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A gap exists between the growth of active germplasm collections and their effective use because of the size of these collections and the limitations of financial resources, skilled labor, and information on the traits of each accession conserved in germplasm banks. To overcome this, the development of core collections (CCs) is of significant importance. In this study, we established the CCs of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) accessions from the Germplasm Bank of Phaseolus at the Universidade Federal do Piauí based on two selection strategies and performed validation based on nuclear microsatellite (ncSSR) data. Two CCs were established from 395 accessions and characterized by 11 phenotypic traits of the seed. These CCs were defined using proportional and logarithmic sampling strategies, each consisting of 79 accessions. A set of 13 ncSSRs was used to validate and estimate the genetic diversity. The estimates of parameters (means, variances, and amplitudes of variation), kurtosis, skewness, and average variability retention index indicated no differences between the two CCs when compared with the entire collection (EC). However, the comparison between the accessions that did not coincide with the two CCs through ncSSRs showed differences. The logarithmic CC showed higher expected heterozygosity, mean number of alleles, and number of private alleles (0.521, 4.308, and 30, respectively) than those of the proportional CC strategy (0.352, 2.154, and 2, respectively), indicating greater genetic diversity. Thus, the logarithmic CC proved to be more suitable for conservation purposes and should be further examined in the establishment of thematic collections of lima beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) is an essential subsistence crop in Brazil, especially in the northeast, because of its adaptability to diverse environmental conditions and genetic variability. However, achieving high productivity remains challenging due to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum truncatum. This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity of Lima bean in Alagoas state and to identify anthracnose-resistant landraces. P. lunatus seeds were collected from local farmers in Alagoas between July 2017 and February 2018. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to examine the characteristics of Lima bean smallholders, focusing on socioeconomic, cultural, and agroecological factors. Genetic characterization of P. lunatus involved phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and morphology analysis based on agronomic descriptors. The interviews confirmed that P. lunatus landraces were cultivated under rustic management conditions in subsistence agriculture. Twenty-seven landraces from twelve municipalities were obtained, representing three morphotypes: Big Lima, Potato, and Sieva, with Potato and Sieva being predominant. Lima bean landraces were classified genetically into Mesoamerican gene pools I and II, with the Big Lima morphotype grouped within the Mesoamerican gene pool II. Additionally, some hybrid landraces were identified. Broad resistance to anthracnose was associated with the Mesoamerican gene pool I, highlighting their importance for genetic improvement initiatives. This is crucial given the varied etiological agents of anthracnose across northeast Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The endocrine system is critical for adapting to malnutrition, which can disrupt the pituitary-liver axis and induce inflammation, leading to health complications. Lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.), known for their high protein content and anti-inflammatory properties, present a potential nutritional intervention. This study investigated the effects of lima bean powder on pituitary-liver axis regulation and anti-inflammatory activity in malnourished rats. Rats were divided into four groups: Normal (N), Malnourished (MAL), MAL treated with 25% lima bean flour (MAL + 25% LB), and MAL treated with 50% lima bean flour (MAL + 50% LB) for 6 weeks. Proximate composition was determined to analysed its major nutrients and metabolites in the methanol extract were analysed through LC–MS/MS. Parameters such as weight gain, serum albumin, total protein levels, Growth Hormone (GH), Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF1), and liver inflammation markers were measured. Bioactive compounds such as L(-)-pipecolinic acid, choline, trigonelline, L-phenylalanine, and oleamide were identified, highlighting the nutritional and therapeutic potential of lima beans. Compared to the N group, the MAL group showed significant decreases in body weight gain, serum albumin, and total protein levels. However, both MAL + 25% LB and MAL + 50% LB groups demonstrated significant improvements in these parameters, approximating the levels observed in the N group. Lima bean supplementation appeared to regulate GH at both the cellular and mRNA levels, positively impacting the pituitary-liver axis. Additionally, the study revealed reduced liver inflammation in the MAL + 25% LB and MAL + 50% LB groups, suggesting the anti-inflammatory properties of lima beans. These findings indicate that lima bean flour supplementation can ameliorate disruptions in the pituitary-liver axis and reduce inflammation in malnourished rats. Graphical Abstract

Among bean legumes, there are recently developed varieties known as nutritionally enhanced beans such as NUA 35 and NUA 45 sugar beans. The objective of the research was to assess the performance of NUA 45 foundation, certified and commodity seeds grown under farmer management at Rupike Irrigation Scheme in Masvingo. Concentrations of zinc (2.75-4.45mg/kg) and iron (70.85-104.5 mg/kg) in the soils were below expected levels of 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg respectively. The NUA 45 sugar bean missed the target potential yield (2400 kg/ha for Highveld) by between 54% and 62%. The 100 seed mass of second generation seeds ranged from 62.13 to 78.47 g. Protein concentration of the seeds which range from 19.79 to 22.86% increased from first generation (F1) to second generation (F2) for each of Foundation, Certified and Commodity seeds. The concentration of fibre with minimum and maximum levels of 5.76% and 8.43 % respectively increased from first generation to second generation for Foundation and Certified seeds. The 95% confidence interval for Zinc concentration at F1 (planted) is 10.84 = µZn=11.18 mg/kg and also the 95% confidence interval for Zinc concentration at F2 (harvested) is 11.79 = µZn=12.12 mg/kg and lower than CBI claim of 38.00 mg/Kg. The 95% confidence intervals for iron concentration ranged from 28.50 = µFe=30.57 mg/kg with the highest being 30.59 = µFe=32.34 mg/kg are below the CBI claim of 93.00 mg/kg. The nutrients levels increased from the first generation to the second generation of seeds for each of foundation, certified and commodity seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thaumatin‐like proteins (TLPs) are part of the pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins that are important in host plant defense. TLPs have multiple defense functions against pathogens (bacteria, viruses, and fungi) and are involved in other biological processes of several living organisms. However, the biological role of TLPs must be elucidated for other species, such as Phaseolus lunatus, popularly known as lima bean. In this study, we propose to investigate the biological activity of TLPs in P. lunatus, which can help develop a detailed functional characterization of the TLP gene in other crop cultures. As a result, a total of 31 PlTPLs genes and 16 highly conserved cysteine residues for each family member were identified in the lima bean genome. Regarding phylogenetic analysis, 128 TLPs from different plant species, including P. lunatus, were used, and the phenetic tree revealed that the TLPs could be divided into six groups. The leading group was Group 4, containing 34 TLPs; the smallest was Group 7, containing only a single TLP. The analysis of antimicrobial and antiviral