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An extension of the Lorentz group that includes generators $\Gamma^\mu$ carrying a space-time index has been previously demonstrated to \emph{explicitly} construct the Minkowski metric \emph{within} the internal group space as a consequence of the non-vanishing commutation relations between those generators. Fields that transform under representations of this extended group can fundamentally incorporate microscopic causality as a crucial property of physical fields. The first part of this exploration focused on the fundamental representation fermions (which satisfy the Dirac equation), and explored additional internal symmetries associated with those fermions. Any interactions that could result from those symmetries were demonstrated to necessarily be consistent with gravitational equivalence under curvilinear extensions of the (abelian) space-time translations. The first boson representation of this algebra is the focus of this second paper. In particular, the equations of motion for a group of massive vector bosons are degenerate with that of massless vector bosons, allowing them to unitarily mix to form physical states with differing masses and dynamics. Thus, this representation exhibits a potential for enhancing insights into the standard modeling of electro-weak mixing of bosons. The various spinors that represent these bosons exhibit kinematic factors, and those factors are related during unitary mixing to generate the resultant physical states. For this reason, analytic and kinematic coincidences associated with known electro-weak masses will be explored for insights into possible predictive relationships between their masses and those of this first causal boson representation. To conclude, a plausible model will be constructed using examined coincidences for critique and insights into the potential viability of the approach., Comment: 18 pages, 1 figure

In the standard model, electro-weak bosons are developed as gauge-fields initially satisfying an SU(2) $\times$ U(1) local symmetry mediating interactions with a multi-component field. This symmetry gets broken when the component of the field associated with the (scalar) Higgs boson acquires a non-vanishing expectation value, generating masses for weak vector bosons (W$^+$,W$^-$,Z) as well as a massless photon (A) which couples to electric charge. Beyond an expression relating the masses of the W and Z bosons, there are few predictions concerning further relationships involving the Higgs mass or mixing angle. In this paper, kinematic relationships between unitarily mixed momentum-space spinors (supplemental to standard electro-weak modeling) will be developed. These relationships expressed in terms of kinematic invariants are shown to be consistent with current measured results., Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure

The fundamental fermion representations of causal spinor fields have previously been demonstrated to describe free Dirac fermions, as well as incorporate \emph{only} the observed degrees of freedom for local gauge invariance. In this paper, the first non-trivial boson representations of causal spinors will be presented. The general unitary mixing of degenerate bosonic spinors will be developed, and then applied to electro-weak bosons satisfying appropriate kinematic constraints. The resulting mass ratios are seen to be consistent with reported measured values for these bosons., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures

The principle of equivalence is used to examine covariant descriptions of quantum phenomena within the global exterior of geometries described using Painlev\'e- Gullstrand coordinates, which are everywhere non-singular away from their center. The differences between the descriptions of observers stationary within the curvilinear geometry and those in a locally-flat freely-falling system that is momentarily at rest are found to depend only on local proper accelerations, becoming vanishingly small for increasingly distant observers. Away from the horizon, the local detections of outgoing massless radiations from the ground state of the freely-falling observers are found to be consistent with those of Rindler observers accelerating in flat space-time.

As a living information and communications system, the genome encodes patterns in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reflecting human adaption that optimizes population survival in differing environments. This paper mathematically models environmentally induced adaptive forces that quantify changes in the distribution of SNP frequencies between populations. We make direct connections between biophysical methods (e.g. minimizing genomic free energy) and concepts in population genetics. Our unbiased computer program scanned a large set of SNPs in the major histocompatibility complex region, and flagged an altitude dependency on a SNP associated with response to oxygen deprivation. The statistical power of our double-blind approach is demonstrated in the flagging of mathematical functional correlations of SNP information-based potentials in multiple populations with specific environmental parameters. Furthermore, our approach provides insights for new discoveries on the biology of common variants. This paper demonstrates the power of biophysical modeling of population diversity for better understanding genome-environment interactions in biological phenomenon., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures

