Speech Acts, and Dialogue Construction". The book compiles contributions from specialists in historical pragmatics and is divided into four parts: "Linguistic Change and Philosophy of Linguistics", "Pragmatics of Addressing", "Speech Acts and Politeness", and "The Literary Construction of Conversational Dialogue". The book offers a methodological approach and analyzes forms of address in the American context, including the history of the pronoun "usted" in Central America and forms of address in 19th and 20th-century Ecuadorian novels. It also studies verbal politeness in medieval Spanish texts, communicative routines of gratitude in classical Spanish, and requests for politeness in the courtly society of the Golden Age. The last chapter focuses on the phenomena of conversational language in the 16th century through the comparison of Spanish translations of theatrical works from different eras. [Extracted from the article]

Online hate speech has significantly increased, particularly on social media, as a result of the internet's democratization of communication. This is an excellent illustration of how technology has both benefits and drawbacks. The investigation seeks to discover abusive comments on Indonesian social media. The goal of this study is to use a forensic linguistics approach to look at abusive comments on Indonesian social media (Instagram) that could lead to legal offenses. This study employs descriptive qualitative research methods. The study used the speech act theory of Austin (1962) and Searle (1969). The utterances are examined and evaluated within the context of Indonesian legal regulations. The data was obtained from @lambe_turah account (2022). The analysis's findings show that hate speech expresses negative attitudes. This can be seen in acts of insults (expressive speech). Based on the research's findings, it can be concluded that abusive comments are implicit in nature and contain implied meanings. Furthermore, there was a criminal act committed in the comments shared on Indonesian social media platforms, which involved the intentional expression of animosity towards a specific individual or group. This statement has the potential to spark communal anger and frustration because it is presented publicly and can be viewed by a large number of people. The exhaustive analysis contributes to a deeper comprehension of the potential legal implications of hate speech on social media. Additionally, the significance of courteous language is emphasized through adherence to established norms and laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AI-based simulations for educational and assessment purposes are gaining global recognition. Informed by cultural comparison research, this study investigates cross-country variations in users' utilization and perceptions of a simulation-based assessment. Specifically, we conducted a comparative analysis between a sample of South African and Canadian students to uncover potential differences in assessment scores, communication patterns, and reactions vis-a-vis a simulation assessment for evaluating teamwork skills. Data were collected from over 500 undergraduate students in South Africa and Canada who completed a simulation assessment and reported their reactions and perceptions. The findings yielded several noteworthy observations. First, South African students attained higher assessment scores than Canadian students; although, the difference did not quite reach statistical significance at p < 0.05. Second, significant variations were observed in the quantity and style of communication. South African students used fewer words and more polite language, while Canadian students tended to use more decisive language and provided more explanations and help to their virtual teammates. Third, South African students were more likely to perceive their virtual teammates as "human" and were less concerned whether they were real people or virtual. Lastly, compared with their Canadian counterparts, South African students reported more positive reactions and perceived the assessment to be more accurate. These findings warrant further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the forms and functions of adjectival intensification in West Germanic. With corpus data from different discourse types, we challenge claims that German tends to use synthetic means and Dutch is between German and English but more like English in its preference for analytic ones. Our results show that all three languages, and Afrikaans too, favor analytic intensifiers but also that only English employs synthetic ones to a lesser extent. The other languages are found to use synthetic forms more especially in literature. The study also offers corpus-based support for an earlier hypothesis that both English and German prefer amplifying to downtoning adjectives. We show that this tendency exists more pronouncedly in Afrikaans and Dutch too and that English speech stands out with more functionally ambiguous intensifiers. The article also explores possible explanations for its findings in (dis)similarities in word formation, discourse types' linguistic potential and politeness [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the linguistic indexes of power dynamics through the lens of linguistic politeness and impoliteness in Arab media discourse. This objective was achieved through examining Abu Shawkat's utterances systematically utilizing well-established politeness theories, impoliteness paradigms, plus cooperation principles. The examination delves into Abu Shawkat's patriarchal authority and its impact on their discursiveness from the viewpoint of complex societal interplays involving power relations, social distance assessments and imposition. Characters skillfully employ varied strategies