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OBJECTIVE: Trauma history is associated with SLE onset and worse patient-reported outcomes; perceived stress is associated with greater SLE disease activity. Stress perceptions vary in response to life events and may be influenced by psychosocial factors. In an SLE cohort, we examined whether stressful events associated with perceived stress, whether psychosocial factors affected perceived stress, and whether these relationships varied by prior trauma exposure. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of data from the California Lupus Epidemiology Study, an adult SLE cohort. Multivariable linear regression analyses controlling for age, gender, educational attainment, income, SLE damage, comorbid conditions, glucocorticoids ≥7.5 mg/day and depression examined associations of recent stressful events (Life Events Inventory) and positive (resilience, self-efficacy, emotional support) and negative (social isolation) psychosocial factors with perceived stress. Analyses were stratified by lifetime trauma history (Brief Trauma Questionnaire (BTQ)) and by adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in a subset. RESULTS: Among 242 individuals with SLE, a greater number of recent stressful events was associated with greater perceived stress (beta (95% CI)=0.20 (0.07 to 0.33), p=0.003). Positive psychosocial factor score representing resilience, self-efficacy and emotional support was associated with lower perceived stress when accounting for number of stressful events (-0.67 (-0.94 to -0.40), p

ObjectiveSexual and physical abuse predict cardiovascular disease (CVD) among women in the general population. Women living with HIV (WLWH) report more abuse and have higher CVD risk compared with other women, yet associations between abuse history and CVD have not been considered among WLWH. This study fills this gap, and describes possible pathways linking abuse to CVD risk among WLWH and women living without HIV (WLWOH).MethodsUsing 25 years of data from the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS; n  = 2734; WLWH n  = 1963; WLWOH n  = 771), we used longitudinal generalized estimating equations (GEE) to test associations between sexual and physical abuse with CVD risk. Framingham (FRS-H) and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association-Pooled Cohort Equation (ACC/AHA-PCE) scores were examined. Analyses were stratified by HIV-serostatus.ResultsAmong WLWH, childhood sexual abuse was associated with higher CVD risk ( βFRS-H  = 1.25, SE = 1.08, P  = 0.005; βACC/AHA-PCE  = 1.14, SE = 1.07, P  = 0.04) compared with no abuse. Adulthood sexual abuse was associated with higher CVD risk for WLWH ( βFRS-H  = 1.39, SE = 1.08, P

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a series of prospective life course models testing whether the timing of pubertal development is a pathway through which prepubertal risk factors may influence adulthood cardiometabolic health. METHODS: Subjects were 655 female participants in the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (SECCYD) and recent SECCYD 30-year follow-up, the Study of Health in Early and Adult Life (SHINE). Prepubertal risk factors included maternal menarcheal age, child race/ethnicity, child health status indicators, and child adversity indicators. Pubertal timing was indexed by breast development onset (Tanner stage [TS] II), pubic hair onset (TS II) and menarcheal age. Adulthood cardiometabolic risk (CMR) was indexed by a composite of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, C-reactive protein, and high-density lipoprotein. RESULTS: Inspection of paths between the prepubertal risk factors, pubertal timing indicators, and adulthood CMR composite showed later breast development onset (-0.173, p < .01), later pubic hair onset (-0.182, p < .01), and later menarche (-0.145, p < .01) each predicted lower adulthood CMR, and each pubertal timing indicator mediated effects of prepubertal risk factors on adulthood CMR. Specifically, the timing of breast development onset and menarche mediated effects of maternal menarcheal age, Black (vs. White), Asian/PI (vs. White), child BMI percentile, and child SES on adulthood CMR (all ps < .05), and the timing of pubic hair onset mediated effects of maternal menarcheal age, Black (vs. White), and child BMI percentile on adulthood CMR (all ps < .10). CONCLUSION: Findings in the current study contribute to the broader literature by identifying pubertal development and its timing as a potentially important pathway through which early life exposures may shape adulthood cardiometabolic health and disease. These findings have important implications for novel opportunities for increased surveillance and potential intervention focusing on pubertal development as a target to improve health more broadly.

Background: Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is not only a life-threatening but also life changing event that happens suddenly, the effects extends beyond the TSCI survivors to include their families. In Rwanda to the best knowledge of authors, there is no published information on the epidemiology of TSCI. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the incidence rate, etiology and injury characteristics of TSCI. Methods: All survivors of acute TSCI who met the inclusion criteria were prospectively recruited for a one-year period. The International Spinal Cord Injury Core Data Set was used to collect the minimum set of variables to facilitate worldwide comparison of epidemiological data, while the International Standards for the Neurological Classification was used to categorize TSCI according to the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (AIS). Data were collected by trained physiotherapists. Study design: A prospective, open-ended, cohort study design. Setting: All referral hospitals within the Republic of Rwanda. Results: Overall, 122 adult individuals sustained a TSCI between 10th October 2019 until 9th October 2020 and all consented to take part in the study. The male-to-female ratio was 3.9:1, and the mean age was 42.5 (SD = ±14.8) years. The crude incidence rate of TSCI was 22.2 per million people (95% CI, 18.4--26.5) with significant differences in sex-adjusted rates for all age groups while men 46 years of age and older presented with the highest incidence. The leading causes of TSCI were falls (73.8%), followed by road traffic accidents (18.9%). Moreover, SCI lesions of the cervical region (n = 69) were the most common, followed by the lumbosacral region (n = 27). Fifty-one (41.8%) participants were diagnosed as complete injury, i.e., AIS A, while incomplete injury category C constituted 35 (28.7%). Conclusion: The incidence and etiology of TSCI in Rwanda are comparable to worldwide estimates and figures. Largely, the etiology of TSCI are preventable as it is caused due to falls and road traffic accidents. There is a need to consider preventive strategies and policies on activities that predispose people to falls. Policies should focus largely on occupational health and safety in both formal and informal sectors of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Life events can be stressful and have a detrimental impact on health, but evidence