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Abstract The field of green synthesis, namely using plant extracts for the production of metal nanoparticles, is rapidly gaining traction. Therefore, this study investigated the process of producing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using a water-based extract derived from the stem bark of Calophyllum teysmannii. Notably, this is the first documented utilization of this particular plant source. The presence of a distinct Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) absorption peak at 372 nm provided evidence for the creation of ZnO nanoparticles. The X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) investigations indicated that the nanoparticles exhibited sizes ranging from 31.5 to 59.9 nm and had spherical morphologies. Energy Dispersive X-ray Diffractometer (EDX) analysis verified the elemental composition of the ZnO nanoparticles, whereas the Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra showed clear peaks, demonstrating their production. The FTIR examination of the C. teysmannii extract revealed peaks at around 3370 cm− 1, indicating the presence of phenolic compounds. These chemicals are likely responsible for the reduction and stabilization of the ZnO NPs. The high-resolution X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectra clearly revealed separate peaks corresponding to Zn 2p and O 1s, providing confirmation of the chemical states and bonding contexts. The Raman Spectroscopy analysis revealed a distinct peak at around 425 cm⁻¹, confirming the presence of the wurtzite structure. The harmful effects of ZnO nanoparticles on HCC2998 (a kind of human colon cancer) and Vero (a type of monkey kidney epithelial) cells were evaluated using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), and boron-Dipyrromethene (BODIPY) assays. The cancer cells underwent cell death due to oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner, as confirmed by microscopic and flow cytometry investigations.

Objectives: The research sought to examine the antibacterial properties of the conditioned media derived from dental pulp mesenchymal stem cells (DPSC) that were treated with curcumin. Methods: An investigation of the physicochemical characteristics of curcumin nanoparticles was conducted utilizing scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and mapping techniques. The optimal dose of curcumin for treating DPSC cells was determined using the MTT test. The study investigated the antioxidant properties of curcumin on DPSC cells by measuring ROS. Two groups were isolated, one without treatment (control) and the other treated with curcumin. The antibacterial and antifungal properties of the supernatant culture medium of DPSC cells were then investigated. Results: The present study results indicate that curcumin possesses suitable physicochemical properties, including morphology and purity. Additionally, it exhibits no toxicity at doses ranging from 0 to 1.25 (μg/ml) and displays antioxidant properties at the IC50 concentration. Furthermore, it increases DPSCs. The antimicrobial results demonstrate that CM-CUR, at various concentrations, reduces the viability of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and inhibits the growth of Candida albicans (C. albicans) by 85%. Conclusion: The research results indicate that the combination of CM-CUR is suitable for antibacterial and antifungal applications in dentistry to enhance human health.

Abstract By employing a synergistic blend of experimental and theoretical methodologies, we investigated the corrosion inhibition efficacy of a synthesized pyrazole derivative (BM-01) in a solution of hydrochloric acid (1 M). We utilized molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), density functional theory (DFT), complexation, plus electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We conducted weight loss (WL) measurements from 298 to 328 K. Inhibition efficacy reached a maximum at a BM-01 concentration of 10−3 M, achieving 90.0% (EIS), 90.40% (WL), and 90.38% (potentiodynamic polarization (PDP)). SEM unveiled the shielding of the carbon-steel surface from acid-induced damage by BM-01. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm exhibited a robust fit with a low sum of squares, standard deviation, and a high correlation coefficient. PDP findings indicated that BM-01 acted as a mixed-type inhibitor, predominantly favoring the cathodic process, suggesting potential corrosion-mitigation properties. Theoretical analyses involving DFT, MD simulations, and radial distribution function were conducted to postulate a mechanism and identify an inhibitory layer. Theoretical outcomes aligned closely with experimental data, thereby reinforcing the validity of our findings.

Abstract Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating inflammatory disorder characterized by an overactive immune system targeting joints, leading to inflammation and intense pain. While current RA therapies effectively alleviate symptoms, they are often associated with significant side effects. This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties of an Ethanolic Extract of Myxopyrum serratulum A.W. Hill (EEMS) using animal models. Results The acute toxicity study with EEMS (2000 mg/kg, p.o.) on rats showed no toxicity or mortality up to the highest dose. Inflammation was induced using carrageenan, and rats were treated with varying doses of EEMS (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) and diclofenac to assess anti-inflammatory effects. Anti-arthritic efficacy was evaluated using Complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation, comparing EEMS to methotrexate. The results revealed dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects of EEMS and a reversal of arthritic-induced weight loss in treated groups. Paw volume reduction was significant in both EEMS and methotrexate groups. Biochemical analyses showed elevated markers in the arthritic control group, which were normalized by EEMS and methotrexate. Notably, EEMS (400 mg/kg) significantly reduced cathepsin-D levels compared to the positive control. EEMS administration also lowered hepatic lipid peroxidation and increased endogenous antioxidants (SOD, GSH, and GPX). The 200 and 400 mg/kg doses reduced the iNOS/GADPH ratio, while the 400 mg/kg dose restored cellular and joint structure and significantly decreased IL1 levels. Conclusions In conclusion, EEMS demonstrated substantial protective effects, mitigating health risks associated with chronic inflammation such as arthritis. These findings underscore the ethnomedical potential of Myxopyrum serratulum as a promising anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis agent. The study suggests that EEMS could be a viable alternative or complementary therapy for RA, offering therapeutic benefits with potentially fewer side effects than current treatments.

The study investigated the structure, spectroscopy, and chemical reactivity of 2′,4′-dichloroacetophenone using DFT and Hartree-Fock (HF) methods. The B3LYP and LC DFT (CAM-B3LYP) methods were applied to a 6–311++G (d, p) basis set combination. The bond angles and bond lengths are appraised in depth to understand the geometrical framework. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of the respective compound were analyzed within the regions of 4000–400 cm−1 respectively. The experimental spectra were compared and discussed in connection with the theoretical spectrum. The VEDA program was implemented to accomplish the vibrational assignments of all the fundamentals highlighted using the PED analysis. TD-DFT level was used to explore the essential electronic properties of LUMO and HOMO energies. To forecast reactive sites, the MEP surface was examined. NBO was computed according to the compound’s reactivity and biological requirements. The Multi-Wave Function Analyzer 3.6 was designed to examine and compare topological inquiries, specifically focusing on the LOL and ELF. The detailed investigation specifies the drug likeness and molecular docking that assisted in the prediction of the physicochemical, pharmacokinetic, and biological availability of 2′,4′-dichloroacetophenone.

Heavy metal pollution poses significant environmental and health risks due to the toxic effects of metals like copper and chromium at elevated concentrations. Despite their essential roles in trace amounts, these metals can be highly toxic. Bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa are promising candidates for bioremediation due to their robustness and adaptability. The objective of this study was to analyze and identify potential copper and chromium binding genes involved in metal detoxification in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01. The heavy metal binding protein identified as ferredoxin using MALDI-TOF/PMF-MS analysis was further characterized. The structure of the ferredoxin protein was elucidated using the SWISS-MODEL tool. Metal-binding domains were validated through a pattern search against UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot and UniProtKB/TrEMBL databases using the ScanProsite tool. Comparative sequence alignments were conducted between the copper-binding NosD gene of P. aeruginosa, the ferredoxin gene of P. aeruginosa PA01, and the chromium-binding iron hydrogenase 1 gene of Clostridium chromiireducens. The SWISS-MODEL analysis revealed alpha helices and beta sheets with key metal-coordinating amino acids (cysteine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, histidine, and methionine). The ScanProsite tool confirmed the presence of a 4Fe-4S ferredoxin-type iron-sulphur binding domain essential for coordinating chromium and copper ions. Sequence alignments showed a 64.29 % similarity between the NosD gene and ferredoxin gene, and a 67 % identity between the iron hydrogenase 1 gene and ferredoxin gene, with correlations in amino acid residues involved in metal binding. These findings suggest that the ferredoxin gene could effectively bind heavy metal ions, offering potential applications in bioremediation of metal-polluted soils using Pseudomonas species. This study contributes to sustainable agricultural productivity by facilitating the targeted remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils through biological means.