of both politeness and impoliteness techniques alongside slight offensiveness methods for effectively navigating these subtly shifting landscapes to ultimately achieve various social objectives. The study emphasizes the need for comprehending politeness theories when navigating complex dramatic dialogues. Face-threatening acts and politeness strategies determine the relative power dynamics in the conversation between dramatic characters. In addition to that, this analysis shows how impoliteness can create complex authority hierarchies whilst simultaneously claiming autonomy within a narrative structure. This study in conclusion amplifies our understanding of the linguistic interplay weaved within dramatic discourse, primarily if it is tied deeply with Arab cultural nuances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The appropriate employment of language by politicians can settle many of the current global problems and crises. Iran's nuclear deal with all its complexities and subtleties is one of the most contentious global issues that demands a lot of tact and prudence on the part of the politicians to be resolved. Politicians could draw upon different politeness strategies to employ appropriate speech, save the face of others, gain their trust, and resolve problems. Considering the significance of this issue, this corpus based descriptive research investigated the politeness strategies employed in the editorials of Iranian and American newspapers. Fifty news articles from the Tehran Times and New York Times published from May 2019 to June 2022 were investigated according to Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness strategies. These news articles were relevant to Iran's nuclear deal. The findings indicated that the most frequent politeness strategy in the Tehran Times news was the positive politeness strategy and the most frequent politeness strategy in the New York Times news was the negative politeness strategy. Finally, the results of the chi-square test revealed that there is a significant difference in the frequency of politeness strategies use in both newspaper articles. The findings highlight the sociocultural dependency of the politeness concept and imply that cultural differences affect preference for the choice of types of politeness strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research will focus on the use of Dayak Ngaju communication related to the form of family greetings that can be seen from the completeness of its elements. Dayak Ngaju communication forms of family greetings are divided into three parts namely: complete greeting forms, incomplete greeting forms, and a combination of complete greeting forms and incomplete greeting forms. Based on the meaning and meaning of language communication, the form of family greetings includes the form of self-names, kinship terms, national titles, adjective transpositions, and beatings. The most influential factors of communication in the form of family greetings are: first, the seniority factor in terms of age, seniority is commonly known globally. The senior will hold the most influential string of honor. However, seniority in this tribe is related to the age of the oldest from the older people. So the oldest age position will hold the highest rope and receive the highest familial honor. As a reflection it is appropriate to be a leader in the family ties within the internal environment of their family, second is the level of rank in the family such as birth order. Based on this birth order, generally, families in this tribe will give honorary titles based on birth order. If the first sibling or first brother is not present then the authority to manage the family will be delegated to the sibling born in the second order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the concern about the decrease in the use of language politeness among young people both in everyday communication and sacred Hindu rituals such as in a pediksaan ritual, in which not only the place is made sacred but also things related to the inauguration of a sulinggih (high priest) that is, performed in a Geria, home of a brahmana, who is still holding high the high cultural norms. This study analyzed the type of directive speech act politeness, the forms of language politeness, and the application of directive speech act politeness in the pediksaan ritual. The stages of a descriptive qualitative method were employed to achieve those objectives. The population of the study was the people involved in the activity of a pediksaan ritual. Since this event is rare, the population was directly used as the study's sample. The data were collected by observing the pediksaan ritual using a recording technique. The data collected were analyzed with a qualitative descriptive method. The study shows that the types of directive speech act politeness in this study are differentiated into linguistic politeness and pragmatic politeness; the forms of directive speech act politeness consist of (a) agreement maxim of suggesting; (b) sympathizing maxim of order and the politeness principles that consist of (a) the politeness principle that applies tact maxim; (b) the politeness principle that applies approbation maxim; and (c) the politeness maxim that applies sympathy maxim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study described students’ language impoliteness during the Indonesian language learning process taking place at elementary school in the Kediri Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. This study used a qualitative approach to the type of qualitative descriptive research. The research participant of this study were elementary school educators and students in Kediri, East Java, Indonesia, who have a rough and smooth Javanese language culture when