activity revealed that 27 PlTLPs have antimicrobial activity and 7 PlTLPs have potential antiviral activity. For chromosomal distribution of the PlTLPs, 8 of 11 chromosomes presented at least one PlTLs on one of the chromosomes. Finally, molecular modeling was carried out between two TLPs (PlTLP5 and PlTLP14), which presented antimicrobial and antiviral activity and did not have allergenic activity. The results showed that the two candidates presented ≥90% of their residues in the favorable regions and ∼10% in the permitted regions, demonstrating that the two PlTLPs are considered promising targets for biotechnological applications, especially those related to the genetic improvement of agricultural crops and the development of antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phaseolus lunatus L. is a species of landrace bean widely cultivated in Northeast Brazil. The integration of new technologies in the agricultural sector has highlighted the significance of seed images analysis as a valuable asset in the characterization process. The objective was to assess the morphology of 18 P. lunatus varieties gathered from four states in the Brazilian Northeast. To achieve this, 100 seeds from each variety were utilized, and their images were acquired using a flatbed scanner with a digital resolution of 400 dpi. Subsequently, the images were processed using the ImageJ software package for analyzing seed size, shape and color characteristics. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software applying stepwise Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The overall accuracy rate for correct identification was 80.5%. Among the varieties, the lowest classification percentage was attributed to the 'Coquinho Vermelha' variety (39%), while the highest rates were observed for 'Fava Roxa' and 'Fava de Moita' (98%). The morpho-colorimetric classification system successfully discriminated the varieties of P. lunatus produced in the northeastern region of Brazil, highlighting the -+*/high degree of diversity within them. In particular, seeds with uniform coloring or clearly defined secondary color patterns were easier to classify. The varieties showed low correlation, forming distinct groups based on background color, secondary color, or seed size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds interfere with lima bean production by reducing crop yield, hindering harvest, and contributing contaminants to harvested beans, yet there are very few trials documenting the impact of weeds on lima bean. This research was designed to evaluate weeds on lima bean yield, quality, as well as Rhizoctonia solani and pod-feeding insects in order to assist in implementing a more integrated approach to pest management. Field studies at four sites evaluated the impact of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.), and ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.] at densities of 0, 7, 10, or 20 plants 10 m-1 row in the presence and absence of Rhizoctonia solani on lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.). The planting dates of late June to mid-July represented a typical planting period for the mid-Atlantic region of USA, while one site represented an early planting date in this region (28 May). Differences in response to weed competition for total lima bean yield, marketable yield, yield components, and R. solani discoloration on lima bean occurred at one or more sites. Weed competition from 7 plants 10 m-1 of row or higher, reduced number lima bean pods by as much as 40%. However, weed density had little impact on percentage of flat, plump, or dry pods. Marketable yield was reduced at two sites in response to 7 plants 10-1 row (19% yield loss) and higher weed densities resulted in 29 to 33% yield loss. The presence of lima bean resulted in 40 to 60% reduction of common cocklebur and jimsonweed biomass and burs or seeds compared to weeds grown without crop competition. Weed competition in lima bean was influenced by many factors including weed species and planting date. Weed management is important to not only preserve yield but limit weed seed return to the soil seedbank and maintain harvest efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study explores the role of leguminous crops like lima bean in enhancing soil quality and ecosystem stability. Despite existing studies on agronomic aspects, there is a significant research gap on its impact on soil organic matter level, microbial activity, soil health, and nutrient availability. Therefore, this study examines the capacity of lima bean to reactivate soil quality, focusing on its impact on soil organic matter level, microbial activity, soil health, and nutrient availability. Methods: The experimental area was set up in 2023 using three replicates and a randomized block design. Two treatments were used: lima bean-planted plots and control plots with various weeds and without lima bean. Post-harvest soil samples were collected from various agroecological zones and sterilely packed, and physical, chemical, and biological indices were examined. Results: lima bean significantly affected nutrients, enzymes, soil microbial respiration, and other markers. Amylase activity (0.41**) was positively correlated with urease activity (0.73**), while dehydrogenase activity positively correlated with both. Dehydrogenase activity was negatively correlated with total nitrogen (0.66**) and sulfur (0.60**). Lima bean significantly affected soil quality, with all locations showing higher ratings (55–77%) than wild land, except for location D (Ilora). A total of 70% of total nitrogen variation may be attributed to soil quality (r2 = 0.696). Lima bean enhanced soil quality, potentially enhancing productivity and reducing dependence on inorganic nitrogen inputs. Conclusions: The symbiotic relationship between lima bean and nitrogen-fixing bacteria improves nutrient cycling, enhancing agricultural productivity and environmental conservation. Future research should explore the economic viability of integrating lima bean into crop rotations or agroforestry systems for sustainable agricultural practices, providing valuable information for farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Weeds interfere with lima bean production by reducing crop yield, hindering harvest, and contributing contaminants to harvested beans, yet there are very few trials documenting the impact of weeds on lima bean. This research was designed to evaluate weeds on lima bean yield, quality, as well as Rhizoctonia solani and pod-feeding insects in order to assist in implementing a more integrated approach to pest management. Field studies at four sites evaluated the impact of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.), jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.), and ivyleaf morningglory [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.] at densities of 0, 7, 10, or 20 plants 10 m-1 row in the presence and absence of Rhizoctonia solani on lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.). The planting dates of late June to mid-July represented a typical planting period for the mid-Atlantic region of USA, while one site represented an early planting date in this region (28 May). Differences in response to weed competition for total lima bean yield, marketable yield, yield components, and R. solani discoloration on lima bean occurred at one or more sites. Weed competition from 7 plants 10 m-1 of row or higher, reduced number lima bean pods by as much as 40%. However, weed density had little impact on percentage of flat, plump, or dry pods. Marketable yield was reduced at two sites in response to 7 plants 10-1 row (19% yield loss) and higher weed densities resulted in 29 to 33% yield loss. The presence of lima bean resulted in 40 to 60% reduction of common cocklebur and jimsonweed biomass and burs or seeds compared to weeds grown without crop competition. Weed competition in lima bean was influenced by many factors including weed species and planting date. Weed management is important to not only preserve yield but limit weed seed return to the soil seedbank and maintain harvest efficiency.