is inconclusive regarding life events and dementia risk. The present study tests whether life events are associated with incident dementia, whether experiencing multiple events has cumulative effects, and whether the associations vary across age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and genetic vulnerability. Methods UK Biobank participants (N = 493,787) reported on 6 life events that occurred within the past 2 years: serious illness, injury, assault to yourself or close relative, death of a spouse/partner or close relative, marital separation/divorce, and financial problems. Incident all-cause dementia was ascertained through health records from the UK National Health Service over a 16-year follow-up. Results Serious illness, injury, or assault to yourself, marital separation/divorce, and financial difficulties were associated with a higher risk of dementia; serious illness, injury, or assault of a close relative was associated with a lower risk of dementia. When combined, experiencing 3–4 events was associated with a more than 2-fold increase in dementia risk. The association for marital separation/divorce was stronger within the first 5 years of follow-up (consistent with reverse causality). Death of a spouse/partner or close relative was mostly unrelated to dementia risk. With few exceptions, the associations were similar across age, sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and apolipoprotein E e4 status groups. Discussion Severe illness, injury, or personal assault, marital separation or divorce, and financial hardships may raise risk of dementia, particularly when these events occur together. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicide is a serious public health problem and is the fourth leading cause of death among adolescents. Suicide ideation is the most significant predictor of suicide. However, few empirical studies have examined the relationship between stressful life events, insomnia, depression symptoms, self‐esteem, and suicide ideation among college students. This study builds on O'Connor's The integrated motivational‐volitional model of suicidal behavior theory will verify the relationship between these five factors through a large data study among college students, and further reveal the mechanisms and interventions of suicide ideation among college students. A total of 2717 (mean age = 19.81 years, 22.49% male) college students from South China participated in this behavioral and health survey. Using self‐reported questionnaires which were Adolescent Self Rating Life Events Check‐list, MINI‐C, Insomnia Severity Index, PHQ‐9, and Self‐Esteem Scale to assess the subjects' demographic information, suicide ideation, stressful life events, insomnia, depressive symptoms, and self‐esteem levels as comprehensively as possible. A moderated chain mediation model was used to validate their relationship. The results showed that stressful life events significant positively predicted insomnia symptoms, depressive symptoms, and suicide ideation. The mediating effect of depression between stressful life events and suicide ideation was significant. The chain mediating effect of insomnia and depression between stressful life events and suicide ideation was significant. However, the mediating effect of insomnia between stressful life events and suicide ideation was not significant. Also, the positive prediction of stressful life events and depression on suicide ideation was weaker when the individual's self‐esteem level was higher, and the moderated chain mediating effect was significant. This study developed a moderated chain mediation model, and proposes a new integrated stress coping‐self‐perception model of suicide ideation to discover the important role of self‐esteem levels in adolescent suicide prevention. Practitioner Points: Examined the relationship between stressful life events, suicidal ideation, insomnia, depression, and self‐esteem.Data from 2717 (mean age = 19.81 years, 22.49% male) college students were included.Proposed a new integrated stress coping‐self‐perception model of suicide ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate stories of life's greatest challenge among men in late adulthood from a narrative and developmental perspective. The investigations focused on narrative processes and the content of challenge narratives in relation to satisfaction with life and generativity. Narrative processes were analyzed using existing frameworks (Eriksson et al. Identity 20:157–169, 2020). The study showed negative, neutral/vague, redemptive, and a combination of positive and negative emotional sequences, among which negative sequencing was the most common. An additional narrative theme, metareflections of challenges as part of life, involved the conclusion that hardship is simply part of what one may expect from life. Analyses of types of challenges revealed six categories and a secondary coding the adversity of the challenges. In contrast to expectations, redemptive sequencing was not associated with either higher satisfaction with life or generativity. The few differences that emerged in the subsequent analyses showed that participants whose challenges were coded as not expected and potentially disruptive had significantly lower satisfaction with life and lower mean age when the challenge occurred. In conclusion, the study demonstrated the saliency of the challenges' timing and adversity. Negative framing was common in the challenge narratives of the men in late adulthood, without being negatively associated with satisfaction with life or generativity. The role of negative emotional sequencing in this study adds new perspectives to the emphasis on redemption and positive emotionality for well-being and generativity in later adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When people marry or have their first baby, their life satisfaction spikes but fades soon thereafter. Similarly, when people separate from a partner or become widowed, their satisfaction decreases but largely recovers within a few years. I analyse to what degree people who experience these life events expect that their current shift towards joy or misery is temporary vs. long-lasting. Data are from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP) and are analysed with a novel estimation strategy that uses month-specific information on the timing of interviews and life events. I compare trajectories of people's current life satisfaction and anticipated life satisfaction, i.e. the level of satisfaction they expect to have five years into the future. Results show that people expect some of these life events' joy or misery to stay, but the majority to fade. These findings reveal that, to a substantial degree, people are able to see their situation from a distance and separate their current feelings from their long-term life prospects. This may contribute to people's overall well-being and sustainable life strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impacts of prenatal maternal affective symptoms on the placental structure are not well-established. Employing Geographic Information System (GIS) spatial autocorrelation, Moran's I, can help characterize placental thickness uniformity/variability and evaluate the impacts