Global crop production is significantly reduced by rapid changes in the climate, either by natural or manmade activities. The frequent application of various fertilizers, has resulted in soil pollution, which is further exacerbated by water scarcity. The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers has led to devastating consequences such as reduction of soil fertility, environmental contamination, increased insect resistance, destroyed biodiversity, and ultimately resulted in heavy economic losses. Another approach being investigated and explored is the use of biofertilizers, which is a better supplement to improve crop yields without harming the environment. However, a significant challenge lies in the fact that plants cannot utilize whole biofertilizer intact, as much of the portion remained unabsorbed or became part of the soil instead of reaching the targeted site. This problem can be solved by nanotechnology; nano-biofertilizers increase tolerance against abiotic stresses. They improve plant morphology, biochemistry and yield, as well as soil composition. Thus, in comparison to conventional chemical fertilizers, nano-biofertilizer produce eco-friendly, sustainable and longer-lasting outcomes. This paper discusses a review of biofertilizer formulations based on nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture development. The invention and application of nano-biofertilizer on various plant species is highlighted in this paper, along with how it improves the growth and development of plants.

Fish is a prominent protein source due to its affordability and nutritional safety. Although many people consume fish, they might not know how much fish scale debris is produced by the food and aquaculture sectors. The fish processing industry has grown significantly and contributes to global economic growth. Million tons of fish waste end up in landfills worldwide yearly. Fish scale disposal in landfills has the potential to seriously pollute the ecosystem. Hence, fish-scale waste can create valuable products with favorable environmental and financial effects. Fish scales are a naturally occurring resource with abundant applications as biomaterials. They are composed of collagen, hydroxyapatite, chitin, and gelatin, and their hierarchical structure is similar to that of human hard tissues. It is advantageous for fish scales due to its mechanical attributes, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. This paper reviews the latest importance of fish biomass/industry waste products in extracting biomaterials or converting them into value-added products. A summary of the most significant applications of fish scales over the previous three years in diverse fields such as food science and engineering, adsorbent, agriculture, tissue engineering, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and nutraceuticals, etc. The review also discusses the need for and importance of circular economy concepts related to fish scale biomass conversion and its future perspectives. There is enormous potential in the conversion of fish scale biomass, which is predicted in the future with the expansion of technological advancements.

Green synthesis methods for making nanoparticles using plant extracts have gained considerable attention in recent years, particularly because of their potential applications in nanomedicine. Plant biosynthesized nanoparticles have shown noteworthy biomedical uses in comparison. The silver nanoparticle (AgNP) synthesized using extracts from the leaves and flowers of Cymbopogon citratus Linn was investigated for its antibacterial and anticancer properties. The biosynthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV–Vis, FTIR, DLS, EDX and SEM. The presence of alcohol, alkene, and phytochemicals in the AgNPs was confirmed using FTIR analysis. The investigation using SEM with EDX spectroscopy confirmed that the AgNPs were both pure and in the form of nanocrystals. Furthermore, AgNPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity by efficiently suppressing bacterial growth. The biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited a concentration-dependent reduction in the lung cancer-A549 cell growth. The ethanolic extracts of C. citratus flower-synthesized AgNPs contain a wide range of phytochemical constituents. These components have been shown to effectively modulate antibacterial and anticancer activities, superior to the effects of leaf extracts synthesized AgNPs. Consequently, additional research is required to investigate the potential biomedical applications of these biosynthesized AgNPs.

Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Molecular docking are pivotal computational techniques in modern chemistry and drug design. This work investigates the electronic structure and reactivity of 2-thiophenecarbonitrile (2TCN) with an emphasis on important factors such as HOMO-LUMO energy gap, MEP, Mulliken atomic charges, natural population analysis, and Mutiwfn (ELF, LOL, ALIE, and RDG) analysis. The MEP and FMO studies were calculated in various solvents like acetonitrile, water, gas, and methanol. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant investigations revealed substantial activities by 2TCN. Additionally, molecular docking studies are performed to elucidate the binding interaction between the compound and target proteins, providing insights into its potential therapeutic mechanisms. The results demonstrate the binding energies, interaction residues, and the most favorable docking poses. This approach underscores the integration of theoretical and computational methods in advancing molecule design and therapeutic discovery.

The cutting-edge innovations offer diverse opportunities in medicine; one such inductive approach is 3D bio-printing, in which cells and desired biomaterials cohesively synthesize living macro tissues. The rapidly increasing demand for reconstruction and restoration of highly intricate and responsive bone implants has encouraged bone tissue engineering to yield implants that substitute the native bone, both physically and biologically. As this technology is still in its infancy, different limitations can be encountered, such as the lack of in-depth characterization of scaffolds and limited visualization of a general framework, which can be overcome with further explorative studies. With computerized bio-fabrication, 3D printing aims to perfectly adapt implants, individually analyzing data at the level of cells, tissues, organs, and organic systems, ending this entire process under pre-bioprinting. The locus and susceptibility to bare load are primary considerations in selecting among widely available biomaterial options and printing techniques, including bio-ceramics, metals, bioinks, selective laser melting, directed energy deposition (laser or e-beam), and drop-on-powder printing. The addition of growth factors and mesenchymal stem cells allows the maintenance of the balance between osteoclasts and osteoblasts, the cartilage tissue formation, and contributes to the overall bone remodeling and regeneration processes. This review address and highlights relevant aspects on pre-bioprinting procedures, bio-materials selection, bio-printers, bone remodeling mechanism, and in-vivo responses of fibrin scaffold.

This study focuses on the development and characterization of a biotic spinel CoFe2O4 nanosphere, synthesized using Rhizophora mucronata leaf, for textile pollutant removal via a photoresponsive process. The structure, morphology, and composition of the nanosphere will be analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The study also investigates the antimicrobial properties of the nanosphere to explore its potential in inhibiting harmful microorganisms in the textile industry. The research aims to provide insights into the feasibility of using CoFe2O4 nanospheres for efficient and eco-friendly textile pollutant removal and microbial control.

Abstract The phytosociological survey was conducted during 2018-2020. The research area was classified into five ecological zones based on habitat, physiognomy and species composition. Pc-Ord software was used for cluster analysis and four vegetation communities were established. The Quercus baloot-Quercus incana community is situated in Sair at an altitude of 1196 (mean ± SE) m altitude with a 14.1 ± 0 slope angle and contains eleven tree species. The Pinus wallichiana- Ailanthus altissima community had a relatively small number of tree species reported in Shakawlie at 1556 (mean ± SE) with a 17.5 ± 0 slope angle. The Pinus wallichiana- Quercus incana community is distributed in Wali Kandao and Mangi Kandao at altitudes of 2030.5 (mean ± SE) m and the slope angle was 19.2 ± 1.4. This community possesses a total of twenty-one tree species and is highly diverse. Similarly, the Populus alba - Platanus orientalis group was present in Banr Pate, with an altitude of 1613 (mean ± SE) m and a 16.3 slope angle. The principal component analysis (PCA) and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) ordination methods were applied to study the relationships between ecological and soil variables with trees species. The NMS ordination of axis 1 was significantly correlated with Sand% (p

IntroductionLectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are extremely selective for sugar groups in the other molecules. As a result, they perform a variety of roles in biological processes involving cell, carbohydrate, and protein recognition at the cellular and molecular levels. Because lectins can bind to carbohydrates, they may play a role in determining the rate of carbohydrate digestion. They also bind to some proteins involved in diabetes mellitus (DM) pathophysiology. The present review aims to summarize the efficiency of lectins from different sources as potential antihyperglycemic agents.MethodsThe Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were employed for the drafting. In this regard, published scientific articles on the effects of different lectins on blood glucose (BG), glucose tolerance, hormonal effects, carbohydrate-digesting enzymes, oxidative stress, and insulin production process were collected from reputed journals using electronic databases. Furthermore, the toxicity effects of lectins from different sources were collected. A specific keyword search was completed to collect numerous articles with unique experimental designs and significant results. This was followed by the selection of the requisite articles based on the criteria designed by the authors. Data extraction was based on the common research elements included in the articles.Results and DiscussionOf 13 identified studies, 11 studies were considered after double screening based on the inclusion criteria. All 11 pharmacological investigations were considered for review. Subsequent studies reflected on the pharmacological properties of lectins on the levels of BG, oxidative stress, β-cell proliferation, insulin resistance, inhibition of carbohydrate digesting enzymes, body weight, food and water intake, lipid profile, and other parameters. This review highlights lectins as potential anti-diabetic agents.ConclusionHowever, due to limited research, systematic evaluation is recommended for their development and promotion as effective potential antihyperglycemic agents. The clinical efficacy and safety of lectins against diabetes mellitus must also be evaluated.

Infections and pests affecting plants pose significant threats to global food security. Over the top utilize of chemical pesticides is frequently utilized to diminish the impacts of plant illnesses caused by bacterial and parasitic pathogens. The greatest concern as we work towards more feasible horticulture is expanding agrarian efficiency for a developing populace. Microbial biocontrol operators (MBCAs) have illustrated their viability as a green procedure to oversee plant illnesses, invigorate edit development and execution, and increment yields. Other than their growth-promoting part, plant growth-promoting bacteria/fungi (PGPR/PGPF) can stifle plant illnesses by creating inhibitory chemicals and actuating a plant resistant reaction against plant pathogens. As biofertilizers and biopesticides, PGPR and PGPF are considered financially practical and appealing strategies for economical horticulture; This leads to a “win–win” circumstance. A few strains of PGPR and PGPF have been distinguished as compelling BCAs beneath controlled natural conditions. In common, any MBCA must overcome certain challenges some time recently it can be enrolled or broadly utilized for disease/pest control. Viable MBCA gives a down to earth arrangement to progress nursery edit execution with decreased fertilizer inputs and chemical pesticide utilization. This current audit points to fill the current crevice in information on plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPM), drawing consideration to the logical premise for arrangement, improvement proposals and extra investigate related to commercial utilize of PGPM.

Abstract Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP-3), is an intracellular sensor that is involved in inflammasome activation, and the aberrant expression of NLRP3 is responsible for diabetes mellitus, its complications, and many other inflammatory diseases. NLRP3 is considered a promising drug target for novel drug design. Here, a pharmacophore model was generated from the most potent inhibitor, and its validation was performed by the Gunner-Henry scoring method. The validated pharmacophore was used to screen selected compounds databases. As a result, 646 compounds were mapped on the pharmacophore model. After applying Lipinski's rule of five, 391 hits were obtained. All the hits were docked into the binding pocket of target protein. Based on docking scores and interactions with binding site residues, six compounds were selected potential hits. To check the stability of these compounds, 100 ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulations were performed. The RMSD, RMSF, DCCM and hydrogen bond analysis showed that all the six compounds formed stable complex with NLRP3. The binding free energy with the MM-PBSA approach suggested that electrostatic force, and van der Waals interactions, played a significant role in the binding pattern of these compounds. Thus, the outcomes of the current study could provide insights into the identification of new potential NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors against diabetes and its related disorders.

The antibacterial effects of bio-inspired silver nanoparticles from Azadirachta indica bark were explored in this research work. Herein, the AgNPs were synthesized using aqueous extract of A. indica bark. The optimization of parameters was carried out using Box-Behnken Design using response surface methodology. The physicochemical characterizations of AgNPs were done by DLS, SEM, Zeta potential and FTIR. The DLS and SEM data revealed the average size of particles to be 76.35 nm and 30.6 nm, respectively. FTIR analysis has shown the involvement of conjugated alkenes in the biosynthesis and capping process. The antimicrobial activity was found to be increased in a dose dependent manner. Exploration of the mechanistic aspect of antibacterial activity suggested of cellular damages caused by AgNPs treatment due to membrane leakage. The binding of AgNPs with bacterial cell and cellular leakage were visualized by SEM. Further, in silico docking studies suggested of strong binding of BamA and PBP4 proteins found in E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, with β-sitosterol, salannin, nimbin etc. biomolecules found in the A. indica bark extract. The work can lead to further manufacturing innovation in the future.

Over the last two decades, researchers have paid more attention to magnetic nanosystems due to their wide application in diverse fields. The metal nanomaterials' antimicrobial and biocidal properties make them an essential nanosystem for biomedical applications. Moreover, the magnetic nanosystems could have also been used for diagnosis and treatment because of their magnetic, optical, and fluorescence properties. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) and quantum dots (QDs) are the most widely used magnetic nanosystems prepared by a simple process. By surface modification, researchers have recently been working on conjugating metals like silica, copper, and gold with magnetic nanosystems. This hybridization of the nanosystems modifies the structural characteristics of the nanomaterials and helps to improve their efficacy for targeted drug and gene delivery. The hybridization of metals with various nanomaterials like micelles, cubosomes, liposomes, and polymeric nanomaterials is gaining more interest due to their nanometer size range and nontoxic, biocompatible nature. Moreover, they have good injectability and higher targeting ability by accumulation at the target site by application of an external magnetic field. The present article discussed the magnetic nanosystem in more detail regarding their structure, properties, interaction with the biological system, and diagnostic applications.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have become a highly regarded substance in various industries especially biologically synthesized ZnO NPs due to their adherence to the principles of green chemistry. However, concerns have been raised regarding the potential cytotoxic effects of ZnO NPs on biological systems. This study aimed to investigate and compare the cytotoxicity of ZnO NPs that were synthesized through chemical (C–ZnO NPs) and green approach using Musa acuminata leaf aqueous extract (Ma-ZnO NPs) on Vero cells.Characterization of ZnO NPs through Uv–Vis, FESEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR and XPS confirmed the successful synthesis of C- and Ma-ZnO NPs. MTT and ROS assays revealed that C- and Ma-ZnO NPs induced a concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on Vero cells. Remarkably, Ma-ZnO NPs showed significantly higher cell viability compared to C–ZnO NPs. The corelation of ROS and vell viability suggest that elevated ROS levels can lead to cell damage and even cell death. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that Ma-ZnO NPs exposed cells had more viable cells and a smaller cell population in the late and early apoptotic stage. Furthermore, more cells were arrested in the G1 phase upon exposure to C–ZnO NPs, which is associated with oxidative stress and DNA damage caused by ROS generation, proving its higher cytotoxicity than Ma-ZnO NPs. Similarly, time-dependent cytotoxicity and morphological alterations were observed in C- and Ma-ZnO NPs treated cells, indicating cellular damage. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy also demonstrated a time-dependent increase in ROS formation in cells exposed to C- and Ma-ZnO NPs.In conclusion, the findings suggest that green ZnO NPs possess a favourable biocompatibility profile, exhibiting reduced cytotoxicity compared to chemically synthesized ZnO NPs on Vero cells. These results emphasize the potential of green synthesis methods for the development of safer and environmentally friendly ZnO NPs.

Background: Ludwig's angina is a potentially life-threatening disease characterized by diffuse bilateral cellulitis with an odontogenic origin. This unique infection is now rare owing to the antibiotic era. Case: This patient presented to the emergency room with trismus, jaw and neck swelling, mild respiratory distress with tachypnea, hyperthermia, and panic. Clinical examination and radiographic evaluation confirmed the diagnosis of Ludwig's angina. As it is a quickly spreading infection, the patient was taken up for immediate surgical decompression leading to pus drainage, removal of the offending tooth, bacterial culture and sensitivity, and administration of empirical antibiotics. As we had operated promptly, there was no need for emergency airway intervention, and the patient had immediate relief from airway distress. Conclusions: Early accurate diagnosis with conservative surgical decompression, thereby negating the need for airway intervention, was vital to avoiding mortality which is always possible in such an expeditious infection.

