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Kendi’s answer to the question of ‘How to be an Antiracist” is simple and succinct: to become an antiracist you must be an activist, advocating antiracist policies that engender racial equity and reduce comparable racial inequity. But the real solutions are more complex than that. He claims that the only way to undo racism is to consistently identify and describe it and then dismantle it, yet he abandons their descriptions for historically inaccurate narratives, and poorly supported autobiographical vignettes, and offers no way to identify racism, racialization, or how they manifest. The taxonomy he offers is disconnected from prevailing theories. It equates ‘anti-White racism’ and ‘Black racism’ to anti-Black racism and white supremacist violence, apprising equal validity to the terms for racial analysis. Racialized ‘whiteness’ is left unquestioned and omitted, and functionally maintains ‘race,’ ‘racisms’ and ‘antiracism,’ racialization, and their mystification.

Humans and other vocal-learning species engage in solo vocalizations. Such vocalizations in the human literature are referred to as private speech and have been hypothesized to play a role in vocal repertoire development both in humans and nonhumans, alike. The current study used corpus linguistics techniques to quantitatively and qualitatively compare the private speech of a two-year-old child and an enculturated, home-reared African Grey parrot to identify similarities and differences in the composition and function of their private speech. Both speakers exhibited previously documented human private speech functions, including sound- and word-play and repetitive practice of new words. The composition of the utterances, however, was different between the two speakers. The child’s private speech contained a larger vocabulary, more frequent use of function words (i.e., prepositions, articles, pronouns, conjunctions) to string together ideas, and the use of multiple verb tenses. The cross-species finding that a home-reared parrot’s private speech is similar in function—including evidence of play and possible intrinsically-motivated practice—to that of a language-learning child offers unique insights into the evolution of human language.

Teacher-parent communication is one of the domains in teacher education where the gap between theory and practice is evident. Although teacher-education programmes are responsible for developing preservice teachers' (PSTs') effective parent-teacher communication skills, such interactions are rarely practiced during the training. Simulation-Based Learning (SBL) is one of the ways to connect theory to practice. The current study analysed a PST's language behaviour during an SBL lesson involving a parent-teacher interaction, to consider whether and in what way the SBL experience helped bridge the gap between PSTs' theoretical and practical knowledge. A qualitative methodology was selected using a case-study approach. The PST whose language behaviour was examined was a 33-year-old woman retraining to become a kindergarten teacher. The data were collected via a workshop transcript, an interview, and a written reflection and were analysed using linguistic and content analyses. The findings demonstrate the role of SBL in advancing the crucial aspect of effective teacher-education programmes, namely, addressing the connection between theory and practice. The study's theoretical contribution lies in underscoring the way in which simulation contributes to bridging the gap between PSTs' theoretical and practical knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Despite the importance of linguistic analysis, no systematic research has been explored in the form of linguistic analysis on personal statements for military orthopedic surgery residency programs. This study was conducted to analyze U.S. Navy (USN) orthopedic surgery applicants' personal statements using an automated textual analysis program to assess personal statements for linguistic styles. Methods A retrospective analysis of USN orthopedic applicant personal statements from application years 2016 to 2019 was performed utilizing the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) software. LIWC analyzed the text for summary variables: analytical thinking, clout, authenticity, and emotional tone. We compared this analysis with Step 1 and Step 2 scores and determined whether an applicant matched. Results A total of 94 personal statements (60,230 words) were analyzed using LIWC. The average word count was 640.7, with an average of 23 words per sentence. The average-matched applicant USMLE Step 1 and Step 2 scores were 240 and 250, respectively. When examining summary traits utilizing multiple logistic regression analysis, only analytical thinking demonstrated a statistically significant difference in matched versus unmatched applicants with a P  = .011 (OR = 1.10). Conclusion As the USMLE Step 1 exam transitions from a scoring system to Pass/Fail grading, programs will look at other characteristics to determine who would likely succeed in residency. From a linguistic analysis standpoint, matched applicants' personal statements demonstrated higher analytical thinking, clout, affiliation, power, and risk focus than unmatched applicants. Unmatched applicants demonstrated higher authenticity than matched applicants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents' language use is an important context for early socialization. We examined the relationship between parents' self‐reported mindfulness and observed language use in two forms of attachment‐relevant communication. Sixty‐three parents of 6–18‐month‐old infants from Australia (n = 32) and New Zealand (n = 31) completed the five facets of mindfulness‐short form (FFMQ‐SF) questionnaire, the adult attachment interview (AAI), and a 10‐min play session with their infant. We examined parents' frequency of word usage within the categories of the linguistic inquiry word count (LIWC) text analysis program to explore the relationship between mindfulness and language use. Mindfulness was associated with cognitive, affective, perceptual, and time orientation language use in the AAI. However, fewer associations were identified between mindfulness and language use in the parent‐infant play session. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance to mindfulness and attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this study, STEM resources reviewed in Goodreads were investigated to determine their authorship, linguistic characteristics and impact. The analysis reveals gender disparity favoring titles with male authors. Design/methodology/approach: This paper applies theoretical concepts of knowledge commons to understand how individuals leverage the affordances of the Goodreads platform to share their perceptions of STEM-related books. Findings: The analysis reveals gender disparity favoring titles with male authors. Female-authored STEM publications represent popular science nonfiction and juvenile genres. Analysis of the scholarly impact of the reviewed titles revealed that Google Scholar provides broader and more diverse coverage than Web of Science. Linguistic analysis of the reviews revealed the relatively low aesthetic disposition of reviewers with an emphasis on embodied experiences that emerged from the reading. Originality/value: This study contributes to the understanding of the impact of popular STEM resources as well as the influence of the language of user-generated reviews on production, consumption and discoverability of STEM titles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hate speech - harsh or menacing words or writing that propagate bigotry based on sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, or other comparable categories - is prevalent in nearly every language, including Indonesian. In fact, hate speech in Indonesian society is also spoken in its regional languages such as Sula Malay in North Maluku Province. This hate speech is of interest and should be studied because literal and metaphorical meanings, along with cultural context, are important for learning and understanding the vocabulary of a language. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach to analyze hate speech in the Malay Sula language with data taken from the webpages of the Directory of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia. The research population consisted of ten decisions, out of which five were selected as samples. Data analysis uses lexical-grammatical semantic theory, while pragmatic theory focuses on illocutionary speech acts, which is a tool of forensic linguistic analysis. Types of illocutionary speech include commissive speech in the form of threatening and insulting using curse words; directive speech in the form of commanding, which means to insult using curse words; and expressive speech in the form of regret that intends to inform by using insulting and cursing words. Another form of hate speech was found in the form of defamation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Applied Linguistics is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of European Journal of Applied Linguistics is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present contribution aims at depicting a sketch of Saurian, a Germanic variety spoken in Sauris/Zahre, in the Carnic Alps in Friuli Venezia Giulia. Firstly, the article will discuss the history of the settlement and the origin of the colonizers based on linguistic evidence. Secondly, the main focus will be the community’s multilingual repertoire and the laws and regulations which protect minority codes. Successively, the analysis will aim at outlining the linguistic characteristics of Saurian. In doing so, the attention will be on the synchronic description of the variety as it is attested today, with the addition of some diachronic considerations. The linguistic contact between Saurian and the liminal Romance varieties is a pivotal topic so long as it allows us to observe the multiple examples of interference in the linguistic system of the Saurian language, on all levels of linguistic analysis. Finally, the article will focus on the numerous initiatives for the maintenance and the revitalization of the Saurian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberbullying, a critical concern for digital safety, necessitates effective linguistic analysis tools that can navigate the complexities of language use in online spaces. To tackle this challenge, our study introduces a new approach employing Bidirectional Encoder Representations from the Transformers (BERT) base model (cased), originally pretrained in English. This model is uniquely adapted to recognize the intricate nuances of Arabic online communication, a key aspect often overlooked in conventional cyberbullying detection methods. Our model is an end-to-end solution that has been fine-tuned on a diverse dataset of Arabic social media (SM) tweets showing a notable increase in detection accuracy and sensitivity compared to existing methods. Experimental results on a diverse Arabic dataset collected from the 'X platform' demonstrate a notable increase in detection accuracy and sensitivity compared to existing methods. E-BERT shows a substantial improvement in performance, evidenced by an accuracy of 98.45%, precision of 99.17%, recall of 99.10%, and an F1 score of 99.14%. The proposed E-BERT not only addresses a critical gap in cyberbullying detection in Arabic online forums but also sets a precedent for applying cross-lingual pretrained models in regional language applications, offering a scalable and effective framework for enhancing online safety across Arabic-speaking communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, mixed methods research is presented and discussed in the context of research on reflective writing for the professional development of pre-service teachers. First, we present prominent theoretical frameworks to analyze reflective writings. Second, we review relevant methodological approaches of research on reflective writings in teacher education, such as qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. Third, we present a study from our research lab combining qualitative content analysis and linguistic analyses as an example for a concurrent mixed method approach. The results of the qualitative content analysis indicated that 198 reflective writings of pre-service teachers were primarily descriptive and on a low level. Computational linguistic analyses revealed that affective and cognitive terminology utilization in reflective writing differed significantly across the different levels of reflection, with a higher frequency of such terms correlating with deeper levels of reflection. Thus, essential challenges and opportunities of implementing such a mixed method study to analyze reflective writings are illustrated and discussed. Finally, we conclude the paper by discussing on how mixed methods approaches might be further advanced in the field of reflective writing research in teacher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to discuss the ideas and principles of Trier’s theory of lexical field and to demonstrate how the concept of field can be fruitfully employed outside of the domain of lexicology. The first part of the article deals with Trier’s main idea that no lexical-semantic element can be considered outside of its systemic relations: a given element (word) can be ascribed a certain significance only depending on the place it occupies in some system called a lexical field (Wortfeld). The second part of the article demonstrates how the field principle can be applied to the analysis of grammatical categories using the ‘functional-semantic field’ approach and the analysis of communicative behaviour using the ‘communicative-pragmatic field’ approach. The former helps to reveal and systematize sets of language elements of a specific language with respect to the coding of a certain categorial function. The latter makes it possible to summarize different possibilities for the realization of speech