of maternal distress on placental topography. This study (N = 126) utilized cohort data on prenatal maternal affective symptoms and placental 2D and 3D morphology. Prenatal maternal depression, stress, anxiety and sleep quality were scored for each trimester using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Stressful Life Event Scale (SLE), Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), respectively. Placental shape was divided into Voronoi cells and thickness variability among these cells was computed using Moran's I for 4-nearest neighbors and neighbors within a 10 cm radius. Sex-stratified Spearman correlations and linear regression were used to study associations between mean placental thickness, placental GIS variables, placental weight and the average score of each maternal variable. For mothers carrying boys, poor sleep was associated with higher mean thickness (r = 0.308, p = 0.035) and lower placental thickness uniformity (r = −0.36, p = 0.012). Lower placental weight (r = 0.395, p = 0.003), higher maternal depression (r = −0.318, p = 0.019) and worry/anxiety (r = −0.362, p = 0.007) were associated with lower placental thickness uniformity for mothers carrying girls. The study is exploratory and not all GIS models were developed. Excluding high-risk pregnancies prevented investigating pregnancy complications related hypotheses. A larger sample size is needed for greater confidence for clinical application. Placental topography can be studied using GIS theory and has shown that prenatal maternal affective symptoms and sleep have sex-specific associations with placental thickness. • GIS theory can be used to study placental topography. • Spatial autocorrelation describes placental thickness variability. • Prenatal maternal depression symptoms linked to varying placental depth in girls. • Prenatal maternal anxiety symptoms linked to variable placental thickness in girls. • Poor prenatal maternal sleep linked to greater placental thickness variation in boys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has left an enduring mark on human history. This study investigates the intergenerational transmission of COVID-19 memories through a unique approach involving 49 participants aged 18-30. Specifically, participants were prompted to share a COVID-19 memory they would choose to transmit to their future children. Furthermore, participants provided reasons for selecting that particular memory, utilising a memory functions scale and open-ended responses. Applying Transition Theory, we examined the transitional impact, event importance, previous rehearsal, and valence of reported memories. Results revealed that 88% of memories revolve around distinctive events inducing psychological and material changes. Perceived as significant, negative, and transitional, these memories are predominantly public in nature. Predictors of event importance include previous rehearsal and psychological change. Participants share memories primarily for directive purposes, intending to inform future generations. The results imply that transitions not only organise personal memories but may also direct and shape memories for public events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How adolescents and their parents cope with adolescent stress is relevant for child well-being. (In)congruencies between parent and child perceptions of child stress may be important sources of information for understanding family functioning. However, research assessing the occurrence of stressful events in adolescents' daily lives from the perspective of both adolescents and their parents is lacking, likely because this type of research comes with numerous challenges. Therefore, this pilot study examined the feasibility of two different paradigms, daily diary and the experience sampling method (ESM), for triadic (child–mother–father) assessment of adolescent stress in daily life. Twenty family triads participated either in the diary paradigm (receiving one survey per day) or the ESM paradigm (receiving multiple surveys per day). Results indicated that both paradigms seemed doable to participants in terms of experienced burden, and individual compliance to the paradigms was sufficient. The absolute number of reported stressors was similar across paradigms. In addition, both paradigms captured convergence and divergence in the family members' reports of adolescent stress and between- and within-family differences therein. However, diary participants experienced lower burden and missed relatively less assessments (higher individual and triadic compliance) than ESM participants, suggesting higher data quality. In all, these findings suggest that although both paradigms may be feasible, a diary paradigm may be preferred to capture triadic family reports of adolescent stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apathy can manifest in various neuropsychiatric conditions, as well as in individuals who experience significant stressful life events or suffer from underlying internal medical conditions. The Starkstein Apathy Scale (SAS) is recognized as a reliable screening tool, besides being endorsed by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society to assess apathy in patients with Parkinson's disease. Recently, the Italian version of this scale (SAS-I) has been introduced. Furthermore, normative data have been provided on a large sample of Italian healthy individuals. Here we present the official Italian translation of the SAS, along with clarifications regarding its administration. Also, we supply details concerning the scale's factorial structure, inter-item conditional associations and item performance by using EFA, Network analysis, and IRT modelling for polytomous items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Online aggression (OA) in Chinese university students is a public health concern. Drawing on the general aggression model (GAM), this study examines the extent to which nonviolent and violent stressful life events predict OA through altering moral cognition (i.e., moral disengagement). It also examines whether the two types of stressful life events interactively predict moral disengagement and whether violent stressful life events moderate the link between moral disengagement and OA. Method: Participants were 569 Chinese university students (Mage = 21.94 years, 42.5% males). They participated in a three-wave study, with 3-month spanning each wave, to self-report nonviolent stressful life events at Time 1 (T1), violent stressful life events and moral disengagement at T1 and Time 2 (T2), and OA at T1 and Time 3. Results: Results of path analysis showed that after controlling for the baseline levels of respective variables, T2 moral disengagement mediated the associations between T1 violent, but not nonviolent, stressful life events and Time 3 OA. The interactive effect between the two types of stressful life events at T1 on moral disengagement at T2 was insignificant; neither was the interactive effect between T2 moral disengagement and T2 violent stressful life events on Time 3 OA. The significance of results did not change after adjusting students' gender, age, and family socioeconomic status. Conclusion: These findings support the utility of GAM in explaining how OA develops in Chinese young people, implying that some situational inputs appear more important than others in these developmental processes. The results also shed light on strategies to prevent Chinese university students' OA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is the largest integrated healthcare system in the U.S. While preventive healthcare services are high priority in the VHA, low-income U.S. Veterans experience adverse life circumstances that may negatively impact their access to these services. This study examined lifetime prevalence as well as demographic, socioeconomic, military-specific, and clinical correlates of colorectal cancer (CRC) screening among low-income U.S. Veterans ≥ 50 years of age. Methods: Cross-sectional data on 862 participants were analyzed from the 2021–2022 National Veteran Homeless and Other Poverty Experiences study. Results: Overall, 55.