The newly synthesized imidazole derivative namely, 4,5-bis[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-1H,1′H-2,2′-biimidazole (KA1), was studied for its molecular geometry, docking studies, spectral analysis and density functional theory (DFT) studies. Experimental vibrational frequencies were compared with scaled ones. The reactivity sites were determined using average localized ionization analysis (ALIE), electron localized function (ELF), localized orbital locator (LOL), reduced density gradient (RDG), Fukui functions and frontier molecular orbital (FMO). Due to the solvent effect, a lower gas phase energy gap was observed. Through utilization of the noncovalent interaction (NCI) method, the hydrogen bond interaction, steric effect and Vander Walls interaction were investigated. Molecular docking simulations were employed to determine the specific atom inside the molecules that exhibits a preference for binding with protein. The parameters for the molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) and global reactivity descriptors were also determined. The thermodynamic characteristics were determined through calculations employing the B3LYP/cc-pVDZ basis set. Antimicrobial activity was carried out using the five different microorganisms like Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans.

Chilli is an indispensable food item in the daily life of humans but it is affected by many insects, so various pesticides, including spiromesifen, are applied to chilli crops to protect this crop from insect infestation. However, the use of pesticides poses environmental and health issues. These issues have raised the demand for pesticide-free chillies among consumers. The primary aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of various decontamination methods in removing spiromesifen residues from chilli fruits. A randomized block design was employed to conduct a supervised field experiment at the Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute in Durgapura, Jaipur, India. The samples of chillies treated with pesticides are subjected to seven different homemade techniques. The samples were extracted using the QuEChERS method, known for its efficiency, affordability, simplicity, robustness, and safety. The analysis of spiromesifen residues was conducted using gas chromatography (GC) equipped with an electron capture detector (ECD), and the results were verified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Out of several decontamination methods, the lukewarm water treatment was more effective than any other decontamination method, which led to the highest elimination of spiromesifen residue, whereas rinsing with tap water eliminates the least amount of spiromesifen residue. So, the lukewarm water treatment is a safe, cost-effective, and eco-friendly approach to remove spiromesifen residues from Chilli.

Context: Eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and docosapentaenoic acid are the significant members of the ω-3 fatty acid group. Their beneficial pharmacological effects open new paths for therapeutics. Aims: To provide an updated overview of the source, chemical features, pharmacological effects, dosage forms, and patents of omega-3 fatty acids and analyze the limitations in visualizing them as an active drug for treatment. Methods: PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer Link, Google Patent, and Espacenet were used for the systematic search for articles from 2011–2023. Specific keywords were used for the search. For the screening process, articles related to the topic with full text in English were chosen. Two independent researchers analyzed, extracted, and summarized relevant data in Excel for data presentation. Results: 196 references were chosen for this review. In summary, lipid mediators from omega-3 fatty acids were found to exert anti-inflammatory functions, modulate signal transactions, regulate gene expression, and work as anti-microbial agents. These functions positively impact the cardiovascular, immune, metabolic, nerve, and optic systems. Despite abundant benefits, most products related to n-3 fatty acids were concentrated on utilizing as adjuvants and supplements. The source-related issues, complex extraction methods, oxidative instability, cost, side effects of formulations, complicated patent processes, and lenient regulation for supplements have been viewed as the reasons. Conclusions: Omega-3 fatty acids are a safe choice as a therapeutic drug for elderly patients, pregnant women, and children with disorders. Microbial production, low-energy formulation, and the use of natural emulsifiers can resolve the obstacles in this pathway.

Abstract Salinity stress adversely affects agricultural productivity by disrupting water uptake, causing nutrient imbalances, and leading to ion toxicity. Excessive salts in the soil hinder crops root growth and damage cellular functions, reducing photosynthetic capacity and inducing oxidative stress. Stomatal closure further limits carbon dioxide uptake that negatively impact plant growth. To ensure sustainable agriculture in salt-affected regions, it is essential to implement strategies like using biofertilizers (e.g. arbuscular mycorrhizae fungi = AMF) and activated carbon biochar. Both amendments can potentially mitigate the salinity stress by regulating antioxidants, gas exchange attributes and chlorophyll contents. The current study aims to explore the effect of EDTA-chelated biochar (ECB) with and without AMF on maize growth under salinity stress. Five levels of ECB (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8%) were applied, with and without AMF. Results showed that 0.8ECB + AMF caused significant enhancement in shoot length (~ 22%), shoot fresh weight (~ 15%), shoot dry weight (~ 51%), root length (~ 46%), root fresh weight (~ 26%), root dry weight (~ 27%) over the control (NoAMF + 0ECB). A significant enhancement in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance was also observed in the condition 0.8ECB + AMF relative to control (NoAMF + 0ECB), further supporting the efficacy of such a combined treatment. Our results suggest that adding 0.8% ECB in soil with AMF inoculation on maize seeds can enhance maize production in saline soils, possibly via improvement in antioxidant activity, chlorophyll contents, gas exchange and morphological attributes.

Abstract Nine morpholine-derived halogenated chalcone derivatives (MHC1-MHC9) were synthesized, and their inhibitory activity against monoamine oxidase (MAO) was evaluated. MHC5 showed the highest inhibitory activity against MAO-B with an IC50 value of 0.065 μM, followed by MHC7 (IC50 = 0.078 μM) and MHC6 (IC50 = 0.082 μM). The para-F substituent MHC4 was also potent (IC50 = 0.095 μM). The selectivity index values of all the compounds were high for MAO-B over MAO-A, and the values for MHC5 and MHC4 were 66.15 and 80.11, respectively. MHC5 and MHC4 were competitive MAO-B inhibitors with Ki values of 0.024 ± 0.00062 and 0.041 ± 0.0028 μM, respectively. In reversibility tests, the changes in residual activity before and after the dialysis of MHC5 and MHC4 were similar to those of safinamide, a reversible MAO-B reference inhibitor. Additionally, molecular docking and dynamic simulations predicted that the lead molecules MHC5 and MHC4 could strongly bind to the MAO-B active site with docking scores of –10.92 ± 0.08 and –10.64 ± 0.14 kcal/mol, respectively. Additionally, MHC4 and MHC5 exhibited favorable ADME features, including blood–brain barrier permeability. The experiments confirmed that MHC5 and MHC4 are reversible and potent selective inhibitors of MAO-B and are promising candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (human health).

Abstract In the modern world, wheat, a vital global cereal and the second most consumed, is vulnerable to climate change impacts. These include erratic rainfall and extreme temperatures, endangering global food security. Research on hydrogen-rich water (HRW) has gained momentum in plant and agricultural sciences due to its diverse functions. This study examined the effects of different HRW treatment durations on wheat, revealing that the 4-h treatment had the highest germination rate, enhancing potential, vigor, and germination indexes. This treatment also boosted relative water content, root and shoot weight, and average lengths. Moreover, the 4-h HRW treatment resulted in the highest chlorophyll and soluble protein concentrations in seeds while reducing cell death. The 4-h and 5-h HRW treatments significantly increased H2O2 levels, with the highest NO detected in both root and shoot after 4-h HRW exposure. Additionally, HRW-treated seeds exhibited increased Zn and Fe concentrations, along with antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT, SOD, APX) in roots and shoots. These findings suggest that HRW treatment could enhance wheat seed germination, growth, and nutrient absorption, thereby increasing agricultural productivity. Molecular analysis indicated significant upregulation of the Dreb1 gene with a 4-h HRW treatment. Thus, it shows promise in addressing climate change effects on wheat production. Therefore, HRW treatment could be a hopeful strategy for enhancing wheat plant drought tolerance, requiring further investigation (field experiments) to validate its impact on plant growth and drought stress mitigation.