behaviour patterns and to rank them according to the degree of their usage frequency. These two cases prove that the field concept can be used to solve issues that are deemed unsolvable if one applies the framework of the traditional level-oriented linguistic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of a rare written example of Zoroastrian Dari (Behdini), a traditionally spoken language, featured in a bilingual letter composed in the Perso-Arabic script. The linguistic evidence indicates that the dialect of this letter is the Malati dialect of Zoroastrian Dari, primarily spoken in the Priests' quarter of Yazd. The article provides a detailed examination of the phonological, morphological, and syntactic features. Furthermore, it explores the challenges of using the Perso-Arabic script to capture the phonetic nuances of Zoroastrian Dari and analyses the adaptations made by the writer to overcome these obstacles. Through a combined historical and linguistic approach, the article offers valuable insights into the language contact and script practices in Zoroastrian communities. This research contributes to the broader understanding of endangered languages and the complexities of multilingualism in written texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naming and reputation are key factors in social recognition, a practice observed in Iran since ancient times. Examining these appellations reveals which elements each society considers important for identity and fame. This research employed an analytical-descriptive methodology, considering the evolutionary stages of human societies as a cultural context. The study conducted linguistic analysis within morphological and syntactic frameworks while investigating cultural roots. The research focused on pre-Islamic Iranian fame and surnames, primarily drawing from Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and Vis and Ramin, due to their rich repository of ancient Iranian names. Findings indicated that the most common linguistic structures were syntactic combinations of "name + e + father's/grandfather's name", "name + e + city/country name + relative", and "name + e + occupation + relative". In terms of cultural context, kinship relations and paternal/ancestral attribution were most prevalent followed by fame derived from individual skills. These patterns reflected the influence of tribal life and patriarchy. City and country-based fame ranked next, indicating the emergence of urban life. Occupational attribution also occurred frequently, stemming from class-based society and social castes, reaching its peak in Shahnameh and the Sasanian period. Notably, fame constructions with religious content were minimal, suggesting the limited spread of religions in the Late Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a growing phenomenon, yet there is still a limited understanding of the behavior, intent behind the behavior and what individuals themselves say about their behavior. This study collected pro-NSSI public blog posts from Reddit and analyzed the content linguistically using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software, to examine the use of NSSI specific words, linguistic and psychological linguistic properties. The results inform current mental health practices by dispelling myths and providing insight into the inner world of people who engage in NSSI. The linguistic properties found in the analysis reflected the predicted results; authors of pro-NSSI posts used first-person singular pronouns extensively, indicating high levels of mental health distress and isolation. This study demonstrates how understanding the language of self-harm can help inform mental health treatment using family therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study harnesses the linguistic diversity of Arabic dialects to create two expansive corpora from X (formerly Twitter). The Gulf Arabic Corpus (GAC-6) includes around 1.7 million tweets from six Gulf countries—Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Oman, Kuwait, and Bahrain—capturing a wide range of linguistic variations. The Saudi Dialect Corpus (SDC-5) comprises 790,000 tweets, offering in-depth insights into five major regional dialects of Saudi Arabia: Hijazi, Najdi, Southern, Northern, and Eastern, reflecting the complex linguistic landscape of the region. Both corpora are thoroughly annotated with dialect-specific seed words and geolocation data, achieving high levels of accuracy, as indicated by Cohen's Kappa scores of 0.78 for GAC-6 and 0.90 for SDC-5. The annotation process leverages AI-driven techniques, including machine learning algorithms for automated dialect recognition and feature extraction, to enhance the granularity and precision of the data. These resources significantly contribute to the field of Arabic dialectology and facilitate the development of AI algorithms for linguistic data analysis, enhancing AI system design and efficiency. The data provided by this research are crucial for advancing AI methodologies, supporting diverse applications in the realm of next-generation AI technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the DSH writing task, candidates often rely on chunks or formulaic language to write their texts. These elements lead to uncertainties during the rating process, as they are memorized by the test takers without undergoing linguistic analysis. Their usage does not offer clear indications of whether the structures employed have been learned. The exam specifications for the DSH writing task (Musterprüfungsordnung) thus suggest that the writing task should be designed to preclude the use of formulaic language. However, there is an inherent value of formulaic language for language acquisition and engagement in academic communication. This reflective practice article investigates three texts written by test takers to improve the understanding of chunks in the rating process. The examples reveal that only a few general guidelines can be deduced. In most cases, it is necessary to ascertain whether formulaic sequences serves as an indicator of proficient language usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaphor has long been a topic of investigation in scholarly design research. Studies across various design contexts have demonstrated the value of deliberately exploring and using metaphors to facilitate different phases of the design process. However, the analytical potential of metaphors has often been overshadowed by their generative use, leaving their significance in the research phase of the design process relatively unexplored. This article aims to broaden our understanding of the role metaphors can play in design, delving into the analytical role of metaphors in human-centered design research, particularly focusing on the insights that users' and other stakeholders' metaphors can offer. We present the rationale for adopting metaphor analysis as a method for design research, drawing on conceptual metaphor theory and evidence from analogous research studies. Acknowledging the