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 51.3–59.3%) reported ever-receiving CRC-screening services. In a multivariable logistic regression model, never-receivers of CRC screening were twice as likely to reside outside of the Northeast, and more likely to be married (odds ratio [OR] = 1.86, 95% CI 1.02, 3.37), have BMI < 25 kg/m2 [vs. 25– < 30 kg/m2] (OR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.19, 2.58), or ≥ 1 chronic condition (OR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.06, 2.02). Never-receivers of CRC screening were less likely to be female (OR = 0.53, 95% CI 0.29, 0.96), aged 65–79y [vs. ≥ 80y] (OR = 0.61, 95% CI 0.40, 0.92), live in 5 + member households (OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.13, 0.86), disabled (OR = 0.45, 0.22, 0.92), with purchased health insurance (OR = 0.56, 95% CI 0.33, 0.98), or report alcohol-use disorder (OR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.02, 0.49) and/or HIV/AIDS (OR = 0.28, 95% CI 0.12, 0.68). Conclusion: Nearly 55% of low-income U.S. Veterans reported ever screening for CRC. Variations in CRC-screening behaviors according to veteran characteristics highlight potential disparities as well as opportunities for targeted behavioral interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Drug use, considered a socially unacceptable habit across all human societies, has involved countless individuals, particularly from adolescence and youth to middle age. This study aimed to determine the role of stressful events and the behavioral brain system in addiction tendencies among the youth of Yasuj. Methods and Materials: This study was descriptive and correlational in nature. The statistical population included all young people aged 18 to 35 years in Yasuj in 2022. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan table (1987) and using multi-stage cluster random sampling, 384 young people from Yasuj were selected and studied. Data collection was conducted using the Holmes and Rahe Stressful Life Events Questionnaire (1960), the Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System by Carver and White (1994), and the Addiction Potential Scale by Weed and Butcher (1992). After data collection and extraction, the participants' scores were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and the fitted values, with the help of SPSS-24 statistical software. Findings: The results of Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a significant positive relationship between stressful life events and addiction tendencies among the youth of Yasuj (P < 0.01). There was a significant negative relationship between the behavioral inhibition system and addiction tendencies among the youth of Yasuj (P < 0.01). There was a significant positive relationship between the behavioral activation system and addiction tendencies among the youth of Yasuj (P < 0.01). Conclusion: Based on the results, by identifying stressful life events and the behavioral activation system in young people, measures can be taken to prevent their tendency toward addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Living with chronic kidney disease is stressful as the disease and its treatments impact on everyday physical, psychological, and social activities. As this disease has a long trajectory, it is important to understand everyday life experiences of those at different points along this trajectory. Objectives: To explore the impact of chronic kidney disease and its treatment on everyday life. Design: Descriptive qualitative design Participants: Twenty‐five adults with chronic kidney disease across various grades were purposively recruited. Approach: Data were collected using semistructured interviews. Deductive content analysis informed by the revised Wilson and Cleary model was used to analyse data. Findings: There were four themes. Theme 1, experiencing deterioration of kidney function, reflected the physical and psychological problems experienced by participants. Theme 2, changes that happened to me and my family, explained the subsequent limitations in their physical, social and role functioning. Theme 3, responding to a new normal, identified adjustments needed in everyday life to cope with the disease and its treatments. The final theme, thinking ahead and making a decision, captured the future plans and decisions needed while living with chronic kidney disease. Conclusions: People with chronic kidney disease experience complex challenges such as greater symptom burden and functional limitations across the disease grades which impact on their everyday life. Nurses' recognition of these challenges is crucial for identifying and addressing unmet needs. Early individualised interventions, such as routine symptom assessment and management strategies that improve the wellbeing of people are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• First episode mild depression (FE-MDD) is characterized by elevated malondialdehyde. • FE-MDD is characterized by increased NO production and lowered antioxidant defenses. • Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with nitro-oxidative stress. • Negative life events (NLEs) are associated with nitro-oxidative stress. • ACEs and NLEs and nitro-oxidative stress are associated with the depression phenome. Undergraduate students are frequently afflicted by major depressive disorder (MDD). Oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD. There is no information regarding whether mild outpatient MDD (SDMD) and first episode SDMD (FE-SDMD) are accompanied by O&NS. The current study compared lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced protein oxidation products, nitric oxide metabolites (NOx), thiol groups, plasma total antioxidant potential (TRAP), and paraoxonase 1 activities among SDMD and FE-SDMD patients versus healthy controls. We found that SDMD and FE-SDMD exhibit elevated MDA and NOx, and decreased TRAP and LOOH as compared with controls. There was a significant and positive correlation between O&NS biomarkers and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), and negative life events (NLEs). O&NS pathways, NLEs and ACEs accounted for 51.7 % of the variance in the phenome of depression, and O&NS and NLS explained 42.9 % of the variance in brooding. Overall, these results indicate that SDMD and FE-SDMD are characterized by reduced total antioxidant defenses and increased aldehyde and NOx production. The combined effects of oxidative and psychological stressors are substantially associated with the manifestation of SDMD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Quality of life (QoL) assessment is essential in health-related research and clinical settings, offering insights into individuals' well-being and functioning. This study validated the Essential QoL-3 (EQoL-3), an ultra-short scale assessing essential dimensions of QoL, for use in epidemiological research and clinical settings. Methods: Data from a 2021 national survey in Norway (N = 17,487) were used. Three items on the EQoL-3 assess life satisfaction, happiness, and meaningfulness on a 0–10 scale. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing the EQoL-3 with the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and by examining latent mean differences between individuals with adverse life experiences (ALE+) and those without such experiences (ALE-). Convergent validity was evaluated through latent regression analyses comparing the EQoL-3 with a perceived mastery scale and a mental distress scale. Results: The discriminant validity of the EQoL-3 was less than optimal when compared with the SWLS. Nonetheless, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the EQoL-3 score was 1.42 (95% CI = 1.33–1.50, p < 0.001) lower in the ALE+ group compared to the ALE- group, providing support for discriminant validity. Convergent validity was established with a positive association between EQoL-3 and mastery (β = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.70–1.80, p < 0.001) and a negative association between the EQoL-3 and mental distress (β = -2.64, 95% CI = -2.71/-2.59, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The EQoL-3 is a reliable measure of QoL. Its streamlined nature facilitates quick administration, making it a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers in diverse settings. Its inclusion of the eudaimonic dimension, as well as its exclusion of health items in the measure itself, distinguishes it from traditional HQoL measures, making it suitable for mental health and substance use disorder research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial differences in breast cancer morbidity and mortality have been examined between Black/African American women and White women as part of efforts to characterize multilevel drivers of disease risk and outcomes. Current models of cancer disparities recognize the significance of physiological stress responses, yet data on stress hormones in Black/African American women with breast cancer and their social risk factors are limited. We examined cortisol levels in Black/African American breast cancer patients and tested their association with social and clinical factors to understand the relationship between stress responses and women's lived experiences. Seventy-two patients who completed primary surgical treatment were included in this cross-sectional study. Data on sociodemographic characteristics and chronic diseases were obtained by self-report. Breast cancer stage and diagnosis date were abstracted from electronic health records. Cortisol levels were determined from saliva samples. Compared to those without hypertension, patients with hypertension were 6.84 (95% CI 1.33, 35.0) times as likely to have high cortisol (p = 0.02). The odds of having high cortisol increased by 1.42 (95% CI 1.03, 1.95, p = 0.03) times for every point increase in negative life events. Hypertension and negative life events are associated with high cortisol levels in Black/African American patients. These findings illustrate the importance of understanding the lived experiences of these patients to enhance cancer health equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accuracy of memory is critical in legal and clinical contexts. These contexts are often linked with high levels of emotional distress and social sources that can provide potentially distorting information about stressful events. This study investigated how distress was associated with susceptibility to misinformation about a trauma analogue event. We employed an experimental design whereby in Phase 1, participants (N = 243, aged 20–72, 122 females, 117 males, 4 gender diverse) watched a trauma film (car crash) and heard an audio summary that contained misinformation (misled items), true reminders (consistent items), and no reminders (control items) about the film. Participants rated their total distress, and symptoms of avoidance, intrusions, and hyperarousal, in response to the film. They then completed cued recall, recognition, and source memory tasks. One week later in Phase 2, participants (N = 199) completed the same measures again. Generalised linear mixed models were used. A significant misinformation effect was found, and importantly, participants with higher distress levels showed a smaller misinformation effect, owing to especially poor memory for consistent items compared to their less distressed counterparts. Distress was also associated with improved source memory for misled items. Avoidance of the film's reminders was associated with a smaller misinformation effect during immediate retrieval and a larger misinformation effect during delayed retrieval. Findings suggest that distress is associated with decreased susceptibility to misinformation in some cases, but also associated with poorer memory accuracy in general. Limitations are discussed, and the need for further research is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of metaphors in art making for individuals experiencing chronic stress or trauma can enhance their psychological resilience. This study explored the therapeutic value of metaphors in improving resilience among distressed individuals in art therapy using mixed methods. Six female university students with a history of highly stressful or traumatic events participated in a two-week online painting program, creating either metaphorical or non-metaphorical paintings. Pre and post-treatment questionnaires assessed resilience factors, including global resilience, self-awareness, self-efficacy, and communication skills. Post-treatment interviews were conducted to explore subjective changes in resilience. The interviews revealed several themes, including greater affect recognition, acceptance of life circumstances, and a more remarkable ability to redefine their lives. Although questionnaire scores showed no significant increases in resilience during the intervention, the results suggest that metaphors can facilitate resilience-building mechanisms in art therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Spousal loss is a stressful life event that is associated with loneliness and social isolation, both of which affect mental and physical health. The primary objective of this paper was to synthesize longitudinal studies that investigated loneliness and social isolation in widowhood.A systematic search of the literature was conducted using three electronic databases. 