The algebra of the generators for infinitesimal transformations of the $\Gamma={1 \over 2}$ representation of causal spinor fields (Dirac fields) \emph{explicitly} constructs the Minkowski metric \emph{within} the internal group space as a consequence of non-vanishing commutation relations between generators that carry a single space-time index. This representation is a subgroup of the set of all of the generators that transform under the group GL(4). The sixteen hermitian generators of GL(4) include the three angular momentum spin matrices, a matrix proportional to the Dirac matrix $\gamma^0$, and 12 additional matrices that have the same number of degrees of freedom as SU(3)$\times$SU(2)$\times$U(1). In this paper, the construction of linearly independent internal SU(3) and SU(2) local symmetry groups for the causal spinor fields is demonstrated to necessarily involve the CKM mixing of three sets of the SU(3) eigenstates as related to the SU(2) eigenstates., Comment: 10 pages, version 2 corrects omissions and typos

Linear spinor fields are a generalization of the Dirac field that have direct correspondence with the known physics of fermions, inherent causality properties in their most fundamental constructions, and positive mass eigenvalues for all particle types. The algebra of the generators for infinitesimal transformations of these fields directly constructs the Minkowski metric \emph{within} the internal group space as a consequence of non-vanishing commutation relations between generators that carry space-time indexes. In addition, the generators have a fundamental matrix representation that includes Lorentz transformations within a group that unifies internal gauge symmetries generated by a set of hermitian generators for SU(3)$\times$SU(2)$\times$U(1), and nothing else. The construction of linearly independent internal SU(3) and SU(2) symmetry groups necessarily involves the mixing of three generations of the mass eigenstates labeling the (massive) representations of the linear spinor fields. The group algebra also provides a mechanism for the dynamic mixing of massless particles of differing "transverse mass" eigenvalues conjugate to the affine parameter labeling translations along their light-like trajectories. The inclusion of a transverse mass generator is necessary for group closure of the extended Poincare algebra, but its eigenvalue must vanish for massive particle representations. A unified set of space-time group transformation operations along with internal gauge group symmetry operations for linear spinor fields will be demonstrated in this paper., Comment: 11 pages

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) represent an important type of dynamic sites within the human genome. These common variants often locally correlate into more complex multi-SNP haploblocks that are maintained throughout generations in a stable population. The information encoded in the structure of common SNPs and SNP haploblock variation can be characterized through a normalized information content (NIC) metric. Such an intrinsic measure allows disparate regions of individual genomes and the genomes of various populations to be quantitatively compared in a meaningful way. Using our defined measures of genomic information, the interplay of maintained statistical variations due to the environmental baths within which stable populations exist can be interrogated. We develop the analogous "thermodynamics" characterizing the state variables for genomic populations that are stable under stochastic environmental stresses. Since living systems have not been found to develop in the absence of environmental influences, we focus on describing the analogous genomic free energy measures in this development. The intensive parameter describing how an environment drives genomic diversity is found to depend inversely upon the NIC of the genome of a stable population within that environment. Once this environmental potential has been determined from the whole genome of a population, additive state variables can be directly related to the probabilities of the occurrence of given viable SNP based units (alleles) within that genome. This formulation allows the determination of both population averaged state variables as well as the genomic energies of individual alleles and their combinations. The determination of individual allelic potentials then should allow the parameterization of specific environmental influences upon shared alleles across populations in varying environments., Comment: 22 pages, 14 figures

Linear spinor fields are a generalization of the Dirac field that have transparent cluster decomposability properties needed for classical correspondence of relativistic quantum systems. The algebra of these fields directly incorporate gravitation within a group that unifies the dynamics of the same number of additional hermitian carriers of quantum numbers as there are gauge fields in SU(3)$\times$SU(2)$\times$U(1). They also provide a mechanism for the dynamic mixing of massless neutrinos using a "transverse mass" conjugate to the affine parameter labeling translations along its light-like trajectory, consistent with those in the standard model., Comment: 13 pages

A singularity-free and spherically symmetric transient black object whose center remains always timelike, yet directly manifests a trapped region, has been constructed and numerically implemented. The exterior geometry is shown to be similar to that of a long-lived transient black hole, with a few subtle differences. The large-scale global structure of the geometry is examined through the construction of a conformal diagram, which exhibits no event horizon and bears resemblance to that of a Minkowski spacetime. Since there is no singularity within the geometry, the evolution of the exchange of information between timelike observers, including those that fall through the trapped region, can be directly explored. The dynamics of generic "standard" communications, as well as entangled communications, is exhibited through both t-versus-r and conformal spacetime diagrams., Comment: 25 pages, 12 figures