Aging-related diseases (ARDs) are a major global health concern, and the development of effective therapies is urgently needed. Kaempferol, a flavonoid found in several plants, has emerged as a promising candidate for ameliorating ARDs. This comprehensive review examines Kaempferol's chemical properties, safety profile, and pharmacokinetics, and highlights its potential therapeutic utility against ARDs. Kaempferol's therapeutic potential is underpinned by its distinctive chemical structure, which confers antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Kaempferol counteracts reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulates crucial cellular pathways, thereby combating oxidative stress and inflammation, hallmarks of ARDs. Kaempferol's low toxicity and wide safety margins, as demonstrated by preclinical and clinical studies, further substantiate its therapeutic potential. Compelling evidence supports Kaempferol's substantial potential in addressing ARDs through several mechanisms, notably anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic actions. Kaempferol exhibits a versatile neuroprotective effect by modulating various proinflammatory signaling pathways, including NF-kB, p38MAPK, AKT, and the β-catenin cascade. Additionally, it hinders the formation and aggregation of beta-amyloid protein and regulates brain-derived neurotrophic factors. In terms of its anticancer potential, kaempferol acts through diverse pathways, inducing apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase, suppressing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers, and affecting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathways. Subsequent studies should focus on refining dosage regimens, exploring innovative delivery systems, and conducting comprehensive clinical trials to translate these findings into effective therapeutic applications.

The (E)-4-((4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-nitrobenzylidene) amino) pyrimidin-2(1H)-one (C5NV) was synthesized from cytosine and 5-nitrovanilline by simple straightforward condensation reaction. The structural characteristics of the compound was determined and optimized by WB97XD/cc-pVDZ basis set. The vibrational frequencies were computed and subsequently compared to the experimental frequencies. We investiated the electronic properties of the synthesized compound in gas and solvent phases using the time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) approach, and compared them to experimental values. The fluorescence study showed three different wavelengths indicating the nature of the optical material properties. Frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) analyses were conducted for the title compound, and electron localized functions (ELF) and localized orbital locators (LOL) were used to identify the orbital positions of localized and delocalized atoms. Non-covalent interactions (H-bond interactions) were investigated using reduced density gradients (RDGs). The objective of the study was to determine the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the C5NV. The molecular docking study was conducted between C5NV and 2XNF protein, its lowest binding energy score is −7.92 kcal/mol.

Objectives: The present study reports a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and straightforward approach to synthesize Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using agro-waste banana (Musa acuminata) leaves and compares it with chemogenic ZnO NP. Methods: The study investigated biogenic and chemogenic ZnO NPs, examining their size, shape, morphological structure, and stability using UV–Vis Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Transmission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Antibacterial potency against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium was tested through the Disk Diffusion method. Bio-nanocomposites were created by incorporating different ZnO NP concentrations into chitosan via the solvent casting method. Film characteristics were analyzed using SEM, tensile strength, film moisture (FM), film solubility (FS), and water-holding capacity (WHC). Antibacterial activity of the bio-nanocomposites was assessed against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium using the Viable Cell Colony Count method. Results: The results of color change confirmed the formation of biogenic and chemogenic ZnO NP having sharp peaks at 370 nm and 381 nm respectively having spherical structure with an average crystalline size of 36.73 nm and 75.31 nm. The biogenic ZnO NP had greater inhibitory action against both Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium than chemogenic ZnO NP. Besides, the biogenic biofilms had enhanced characteristics followed by chemogenic and chitosan biofilms. Conclusion: The study suggests a green approach, using smaller nanosized biogenic ZnO NPs with unique advantages over chemogenic counterparts. The resulting biofilms exhibit the potential to enhance food quality, safety, and longevity in the food industry. This aligns with circular green economy principles, utilizing waste banana leaves for raw material synthesis and promoting manufacturing innovation.

There are two main ways to discover or design small drug molecules. The first involves fine-tuning existing molecules or commercially successful drugs through quantitative structure-activity relationships and virtual screening. The second approach involves generating new molecules through de novo drug design or inverse quantitative structure-activity relationship. Both methods aim to get a drug molecule with the best pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles. However, bringing a new drug to market is an expensive and time-consuming endeavor, with the average cost being estimated at around $2.5 billion. One of the biggest challenges is screening the vast number of potential drug candidates to find one that is both safe and effective. The development of artificial intelligence in recent years has been phenomenal, ushering in a revolution in many fields. The field of pharmaceutical sciences has also significantly benefited from multiple applications of artificial intelligence, especially drug discovery projects. Artificial intelligence models are finding use in molecular property prediction, molecule generation, virtual screening, synthesis planning, repurposing, among others. Lately, generative artificial intelligence has gained popularity across domains for its ability to generate entirely new data, such as images, sentences, audios, videos, novel chemical molecules, etc. Generative artificial intelligence has also delivered promising results in drug discovery and development. This review article delves into the fundamentals and framework of various generative artificial intelligence models in the context of drug discovery via de novo drug design approach. Various basic and advanced models have been discussed, along with their recent applications. The review also explores recent examples and advances in the generative artificial intelligence approach, as well as the challenges and ongoing efforts to fully harness the potential of generative artificial intelligence in generating novel drug molecules in a faster and more affordable manner. Some clinical-level assets generated form generative artificial intelligence have also been discussed in this review to show the ever-increasing application of artificial intelligence in drug discovery through commercial partnerships.

BackgroundBrassica oleracea var. botrytis is an annual or biennial herbaceous vegetable plant in the Brassicaceae family notable for its edible blossom head. A lot of effort has gone into finding defense-associated proteins in order to better understand how cauliflower and pathogens interact. Endophytes are organisms that live within the host plant and reproduce. Endophytes are bacteria and fungi that reside in plant tissues and can either help or harm the plant. Several species have aided molecular biologists and plant biotechnologists in various ways. Water is essential for a healthy cauliflower bloom. When the weather is hot, this plant dries up, and nitrogen scarcity can be detrimental to cauliflower growth.ObjectiveThe study sought to discern plant growth promoting (PGP) compounds that can amplify drought resilience and boost productivity in cauliflower.MethodsInvestigations were centered on endophytes, microorganisms existing within plant tissues. The dual role of beneficial and detrimental Agrobacterium was scrutinized, particularly emphasizing the ethylene precursor compound, 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACCA).ResultsACCA possessed salient PGP traits, particularly demonstrating a pronounced enhancement of drought resistance in cauliflower plants. Specifically, during the pivotal marketable curd maturity phase, which necessitates defense against various threats, ACCA showcased a binding energy of −8.74 kcal/mol.ConclusionACCA holds a significant promise in agricultural productivity, with its potential to boost drought resistance and cauliflower yield. This could be particularly impactful for regions grappling with high temperatures and possible nitrogen shortages. Future research should explore ACCA’s performance under diverse environmental settings and its applicability in other crops.

The synthesis of a new class of effective antibiotics and antimicrobial agents with less toxicity is highly desirable due to bacterial resistance to antibiotics has increased dramatically. In this context, molecules that embedding a spiro moiety are attractive from a medicinal chemistry point of view as these spiro heterocycles show a vital part in the development of delivery systems for antimicrobial therapies. In the present study, the synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of structurally attractive complex hybrid heterocycles comprising spriooxindolopyrrolidine and indole heterocycles was attained in quantitative yields by cycloaddition strategy. The new class of spirocompouds were unequivocally assigned through spectroscopic analysis and the antimicrobial efficacy were assessed against six microbial pathogens. Among them, compound 4a, bearing chlorine substituted derivative showed significant activity against tested ESKAPE pathogens. The maximum zone of inhibition observed against ESKAPE microbial pathogens causing infectious disease ranged from 6.75 ± 0.40 to 19.75 ± 1.15 mm, with MIC values ranging between 16.00 to > 256.00 µg/ml .