26 longitudinal studies published through June 2024 were included for further analysis. Participant characteristics, study design, and key findings were extracted.Most studies were from the United States or Europe, included more widows than widowers, and assessed loneliness in older adults aged >60 years. Loneliness peaked directly following spousal death, but findings were inconsistent regarding the lasting effects of widowhood. Heterogeneity in the longitudinal trajectories of loneliness was noted, with studies showing linear increases, decreases, or curvilinear relationships over time. Several factors modified the relationship between widowhood and loneliness, including volunteerism, military experience, income, and age. Widowers consistently reported greater loneliness and worse social isolation when compared with widows. Few studies investigated social isolation specifically, but those that did found that social isolation may decrease in widowhood.As the world grapples with a social pandemic of loneliness and social isolation, widowed adults may be uniquely affected. Few studies investigated the longitudinal trajectory of loneliness and especially social isolation in widowhood, and those that did found heterogenous results. Future work is needed to understand why some widowed adults are uniquely affected by feelings of loneliness and social isolation while others are not, and whether potentially modifiable factors that moderate or mediate this relationship could be leveraged by psychosocial interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide. Rates of cardiovascular disease vary both across the lifespan and between sexes. While multiple factors, including adverse life experiences, impact the development and progression of cardiovascular disease, the potential interactions of biological sex and stress history on the aged heart are unknown. To this end, we examined sex- and stress-specific impacts on left ventricular hypertrophy (VH) after aging. We hypothesized that early-life chronic stress exposure impacts behavioral and physiologic responses that predict cardiac remodeling in a sex-specific manner. Methods: Histological analysis was conducted on hearts of male and female rats previously exposed to chronic variable stress during the late adolescent period (postnatal days 43–62). These animals were challenged with a forced swim test and a glucose tolerance test before aging to 15 months and again being challenged. Predictive analyses were then used to isolate factors that relate to cardiac remodeling among these groups. Results: Early-life chronic stress impacted cardiac remodeling in a sex-specific manner. Among rats with a history of chronic stress, females had increased concentric VH. However, there were few associations within the female groups among individual behavioral and physiologic parameters and cardiac remodeling. While males as a group did not have VH after chronic stress, they exhibited multiple individual associations with cardiac susceptibility. Passive coping in young males and active coping in aged males related to VH in a stress history-dependent manner. Moreover, baseline corticosterone positively correlated with VH in unstressed males, while chronically-stressed males had positive correlations between VH and visceral adiposity. Conclusions: These results indicate that females as a group are uniquely susceptible to the effects of early-life stress on cardiac remodeling later in life. Conversely, males have more individual differences in vulnerability, where susceptibility to cardiac remodeling relates to endocrine, metabolic, and behavioral measures depending on stress history. These results ultimately support a framework for assessing cardiovascular risk based on biological sex and prior adverse experiences. Plain English summary: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Multiple factors influence the incidence and severity of cardiovascular disease including adverse life experiences, biological sex, and age. Alterations of heart structure predict negative cardiovascular health by impacting blood circulation; however, the potential interactions of stress history and biological sex on the aged heart are unknown. In this study, we examined how chronic stress exposure impacts heart structure in male and female rats after aging. Adolescent male and female rats were chronically stressed and then acutely challenged to examine behavioral, endocrine, and metabolic parameters both immediately following chronic stress and after aging. Heart morphology was quantified to examine how behavioral and physiological responses related to cardiac remodeling. Our results indicate that, as a group, female rats previously exposed to chronic stress were uniquely susceptible to inward remodeling of the heart. Subjects were further divided into sub-groups based on the level of inward remodeling of the ventricle. While male rats did not exhibit group effects on heart structure, individual variability in male heart morphology related to endocrine and metabolic parameters in a stress history-dependent manner. Here, there were interactions with multiple systems including coping behavior, stress hormones, and body composition. Moreover, males without a prior history of chronic stress had correlations between stress hormones and the degree of heart remodeling. However, males that were exposed to chronic stress had correlations between heart structure and abdominal fat. Overall, our results indicate that biological sex and stress history interact to predict cardiovascular susceptibility. Highlights: • Aged female rats had greater left ventricular hypertrophy (VH) than males after early-life chronic variable stress. • Tertile divisions based on susceptibility or resilience to concentric VH indicated interactions between VH, sex, and stress on multiple behavioral and physiological measures. • In males, VH correlated with endocrine and metabolic parameters in a stress history-dependent manner. • Prior adverse experience and biological sex interact across the lifespan to impact cardiovascular risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The prevalence of self-injury and suicide is higher than the general population of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). However, the results reported in existing studies are highly variable in China. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize the currently available high-quality evidence to explore the prevalence and influence factors of self-injury and suicide among PLWHA in China. Method: We retrieve literature written in Chinese and English through databases such as PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, CNKI, WanFang Database, and CQVIP from inception to 1 September 2022. Sata 16.0 software was used for analysis. Results: A total of 28 studies were included with a sample size of 1,433,971 and had a satisfactory quality score of ≥ 5. The prevalence among PLWHA in China were 30% for suicidal ideation (SI), 5% for suicide attempt (SA), 8% for suicide plan (SP), 7% for attempted suicide (AS), and 3‰ for completed suicide. High stigma (OR = 2.94, 95%CI: 1.90 − 4.57), depression (OR, 3.17; 95%CI, 2.20 − 4.57), anxiety (OR, 3.06; 95%CI, 2.23 − 4.20), low self-esteem (OR, 3.82, 95%CI, 2.22 − 6.57), high HIV related stress (OR, 2.53; 95%CI, 1.36 − 4.72), and unemployment (OR, 2.50; 95%CI, 1.51 − 4.15) are risk factors for SI; high social support (OR, 