Generic self-gravitating quantum solutions that are not critically dependent on the specifics of microscopic interactions are presented. The solutions incorporate curvature effects, are consistent with the universality of gravity, and have appropriate correspondence with Newtonian gravitation. The results are consistent with known experimental results that indicate the maintenance of the quantum coherence of gravitating systems, as expected through the equivalence principle., Comment: 13 pages, 7 figures

Various studies have shown an association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and common disease. We hypothesize that information encoded in the structure of SNP haploblock variation illumines molecular pathways and cellular mechanisms involved in the regulation of host adaptation to the environment. We developed and utilized the normalized information content (NIC), a novel metric based on SNP haploblock variation. We found that all SNP haploblocks with statistically low information content contained putative transcription factor binding sites and microRNA motifs. We were able to translate a biophysical, mathematical measure of common variants into a deeper understanding of the life sciences through analysis of biochemical patterns associated with SNP haploblock variation. We submit that this new metric, NIC, may be useful in decoding the functional significance of common variation in the human genome and in analyzing the regulation of molecular pathways involved in host adaptation to environmental pathogens., Comment: 13 pages

A Penrose diagram is constructed for a spatially coherent black hole that smoothly begins an accretion, then excretes symmetrically as measured by a distant observer, with the initial and final states described by a metric of Minkowski form. Coordinate curves on the diagram are computationally derived. Causal relationships between space-time regions are briefly discussed. The life cycle of the black hole demonstrably leaves asymptotic observers in an unaltered Minkowski space-time of uniform conformal scale., Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, spelling corrections

Dynamic space-times, especially those manifesting horizons, provide useful laboratories for examining how macroscopic quantum behaviors consistently co-generate gravitational phenomena. For this reason, the behaviors and large-scale causal structures of spatially coherent dynamic black holes will be explored in this presentation. Geodesic motions on an evaporating black hole will also be presented. Research recently completed with Beth Brown, including her final Penrose diagram for an accreting black hole, will be presented., Comment: Invited talk presented at the 2009 Joint Annual Conference of the National Society of Black Physicists and the National Society of Hispanic Physicists, Feb. 10-14, Nashville, Tennessee

Geometries with horizons offer insights into relationships between general relativity and quantum physics. Quantum mechanics constrains relationships between kinematic parameters and the coordinates describing the dynamics. Example quantum behaviors on space-times with dynamic horizons will be demonstrated, with an emphasis on examining co-gravitating quantum systems. Finally, the large scale causal structure of a multi-fluid cosmology that can describe dynamic coherent aspects of the universe as a whole will be presented., Comment: Invited talk presented at the 2009 Joint Annual Conference of the National Society of Black Physicists and the National Society of Hispanic Physicists, Feb. 10-14, Nashville, Tennessee

Fluid cosmologies are consistent with the generally accepted observational evidence during intermediate and late times, and they need not have singular behavior in primordial times. A general form for fluid cosmology consistent with Einstein's equation is demonstrated, and a dynamic metric that incorporates fluid scale is developed. The large scale causal structure of a multi-fluid cosmology exemplary of standard cosmology is then examined. This is done through developing coupled rate equations for radiation, dust, and dark components. The beginning of the dissolution of the primordial fluid into the other components is singularity-free, since the fluid provides a non-vanishing scale for the cosmology. Penrose diagrams are developed for cosmologies both with and without a final state dark energy density., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures

A Penrose diagram is constructed for a spatially coherent black hole that accretes at stepwise steady rates as measured by a distant observer from an initial state described by a metric of Minkowski form. Coordinate lines are computationally derived, and radial light-like trajectories verify the viability of the diagram. Coordinate dependencies of significant features, such as the horizon and radial mass scale, are clearly demonstrated on the diagram. The onset of a singularity at the origin is shown to open a new region in space-time that contains the interior of the black hole., Comment: 7 pages, 1 figure