Incorporating lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) flour can replace and complement the content of proteins, macronutrients, and micronutrients, which may be related to curative effects for malnutrition. Therefore, an in vivo approach was undertaken to demonstrate the effect of lima bean flour on cognitive function and growth recovery in malnourished rats. Four groups of male Wistar rats were included in this study: The control group (N), MAL, MAL+25% LB group, and MAL+50% LB group. Morphometric analysis was used to assess growth recovery. Cognitive tests included Y-Maze, Novel Object Recognition Test (NORT), and Water Maze by Morris (MWM) test, and histopathological examination of the brain sections was conducted on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by hematoxylin and eosin stains. The biological activity prediction of lima bean active compounds was analyzed by the PASS server using an in-silico study. This study found that lima bean flour increased body weight, length, tail increment, ear length, and leg length in malnourished rats at 50% lima bean concentration, similar to the control group. Lima bean flour showed neuroprotective capabilities by reversing the effects of malnutrition on the cerebral cortex and hippocampus by lowering the percentage of degenerated cells and increasing cognitive and behavioral. Eight bioactive compounds in lima bean extract have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Lima bean flour, a source of complex nutrients, protects against malnutrition systemically in various organ systems, including the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phaseolus lunatus L. is a species of landrace bean widely cultivated in Northeast Brazil. The integration of new technologies in the agricultural sector has highlighted the significance of seed images analysis as a valuable asset in the characterization process. The objective was to assess the morphology of 18 P. lunatus varieties gathered from four states in the Brazilian Northeast. To achieve this, 100 seeds from each variety were utilized, and their images were acquired using a flatbed scanner with a digital resolution of 400 dpi. Subsequently, the images were processed using the ImageJ software package for analyzing seed size, shape and color characteristics. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS software applying stepwise Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The overall accuracy rate for correct identification was 80.5%. Among the varieties, the lowest classification percentage was attributed to the ‘Coquinho Vermelha’ variety (39%), while the highest rates were observed for ‘Fava Roxa’ and ‘Fava de Moita’ (98%). The morpho-colorimetric classification system successfully discriminated the varieties of P. lunatus produced in the northeastern region of Brazil, highlighting the -+*/high degree of diversity within them. In particular, seeds with uniform coloring or clearly defined secondary color patterns were easier to classify. The varieties showed low correlation, forming distinct groups based on background color, secondary color, or seed size.

This study investigated the nutritional composition and physicochemical properties of breadfruit based flour blends as a way of showcasing its potential as an alternative intermediate food material in the production of some foods on the diet list of developing countries. Breadfruit was processed into flour and its flour was substituted with lima bean flour (0 - 40%). Proximate and amino acid composition, functional and pasting properties of the flour blends were determined using standard methods. Antioxidant activity, physical properties and sensory acceptability of biscuits produced from the flour blends were also evaluated using standard methods. Wheat biscuit served as control. The results revealed that protein ranged from 6.67 to 9.14%, fat 0.54 - 1.51%, ash 1.85 - 3.07%, crude fibre 4.62 - 4.98% and carbohydrate 68.23 - 80.58%. All essential amino acids were present in the flour blends constituting 34.86 -40.03% of the total amino acid present. There were significant variations in the functional and pasting properties. Biscuits produced from the flour blends exhibited appreciable radical scavenging ability and reducing power; DPPH values were 9.67 - 78.01%, ABTS 0.016 - 0.0216 mM/g and FRAP 1.03 - 14.56 mg/g. Biscuit produced from breadfruit flour with inclusion of 20% lima bean flour showed comparable overall acceptability with the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The locally cultivated creole varieties of Phaseolus lunatus are adapted to specific climatic and environmental conditions. Family farmers and local communities preserve and multiply their seeds over generations, promoting genetic diversity, food and nutritional security, and agricultural sustainability. This species has great geno-phenotypic diversity, which can be harnessed in breeding programs if accurately characterized. We evaluated the phenotypic variations of P. lunatus seeds from 13 varieties in three states (Sergipe, Bahia, and Alagoas) using image analysis. We estimated the weight of 100 seeds using a precision analytical balance and obtained morphometric measurements, including area, maximum diameter, and minimum diameter, using Groundeye (TBit®) imaging equipment and software. We also recorded dominant color and RGB color system descriptors. The morphometric variables underwent variance analysis using the F-test, and the means were clustered using the Scott-Knott test at 5% significance level. The data underwent Pearson Correlation Analysis (t-Student at 5%), were grouped based on dissimilarity using the UPGMA method, and were represented in a dendrogram. We also performed Principal Component Analysis on the evaluated characteristics. The dominant color of the seeds was predominantly orange in nine varieties. Morphometry showed a positive and significant association. The dendrogram revealed two homogeneous and distinct groups, and the first two principal components accounted for 86.80% of the genotypic variation. Therefore, high-resolution images for phenotypic characterization of creole lima bean seeds are a promising non-destructive tool for selection purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bambara groundnut and lima bean are lesser-known legumes with high protein content. These legumes were incorporated into tempeh; a soybean-based snack to advance their uses as food. This research studied effects of the legumes on microbiological, physicochemical and sensory properties of tempeh during storage at ambient and refrigeration temperatures. The results showed that the total viable count of bacteria and fungi count of tempeh mash ranged between 6.173 - 7.903 logcfu/g and 6.602-6.799 log cfu/g respectively. The microbial load of the refrigerated fried tempeh snacks was lower than samples at room temperature. Blends of the three legumes (4.079 – 7.297 logcfu/g) had the highest total viable count while lima bean tempeh (3.903-5.602 logcfu/g) had the lowest. Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus coagulan, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus alvei, Bacillus Licheniformis, Micrococcus cryophilus, Propionibacterium species, Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus stolonifer and Geotricum sp were isolated from tempeh snacks during storage. The results of the sensory assessment showed that lima bean tempeh snack was the most preferred. This research therefore suggests the use of lima bean and blends of lima bean, Bambara groundnut and soybean in production of tempeh to advance the use of these underutilized legumes and increase food security.