0.61; 95%CI, 0.44 − 0.84) and spouse infected with HIV (OR, 0.39; 95%CI, 0.21 − 0.74) are protective factors for SI; depression (OR, 1.62; 95%CI, 1.24 − 2.13), high aggression (OR, 4.66; 95%CI, 2.59 − 8.39), and more negative life events (OR, 2.51; 95%CI, 1.47 − 4.29) are risk factors for AS; high level of education (OR, 1.31; 95%CI, 1.21 − 1.43) is risk factor for CS. Conclusion: Figures indicate that approximately one-third of PLWHA had suicidal ideation, and three out of 1,000 completed suicide in China. Positive events are protective factors for self-injury and suicide among PLWHA, while negative events are risk factors. This suggests that psychosocial support and risk assessment should be integrated into the care of PLWHA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how proximal and distal familial stressors influenced the real‐time, dynamic individual and dyadic regulation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in mother–preschooler and father–preschooler interactions in at‐risk families (N = 94, Mage = 3.03 years, 47% males, 77% White, 20% Latinx, data collected 2013–2017). Proximal stressors were operationalized as changing task demands (baseline, challenge, recovery) across a dyadic puzzle task. Distal stressors were measured as parent‐reported stressful life events. Multilevel models revealed that greater proximal and distal stressors were related to weaker dynamic self‐regulation of RSA in mothers, fathers, and children, and more discordant mother–child and father–child coregulation of RSA. Findings affirm that stress is transmitted across levels and persons to compromise real‐time regulatory functioning in early, developmentally formative caregiver–child interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychotherapy field has a long history of integration to improve treatment effectiveness. One type, assimilative integration, offers innovative opportunities to family therapy to incorporate the clinical and research contributions of different approaches. This paper contributes to the literature on integration by exploring how Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) can be assimilated into Attachment‐Based Family Therapy (ABFT) for youth in residential psychiatric treatment. ABFT seeks to improve attachment security to parental figures by asking adolescents and young adults to discuss attachment ruptures. This process, specially designed for patients with internalizing disorders, can provoke anxiety, particularly for a patient population that commonly has a history of trauma and adverse life experiences. EMDR is a first‐line therapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder and has the potential to be effective in treating various other mental health conditions. When patient emotional withdrawal or dysregulation due to breaches in trust between child and parent emerges in ABFT, EMDR may help desensitize associated memories and bolster the family therapy process. The authors provide an overview of both models, and a detailed case study as an example. The paper concludes with a discussion on implications, integration efforts, and limitations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractBackground: Unhealthy alcohol use has been considered a coping strategy related to stressful and traumatic life events such as relationship loss. Yet, the effects of marital status on health behaviors are generally studied cross-sectionally or over one transition. We explored associations between the frequency and quantity of alcohol use with the number of episodes and duration of separation/divorce events across adulthood among English adults in mid to later life. Methods: This study used life history data from wave 3 (2006/07) of the English Longitudinal Study of Aging to compute marital sequences based on marital status at each year of age from 18 years of 6,355 adults aged 50–80 years. These sequences were used to compute the portion of adulthood spent separated/divorced and the number of episodes of divorce. These variables were used as predictors in logistic regressions predicting unhealthy alcohol use, while also controlling for current marital status. Results: We found that the number of episodes of separation/divorce increased the odds of drinking ≥5 days/week and binge drinking (≥6 drinks/occasion for women; ≥8 drinks/occasion for men), whereas the portion of adulthood spent divorced was not associated with drinking frequency or binge drinking. Some nuances by gender were also noted. Conclusions: Recurrent transitions into separation/divorce over adulthood appears to increase risk of unhealthy alcohol use in mid to later life beyond the risks associated with current marital status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Stressful life events are events that do not fulfil the A criterion of PTSD in the DSM‐5(TR) but are perceived as negative by the person. There is an ongoing debate about the usefulness of the A criterion as a gate criterion for PTSD, and especially regarding which events qualify as traumatic or stressful life events. This debate is particularly important for individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) or borderline intellectual functioning (BIF), as they seem to be more likely to experience traumatic and stressful life events than their peers without ID‐BIF and appear to be more susceptible to the disruptive effects of these events. As a result, people with ID‐BIF are more likely to develop mental health and behavioural problems. There is insufficient knowledge about how the relationship between stressful life events and PTSD symptoms should be interpreted, how traumatic and stressful life events are defined and distinguished in people with ID, and whether the A criterion should be broadened for individuals with ID‐BIF. The aim of this scoping review was to understand stressful life events and their relationship with PTSD symptoms, other mental health and/or behavioural problems in individuals with ID‐BIF.The scoping review was conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology for scoping reviews and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR).Thirty‐eight studies were included. Five studies focused on stressful life events and PTSD symptoms. The other studies examined associations between stressful life events and other mental health and/or behavioural problems. Most of the studies did not clearly differentiate between stressful and traumatic events according to the A criterion of PTSD in the DSM‐IV (TR) or DSM‐5(TR). Of the six studies in which stressful life events were specified and could be distinguished from traumatic events, one found a positive association between PTSD symptoms and stressful life events and five showed weak to strong positive associations with other mental health and/or behavioural problems.PTSD symptoms following stressful life events in individuals with ID‐BIF are underrepresented in the literature. The lack of a clear definition of stressful life events leads to a gap in the knowledge on whether and how stressful life events may lead to PTSD symptoms, other mental health and/or behavioural problems in individuals with ID‐BIF. Therefore, no general conclusions or recommendations can be made regarding the appropriateness