Often, geometries with horizons offer insights into the intricate relationships between general relativity and quantum physics. However, some subtle aspects of gravitating quantum systems might be difficult to ascertain using static backgrounds, since quantum mechanics incorporates dynamic measurability constraints (such as the uncertainty principle, etc.). For this reason, the behaviors of quantum systems on a dynamic black hole background are explored in this paper. The velocities and trajectories of representative outgoing, ingoing, and stationary classical particles are calculated and contrasted, and the dynamics of simple quantum fields (both massless and massive) on the space-time are examined. Invariant densities associated with the quantum fields are exhibited on the Penrose diagram that represents the excreting black hole. Furthermore, a generic approach for the consistent mutual gravitation of quanta in a manner that reproduces the given geometry is developed. The dynamics of the mutually gravitating quantum fields are expressed in terms of the affine parameter that describes local motions of a given quantum type on the space-time. Algebraic equations that relate the energy-momentum densities of the quantum fields to Einstein's tensor can then be developed. An example mutually gravitating system of macroscopically coherent quanta along with a core gravitating field is demonstrated. Since the approach is generic and algebraic, it can be used to represent a variety of systems with specified boundary conditions., Comment: 33 pages, 14 figures

Geometries with horizons offer insights into relationships between general relativity and quantum physics. For static spherically symmetric space-times, the event horizon is coincident with a coordinate anomaly that introduces complications in descriptions of near horizon physics. Naive introduction of dynamics using coordinates with anomalous behavior coincident with the horizon also introduces invariant singular physical content at that horizon. However, the introduction of a temporal coordinate that is non-orthogonal to spatial coordinates near the horizon, but asymptotically orthogonal, provides a dynamic description without singular physical content at the horizon itself. Penrose diagrams will be presented exhibiting temporal dependencies for accreting and evaporating black holes, and near horizon light-like trajectories will be examined. In addition, the quantum mechanics of simple quantum fields will be explored. Finally, a two-fluid cosmology will be suggested to describe dynamic coherent aspects of the universe as a whole., Comment: Invited talk presented at the 2008 Annual Conference of the National Society of Black Physicists and National Society of Hispanic Physicists, Feb. 20-23, Washington, D.C., 37 pages, 12 figures, symbol fonts in figures corrected

The radial motion of photons emitted near the horizon of a black hole that evaporates at a steady rate is examined. The space-time of the black hole is generated using non-orthogonal coordinates. It is shown that some photons that are initially drawn towards the singularity can escape falling into the horizon. The behaviors of various outgoing and ingoing photons are clearly demonstrated through the use of a Penrose diagram., Comment: 4 figures

A Penrose diagram is constructed for an example black hole that evaporates at a steady rate as measured by a distant observer, until the mass vanishes, yielding a final state Minkowski space-time. Coordinate dependencies of significant features, such as the horizon and coordinate anomalies, are clearly demonstrated on the diagram. The large-scale causal structure of the space-time is briefly discussed., Comment: 12 pages, 3 figures

The introduction of coordinates representing the points of view of various observers results in the possibility of horizons when acceleration and gravitation are included. A horizon is a surface of possible light beams in a region of space of finite distance from the observer, which means that since nothing travels faster than light, events on the far side of a horizon cannot influence those on the causal side. A black hole has such a horizon, where some radially outgoing light beams can never reach a distant (or even nearby) observer. However, since one suspects that black holes can swallow energy, and even evaporate by Hawking radiation, such horizons must take on a time dependency. A naive introduction of temporal dependency results in infinities (singularities) in energy densities, suggesting in such descriptions that an in-falling observer would encounter a hard surface at the horizon. However, if coordinates representing space-time as analogous to a "flowing river" are used to describe the dynamics of a black hole, no such singularities are encountered. Such a parameterization of time dependent horizons will be offered in this presentation. A Penrose space-time diagram (which represents the entire space-time on a finite diagram with light beams always moving at a 45 degree angle to vertical) describing the growth and evaporation of an example black hole, along with the resulting coordinate anomaly, will be constructed., Comment: 40 pages, 14 figures, Invited talk presented at the Herbert W. Jones Memorial Seminar, 19 April 2007, Florida A&M University