Background: This study explores the role of leguminous crops like lima bean in enhancing soil quality and ecosystem stability. Despite existing studies on agronomic aspects, there is a significant research gap on its impact on soil organic matter level, microbial activity, soil health, and nutrient availability. Therefore, this study examines the capacity of lima bean to reactivate soil quality, focusing on its impact on soil organic matter level, microbial activity, soil health, and nutrient availability. Methods: The experimental area was set up in 2023 using three replicates and a randomized block design. Two treatments were used: lima bean-planted plots and control plots with various weeds and without lima bean. Post-harvest soil samples were collected from various agroecological zones and sterilely packed, and physical, chemical, and biological indices were examined. Results: lima bean significantly affected nutrients, enzymes, soil microbial respiration, and other markers. Amylase activity (0.41**) was positively correlated with urease activity (0.73**), while dehydrogenase activity positively correlated with both. Dehydrogenase activity was negatively correlated with total nitrogen (0.66**) and sulfur (0.60**). Lima bean significantly affected soil quality, with all locations showing higher ratings (55–77%) than wild land, except for location D (Ilora). A total of 70% of total nitrogen variation may be attributed to soil quality (r2 = 0.696). Lima bean enhanced soil quality, potentially enhancing productivity and reducing dependence on inorganic nitrogen inputs. Conclusions: The symbiotic relationship between lima bean and nitrogen-fixing bacteria improves nutrient cycling, enhancing agricultural productivity and environmental conservation. Future research should explore the economic viability of integrating lima bean into crop rotations or agroforestry systems for sustainable agricultural practices, providing valuable information for farmers.

The lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) is an important food crop that is cultivated in temperate, arid, and semiarid tropical regions. It is a source of dietary protein for millions of people living in low-income countries. However, the genetic variability available for breeding programs is still poorly understood, which limits its productive potential. Knowledge of landrace germplasm through molecular and agromorphological markers could facilitate future breeding gains. Therefore, we evaluated the genetic variation of agromorphological and molecular markers in a lima bean collection. Twelve quantitative traits and microsatellite markers (SSRs) were used to determine genetic polymorphisms and differentiation among the 26 lima bean accessions. Considerable diversity was observed in traits related to agronomic performance, such as pod width, seed length, and seed width. At the molecular level, the expected mean heterozygosity (He = 0.486) was greater than the observed value (Ho = 0.128), indicating a deficiency of heterozygotes, which is a result of the reproductive system of the species. Although having a mixed system of reproduction, the lima bean is predominantly autogamous. The polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.04 to 0.67. Loci BM211 and BM156 were highly informative and are indicated for further studies with lima beans. The UFPI accessions 222, 234, 237, 228, 264, 230, and 251 showed the highest levels of similarity, while UFPI 230 and UFPI 276 were genetically distant and complementary in their traits; therefore, they could be used in crosses. Furthermore, the pairs of accessions UFPI 121/UFPI 173, UFPI 274/UFPI 276, and UFPI 271/UFPI 134 were duplicates found in the lima bean germplasm collection. The information generated in this study will play a significant role in future lima bean breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of starches extracted from lima bean seeds and pods as novel edible coating materials for the preservation of sapota fruits. The sapota fruits were subjected to lima bean (seed and pod) starch coatings at various concentrations followed by storage under ambient condition for 20 days. The results exhibited significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) amongst the coated sapota fruits and the control samples for all the physiochemical parameters. The Ambient Seed Starch Coated Sapota 5% (ASCS5%) and Ambient Seed Starch Coated ASCS7% samples exhibited, lowest percentage of weight loss (15.28%) and total soluble solids (TSS) as 15.2 °Brix, respectively. While the ASCS7% sample found the highest titratable acidity (TA) as 0.49 g/100 g and vitamin C content as 9.88 mg/100 g. In case of coated and control fruits the first-order kinetics followed by the weight loss%, vitamin C content, TA, firmness and TSS reduction trends were observed. However, the reaction rate constant was found to be lowest in the coated sample as compared to the control sample. The results indicate that the use of lima bean seed starch would serve as a potential coating material for sapota fruit compared to lima bean pod starch.