natural creativity in language use of ordinary people, we argue for the potential this inherent creativity holds for user research and co-creativity settings. We discuss the value of attending to the metaphors in design research, introduce relevant concepts from linguistic metaphor analysis, and demonstrate their practical application on designers' use of user metaphors. We address the advantages and challenges of adopting metaphor analysis as a method for design research and provide recommendations for designers seeking to instrumentalize metaphors in their design processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines technological research in higher education as a social justice issue. Focusing on technologies developed for war, surveillance, and policing at Carnegie Mellon University (CMU), we compare institutional and activist discourses about these projects, uncovering significant differences in accommodation strategies and values-based arguments. We conclude that locally situated controversies such as this one might value not only for social justice research, but also in providing pedagogical and theoretical scaffolding toward real local change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines phraseological units that reflect the national and cultural identity of the English people. The relevance of the work is related to the endless interest of modern linguists in the problem of the relationship between the language and culture of the people, in studying the problems of national-cultural specificity of phraseological units. The phraseological units of the English language are an image that reflects the uniqueness of the life of the English people in the process of development as a separate nation. The purpose of the article is to show the relationship of phraseological units with the national character of the English and to show how phraseological units reflect the national mentality of the English people. In order to achieve the goal of this work, the following tasks have been set: - to study the theoretical opinions of linguists on the topic of phraseology; - to identify the phraseological units of the English language with national-cultural shades; - to analyze the phraseological units identified during the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the occurrence of code-switching in translation, focusing on instances where translators switch between languages within the same textual context, both intentionally and unintentionally. This study investigated the influence of linguistic factors such as language structure, semantic complexity, and intended communicative purpose on code-switching. The analysis employs qualitative methods to identify the strategies and challenges that translators face in managing codeswitching. The study reveals that code-switching significantly contributes to semantic and cultural nuances in multilingual texts, emphasizing its critical role in translation accuracy and reader comprehension. The findings offer theoretical understanding and practical guidance for translation practice, enhancing the framework of multilingual translation studies. This research highlights the importance of code-switching in preserving the integrity and richness of multilingual communication in translated works. This study was conducted through the author's personal efforts without any external funding or grants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language provides significant insights into an individual's emotional state, social status, and personality traits. This research aims to enhance depression detection through the analysis of linguistic features and various dataset attributes. The dataset, sourced from the social networking platform Reddit, comprises posts and comments from individuals diagnosed with depression. Logistic regression with term frequency-inverse document frequency (TFIDF) is employed as the primary model for text classification. To improve model performance, a novel feature--the average time interval between consecutive posts or comments--is introduced, contributing to a marginal but noteworthy improvement in accuracy. The proposed model demonstrates superior F1 scores compared to other models applied to the same dataset. Given the increasing recognition of mental health's significance, accurately diagnosing mental disorders is of paramount importance. This study underscores the potential of leveraging linguistic analysis and advanced machine learning techniques to identify depressive symptoms, thereby contributing to more effective mental health diagnostics and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaphor has long been a topic of investigation in scholarly design research. Studies across various design contexts have demonstrated the value of deliberately exploring and using metaphors to facilitate different phases of the design process. However, the analytical potential of metaphors has often been overshadowed by their generative use, leaving their significance in the research phase of the design process relatively unexplored. This article aims to broaden our understanding of the role metaphors can play in design, delving into the analytical role of metaphors in human-centered design research, particularly focusing on the insights that users' and other stakeholders' metaphors can offer. We present the rationale for adopting metaphor analysis as a method for design research, drawing on conceptual metaphor theory and evidence from analogous research studies. Acknowledging the natural creativity in language use of ordinary people, we argue for the potential this inherent creativity holds for user research and co-creativity settings. We discuss the value of attending to the metaphors in design research, introduce relevant concepts from linguistic metaphor analysis, and demonstrate their practical application on designers' use of user metaphors. We address the advantages and challenges of adopting metaphor analysis as a method for design research and provide recommendations for designers seeking to instrumentalize metaphors in their design processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper undertakes a comprehensive examination of Chetan Bhagat's prominent novels through the lens of literary analysis, focusing on the intricate interplay of language dynamics within his narrative framework. Drawing upon a variety of theoretical frameworks and methodologies, particularly those rooted in linguistic analysis, the study seeks to decode the nuanced linguistic elements embedded within Bhagat's select literary works. Through a meticulous exploration of themes, character interactions, and narrative structures, this analysis endeavors to unravel the deeper implications of linguistic choices and their impact on the overall reading experience. By shedding light on the linguistic dynamics at play, this study contributes to a richer understanding of Bhagat's novels and their significance within contemporary literary discourse. Furthermore, this study endeavors to explore the intersection of