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Background: Gliomas are harmful to human health; they are the most common primary intracranial tumor. Ginsenoside CK (GS-CK) is converted from the diol ginsenoside. This study aimed to explore the effects of GS-CK on glioma cells SHG-44 and U251MG in order to provide clinical value for the treatment of gliomas. Materials and Methods: Cell proliferation was detected using the CCK-8 and CFU detection experiments. Cell apoptosis was detected by DAPI and acridine orange/ethidium bromide (AO/EB) fluorescence staining. Cell scratch and transwell assay were used to detect the effect of GS-CK on cell migration and invasion ability. Apoptosis-related protein expression was detected in the two cell lines after treatment with GS-CK. Results: Cell proliferation is obviously inhibited, and cell migration and invasion were also significantly inhibited by GS-CK. It also induced cell apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. GS-CK induced significant changes in mitochondrial apoptosis pathway-related protein expression of cytochrome C, p53, Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase-3/8/9, Cleaved Caspase-3, and MMP-9 in glioma cells. Conclusion: GS-CK can inhibit glioma cells by regulating mitochondria-related apoptosis p53-bax-caspases pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) is widely cultivated as an economically important green leafy vegetable crop for fresh and processing consumption. The red-purple spinach shows abundant anthocyanin accumulation in the leaf and leaf petiole. However, the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in this species are still undetermined. In the present study, we investigated pigment formation and identified anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in spinach. We also analyzed the expression of these genes in purple and green cultivars by quantitative PCR. The accumulation of anthocyanin showed that it was the dominant pigment resulting in the red coloration in spinach. In total, 22 biosynthesis genes and 25 regulatory genes were identifiedinspinach, based onthe spinach genomic and transcriptomic database. Furthermore, the expression patterns ofgenes encoding enzymes indicated that SoPAL, SoUFGT3, and SoUFGT4 were possible candidate genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in red-purple spinach. The expression patterns of transcription factors indicated that two SoMYB genes, three SobHLH genes, and one SoWD40 gene were drastically up-regulated and co-expression in red-purple spinach, suggesting an essential role of regulatory genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis of spinach. These results will enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanin biosynthesis in purple spinach. Key words: spinach, anthocyanin biosynthesis, structural genes, transcription factors, Spinacia oleracea L. L'épinard (Spinacia oleracea L.) est largement cultivé en tant que légume à feuilles pour consommation à l'état frais ou transformé. L'épinard rouge-mauve présente une abondante accumulation d'anthocyanes dans les feuilles et le pétiole. Cependant, le mécanisme moléculaire de la synthèse des anthocyanes chez cette espèce n'a pas encore été déterminé. Dans le présent travail, les auteurs ont étudié la formation des pigments et identifié les gènes de synthèse des anthocyanes chez l'épinard. Ils ont également analysé l'expression de ces gènes chez un cultivar pourpre et un cultivar vert par PCR quantitative. Les résultats ont montré que les anthocyanes étaient les principaux pigments donnant sa couleur rouge à l'épinard. Au total, 22 gènes impliqués dans la synthèse et 25 gènes régulateurs ont été identifiés chez l'épinard grâce aux données disponibles sur le génome et le transcriptome de l'épinard. De plus, le schéma d'expression des gènes codant pour les enzymes SoPAL, SoUFGT3 et SoUFGT4 faisait de ceux-ci des gènes candidats pour la synthèse d'anthocyanes chez l'épinard rouge-mauve. Les schémas d'expression des facteurs de transcription indiquent que deux SoMYB, trois SobHLH et un SoWD40 étaient beaucoup plus fortement exprimés et co-exprimés chez l'épinard rouge-mauve, ce qui suggère un rôle essentiel des gènes régulateurs dans la synthèse des anthocyanes chez l'épinard. Ces résultats contribuent à une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes moléculaires de la synthèse des anthocyanes chez l'épinard mauve. [Traduit par la Rédaction] Mots-clés : épinard, synthèse de l'anthocyane, gènes structuraux, facteurs de transcription, Spinacia oleracea L., Introduction Color is one of the most important determinants of vegetable crop quality. The red coloration is an attractive feature in many vegetables, fruits, and other plant tissues, and is [...]

Fruit color is an important horticultural trait, which greatly affects consumer preferences. In tomato, fruit color is determined by the accumulation of different pigments, such as carotenoids in the pericarp and flavonoids in the peel, along with the degradation of chlorophyll during fruit ripening. Since fruit color is a multigenic trait, it takes years to introgress all color-related genes in a single genetic background via traditional crossbreeding, and the avoidance of linkage drag during this process is difficult. Here, we proposed a rapid breeding strategy to generate tomato lines with different colored fruits from red-fruited materials by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated multiplex gene editing of three fruit color-related genes (PSY1, MYB12, and SGR1). Using this strategy, the red-fruited cultivar 'Ailsa Craig' has been engineered to a series of tomato genotypes with different fruit colors, including yellow, brown, pink, light-yellow, pink-brown, yellow-green, and light green. Compared with traditional crossbreeding, this strategy requires less time and can obtain transgene-free plants with different colored fruits in less than 1 year. Most importantly, it does not alter other important agronomic traits, like yield and fruit quality. Our strategy has great practical potential for tomato breeding and serves as a reference for improving multigene-controlled traits of horticultural crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]