Cookies are widely consumed throughout the world especially among children. They are ready-to eat, convenient and inexpensive food products, containing digestive and dietary principle of vital importance. This study investigated the quality attributes of cookies from wheat, lima beans and tigernut composite flour. Wheat flour was blended with lima beans and tigernut flour at the ratios of 90:5:5, 85:10:5, 80:15:5, 75:20:5 and 70:25:5, respectively. The flour blends were analysed for proximate, functional and pasting properties while the cookies produced from the blends were analysed for anti-nutritional, colour and sensory properties using standard laboratory procedure. Data obtained were subjected to analysis of variance, and mean values were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test. The moisture content, crude fat, crude protein, total ash, crude fibre and total carbohydrate ranged from 8.09%-10.82%, 4.24%-5.58%, 7.04%-8.08%, 1.65%-2.10%, 3.06%-3.48% and 72.68%-73.10%, respectively. Increase in lima bean substitution led to increase in bulk density, water absorption capacity, oil absorption capacity, swelling capacity except solubility index. Significant differences were observed in the pasting properties of the flour blends. Phytate and tannin content of the cookies ranged from 0.574-0.634% and 0.168-0.231% while range of values for lightness, redness and yellowness of cookies were: 38.82-40.04, 6.90-7.96 and 16.26-18.26, respectively. However, cookies prepared from blend of 70% wheat flour, 25% lima bean and 5% tigernut flour were the most preferred in terms of overall acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose is the primary disease in Phaseolus lunatus cultures, causing severe losses. Inoculation techniques are vital for assessing genotype resistance and control methods at the early stages of seedling development. This study aimed to compare inoculation methods and exposure times of a lima bean seed variety to Colletotrichum truncatum using a completely randomized 4x5 factorial design with five replications. Seed inoculation methods by direct contact with mycelium, mannitol water restrictor, and sucrose water restrictor and immersion in conidia suspension were compared and submitted to substrates containing the developed pathogen or not at exposure times of 0, 36, 60, 84, and 108 hours. Evaluations were made by analyzing the severity, incidence, and disease index for anthracnose and seedling physiological quality under greenhouse conditions. The inoculation method by direct contact with sucrose solute for 36 hours was the most suitable for C. truncatum inoculation in lima bean seeds, providing a higher transmission rate but slightly affecting their physiological parameters. C. truncatum damage to lima bean seed performance increased with longer exposure times, regardless of the inoculation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of BIOAGRO is the property of Revista BIOAGRO and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bovine pancreatic trypsin was crystallized, in‐complex with Lima bean trypsin inhibitor (LBTI) (Phaseolus lunatus L.), in the form of a ternary complex. LBTI is a Bowman–Birk‐type bifunctional serine protease inhibitor, which has two independent inhibitory loops. Both of the loops can inhibit trypsin, however, only the hydrophobic loop is specific for inhibiting chymotrypsin. The structure of trypsin incomplex with the LBTI has been solved and refined at 2.25 Å resolution, in the space group P41, with Rwork/Rfree values of 18.1/23.3. The two binding sites of LBTI differ in only two amino acids. Lysine and leucine are the key residues of the two different binding loops positioned at the P1, and involved in binding the S1 binding site of trypsin. The asymmetric unit cell contains two molecules of trypsin and one molecule of LBTI. The key interactions include hydrogen bonds between LBTI and active site residues of trypsin. The 3D structure of the enzyme–inhibitor complex provided details insight into the trypsin inhibition by LBTI. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the structure of trypsin incomplex with LBTI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to assess the effect of replacing fishmeal (FM) with soaked, cooked Lima bean meal (LBM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition and nutrient retention in Nile tilapia fingerlings, weighing 3.63 ± 0.81 g. Fingerlings (375) were randomly divided into five treatments and fed a commercial feed (CF), a control diet (D0) and three experimental diets (D25, D50 and D75) where FM was replaced by LBM at 25%, 50% and 75%. The results obtained with CF, D25 and D50 indicate significant variations in weight gain (52.71 ± 3.42 g, 35.01 ± 2.01 g and 35.89 ± 3.06 g), specific growth rate (4.02 ± 0.12%g/d, 3.42 ± 0.08%g/d and 3.41 ± 0.13%g/d), feed conversion ratio (1.14 ± 0.03, 1.73 ± 0.10 and 1.71 ± 0.14), compared to D0 (28.32 ± 0.93 g, 3.13 ± 0.09%g/d and 2.16 ± 0.06). The same observations were noted with regards to the body composition of proteins, lipids and ashes as well as their retention, compared to D0. These results indicate that LBM, when appropriately treated can replace FM up to 50% in formulating feed for Nile tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of legumes as functional ingredients in a gluten-free extrusion process has been gaining attention in recent times. In this study, sorghum and germinated lima bean flour (100, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40 and 50:50) was extruded (feed moisture – 18%, screw speed – 250 rpm, barrel temperatures 50 °C–120 °C–120 °C, die hole diameter – 3 mm) and analysed for functional, proximate, textural, structural, pasting, microbiological and sensory properties. With 100% sorghum used as control, lima beans addition significantly (p < 0.05) improved the loose (0.37–0.44 g/ml) and packed (0.63–0.72 g/ml) bulk density, while water (5.00–3.15 g/g) and oil (2.45–1.60 g/g) absorption capacity and expansion ratio (3.11–2.30) decreased, respectively. An increase in protein (12.77–18.00%), crude fibre (2.58–5.17%) and ash content (2.11–3.12%) were observed in the extrudate, while the (L*) colour parameter (54.49–43.62), hardness (180.04–78.36 N) and pasting viscosities reduced with addition of lima beans. The structural micrograph depicted air-trapped bubbles with thick walls after adding lima beans, while a notable decline in microbial count below approved limits was observed after 8 weeks of storage. Sensory scores showed that values obtained were above average with the 90:10 sorghum–lima bean ratio having the highest score. The economic and industrial value of underutilised legumes such as lima bean can be promoted as functional ingredients via extrusion in addressing coeliac disease and alternative sources of protein, especially in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, propolis extract (EPE) and oregano essential oil (OEO), both natural products with different bioactive