Abstract Green nanotechnology, an emerging field, offers economic and social benefits while minimizing environmental impact. Nanoparticles, pivotal in medicine, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture, are now sourced from green plants and microorganisms, overcoming limitations of chemically synthesized ones. In agriculture, these green‐made nanoparticles find use in fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, and fungicides. Nanofertilizers curtail mineral losses, bolster yields, and foster agricultural progress. Their biological production, preferred for environmental friendliness and high purity, is cost‐effective and efficient. Biosensors aid early disease detection, ensuring food security and sustainable farming by reducing excessive pesticide use. This eco‐friendly approach harnesses natural phytochemicals to boost crop productivity. This review highlights recent strides in green nanotechnology, showcasing how green‐synthesized nanomaterials elevate crop quality, combat plant pathogens, and manage diseases and stress. These advancements pave the way for sustainable crop production systems in the future.

The study examined various properties of synthesized copolyesters PESC and PPSC. Inherent viscosities of the copolyesters, measured in 1,4-dioxane at 32 °C, were 0.65 dL/g for PESC and 0.73 dL/g for PPSC. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed distinct absorption bands associated with ester carbonyl stretching, C–H bending vibration, C–H group symmetry stretching, and C–O stretching vibrations. 1H and 13C Nuclear magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to identify specific protons and carbon groups in the polymer chain, revealing the molecular structure of the copolyesters. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) identified the glass transition, melting, and decomposition temperatures for both copolyesters, indicating variations in the crystalline nature of the copolymers. XRD Spectral studies further elaborated on the crystalline nature, indicating that PPSC is less amorphous than PESC. Biodegradation analysis showed that PESC degrades more quickly than PPSC, with degradation decreasing as the number of methylene groups increase. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images depicted the surface morphology of the copolyesters before and after degradation, revealing a more roughened surface with pits post-degradation. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the structural and degradable properties of PESC and PPSC copolyesters.

The purpose of this study is to conduct a bibliometric analysis of Service Quality (SERVQUAL) research in private higher education institutions (HEIs). This analysis aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of SERVQUAL's current state and future potential in private HEIs. This study collected 205 journal articles from the Web of Science database using a bibliometric approach. Then, co-citation and co-word analyses were conducted to determine the most influential publications, analyze the knowledge structure, and forecast future trends. This review offers valuable insight into the expanding field of SERVQUAL research, despite its limitations, as the analysis revealed five clusters in co-citation and co-word analysis, respectively. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by offering a comprehensive understanding of SERVQUAL in the context of private HEIs. Additionally, it provides insight into potential future developments in this field.

The Prunus armeniaca L. (bitter apricot) is an apricot fruit tree categorized on the basis of the bitter taste of its seed kernel. In this study, the functional, medicinal, and therapeutic potential of bitter apricot seed kernel oil (BASKO) was evaluated. The qualitative screening of BASKO was performed using standard methodologies. The chemical profile of the oil was analyzed with the help of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results revealed the presence of different phytochemical constituents comprising steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, and cardiac glycosides. The antioxidant activity of the oil was determined by a 2,2,diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition essay. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were 10.6±1.32 mg GAE/g and 4.75±0.11 mg QE/g, respectively. DPPH inhibition of 89.5% was achieved at 1000 μg/mL of BASKO, with IC50=90.44 μg/mL (83.47–96.67 μg/mL with 95% CI). The antimicrobial potential of the BASKO revealed the inhibition of Escherichia coli (20.3±2.08 mm), Salmonella typhi (19.3±2.51 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (16.6±1.52 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (17±2 mm), and Staphylococcus aureus (25±1.01 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was 250 μL/mL for K. pneumoniae, S. typhi, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus, whereas 62.5 μL/mL for E. coli. Moreover, BASKO showed antifungal potential against Trichophyton tonsurans (77.3±2.08%), Epidermophyton floccosum (69.6±3.51%), Aspergillus niger (74.3±2.56%), Aspergillus flavus (90±3%), and Mucor mucedo (78.3±2.51%). Antileishmanial activity of oil was evaluated against Leishmania major by MTT assay, and an IC50 value of 89.75 μg/mL was observed. The study revealed that BASKO is a good source of biologically active compounds to be used as functional, therapeutical, and antimicrobial agents in food and pharmaceutical products.

The current study aims to evaluate and characterize the probiotic andantidiabetic properties of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) obtained from milk and other dairy-based products. The strains were tested physiologically, biochemically, and molecularly. Based on biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene amplification and sequencing, all three isolates RAMULAB18, RAMULAB19, and RAMULAB53 were identified as Lacticaseibacillus paracasei with homology similarity of more than 98%. The inhibitory potential of each isolate against carbohydrate hydrolysis enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) was assessed using three different preparations of RAMULAB (RL) isolates: the supernatant (RL-CS), intact cells (RL-IC), and cell-free extraction (RL-CE). Additionally, the isolate was evaluated for its antioxidant activity against free radicals (DPPH and ABTS). The strain’s RL-CS, RL-CE, and RL-IC inhibited α-amylase (17.25 to 55.42%), α-glucosidase (15.08–59.55%), DPPH (56.42–87.45%), and ABTS (46.35–78.45%) enzymes differently. With the highest survival rate (>98%) toward tolerance to gastrointestinal conditions, hydrophobicity (>42.18%), aggregation (>74.21%), as well as attachment to an individual’s colorectal cancer cell line (HT-29) (>64.98%), human buccal and chicken crop epithelial cells, all three isolates exhibited extensive results. All three isolates exhibited high resistance toward antibiotics (methicillin, kanamycin, cefixime, and vancomycin), and other assays such as antibacterial, DNase, hemolytic, and gelatinase were performed for safety assessment. Results suggest that the LAB described are valuable candidates for their significant health benefits and that they can also be utilized as a beginning or bio-preservative tradition in the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical sectors. The LAB isolates are excellent in vitro probiotic applicants and yet additional in vivo testing is required.

Photodynamic therapy is a therapy that utilizes a specialized drug, a photosensitizer, which is not toxic by itself, but upon activation with light, is activated and leads to the production of singlet oxygen species. This production of singlet oxygen species starts a cascade that leads to cell death. Photodynamic therapy is a potential treatment for cancer patients, and it might be helpful to promote human health by providing alternative treatment to cancer. In-vitro study with Visudyne (VD) in KB carcinoma cells unveiled the mechanism of cell injury to cell death upon photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this study, we investigated real time monitoring of the production of singlet oxygen (SO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondria integrity and chromatin integrity in VD treated live cells by irradiating with a mercury lamp light source and 665–675 nm and 480–560 nm emission filter. Upon PDT we also observed cytoskeleton remodeling and cytochrome –C release using immunofluorescence techniques. We investigate the cytotoxicity of PDT and performed quantitative analysis for SO, ROS and mitochondrial potential change using colocalization analysis between VD and mitochondria.

The air separation (O2/N2) based on polymeric membranes is critical because it is more energy efficient than traditional methods. Dense polymeric membranes are now the main stay of industrial processes that generate oxygen and nitrogen enriched gas. Though, regular polymeric membranes often fall short of selective pressure demands because O2 and N2 gases have such comparable equivalent diameters. While polymer composites have their benefits, nanocomposite (NCs) allows for the production of high-performance barriers. Utilising Matrimid® 5218 (Matrimid) as the base framework and multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) as the filler, a novel NCs for O2/N2 separation was developed. Both matrimid and MWCNTs were chemically modified quaternization and functionalizing the MWCNTs. The membranes were casted using solution casting with a combination of quaternized matrimid and functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNT). When f-MWCNT was added to quaternized matrimid, it created interfacial compatibility, which increased O2/N2 selectivity and permeability by 65 % and 35 %, respectively. In the current study, increasing O2 diffusivity and O2/N2 solubility selectivity resulted in improved performance, this paves a way for manufacturing innovation.