communicating with teachers during the learning process in class. The results of the study showed that all politeness maxims were violated in the learning process. Language politeness must continue to be implemented in elementary schools because it is still being discovered violation of the maxim of wisdom is shown when students give long-winded statements to educators. Violation of the maxim of generosity is shown when students give emotional statements to educators. Violation of the maxim of praise is shown when students express criticism at will, to both educators and friends. Violation of the maxim of politeness is shown when students make statements that demean the speech partner. Violation of the maxim of agreement can be seen when students are giving very harsh statements and ignoring the rules of the speech partners. The violation of the maxim of sympathy is shown when students do not have sympathy for the speech partner who is having difficulty. Language politeness is very important for the world of education as an effort to familiarize students as the nation’s next generation with polite language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have demonstrated that dialogue‐based intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) can be effective in assisting students in learning. However, little research has attempted to explore the necessity of equipping dialogue‐based ITS with one of the most important capabilities of human tutors, that is, maintaining polite interactions with students, which is essential to provide students with a pleasant learning experience. In this study, we examined the role of politeness by analysing a large‐scale real‐world dataset consisting of over 14K online human–human tutorial dialogues. Specifically, we employed linguistic theories of politeness to characterise the politeness levels of tutor–student‐generated utterances, investigated the correlation between the politeness levels of tutors' utterances and students' problem‐solving performance and quantified the power of politeness in predicting students' problem‐solving performance by applying Gradient Tree Boosting. The study results showed that: (i) in the effective tutorial sessions (ie, sessions in which students successfully solved problems), tutors tended to be very polite at the start of a tutorial session and become more direct to guide students as the session progressed; (ii) students with better performance in solving problems tended to be more polite at the beginning and the end of a tutorial session than their counterparts who failed to solve problems; (iii) the correlation between tutors' polite expressions and students' performance was not evident in non‐instructional communication; and (iv) politeness alone cannot adequately reveal students' problem‐solving performance, and thus other factors (eg, sentiment contained in utterances) should also be taken into account. Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic Human–human tutoring is acknowledged as an effective instructional method.Polite expression can help strengthen the relationship between tutors and students.Polite expression can promote students' learning achievements in many educational contexts.What this paper adds By considering the students' prior progress on a problem‐based learning task, we demonstrated the extent to which tutors and students display politeness in tutoring dialogues.Tutors' polite expressions might not correlate with students' problem‐solving performance in online human–human tutoring dialogues.Politeness alone was insufficient to predict the students' performance.Implications for practice Tutors might consider using words with positive sentiment values to express politeness to students with prior progress, which might encourage those students to make a further effort.The polite strategy of expressing indirect requests could help tutors mitigate the sense of directness, but this strategy should be carefully used in delivering instructional hints, especially for students without prior progress.To better assist students without prior progress, tutors might consider using more direct expression to explicitly guide students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Interaction with artificial social agents is often designed based on models of human interaction and dialogue. While this is certainly useful for basic interaction mechanisms, it has been argued that social communication strategies and social language use, a "particularly human" ability, may not be appropriate and transferable to interaction with artificial conversational agents. In this paper, we present qualitative research exploring whether users expect artificial agents to use politeness -- a fundamental mechanism of social communication -- in language-based human-robot interaction. Based on semi-structured interviews, we found that humans mostly ascribe a functional, rule-based use of polite language to humanoid robots and do not expect them to apply socially motivated politeness strategies that they expect in human interaction. This study 1) provides insights for interaction design for social robots' politeness use from a user perspective, and 2) contributes to politeness research based on the analysis of our participants' perspectives on politeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the way people communicate and convey information, particularly in public spaces. This paper investigates the use of language and signs in COVID-19-related directives in Japan from a pragmatic perspective. Using data collected through a linguistic landscape survey, the study qualitatively examines the use of politeness in linguistic formulation and the semiotic use of space through the combination of signs and objects. The analyses reveal the