A naive introduction of a dependency of the mass of a black hole on the Schwarzschild time coordinate results in singular behavior of curvature invariants at the horizon, violating expectations from complementarity. If instead a temporal dependence is introduced in terms of a coordinate akin to the river time representation, the Ricci scalar is nowhere singular away from the origin. It is found that for a shrinking mass scale due to evaporation, the null radial geodesics that generate the horizon are slightly displaced from the coordinate singularity. In addition, a changing horizon scale significantly alters the form of the coordinate singularity in diagonal (orthogonal) metric coordinates representing the space-time. A Penrose diagram describing the growth and evaporation of an example black hole is constructed to examine the evolution of the coordinate singularity., Comment: 15 pages, 1 figure, additional citations

The relation between the macroscopic quantum coherent nature of superfluids and the coherent properties of optical interference patterns will be utilized to examine the optical properties of superfluid hydrodynamics. A Bragg pattern imposed on the superfluid (either holographically or using a phase mask) is expected to induce periodic variations in the local index of refraction of the normal and super fluid components. The altered optical properties can then be probed by a second coherent light source. In this manner, the behavior of the probe beam can be switched using the specific characteristics of the imposed pattern. Acoustic modes should also manifest measurable affects on incident coherent radiations., Comment: 7 pages

A hybrid metric with off-diagonal temporal-radial behavior that was constructed to conveniently parameterized the early and late time behaviors of the universe is shown to have diagonal forms consistent with Robertson-Walker and deSitter geometries. The dynamics of the energy content of the cosmology as parameterized by the classical thermal fraction is briefly discussed as motivation for the comparison of the observables predicted by various micoscopic models of the early evolution of the universe., Comment: 5 pages

Previous work developed a space-time metric with two cosmological scales; one that conveniently describes the classical evolution of the dynamics, and the other describing a scale associated with macroscopic quantum aspects like vacuum energy. The present work expands upon the dynamics of these scales to demonstrate the usefulness of these coordinates for describing early and late time behaviors of our universe. A convenient parameter, the fraction of classical energy density, is introduced as a means to parameterize the various early time models for the microscopic input., Comment: 8 pages

The discovery of scale acceleration evidenced from supernovae luminosities and spatial flatness of feature evolution in the cosmic microwave background presents a challenge to the understanding of the evolution of cosmological vacuum energy. Although some scenarios prefer a fixed cosmological constant with dynamics governed in a Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) geometry, an early inflationary epoch remains a popular model for cosmology. It is therefore advantageous to develop a metric framework that allows a transition from an early inflationary period to a late stage dominated by dark energy. Such a metric is here developed, and some properties of this metric are explored., Comment: 8 pages, minor typo correction

A finite vacuum energy density implies the existence of a UV scale for gravitational modes. This gives a phenomenological scale to the dynamical equations governing the cosmological expansion that must satisfy constraints consistent with quantum measurability and spatial flatness. Examination of these constraints for the observed dark energy density establishes a time interval from the transition to the present, suggesting major modifications from the thermal equations of state far from Planck density scales. The assumption that a phase transition initiates the radiation dominated epoch is shown under several scenarios to produce fluctuations to the CMB of the order observed. Quantum measurability constraints (eg. uncertainly relations) define cosmological scales bounded by luminal expansion rates. It is shown that the dark energy can consistently be interpreted as being due to the vacuum energy of collective gravitational modes which manifest as the zero-point motions of coherent Planck scale mass units prior to the UV scale onset of gravitational quantum de-coherence for the cosmology., Comment: 42 pages, 9 figures, v2 has additional citations

Examining the reverse evolution of the universe from the present, long before reaching Planck density dynamics one expects major modifications from the de-coherent thermal equations of state, suggesting a prior phase that has macroscopic coherence properties. The assumption that the phase transition occurs during the radiation dominated epoch, and that zero-point motions drive the fluctuations associated with this transition, specifies a class of cosmological models in which the cosmic microwave background fluctuation amplitude at last scattering is approximately $10^{-5}$. Quantum measurability constraints (eg. uncertainly relations) define cosmological scales whose expansion rates can be at most luminal. Examination of these constraints for the observed dark energy density establishes a time interval from the transition to the present. It is shown that the dark energy can consistently be interpreted as due to the vacuum energy of collective gravitational modes which manifest as the zero-point motions of coherent Planck scale mass units prior to the gravitational quantum de-coherence of the cosmology. A scenario is suggested that connects microscopic physics to the relevant cosmological scale., Comment: 35 pages