Incessant utilization of chemical fertilizers leads to the accumulation of minerals in the soil, rendering them unavailable to plants. Unaware of the mineral reserves present in the soil, farming communities employ chemical fertilizers once during each cultivation, a practice that causes elevated levels of insoluble minerals within the soil. The use of biofertilizers on the other hand, reduces the impact of chemical fertilizers through the action of microorganisms in the product, which dissolves minerals and makes them readily available for plant uptake, helping to create a sustainable environment for continuous agricultural production. In the current investigation, a field trial employing Arachis hypogaea L was conducted to evaluate the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to enhance plant growth and development by solubilizing minerals present in the soil (such as zinc and phosphorus). A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) included five different treatments as T1: Un inoculated Control; T2: Seeds treated with a liquid formulation of P. aeruginosa; T3: Seeds treated with a liquid formulation of P. aeruginosa and the soil amended with organic manure (farmyard); T4: Soil amended with organic manure (farmyard) alone; T5: Seeds treated with lignite (solid) based formulation of P. aeruginosa were used for the study. Efficacy was determined based on the plant's morphological characters and mineral contents (Zn and P) of plants and soil. Survival of P. aeruginosa in the field was validated using Antibiotic Intrinsic patterns (AIP). The results indicated that the combination treatment of P. aeruginosa liquid formulation and organic fertilizer (farmyard) (T3) produced the highest biometric parameters and mineral (Zn and P) content of the groundnut plants and the soil. This outcome is likely attributed to the mineral solubilizing capability of P. aeruginosa. Furthermore, the presence of farmyard manure increased the metabolic activity of P. aeruginosa by inducing its heterotrophic activity, leading to higher mineral content in T3 soil compared to other soil treatments. The AIP data confirmed the presence of the applied liquid inoculant by exhibiting a similar intrinsic pattern between the in vitro isolate and the isolate obtained from the fields. In summary, the Zn and P solubilization ability of P. aeruginosa facilitates the conversion of soil-unavailable mineral form into a form accessible to plants. It further proposes the utilization of the liquid formulation of P. aeruginosa as a viable solution to mitigate the challenges linked to solid-based biofertilizers and the reliance on mineral-based chemical fertilizers.

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) were synthesized using ginger (Zingiber officinale) extracts in a green synthesis approach and evaluated their in vitro cytotoxicity effect on the MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cell line. The bottom-up approach was employed to develop the green-synthesized ginger-encapsulated ZnO-NPs (GZnO-NPs) without using hazardous substances. The most substantial Fourier-transform infrared absorption peak of the ginger root extract was seen at 1634.24 cm−1. The peak also confirmed the presence of ginger root extract-encapsulated ZnO-NPs at 1556.79, 1471.54, and 1019.83 cm−1. It indicates that the biomolecules found in plant extracts behave as capping agents, aiding in the formation of nanoparticles. The mean particle sizes (PSs) of optimized GZnO-NPs of the ratios 1:2 were found to be 104.01 ± 7.12 nm with a zeta potential of −11.5 ± 1.31 mV. The X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed that the prepared nanoparticles were spherical and crystalline, with PS ranging from 100 to 150 nm. The GZnO-NPs were subjected to MTT assay and cellular migration potential, and it was found that the inhibitory concentration on the MDA-MB 231 (breast) cancer cell line and scratch area showed a dose-dependent efficacy. The successfully green-synthesized GZnO-NPs effectively induced cell death in the MDA-MB 231 cancer cell line. The scratch assay results confirmed that prepared GZnO-NPs inhibited the proliferation and migration of cancerous cells.

Background: Excitotoxicity is a condition in which neurons are damaged/injured by the over-activation of glutamate receptors. Excitotoxins play a crucial part in the progression of several neurological diseases. Marsilea quadrifolia Linn (M. quadrifolia) is a very popular aquatic medicinal plant that has been utilised for a variety of therapeutic benefits since ancient times. Its chemical composition is diverse and includes phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, carbohydrates and several others that possess antioxidant properties.Objective: The objective of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective potential of M. quadrifolia against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced excitotoxicity in rats.Methods: A high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of chloroform extract of M. quadrifolia (CEMQ) was conducted to identify the major constituents. Further, the in silico docking analysis was carried out on selected ligands. To confirm CEMQ’s neuroprotective effects, the locomotor activity, non-spatial memory, and learning were assessed.Results and discussion: The present study confirmed that CMEQ contains quercetin and its derivatives in large. The in-silico findings indicated that quercetin has a better binding affinity (−7.9 kcal/mol) towards the protein target 5EWJ. Animals treated with MSG had 1) a greater reduction in the locomotor score and impairment in memory and learning 2) a greater increase in the blood levels of calcium and sodium and 3) neuronal disorganization, along with cerebral edema and neuronal degeneration in the brain tissues as compared to normal control animals. The changes were however, significantly improved in animals which received standard drug memantine (20 mg/kg) and CEMQ (200 and 400 mg/kg) as compared to the negative control. It is plausible that the changes seen with CEMQ may be attributed to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonistic properties.Conclusion: Overall, this study indicated that M. quadrifolia ameliorated MSG-induced neurotoxicity. Future investigations are required to explore the neuroprotective mechanism of M. quadrifolia and its active constituents, which will provide exciting insights in the therapeutic management of neurological disorders.

Nanogels are highly recognized as adaptable drug delivery systems that significantly contribute to improving various therapies and diagnostic examinations for different human diseases. These three-dimensional, hydrophilic cross-linked polymers have the ability to absorb large amounts of water or biological fluids. Due to the growing demand for enhancing current therapies, nanogels have emerged as the next-generation drug delivery system. They effectively address the limitations of conventional drug therapy, such as poor stability, large particle size, and low drug loading efficiency. Nanogels find extensive use in the controlled delivery of therapeutic agents, reducing adverse drug effects and enabling lower therapeutic doses while maintaining enhanced efficacy and patient compliance. They are considered an innovative drug delivery system that highlights the shortcomings of traditional methods. This article covers several topics, including the involvement of nanogels in the nanomedicine sector, their advantages and limitations, ideal properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, drug loading capacity, particle size, permeability, non-immunological response, and colloidal stability. Additionally, it provides information on nanogel classification, synthesis, drug release mechanisms, and various biological applications. The article also discusses barriers associated with brain targeting and the progress of nanogels as nanocarriers for delivering therapeutic agents to the central nervous system.