differences in politeness strategies used in top-down signs compared to bottom-up signs. Top-down signs, such as those produced by the government or large organizations, tend to use an invitation form and incomplete sentences, whereas bottom-up signs, created by individuals or small shops, often use more formal language and formulaic request expressions. The study highlights the role of addressers of bottom-up signs as "handlers" who play an active role in pragmatically utilizing space through the arrangement of semiotic signs. The study argues that a detailed linguistic and semiotic analysis is crucial in comprehending how meaning is co-constructed in the linguistic and semiotic landscape. This is particularly relevant in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, where clear and effective communication is of utmost importance in order to maintain public health and safety. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into the use of language and signs in public spaces, and have implications for the development of effective communicative strategies in the context of the pandemic and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Germanistische Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper aims to demonstrate the differences in the values of linguistic politeness strategies in the Bugis language inherited by King Bone, Arumpone (abbreviated as AP), and King Wajo, Batara Wajo (abbreviated as BW), respectively through the Latoa Lontara manuscript (Bone) and the Sukku'na Wajo Lontara manuscript. This is very interesting because theoretically (Brown & Levinson, 1978), the dialogue in the two Lontara manuscripts was asymmetrical or hierarchical (the dialogue between the king and the subordinates), so superiors may use the cukuk speech to subordinates. However, this study found that BW used the cukuk speech, while AP did not. The difference in the choice of politeness strategy was that AP chose the type of distance politeness or self-politeness, while BW chose camaraderie politeness. As for subordinates, they should use congaa speech to their superiors in asymmetrical speech situations. However, the facts show that the subordinates of both kings never use the congaa speech to their respective superiors. In this case, Kajaolallido (abbreviated as KL), the AP's subordinate used the sanraa speech as used by AP to him, and even used the cukuk speech to AP when was asked to give moral advice. Meanwhile, BW's subordinates always used the cukuk language to BW. The most important finding here is that the power of the moral advice variable becam [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peculiarities of speech etiquette in each language are determined by historical, cultural, social, cognitive, and religious factors. The study of greeting and farewell speech formulas in Turkish and Arabic is relevant for identifying key linguacultural meanings and concepts using conceptual modeling. The purpose is to analyze the linguistic and cultural conditioning of etiquette formulas in these languages. Linguacultural analysis of linguistic facts was used, along with elements of conceptual, communicative, comparative, and semantic analysis. The results show that the conceptual structure of etiquette formulas consists of functional-semantic fields like temporality, religiosity, marking conversation beginnings/endings. In Turkish, temporal concepts like "day" and "morning" are most frequent, while in Arabic religious concepts like "Allah" and "peace" prevail. Similarities include polite treatment of interlocutors, adherence to religious traditions, and hospitality. Differences lie in the degree of metaphoricality, imagery, and extended responses. The conclusions form ideas about the interrelations between core and peripheral linguacultural concepts, linguistic diversity, and invariance of etiquette formulas, their cognitive representation and role in shaping linguistic personality. The study contributes to understanding national mentality through the analysis of speech formulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores expressive illocutionary acts in responses to hotel guests' reviews posted on Tripadvisor by comparing their occurrences and realizations in 320 managerial responses in English from English and Serbian hotels, with manifestations of linguistic politeness a focus of analysis. Drawing largely on Leech's (2014) framework, the study attempts to determine whether the acts which tend to come in the form of formulaic, routinized expressions occurring in the responses given by hotels located in different cultural settings exhibit some differences as a reflection of culturespecific politeness values. The analysis has revealed considerable similarity between the two data sets in the lexicogrammatical realization of expressives and the use of resources for politeness. However, some noteworthy points of dissimilarity have emerged which correlate closely with the differences in cultural value preferences of the two countries in Hofstede et al.'s (2010) dimensions of power distance and individualism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contrary to the abundance of research on politeness in many languages, little research has been done on impoliteness, for, unlike politeness, impoliteness is essentially unmarked and, hence, defies direct observation. This study, which is informed by the work of Culpeper (1996, 2005, 2011), Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987), and Holmes (1995, 2008, 2013), attempts to examine impoliteness from a gender perspective. The data were collected from an equally divided sample of 100 male and female adults (age 20-79 years) from different regions of Jordan by means of a 31-item checklist of potentially impolite behaviors. The findings revealed