language and society in Bhagat's works, examining how linguistic representations mirror and influence cultural norms, values, and identities. Through an interdisciplinary lens, we draw upon insights from sociolinguistics, cultural studies, and literary theory to elucidate the ways in which language operates as a vehicle for social commentary and critique within Bhagat's fictional universe. Ultimately, this paper seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of Chetan Bhagat's literary oeuvre by foregrounding the significance of linguistic dynamics in shaping the reading experience. By unraveling the complexities of language within his narratives, we aim to illuminate the enduring appeal and cultural relevance of Bhagat's novels within the landscape of contemporary Indian literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessments of written production in English as a foreign language play an important role in the overall grading of learners' English at school. Evidently, the other three skills than writing are also considered, but written texts are useful to work with as they provide concrete material easily available to study when it comes to learners' levels of achieved language proficiency. The teachers' overall and immediate impression of the text could play a significant role in the final grading of the production. It is therefore worth investigating the variation of linguistic features in texts of similar length produced by learners of the same age. In the present study, young learners' written production in English is analyzed with several approaches. The learners' texts were of similar length and language quality but had different characteristics in terms of structure and style. The results show an overall picture of factors influencing teachers' assessment of young learners' texts in EFL and are therefore useful information to consider for English teachers to ensure valid and reliable assessments of learners' written productions of English as a foreign language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green consumerism research suffers from a paucity of comprehensive, cross-cultural investigations and lacks insight into the interplay of sustainability dimensions and human values. This study examined sustainable consumption-specific tweets (N = 72,000) in the United States, Switzerland, and India. Findings indicate that consumers in India (i.e., the non-Western culture) emphasized the environmental and social dimensions of sustainability as well as the biospheric and altruistic values in their tweets. The two Western cultures focused more on egoistic values and the economic aspects of sustainability. Indian and Swiss consumer sentiments were largely positive, whereas the American consumers expressed more negative sentiments. Results can offer important culturally informed and contextually sensitive recommendations to marketers and policymakers for sustainability communications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMany interventions have been developed by staff to support students in understanding assessment task requirements and summative and formative feedback. However, to various extents, these approaches assume a shared understanding of the, often indeterminate, language used in assessment. This article reports on a project, which aimed to explore students’ confidence in interpreting frequently used language in assessment and feedback documentation and explore ways in which staff can work with students to address misunderstanding and misinterpretation. To do this, we undertook a corpus-based linguistic analysis of assessment documentation to identify frequently used and potentially problematic language. We then used a survey and focus groups to explore with students their confidence in interpreting these terms. In doing so, we identify commonly used assessment and feedback terminology, which students find challenging to interpret, potentially resulting in frustration and demotivation. We conclude by exploring different approaches reported by students in the focus groups which help them interpret challenging terminology, notably different forms of dialogic-based intervention, but note, however, that time and space are needed within the curriculum for a shared (or ideally co-created) understanding of language to be developed between students and staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the authorship of Christopher Marlowe's play "Doctor Faustus," suggesting that Marlowe wrote the serious parts while a collaborator handled the comic scenes. Possible collaborators include Thomas Nashe and Henry Porter. The analysis of linguistic patterns and shared phrases between "Doctor Faustus" and other plays supports the argument that Porter is a more likely co-author than Nashe. The study uses statistical data and qualitative evidence to make a case for Porter's involvement in the play. [Extracted from the article]

This research addresses the conjunctions in the poetry of Jassim Muhammad Jassim Al-Ajja in light of transformational-generative grammar theory. The study includes several poetic examples from the poet's two collections, "A Sky That Does Not Title Its Clouds" and "Impositions for the Fingers of Grass ".Jassim Muhammad Jassim Al- Ajja's poetry was chosen for this study because, to my knowledge, it has not been the subject of recent linguistic analysis. Furthermore, the poet is considered one of the most prominent contemporary poets in the Mosul poetry scene, blending creative poetic work with academic critical work, which has resulted in a rich linguistic expression. His poetry is abundant with many elements of conjunctions, the focus of this research and study. This study aims to unveil the essence of this poet's work and to analyze his poetry according to modern linguistic methodologies, particularly the transformational-generative approach. The research examines conjunctions in the poet's work in light of the key hypotheses of transformational-generative grammar, specifically the deep structure and surface structure hypotheses, which posit that every surface structure has an underlying mental deep structure. The research is divided into an introduction and two sections. The introduction discusses the poet's life, his poetry collections, his critical writings, and the academic studies written about him. The first section addresses transformational-generative theory in terms of its philosophical roots and stages, while the second section explores conjunctions in light of our theory under investigation. The research concludes with a summary of the most significant findings derived from the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the complex relationship between agents and their actions, identifying what is referred to as the 'agent-action problem' in action theory. Topics discussed include the philosophical challenges of defining the agent's relation to their actions, the implications of Bradley's Regress in this context, and potential solutions inspired by the insights gained from understanding both issues.