The future evolution of the universe suggested by the cosmological model proposed earlier at this meeting by the authors is explored. The fundamental role played by the positive "cosmological constant" is emphasized. Dyson's 1979 paper entitled "Time Without End" is briefly reviewed. His most optimistic scenario requires that the universe be geometrically open and that biology is structural in the sense that the current complexity of human society can be reproduced by scaling up its (quantum mechanical) structure to arbitrary size. If the recently measured "cosmological constant" is indeed a fundamental constant of nature, then Dyson's scenario is, for various reasons, ruled out by the finite (De Sitter) horizon due to exponential expansion of the resulting space. However, the finite temperature of that horizon does open other interesting options. If, as is suggested by the cosmology under consideration, the current exponential expansion of the universe is due to a phase transition which fixes a physical boundary condition during the early radiation dominated era, the behavior of the universe after the relevant scale factor crosses the De Sitter radius opens up still other possibilities. The relevance of Martin Rees' apocalyptic eschatology recently presented in his book "Our Final Hour" is mentioned. It is concluded that even for the far future, whether or not cultural and scientific descendants of the current epoch will play a role in it, an understanding (sadly, currently lacking) of community and political evolution and control is essential for a preliminary treatment of what could be even vaguely called scientific eschatology., Comment: A preliminary version of this paper was presented at The Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Alternative Natural Philosophy Association Cambridge, England, 31 July - 5 August, 2004

It is assumed that the dark energy observed today is frozen as a result of a phase transition involving the source of that energy. Postulating that the dark energy de-coherence which results from this phase transition drives statistical variations in the energy density specifies a class of cosmological models in which the cosmic microwave background (CMB) fluctuation amplitude at last scattering is approximately $10^{-5}$., Comment: 7 Pages, Poster presented at Texas@Stanford conference, Dec. 2004, minor clarifications

Standard cosmology connects the scale generated at late times by the cosmological constant with that generated in early times by the energy dynamics. Assuming dark energy de-coherence occurs during early times when the scale parameter expansion rate is no longer supra-luminal specifies a class of cosmological models in which the cosmic microwave background fluctuation amplitude at last scattering is approximately $10^{-5}$., Comment: 9 pages, 1 figure

We use general arguments to examine the energy scales for which a quantum coherent description of gravitating quantum energy units is necessary. The cosmological dark energy density is expected to decouple from the Friedman-Lemaitre energy density when the Friedman-Robertson-Walker scale expansion becomes sub-luminal, at which time the usual microscopic interactions of relativistic quantum mechanics (QED, QCD, etc) open new degrees of freedom. The expected gravitational vacuum energy density at that scale would be expected to freeze out due to the loss of gravitational coherence. We define the vacuum energy which generates this cosmological constant to be that of a zero temperature Bose condensate at this gravitational de-coherence scale. Since the arguments presented involve primarily counting of degrees of freedom, we expect the statistical equilibrium states of causally disconnected regions of space to be independently identical. Thus, there is no luminal "horizon" problem associated with the lack of causal influences between spatially separated regions in this approach. The scale of the amplitude of fluctuations produced during de-coherence of cosmological vacuum energy are found to evolve to values consistent with those observed in cosmic microwave background radiation and galactic clustering., Comment: 43 pages, To be presented at The Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Alternative Natural Philosophy Association Cambridge, England, 31 July - 5 August, 2004

In previous papers we extended the Lorentz and Poincare groups to include a set of Dirac boosts that give a direct correspondence with a set of generators which for spin 1/2 systems are proportional to the Dirac matrices. The groups are particularly useful for developing general linear wave equations beyond spin 1/2 systems. In this paper we develop explicit group properties of the extended Poincare group to obtain group parameters that will be useful for physical calculations in systems which manifest the group properties. The inclusion of space-time translations will allow future explorations of the gauge properties inherent in the group structure., Comment: 7 pages