compounds, were evaluated in vitro and in vivo against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This phytopathogen is important worldwide as it can contaminate seeds and infect seedlings of many species. Antifungal susceptibility assays on culture media revealed that EPE and OEO were highly active against this phytopathogen, both individually and combined. EPE showed a fungistatic dose-dependent effect, acting mainly through diffusion, while OEO completely prevented mycelial growth at very low concentrations, with a combination of vapor and diffusion activity. Interestingly, OEO was more effective than EPE, as their minimum inhibitory concentrations were 0.39 μl/mL and 5 μl/mL, respectively. Combinations of EPE and OEO showed, depending on the doses, additive or synergistic antifungal effects. In the in vivo trial, dilutions of EPE and OEO made in sterile distilled water (SDW) were tested through a pathosystem with lima bean seeds and S. sclerotiorum. Seeds soaked in formulations with 40% EPE + 12% OEO + 48% SDW, and 20% EPE + 6% OEO + 74% SDW reduced disease incidence of 40% and 60% respectively, significantly decreased severity, with a minimum phytotoxic effect. This study strengthens previous work showing the antifungal action of EPE and OEO against S. sclerotiorum, and, as a main goal, highlights their potential for the development of biofungicides to protect lima bean seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was aimed to evaluate nutritional compositions, anti- nutritional factors and antioxidant properties of lima bean accessions grown in East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia. The lima bean accessions were studied and compared for their nutritional composition, anti-nutritional factors and antioxidant properties. The result showed that lima bean accessions were good source of vital nutrients when compared to the commonly consumed legumes in Ethiopia. Particularly, lima bean accessions “LB8510” rich in crude protein whereas accession “LB85CH2” rich in crude fiber, total ash and iron and can be implemented for breeding, new product development and used as alternative source of nutrient rich to mitigate malnutrition prevalent in Ethiopia. Therefore, increasing its consumption, cultivation and promotion should be encouraged.

On-farm conservation characterized by cultivation by smallholder farmers in agricultural and quilombola (formed by descendants of Afro-Brazilian slaves) communities is a tool for the maintenance of seeds and genetic diversity. Smallholder farmers who grow local varieties in diversity centers and communities contribute to supporting the capacity of agricultural and food systems to adapt to adverse conditions. Widely cultivated in the Northeast region of Brazil, lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L), despite having relative economic and social importance, is little exploited in terms of conservation aspects. Based on a process of participatory interview, this article documents the knowledge of smallholder farmers associated with local varieties of this species, as well as the practices and strategies used for on-farm conservation in three producing areas of northeastern Brazil. The results revealed that farmers have a low level of education; the main factor for the loss of traditional knowledge is the disinterest of younger people in agriculture. The study highlights the importance of integrating scientific knowledge with traditional knowledge to develop sustainable agroecosystems, in which on-farm conservation is an alternative to diversify agriculture, but which requires government and private support to stimulate and enhance agricultural activities and the interaction among smallholder farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon sensing attack by pathogens and insect herbivores, plants release complex mixtures of volatile compounds. Here, we show that the infection of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) plants with the non‐host bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato led to the production of microbe‐induced plant volatiles (MIPVs). Surprisingly, the bacterial type III secretion system, which injects effector proteins directly into the plant cytosol to subvert host functions, was found to prime both intra‐ and inter‐specific defense responses in neighbouring wild tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants. Screening of each of 16 effectors using the Pseudomonas fluorescens effector‐to‐host analyser revealed that an effector, HopP1, was responsible for immune activation in receiver tobacco plants. Further study demonstrated that 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 3‐octanone and 3‐octanol are novel MIPVs emitted by the lima bean plant in a HopP1‐dependent manner. Exposure to synthetic 1‐octen‐3‐ol activated immunity in tobacco plants against a virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Our results show for the first time that a bacterial type III effector can trigger the emission of C8 plant volatiles that mediate defense priming via plant–plant interactions. These results provide novel insights into the role of airborne chemicals in bacterial pathogen‐induced inter‐specific plant–plant interactions. Our results demonstrated two significant progresses on microbe‐induced plant volatile (MIPV). First, out of intensive screening to identify bacterial determinant(s) that induce plant volatiles to increase bacterial immunity on neighbouring plant, we newly identified a bacterial type III effector HopP1 from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato corresponding to MIPV. Secondly, the bacterial type III effector HopP1 induces the production of C8 volatile organic compounds, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 3‐octanone and 3‐octanol on lima bean that in turn interspecifically prime plant defense against virulent bacterial pathogen P. syrinage pv. tabaci on neighbouring plant Nicotiana benthamiana. To our best knowledge, this is the first studies that type III secretion system–dependent bacterial effectors induce plant volatiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spider mite Tetranychus neocaledonicus André (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a potential threat to the cultivation of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.). In many countries, lima beans are grown by small-holder farmers with limited access to inputs and technologies. In such systems, the implementation of control practices, such as chemical treatments that require costly equipment and supplies, becomes unviable. Therefore, the development and use of resistant plant genotypes could provide a promising alternative for small producers. Accordingly, the present study aimed to identify and evaluate T. neocaledonicus-resistant genotypes of lima bean. A total of 30 lima bean genotypes were evaluated using the instantaneous increase rate (ri) of T. neocaledonicus reared on individual host genotypes, and