ObjectiveThis study aims to understand plant-bacteria interactions that enhance plant resistance to environmental stressors, with a focus on maize (Zea mays L.) and its vulnerability to various pathogenic organisms. We examine the potential of 1-amino-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACCA) as a compound to boost maize’s resilience against stressors and pathogens.BackgroundWith the growing global population and increased food demand, the study of endophytes, comprising bacteria and fungi, becomes crucial. They reside within plant tissues, affecting their hosts either beneficially or detrimentally. Agrobacteria are of specific interest due to their potential to contribute to developing strategies for plant resistance enhancement.MethodsWe conducted exhaustive research on the defense-related proteins and mechanisms involved in maize-pathogen interactions. The efficacy of ACCA as a natural-compound that could enhance maize’s resistance was examined.ResultsOur research indicates that ACCA, having a binding energy of −9.98 kcal/mol, successfully strengthens maize resistance against pathogenic assaults and drought stress. It plays a crucial protective role in maize plants as they mature, outperforming other ligands in its effectiveness to improve productivity and increase yield.ConclusionApplying ACCA to maize plants has considerable potential in enhancing their resilience and tolerance to stress, proving to be an effective strategy to boost crop yield and productivity. This could help address the increasing global food demand. However, more research is needed to optimize ACCA application methods and to gain a comprehensive understanding of its long-term effects on maize cultivations and the environment.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is presently considered a multifactorial pathology, which may lead to persistent inflammatory action of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) because of an improperly managed immunological reactivity to the intestinal microbiota found in the GIT. The immune response to common commensal microbes plays an essential role in intestinal inflammation related to UC synbiotics, and it is an important element in the optimal therapy of UC. Therefore, synbiotics, i.e., a mixture of prebiotics and probiotics, may help control the diseased state. Synbiotics alleviate the inflammation of the colon by lowering the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and improving the level of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Prebiotic supplementation is not a common practice at the moment, despite numerous research findings proving that the benefits of both probiotics and prebiotics encourage their continued existence and positioning in the GIT, with positive effects on human health by managing the inflammatory response. However, the fact that there have been fewer studies on the treatment of UC with different probiotics coupled with selected prebiotics, i.e., synbiotics, and the outcomes of these studies have been very favorable. This evidence-based study explores the possible role of ROS, SOD, and synbiotics in managing the UC. The proposed review also focuses on the role of alteration of gut microbiota, antioxidant defense in the gastrointestinal tract, and the management of UC. Thus, the current article emphasizes oxidative stress signaling in the GI tract, oxidative stress-based pathomechanisms in UC patients, and UC therapies inhibiting oxidative stress’ effects.

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of excipients on retaining the particle size of methotrexate (MTX) loaded chitosan nanocarriers (CsNP) during lyophilization, which relates to the ability to enlarge the particle size and target specific areas. The nanocarriers were prepared using the ionic gelation technique with tripolyphosphate as a crosslinker. Three lyophilized formulations were used: nanosuspension without Lyoprotectant (NF), with mannitol (NFM), and with sucrose (NFS). The lyophilized powder intended for injection (PI) was examined to assess changes in particle size, product integrity, and comparative biodistribution studies to evaluate targeting ability. After lyophilization, NFS was excluded from in-vivo studies due to the product melt-back phenomenon. The particle size of the NF lyophile significantly increased from 176 nm to 261 nm. In contrast, NFM restricted the nanocarrier size to 194 nm and exhibited excellent cake properties. FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis revealed the transformation of mannitol into a stable β, δ polymorphic form. Biodistribution studies showed that the nanocarriers significantly increased MTX accumulation in tumor tissue (NF = 2.04 ± 0.27; NFM = 2.73 ± 0.19) compared to the marketed PI (1.45 ± 0.25 μg), but this effect was highly dependent on the particle size. Incorporating mannitol yielded positive results in restricting particle size and favoring successful tumor targeting. This study demonstrates the potential of chitosan nanocarriers as promising candidates for targeted tumor drug delivery and cancer treatment.

BackgroundImpaired wound healing is the most common and significant complication of Diabetes. While most other complications of Diabetes have better treatment options, diabetic wounds remain a burden as they can cause pain and suffering in patients. Wound closure and repair are orchestrated by a sequence of events aided by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are dysregulated in cases of Diabetes, making the wound environment unfavorable for healing and delaying the wound healing processes. This concise review provides an overview of the dysregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and offers insights into better therapeutic outcomes.Purpose of reviewAlthough many therapeutic approaches have been lined up nowadays to treat Diabetes, there are no proper treatment modalities proposed yet in treating diabetic wounds due to the lack of understanding about the role of inflammatory mediators, especially Pro-inflammatory mediators- Cytokines, in the process of Wound healing which we mainly focus on this review.Recent findingsAlthough complications of Diabetes mellitus are most reported after years of diagnosis, the most severe critical complication is impaired Wound Healing among Diabetes patients. Even though Trauma, Peripheral Artery Disease, and Peripheral Neuropathy are the leading triggering factors for the development of ulcerations, the most significant issue contributing to the development of complicated cutaneous wounds is wound healing impairment. It may even end up with amputation. Newer therapeutic approaches such as incorporating the additives in the present dressing materials, which include antimicrobial molecules and immunomodulatory cytokines is of better therapeutic value.SummaryThe adoption of these technologies and the establishment of novel therapeutic interventions is difficult since there is a gap in terms of a complete understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level and the lack of data in terms of the assessment of safety and bioavailability differences in the individuals’ patients. The target-specific pro-inflammatory cytokines-based therapies, either by upregulation or downregulation of them, will be helpful in the wound healing process and thereby enhances the Quality of life in patients, which is the goal of drug therapy.

The ecological and children’s Health Risk Assessments (HRA) of Copper (Cu) in aquatic bodies ranging from rivers, mangrove, estuaries, and offshore areas were studied using the Cited Cu Data in The Sediments (CCDITS) from 125 randomly selected papers published from 1980 to 2022. The ecological and children’s HRA were assessed in all CCDITS. Generally, local point Cu sources (8%) and lithogenic sources were the main controlling factors of Cu concentrations. The present review revealed three interesting points. First, there were 11 papers (8%) documenting Cu levels of more than 500 mg/kg dw while China was the country with the highest number (26%) of papers published between 1980 and 2022, out of 37 countries. Second, with the Cu data cited from the literature not normally distributed, the maximum Cu level was higher than all the established guidelines. However, the median Cu concentration was lower than most of the established guidelines. The median values of the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) indicated a status of ‘unpolluted‘ and ‘moderate contamination’ for the contamination factor (CF), and ‘low potential ecological risk’ for the ecological risk (ER) of Cu. However, the Cu ER could be based at present on the above mentioned 8% of the literature in the present study. Third, the calculated hazard index (HI) values were found to be below 1, indicating no potential chance of Cu non–carcinogenic effects in both adults and children, except for children’s HI values from Lake Pamvotis of Greece, and Victoria Harbor in Hong Kong. Thus, regular monitoring (every 2 years), depending upon the available resources, is recommended to assess the ecological–health risk of Cu pollution in aquatic bodies to abate the risk of Cu exposure to children’s health and avoid injurious impacts on the biota. It can be concluded that there is always a need for the mitigation and management of a Cu exposure risk assessment that can be used successfully for screening purposes to detect important human health exposure routes. Consequently, any sediments contaminated with Cu require rapid sediment remediation techniques.

A significant waste, including dyes in water, is generated during textile industrial processes, which causes environmental challenges. Herein, various nanocomposites (NC) of nickel oxide (NiO) and zinc oxide (ZnO) were prepared by solvothermal assisted green method where ethanolic extract of spinach leaves were used as a green source. The ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy revealed that the band gap energies and absorption maxima of NiO/ZnO were 2.25 eV and 371 nm for 1:1 NC, 2.07 eV and 380 nm for 5:1 NC, and 2.02 eV and 385 nm for 1:5 NC. Ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were employed to investigate the optical and structural characteristics of the NCs. The XRD patterns of NiO/ZnO NCs (i.e., 1:1, 5:1, 1:5) displayed crystallite sizes of 44.6, 52.17, and 42.5 nm, respectively. Associations of different functional groups with the surfaces of NC was confirmed by FTIR. Batch method was used to conduct the NCs-mediated adsorption of methylene blue (MB), methyl red (MR), and methyl orange (MO). Furthermore, several factors, including dye concentration, contact time, and temperature that affected the sorption, are reported. Pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order kinetic models were utilized to examine the adsorption kinetics. For all the dyes studied, pseudo-first order is the one which fitted best to the kinetic data, based on regression coefficient (R ^2 ). Indeed, experimental data were found to follow the Langmuir model. The maximum uptake capacity (q _m ) of MB adsorbed on NiO/ZnO NC (1:1) was 370 mg g ^−1 which is higher compared to that of values reported in the literature. These findings report a dual method (i.e., solvothermal-green chemistry) contribute to the development of efficient and cost-effective methods for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.