In a previous paper we extended the Lorentz group to include a set of Dirac boosts that give a direct correspondence with a set of generators which for spin 1/2 systems are proportional to the Dirac matrices. The group is particularly useful for developing general linear wave equations beyond spin 1/2 systems. In this paper we develop explicit group properties of this extended Lorentz group to obtain group parameters that will be useful for physical calculations for systems which might manifest the group properties. This group is a subgroup of an extended Poincare group, whose structure will be developed in a subsequent paper., Comment: 10 pages

When utilizing a cluster decomposible relativistic scattering formalism, it is most convenient that the covariant field equations take on a linear form with respect to the energy and momentum dispersion on the fields in the manner given by the Dirac form for spin ${1 \over 2}$ systems. The general spinor formulation for arbitrary spins given in a previous paper is extended to include momentum operators. Unitary quantum mechanical representations are developed for these operators, and physical interpretations are suggested., Comment: 10 pages, typos corrected

The electropermeabilization of biological cell membranes by the application of an external field occurs whenever an applied field exceeds a threshold value. For fields above this threshold value but less than another critical value, the pores formed in the membrane are transient or reversible. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of these transient pores. Here we examine the local electric fields generated for the configuration of cells embedded in a polycarbonate filter, both in the region in and around the pore. We consider the shear forces created in the membrane due to the gradient of the field along the surface of the membrane, and the interaction of the charged molecules in the membrane with this field. A relationship between the electric field strength and the size of the pore formed is derived., Comment: PhD Thesis

In this work a calculation of the cluster decomposable formalism for relativistic scattering as developed by Lindesay, Markevich, Noyes, and Pastrana (LMNP) is made for an ultra-light quantum model. After highlighting areas of the theory vital for calculation, a description is made of the process to go from the general theory to an eigen-integral equation for bound state problems, and calculability is demonstrated. An ultra-light quantum exchange model is then developed to examine calculability., Comment: Accepted for publication in Foundations of Physics, Vol 33 No 8

When utilizing a cluster decomposible relativistic scattering formalism, it is most convenient that the covariant field equations take on a linear form with respect to the energy and momentum dispersion on the fields in the manner given by the Dirac form for spin \half systems. A general spinor formulation is given for arbitrary spins by minimally extending the Lorentz algebra to include operators whose matrix representation give general Dirac matrices. The forms of these matrices are explicitly demonstrated for spin \half and spin 1 fields., Comment: 9 pages

By taking seriously the limits on observability which come from combining relativistic quantum mechanics with general relativity, Ed Jones has shown that the current measurements of the cosmological constant density $\Omega_{\Lambda}\sim 0.7$ imply that the temperature scale at which it becomes possible to discuss cosmological models is $\sim 5 Tev$ ($5.8\times 10^{16} \ ^oK$). This is self-consistent with the assumption that the number of Planck masses which make some sort of ``phase transition'' to this state is $N_{Pk}\sim 4\times 10^{61}$. We review Jones' argument and the {\it bit-string physics} calculation which gives the baryon-photon ratio at nucleosynthesis as $\sim 2/256^4$, the dark matter-baryon ratio as $\sim 12.7$, and hence $\Omega_m \sim 0.3$, in agreement with current observations. Accepting these values for the two energy densities $\Omega_{\Lambda}+\Omega_m \sim 1$ in accord with recent analyses of fluctuations in the CMB showing that space is flat to about 6%. We conclude that experiments with particle accelerators in the 5-10 Tev range must either show that current theory can adequately describe the currently observed structure of our universe or force us to revise our ideas about physics at a very fundamental level., Comment: 21 pages, no figures, ANPA 24