I will read Genesis 3:16 through the lens of Genesis 4. While Eve has become a fixed object in traditional interpretation as a dangerous temptress for man and the cause of humanity's fall into sin, her story does not end in this chapter. Eve's creative agency as "mother of all living" becomes the framework for the drama that unfolds in Genesis 4. Her body and her voice carry the story of life into the future. This essay shows the connection between Genesis 3:16 and the story in Genesis 4 by moving beyond a linguistic analysis of the common verbs, mashal and teshuqah. I will read the two texts together with the ancient scribes who distinguished Genesis 3:16 by placing this one verse between two setumah markers. Likewise, the story of Eve in Genesis 4:1–5:2 is placed between two setumah markers, thereby showing that ancient Hebrew readings emphasized a close relationship between Genesis 3:16 and Genesis 4:1–5:2. This is opposed to the Christian chapter division, which separates Genesis 3 from the story in Genesis 4, and places Genesis 3 in an authoritative position for the sake of extrapolating the doctrine of the fall into sin with the woman playing the central role in the fall story. I will further engage in deep reading, literary analysis, and performance criticism, and argue that Eve tells her own creation story with masterful subversiveness and creative audacity. The attempt of the essay is to reorient the dominant negative view of Eve toward a more positive, complex, and nuanced reading of her character in the Genesis text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How many different writers authored the huge number of texts attributed to Galen of Pergamum (129~216 Anno Domini (AD)), medical doctor and philosopher, a giant in the history of medicine? The quest to find out which texts were his and which ones were written by others is known as the "Galenic Question". We propose a "solution" to it through a multidisciplinary approach based (a) on historical research and (b) on a mathematical analysis of the Greek texts. The historical approach considers historical independent sources and anachronisms. The mathematical approach is based on a mathematical theory concerning deep language variables, rarely consciously controlled by any author, and is therefore capable of giving indications on the similarity of texts, with little or no bias. The multidisciplinary approach has convinced us that at least three authors wrote the texts attributed to Galen. The first two were very likely real historical persons: (a) a certain Galen living between the end of the I century Before Christ (BC) and the second half of the I century AD, and (b) the historical Galen of Pergamum (II–III centuries AD). We believe the third (c) to be represented by several unknown authors hiding under the name Galen, but likely living after Galen of Pergamum's death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Acute kidney injury (AKI) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) are critical areas in nephrology. The effectiveness of ChatGPT in simpler, patient education-oriented questions has not been thoroughly assessed. This study evaluates the proficiency of ChatGPT 4.0 in responding to such questions, subjected to various linguistic alterations. Methods: Eighty-nine questions were sourced from the Mayo Clinic Handbook for educating patients on AKI and CRRT. These questions were categorized as original, paraphrased with different interrogative adverbs, paraphrased resulting in incomplete sentences, and paraphrased containing misspelled words. Two nephrologists verified the questions for medical accuracy. A χ2 test was conducted to ascertain notable discrepancies in ChatGPT 4.0's performance across these formats. Results: ChatGPT provided notable accuracy in handling a variety of question formats for patient education in AKI and CRRT. Across all question types, ChatGPT demonstrated an accuracy of 97% for both original and adverb-altered questions and 98% for questions with incomplete sentences or misspellings. Specifically for AKI-related questions, the accuracy was consistently maintained at 97% for all versions. In the subset of CRRT-related questions, the tool achieved a 96% accuracy for original and adverb-altered questions, and this increased to 98% for questions with incomplete sentences or misspellings. The statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in performance across these varied question types (p value: 1.00 for AKI and 1.00 for CRRT), and there was no notable disparity between the artificial intelligence (AI)'s responses to AKI and CRRT questions (p value: 0.71). Conclusion: ChatGPT 4.0 demonstrates consistent and high accuracy in interpreting and responding to queries related to AKI and CRRT, irrespective of linguistic modifications. These findings suggest that ChatGPT 4.0 has the potential to be a reliable support tool in the delivery of patient education, by accurately providing information across a range of question formats. Further research is needed to explore the direct impact of AI-generated responses on patient understanding and education outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The linguistic demand of task instructions in cognitive assessments may mask or even invalidate cognitive testing results for individuals with language differences or impairments. The purpose of this study was to apply an analysis of linguistic demand to a sample of functional multitasking assessments. Method: We sampled the task instructions and materials from seven functional multitasking assessments that are based on everyday activities. We calculated indices of linguistic demand. Results: The Density Index is based on total number of words, total number of sentences, total number of different words, total number of syllables, and complex (not-simple) sentences. The Breakfast Task and the Frisch Cooking Task consistently ranked lowest in linguistic demand for both instructions and materials based on the indices reviewed. These tasks are most likely to be appropriate for individuals with language impairment. Conclusions: Clinicians have a responsibility to fairly evaluate cognitive functions of individuals with impaired language functioning. The analysis of linguistic demand provides a useful way to evaluate task instructions and materials in a systematic way, so that individuals with language impairments or language differences might be more appropriately evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the analysis of a linguistic corpus, this study uses relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson, 1986/1995) to demonstrate that the Tunisian Arabic particle ha :, which has never received any research attention, acts as an attitudinal marker in addition to its vocative function. Namely, ha: is restricted to utterances in which the speaker is expressing negative emotion or a subtype of positive emotion that can only be directed at the addressee. The data analysis shows that, unlike its relatively unmarked and well-studied counterpart ya: , ha: is restricted in terms of its frequency of distribution and the types of speaker emotions and attitudes expressed in the utterance in which it occurs. This study argues that ha: encodes a procedure which instructs the hearer to recognize the speaker's emotion or attitude expressed toward them in the utterance. The particle ha: therefore, serves as an explicit additional guarantee of relevance that encourages the hearer to look for additional contextual assumptions in order to achieve the speaker's desired interpretation. • The choice between the two vocative particles ha: and ya: is not arbitrary. • The Tunisian Arabic particle ha: acts as an attitudinal marker. • ha: encodes a procedure guiding the hearer to recognize the speaker's