an effect for gender as, despite evident similarities, male and female respondents manifest differences in their perceptions of what constitutes (im)polite behavior. The study concludes with recommendations for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Politeness is essential in communicating because it can show communication ethics. Politeness can be influenced by social, cultural, economic, and natural conditions. This study will review the form of politeness in the Indonesian language of elementary school students with fisherman family backgrounds when communicating with teachers and friends in class. The method used in this study is the phenomenological method. The study subjects were elementary school students and class teachers on the south coast of Java Island, Cilacap Regency. The results of this study show the form of politeness and incivility in the Indonesian language of students from fisherman family backgrounds with teachers during the teaching and learning process in class. There are influences of the family environment and socio-culture of the local community, which tend to be rude and straightforward, causing the form of communication to be more likely to ignore good and correct language standards, especially regarding language politeness. This study implies that family, social, and school factors play an essential role in language politeness practices for elementary school students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explicit teaching of pragmatics to second language learners has been studied by a large number of researchers. However, the review of the related studies shows that while some researchers believe in the effectiveness of explicit instruction of pragmatics, others believe that explicit instruction is not effective and it does not contribute to the language learners' pragmatics awareness. The main goal of this study was to investigate the outcomes of teaching pragmatics-focusing on the concept of politeness through the speech act of request - by explicit intervention. The participants were Iranian intermediate 36 EFL students who were selected through convenience sampling. A quasi-experimental research method was used, and the participants were divided into two groups. The experimental group benefited from overt metapragmatic discussions and explanations, role plays and other pragmatically-oriented tasks. Different instruments were used: a written discourse completion test (DCT), a general English proficiency test to homogenize the participants, a pre-test of participant's initial pragmatic awareness and ability in politeness, and a post-test of pragmatic awareness and ability in the production of politeness features following the periods of instruction. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test). The results of data analyses revealed that students' speech act comprehension and production improved significantly in the explicit instruction group, but no change was made in students' speech act comprehension and production of the students who received no instruction. It is concluded that pragmatic competence can be taught to EFL learners explicitly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects the culture of communication as effective communication skills in professional activities in the contemporary world. The aim of the article is to study the role of language clichés in professional communication, to determine the role of professional communication in the educational process and to present the structure of business communications and ways to increase their efficiency. The article provides the results of a study on speech interaction in the professional sphere. The authors of the article describe such phenomena inherent in the communication of employees of the penitentiary system, as compliance with the rules of official communication, the rules of language etiquette of teachers, methods of evaluative expressions. Particular attention in the characterization of evaluative expressions is paid to the ways of expressing criticism and praise in professional communication. The article considers language aggression as an unacceptable form of communication. The author identifies ways to combat language aggression. Such aspects of language communication as observance of norms of official communication, rules of language etiquette, and methods of evaluative expressions play an important role in professional activity. Language etiquette is a verbal formula for expressing polite attitudes to people in society. Therefore, learning to follow it is an extremely important task in today's world for the effectiveness of dialogue and business understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the Late Modern English period also encompasses the Romantic literary movement (c. 1798-1837), which promoted the focus on the "real language of men", as noted by Wordsworth in the Preface to Lyrical Ballads ([32]), this development may therefore also provide more insight into the spoken language of the middling sort and the labouring poor. The current special issue "Speech representation in Late Modern English text types" tackles this challenge for selected text types in the Late Modern English period, which is here considered to cover the period I c i . 1700-1900. Finally, Peter Grund's article, 'Disgusting, obscene, and aggravating language: Speech descriptors and the sociopragmatic evaluation of speech in the I Old Bailey Corpus i ', investigates the representation of spoken language through speech descriptors that bring together speech representation and evaluation. South-western speech is also the focus of Anne-Christine Gardner's article, which is entitled 'Speech reflections in Late Modern English pauper letters from Dorset'. [Extracted from the article]