The canonical proper time formulation of relativistic dynamics provides a framework from which one can describe the dynamics of classical and quantum systems using the clock of those very systems. The framework utilizes a canonical transformation on the time variable that is used to describe the dynamics, and does not transform other dynamical variables such as momenta or positions. This means that the time scales of the dynamics are described in terms of the natural local time coordinates, which is the most meaningful parameterization of phenomena such as the approach to equilibrium, or the back reaction of interacting systems. We summarize the formalism of the canonical proper time framework, and provide example calculations of the eigenvalues of the hydrogen atom and near horizon description of a scalar field near a Schwarzschild black hole., Comment: International Association for Relativistic Dynamics conference, June 2002

Electroporation of biological cell membranes is a phenomena that occurs almost universally at a transmembrane potential of approximately 1000 mV. Theories of pore formation have been proposed based on electrocompression (Crowley 1972, Malderelli and Steebe 1992), local membrane defects (Abidor and Chizdhmazdev 1979, Weaver and Mintzer 1981, Sugar 1981), and Statistical models were proposed by (Sowers and Lieber 1986). However, these theories do not in general derive the form of the electric field within the pore. In this paper, we present a view that is useful in describing the biological membrane. We also derive an approximate functional form for the electric field in the region of a pore formed in the membrane.

Flexural Plate Wave (FPW) devices fabricated from Silicon Carbide (SiC) membranes are presented here which exhibit electrical and mechanical characteristics in its transfer functions that makes it very useful as a low voltage probe device capable of functioning in small areas that are commonly inaccessible to ordinary devices. The low input impedance characteristic of this current driven device makes it possible for it to operate at very low voltages, thereby reducing the hazards for flammable or explosive areas to be probed. The Flexural Plate Wave (FPW) devices are of a family of gravimetric type sensors that permit direct measurements of the mass of the vibrating element. The primary objective was to study the suitability of Silicon Carbide (SiC) membranes as a replacement of Silicon Nitride (SiN) membrane in flexural plate wave devices developed by Sandia National Laboratories

A major issue in the development of the technology of nitride based materials is the choice of substrate. The structural and optical properties of the layers are intimately connected to the substrate material used in the epitaxial growth. Key issues include lattice matching of substrate and epitaxial layer and the difference in the thermal expansion between the substrate and epitaxial layer. Due to the extremely high vapor pressure of nitrogen over Gallium Nitride (GaN), pure GaN substrate are very difficult to produce and currently almost all nitride-based device are fabricated by hetero-epitaxy on either Sapphire or Silicon Carbide (SiC). Alternatively, AlN has a significantly lower vapor pressure of nitrogen and can be grown in bulk form. In this paper we report on our results in the growth of AlN by physical vapor transport. A theoretical model was developed to investigate the growth process by to determine optimal growth parameters. Several different seed crystals were investigated, singular 6H-SiC, 3.50 off-axis 6H-SiC and 80 off-axis 4H-SiC, and AlN grown by hydride vapor deposition on silicon substrates (the silicon substrates were subsequently removed by etching). Auger electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and various X-ray diffraction techniques were used to investigate the samples grown.

We present an approximate analytic model that has been developed for examining hydrodynamic flow near the surface of a fiber optic sensor. An analysis of the conservation of momentum, the continuity equation and the Navier-Stokes equation for compressible flow was used to develop expressions for the velocity and the density as a function of the distance along the flow and above a two dimensional flat surface. When examining the flow near the surface, these expressions can be used to estimate the sensitivity required to perform direct optical measurements and to parameterize the shear force for indirect optical measurements. The use of these results allows for direct modeling of sensors using the optical properties of the flow field. Future work includes analyzing the optical parametric design of fiber optic sensors, modeling sensors to utilize those parameters for optimal measurements involving different mixtures of fluid flow.

We here use our non-perturbative, cluster decomposable relativistic scattering formalism to calculate photon-spinor scattering, including the related particle-antiparticle annihilation amplitude. We start from a three-body system in which the unitary pair interactions contain the kinematic possibility of single quantum exchange and the symmetry properties needed to identify and substitute antiparticles for particles. We extract from it unitary two-particle amplitude for quantum-particle scattering. We verify that we have done this correctly by showing that our calculated photon-spinor amplitude reduces in the weak coupling limit to the usual lowest order, manifestly covariant (QED) result with the correct normalization. That we are able to successfully do this directly demonstrates that renormalizability need not be a fundamental requirement for all physically viable models.