T. neocaledonicus fertility life tables were generating by rearing mites on host genotypes with the two highest ri values (IFCE-085 and IFCE-091, considered highly susceptible) and two lowest ri values (IFCE-084 and IFCE-090, considered resistant). Only the IFCE-090 genotype adversely affected immature T. neocaledonicus individuals, by reducing their survival rate, net reproductive rate (Ro), finite rate of increase (λ), and intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and by increasing their mean generation time (T) and time to reach adulthood. The results demonstrate the variation in the susceptibility of lima bean genotypes to T. neocaledonicus and identify the IFCE-090 genotype as a potential source of mite resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus, is closely related to common bean and is high in fiber and protein, with a low glycemic index. Lima bean is widely grown in the state of Delaware, where late summer and early fall weather are conducive to pod production. The same weather conditions also promote diseases such as pod rot and downy mildew, the latter of which has caused previous epidemics. A better understanding of the genes underlying resistance to this and other pathogens is needed to keep this industry thriving in the region. Our current study sought to sequence, assemble, and annotate a commercially available cultivar called Bridgeton, which could then serve as a reference genome, a basis of comparison to other Phaseolus taxa, and a resource for the identification of potential resistance genes. Combined efforts of sequencing, linkage, and comparative analysis resulted in a 623Mb annotated assembly for lima bean, as well as a better understanding of an evolutionarily dynamic resistance locus in legumes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-insect interactions are a determining factor for sustainable crop production. Although plants can resist or tolerate herbivorous insects to varying degrees, even with the use of pesticides, insects can reduce plant net productivity by as much as 20%, so sustainable strategies for pest control with less dependence on chemicals are needed. Selecting plants with optimal resistance and photosynthetic traits can help minimize damage and maintain productivity. Here, 27 landrace accessions of lima beans, Phaseolus lunatus L., from the Yucatan Peninsula were evaluated in the field for morphological resistance traits, photosynthetic characteristics, insect damage and seed yield. Variation was found in physical leaf traits (number, area, and dry mass of leaves; trichome density, specific leaf thickness and hardness) and in physiological traits (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon, water-use efficiency, and transpiration). Five accessions (JMC1325, JMC1288, JMC1339, JMC1208 and JMC1264) had the lowest index for cumulative damage with the highest seed yield, although RDA analysis uncovered two accessions (JMC1339, JMC1288) with strong positive association of seed yield and the cumulative damage index with leaf production, specific leaf area (SLA) and total leaf area. Leaf traits, including SLA and total leaf area are important drivers for optimizing seed yield. This study identified 12 important morphological and physiological leaf traits for selecting landrace accessions of P. lunatus for high yields (regardless of damage level) to achieve sustainable, environmentally safe crop production.

Characterized by uncontrolled, long-term high blood sugar levels, diabetes mellitus affects ever increasing numbers of people worldwide. Type 2 diabetes is the most common, accounting for 95% of reported cases. The main objective of this article was to evaluate the in vitro antidiabetic effects of hydrolysates from Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) proteins. The hydrolysates were produced with either the Alcalase®-Flavourzyme® (AF) or pepsin-pancreatin (PP) sequential systems and peptide fractions (F > 10, F5-10, F3-5, 1–3 and < 1 kDa) isolated from them. Assays of in vitro inhibitory activity against the enzymes α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) were done for all the hydrolysates and peptide fractions. Degree of hydrolysis (DH) was highest in the AF hydrolysates. Protein hydrolysates (PH) or ultrafiltered peptide fractions (UFPF) test concentrations (mg protein mL−1) were in α-amylase, PP (100 mg mL−1) and AF (50 mg mL−1); α-glycosidase, PP (200 mg mL−1) and AF (10 mg mL−1); and DPP-IV, PP and AF (10 mg mL−1). Among the AF products, inhibitory activities were highest in the F > 10 kDa fraction against α-amylase (IC50 = 54.61 ± 1.76 mg protein mL−1), the F5-10 kDa (IC50 = 124.14 ± 3.05) against α-glucosidase and the F5-10 kDa (IC50 = 1.93 ± 0.20) against DPP-IV. For the PP products, inhibitory activities were highest in the F < 1 kDa (IC50 = 55.79 ± 1.06). None of the highly inhibitory hydrolysates or peptide fractions exhibited cytotoxicity in vitro versus Vero cells. These fractions are potential ingredients for inclusion in functional foods aimed at controlling type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-insect interactions are a determining factor for sustainable crop production. Although plants can resist or tolerate herbivorous insects to varying degrees, even with the use of pesticides, insects can reduce plant net productivity by as much as 20%, so sustainable strategies for pest control with less dependence on chemicals are needed. Selecting plants with optimal resistance and photosynthetic traits can help minimize damage and maintain productivity. Here, 27 landrace accessions of lima beans, Phaseolus lunatus L., from the Yucatan Peninsula were evaluated in the field for morphological resistance traits, photosynthetic characteristics, insect damage and seed yield. Variation was found in physical leaf traits (number, area, and dry mass of leaves; trichome density, specific leaf thickness and hardness) and in physiological traits (photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, intercellular carbon, water-use efficiency, and transpiration). Five accessions (JMC1325, JMC1288, JMC1339, JMC1208 and JMC1264) had the lowest index for cumulative damage with the highest seed yield, although RDA analysis uncovered two accessions (JMC1339, JMC1288) with strong positive association of seed yield and the cumulative damage index with leaf production, specific leaf area (SLA) and total leaf area. Leaf traits, including SLA and total leaf area are important drivers for optimizing seed yield. This study identified 12 important morphological and physiological leaf traits for selecting landrace accessions of P. lunatus for high yields (regardless of damage level) to achieve sustainable, environmentally safe crop production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Phaseolus lunatus (Lima bean) is an important legume for the poor population of the Brazilian northeast region. The legume is able to take advantage of the nitrogen fixation process, but the