emotions. • The particle ha: serves as an explicit additional guarantee of relevance. • The particle ha : is no always compatible with the speaker's preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the possibility of assuming largely flat syntactic structures in Simpler Syntax, suggesting that these are plausible alternatives to conventional hierarchical structures. We consider the implications of flat structure for analyses of various linguistic phenomena in English, including heavy NP shift, extraposition, topicalization and constituent order variation in the VP. We also sketch a general strategy to circumvent some of the problems flat structure is said to cause for semantic interpretation. Our proposals eliminate the need for movement, unpronounced copies and feature-bearing nodes postulated to trigger syntactic operations. We assume the Parallel Architecture and use declarative schemas to establish direct correspondences between phonology on the one hand and syntactic and semantic structures on the other. The resulting picture is one in which narrow syntax can be relatively stable across languages and constructions, largely reflecting the structure of human thought, and the main source of linguistic variation is the linearization of conceptual and syntactic structures. Unlike other minimalist theories that reach a similar conclusion, the theory we propose takes mappings to phonology to be central to the architecture of grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most natural language models and tools are restricted to one language, typically English. For researchers in the behavioral sciences investigating languages other than English, and for those researchers who would like to make cross-linguistic comparisons, hardly any computational linguistic tools exist, particularly none for those researchers who lack deep computational linguistic knowledge or programming skills. Yet, for interdisciplinary researchers in a variety of fields, ranging from psycholinguistics, social psychology, cognitive psychology, education, to literary studies, there certainly is a need for such a cross-linguistic tool. In the current paper, we present Lingualyzer (https://lingualyzer.com), an easily accessible tool that analyzes text at three different text levels (sentence, paragraph, document), which includes 351 multidimensional linguistic measures that are available in 41 different languages. This paper gives an overview of Lingualyzer, categorizes its hundreds of measures, demonstrates how it distinguishes itself from other text quantification tools, explains how it can be used, and provides validations. Lingualyzer is freely accessible for scientific purposes using an intuitive and easy-to-use interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We supplement acoustic analysis with frequent-word analysis for speaker comparison. • We see improved Cllr across datasets, speaker genders and recording conditions. • We observe that gains are the highest when recording conditions are noisy. Verifying the speaker of a speech fragment can be crucial in attributing a crime to a suspect. The question can be addressed given disputed and reference speech material, adopting the recommended and scientifically accepted likelihood ratio framework for reporting evidential strength in court. In forensic practice, usually, auditory and acoustic analyses are performed to carry out such a verification task considering a diversity of features, such as language competence, pronunciation, or other linguistic features. Automated speaker comparison systems can also be used alongside those manual analyses. State-of-the-art automatic speaker comparison systems are based on deep neural networks that take acoustic features as input. Additional information, though, may be obtained from linguistic analysis. In this paper, we aim to answer if, when and how modern acoustic-based systems can be complemented by an authorship technique based on frequent words, within the likelihood ratio framework. We consider three different approaches to derive a combined likelihood ratio: using a support vector machine algorithm, fitting bivariate normal distributions, and passing the score of the acoustic system as additional input to the frequent-word analysis. We apply our method to the forensically relevant dataset FRIDA and the FISHER corpus, and we explore under which conditions fusion is valuable. We evaluate our results in terms of log likelihood ratio cost ( C llr ) and equal error rate (EER). We show that fusion can be beneficial, especially in the case of intercepted phone calls with noise in the background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Music is a core aspect of human experience/culture, functioning as one of humanity's oldest forms of communication. While music is a popular focus for many forms of scholarly inquiry, there is a relative lack of research on the topic of music genres and their impact. The present study helps address this gap in the literature, detailing a focused proof-of-concept, exploratory examination that uses psycholinguistic analysis to study how song lyrics are written. Specifically, the study uses integrative complexity, which assesses how information is processed and communicated, to compare structural differences in song lyrics across five genres - country, hip-hop/rap, rock, pop, and metal. The findings demonstrate significant complex differences across the groups, indicating that genre expectations play a marked role in how lyrics are conceptualized and structured. Alongside potential avenues for future research, possible cultural, historic, and demographic explanations for the witnessed linguistic patterns are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this paper, we investigate evidence of diachronic variation in patterns of Discernment Politeness in letters written in the ancient Egyptian Old Kingdom (c. 2300–2200 bce) and Late Ramesside period (c. 1099–1069 bce). We present examples of requests, information acts and honorifics used in these letters, predominantly those letters sent by subordinates to their superiors, to explore how this relationship dynamic is linguistically indexed. Our evidence shows that throughout the Old and New Kingdoms, communicative acts were regulated by behavioural norms dependent on power structures rather than individual volition, with Power being the most dominant social variable. Finally, we argue that Discernment is a key approach for exploring politeness in texts from ancient Egypt, supporting current research on the topic, and that the approach used here for the ancient Egyptian material has wider applicability for diachronic linguistic analyses of remote civilisations which are highly hierarchical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study examines the interpretations of eight English-Arabic labels for food products found in the Saudi market. The study of translations is examined with regard to the translation techniques utilized under Venuti's concepts of domestication and foreignization. Specifically, the study focuses on analyzing the common translation techniques employed for food product labels and aims to assess if these methods align with Venuti's favored approach of foreignization. Furthermore, it investigates whether these techniques have led to the original message being altered or not. This study conducts a quantitative analysis that compares various aspects. Calculations are conducted on the frequencies and percentages of techniques identified to obtain accurate statistical results. The findings reveal that foreignization is emphasized by the extensive use of literal translation, with transliteration, borrowing, and non-translation being comparatively less frequent in the translation of the studies' food product labels. Techniques under the domestication strategy include transposition as the most frequently used, followed by adaptation, and addition and omission are both used equally, with the least frequently used techniques falling under domestication. The study also determines that the effectiveness of techniques categorized as foreignization and domestication varies in the corpus analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

John Lovejoy coined the term biological diversity in 1980, made the first projection of global extinction rates, and 43 years later we are still discussing biodiversity and extinction in an inconsequential fashion. Extinction signs include the loss of millions of birds in the UK since 1970 and the decline in insects. Goulson summarizes in detail the scientific and biological evidence for the many species extinctions. Although most people do not notice the declines in insects, the loss of bees has been noted when bees' use as pollinators began to be harnessed as a corporate and commercial activity. This is linked to intensive agricultural practices. The lobbying power of agrochemical companies shapes agricultural practices that directly impact the well-being of all species. Critical ecological discourse analysis of insect decline and the issues related to it is employed, going back to the famous speech given by Michael Halliday. Then corpus linguistic methods scrutinize material from the website of Syngenta, an agrochemical company. We ask whether the website of such a firm can uncover the necessary circumstances for such biodiversity. A corpus-assisted critical analysis of Syngenta's business report, looks at computer-generated concordances of some of the relevant content words, like 'crop', 'sustainable', 'soil', 'control', 'biodiversity' and 'water'. Hopefully, this study will encourage researchers to provide more indications of the disappearance of so many species, and not just birds and insects. But, to really achieve effective protection of biodiversity much more is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misgendering is a form of microaggression that reinforces gender binarism and involves the use of incorrect pronouns, names or gendered language when referring to a transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) individual. Despite growing awareness, it remains a persistent form of discrimination, and it is crucial not only to understand and address misgendering but also to analyse its impact within online discourse towards the TGNC community. The present study examines misgendering directed at the TGNC community present on platform X. To achieve this, a representative sample of 400 tweets targeting two TGNC individuals is compiled, applying an annotation scheme to manually classify the polarity of each tweet and instances of misgendering, and then comparing the manual annotations with those of an automatic sentiment detection system. The analysis focuses on the context and frequency of intentional misgendering, using word lists to examine the data. The results confirm that misgendering perpetuates discrimination, tends to co-occur with other forms of aggression, and is not effectively identified by automatic sentiment detection systems. Finally, the study highlights the need for improved automatic detection systems to better identify and address misgendering in online discourse and provides potentially useful tools for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the Arthurian myth challenged in fanfiction. The quintessentially masculine character -- King Arthur, is regendered as a woman, thus addressing the representations of power and leadership closely associated with masculinity in the mythological world. However, gender transformation is not just about archaic stereotypes but about the real-world inequalities and the burden of responsibility many contemporary women are trying to balance with their personal lives. The significance of the study lies in scrutinizing the modern female leadership role constructed through reference to old stories. Seventeen stories published in 2007-2020 (fanfiction.net) were analysed through cognitive linguistic methodology. They feature three major pathways the regendering may take: the Warrior, the Queen, and the Mother-nature type being organically woven into the canonical narrative. Fanfiction authors downplay the brutality of the archaic world and bring a hardworking and intelligent ruler to the fore. Many female characters in the stories suffer from the need to conform to the rules of the old trade yet become successful warriors and rulers. We also show that deconstructing one of the core characteristics of King Arthur's image tends to reinforce the others: social position, detailed description of place and time, and following the plot meticulously. The English linguistic repertoire used to describe the regendered character is also reinforced, with keywords commonly used to describe King Arthur being repeated at key points in the narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newspaper political cartoons, known for their satirical nature, employ semiotic and linguistic techniques to comment on or criticise political leaders and events humorously. While previous studies on Nigerian newspaper political cartoons have focused on ideological issues and discourse frames, little attention has been given to the linguistic investigation of semiotic humour techniques in these cartoons. This study, therefore, investigates these humour techniques, utilising Salvatore Attardo and Victor Raskin's General Theory of Verbal Humour (GTVH) as the framework within a descriptive design. Three newspapers – Punch, The Guardian, and Daily Trust – were purposively selected for their regular publication of cartoons, criticising Nigeria's politics. Eleven political cartoons were purposively selected for their semiotic and humorous depictions of Nigeria's politics, and subjected to linguistic analysis. Six semiotic humour techniques were identified in the cartoons: exaggeration, humorous metaphor, distortion of formulaic expressions, neologism, innovative collocation, and sarcasm. These techniques were employed to satirise three governance issues in Nigeria – misgovernance, corruption and insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender inequalities are linguistically constructed and indexed through the strategic use of language representing the power structure in the physical world. Recently, #MeTooIndia, an Indian version of the global feminist movement, provided a scholarly opportunity to explore the gender stereotypes of emotional expressions. Even though some researchers have studied the sociocultural dimensions of #MeToo, the corpus-based linguistic analysis of this movement has yet to be explored significantly. Therefore, the current study investigated the discursive association of emotional representation of masculine and feminine genders in media texts. Given the societal nature of Indian patriarchal ideologies, power and gender stereotypes, we hypothesize that Indian mass media, as a powerful political actor, may attribute more positive lexicons to the masculine pronoun he and more negative markers to the feminine pronoun she. Textual genres of #MeToo were extracted from the print media by using the corpus framework of collocational and concordance methods. Our results revealed that, though the news of #MeToo heightened the feminine actor and largely produced the pronoun she in the referential position, the narratives of texts assigned more positive emotive markers to the masculine social actors. Overall, this study concludes that #MeToo as a gender movement has faced strategic linguistic resistance against feminine sexual victims, favouring the masculine actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]