diversity of indigenous microsymbionts is poorly known. In this study, 29 bacteria isolated from root nodules of P. lunatus inoculated under greenhouse conditions with soils from Piauí State, in the northeast semi-arid region of Brazil, were obtained and characterized. Classical morphological and biochemical essays revealed high phenotypic diversity, splitting the bacteria into four clusters. Genetic fingerprinting by BOX-PCR indicated outstanding diversity, with the 29 strains positioned in 19 different clusters with 30% of final similarity. Nine genera were confirmed in the analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, with two typical nodulating N2-fixing clades, Bradyrhizobium and Agrobacterium/Rhizobium, accounting for 38% and 21% of the isolates, respectively; the results were confirmed with the housekeeping gyrB gene, that also indicated putative new species. Bradyrhizobium was confirmed as the main symbiont, being present in nodules of all plants. All rhizobia except for those with higher resemblance to agrobacteria carry nifH genes. Six other genera were isolated as nodules endophytes, Bacillus, Burkholderia, Enterobacter, Franconibacter, Pseudomonas and Williamsia. Several of these endophytes exhibited one or more important biochemical properties, such as the synthesis of catalase, gelatinase and the ability to solubilize phosphate, that might confer ecological advantages to the rhizobia associated with them in the harsh environment of the Brazilian semi-arid, explaining the high rate of co-infection detected in the nodules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: (E)-β-Caryophyllene is a sesquiterpene compound widely distributed in plants and functions in plant defence. However, little is known about the sequence and function of (E)-β-caryophyllene synthase in lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus). Here, we report a new full-length cDNA (PlCAHS) encoding (E)-β-caryophyllene synthase, a possible key enzyme of plant defence. The cDNA of PlCAHS contains an open reading frame of 1 761 bp, encoding a protein of 586 amino acids with a predicted mass of 67.95 kDa. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 52% identity with sesquiterpene synthase MtCAHS of Medicago truncatula. Based on phylogenetic analysis, PlCAHS is classified as the terpene synthases (TPS)-a subfamily. The recombinant enzyme, expressed in Escherichia coli, catalysed the formation of a major product (E)-β-caryophyllene (82%) and a minor product α-humulene (18%) from farnesyl diphosphate. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis found that the PlCAHS transcript was significantly up-regulated in leaves after treatment with spider mites and alamethicin (ALA), suggesting its ecological function in plant defence.

Determining the impacts of extrusion conditions on extrudate characteristics of whole beans flours is critical to find the suitable types of beans to use for making direct expanded products. Whole bean flours of four different bean types, faba, lima, pinto, and red kidney, were extruded. The influence of barrel temperature (120, 140, and 160 °C), moisture content (17%, 21%, and 25%), and screw speed (150, 200, and 250 rpm) on process and product responses was studied with a corotating twin screw extruder. The barrel temperature, moisture content, screw speed, and variety of bean had significant influence on process and product responses, back pressure (MPa), torque (N·m), specific mechanical energy (kJ/kg), expansion ratio, water absorption index (g/g), and water solubility index (%) (P < 0.05). Faba bean extrudates had a significantly higher expansion ratio compared to other beans (lima, pinto, and red kidney beans) even though faba bean contained significantly higher protein and higher crude fiber contents (P < 0.05). Practical Application: The outputs of this research will be helpful to the food industry in the production of high nutrient‐dense food products from whole beans by maintaining the expansion and texture of the products. The data should assist to choose the suitable types of whole bean flours and the optimum processing conditions for making direct expanded extruded products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) has been cultivated in Brazil since pre-colonization times and remains an important source of food and income for small farmers. Nevertheless, the species has not been extensively studied in this country. We assessed the genetic diversity of 183 lima bean landraces collected from different regions of Brazil, maintained by Embrapa, the Brazilian Government Agricultural Research Corporation. Twelve microsatellite markers were used, and seven morphological descriptors were applied. The genetic parameters suggested high diversity of the Brazilian collection of lima beans, with a mean gene diversity of 0.68 and number of alleles varying from 5 to 15 among sites. Based on a Bayesian model using molecular data, three subpopulations were identified in the sample: one predominantly from the Andean gene pool of the species (large seeds, mean 100-seed weight of 80g), and two predominantly from the Mesoamerican pool (both groups with a mean 100-seed weight of 34g). Another large group was composed of accessions classified as potential hybrids among the different sub-populations. All the accessions collected in the Krahô indigenous reserve were allocated in the Andean sub-population, and these indigenous accessions represented most of this Andean group. All the three sub-populations identified included accessions collected from far-apart sites in different geographic regions of Brazil. There was considerable introgression between the Andean and the Mesoamerican gene pools of cultivated P. lunatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Backyard crops of creole bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) and canavalia (Canavalia ensiformis L.) were monitored in the town of Cerro Gordo, municipality of Emiliano Zapata, State of Veracruz, from September 2015 to July 2016. Symptoms of hyperplasia were found in stems and pods, caused by a complex of borers from the Tortricidae family. The morphological identification of the adult specimens by characteristics of genitalia and chaetotaxy of the larvae, as well as molecular biology identification, showed that the specimens found in beans belong to two species, Cydia deshaisiana (Lucas) and Ecdytolopha fabivora (Meyrick). Those found in canavalia belonged to C. deshaisiana and Cydia pomonella (L.), being the first report of C. pomonella in C. ensiformis. The sequences were published in the GenBank, under accession codes KX357712 (E. fabivora) and MN972449 (C. deshaisiana), presenting a coincidence of 96% at genus level, due to the lack of sequences of this species in the data base. Sequence obtained from C. pomonella specimens were published with accession code MN972450, and presented a 92% similarity with the mentioned species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]