of the PTSD A criterion for individuals with ID‐BIF. Further research is needed to establish the role of stressful life events in relation to PTSD symptoms and to inform the assessment and effective treatment in people with ID‐BIF, as expert clinical experience studies suggest that broadening the PTSD A criterion should be considered for people with ID‐BIF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This corrigendum addresses errors in an article titled "The relationship between perceived organizational support and insomnia in Chinese nurses: the serial multiple mediation analysis." It corrects mistakes in the author list, article citation, copyright statement, and author contributions. It also rectifies errors in the text regarding questionnaire issuance dates, number of questionnaires issued, response rate, and grammar in the Results and Discussion sections. The corrigendum ensures the accuracy of the original article. Another corrigendum corrects errors related to the COVID-19 pandemic, funding statement, and a table in the article. These corrections do not alter the scientific conclusions of the study. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives: This study investigated the prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI) among Chinese medical students and its associated risk factors. Methods: A total of 6643 medical students (2383 males/4260 females) were recruited from a medical college in Hebei Province, China. Demographic data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF) was used to evaluate childhood maltreatment (CM), and the Adolescent Self-Rating Life Events Checklist (ASLEC) was used to evaluate the stressful life events. Suicidal ideation was assessed using the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to analyze the factors affecting SI. Results: The prevalence of SI in medical students was 11.5% (763/6643). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that SI was significantly associated with younger age, a female sex, being lovelorn, being introverted, experiencing CM during childhood, and experiencing stressful life events within the past 12 months. Of the five subtypes of CM, emotional abuse may have the strongest effect on SI (OR=2.76, 95% CI: 1.72-4.42). The joint effects of CM and stressful life events were significantly associated with an increased risk of SI (OR=5.39, 95% CI: 4.15-6.98). Conclusion: The prevalence of SI among medical students is high, and medical students who have experienced CM and stressful life events have a higher tendency towards SI. Screening for both CM and stressful life events may be an effective way of identifying individuals at high risk of SI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The conflict between the Ethiopian government and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) in the Dabat district of Ethiopia has led to significant civilian casualties, instances of rape, sexual abuse, and property theft. These traumatic events contribute to the development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among local residents. However, there is currently no available data on the prevalence of PTSD and its associated factors in this region. This study seeks to fill this gap by assessing PTSD prevalence and identifying related factors among residents of the war-affected Dabat district in northwest Ethiopia. Method: A community-based correctional study was conducted in the Woken and China kebeles of Dabat district, northwest Ethiopia, spanning from July 13 to September 19, 2023. A total of 410 participants were selected using systematic random sampling, making a 100% response rate. The study utilized an interviewer-administered questionnaire, which included the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-5) to assess PTSD. The research investigated the association between PTSD and various demographic and psychosocial characteristics using both bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses. Statistical significance was set at a P-value of 0.05. Results: The majority of participants in the study were male (62%) with a mean age of 33 (± 1.67) years. The overall prevalence of PTSD was 30.7% (95% CI: 26.6-35.10). Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified several factors significantly associated with PTSD: symptoms of depression (AOR=3.5; 95% CI: 1.13-6.89), age between 45 and 67 years (AOR=1.68; 95% CI: 1.04-5.78), experiencing stressful life events (AOR=1.63; 95% CI: 1.05-7.86), experiencing sexual abuse or rape (AOR=1.53; 95% CI: 1.07-6.75), chewing khat (AOR=1.48; 95% CI: 1.08-4.56), being female (AOR=1.43; 95% CI: 1.13-3.67), and having an income of 34.6 USD (AOR=1.28; 95% CI: 1.07-4.67). Conclusion and recommendation: This study reported that the prevalence of PTSD was high. As a result, the study suggested that governments and other stakeholders should be involved in implementing efficient interventions and quick measures to mitigate the effects of war on mental health following the conflict. The government and nongovernmental organizations were also advised by these studies to continue providing humanitarian assistance, which should include access to food, clean water, clothing, shelter, and education. This study also suggested that people living in conflict zones should be legally protected from rape, sexual abuse, arson, detention without cause, and kidnapping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Methods Results Significance To describe the characteristics of psychogenic non‐epileptic (functional) seizures (PNES) in adults with epilepsy and intellectual disability (ID) and to establish differences and risk factors regarding psychosocial functioning between individuals with and without PNES.Adults with ID and epilepsy living in epilepsy care facilities in The Netherlands were screened for PNES by a neurologist. A control group consisting of people with epilepsy and ID, without PNES, was matched according to age, sex, and level of ID. Objective data were retrieved retrospectively from clinical notes of the resident. Standardized questionnaires and tests, adjusted for people with ID, were obtained from participants and their nursing staff. Differences were analyzed using paired t tests, Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests, or McNemar's tests, appropriate for matched case–control studies. Conditional logistic regression identified PNES risk factors.Five hundred forty individuals were screened, of which 42 had PNES (point prevalence 7.8%). In total, 35 cases and 35 controls gave consent. Proxy reports indicated that PNES impacted daily life in 79% by adjusting the individual's schedule, and caused minor injuries in one‐third. Those with PNES were mainly female (69%); had a mild (46%) or moderate (37%) level of ID; showed more symptoms of depression (p = .024), anxiety (p = .030), self‐injurious behavior (p = .015); and experienced more negative life events (p < .001). Clinically relevant predictors of PNES were the number of negative life events (odds ratio [OR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–2.53) and self‐injurious behaviors (OR 5.27, 95% CI .97–28.81).Previously, PNES in individuals with ID and epilepsy were described mainly as a reinforced behavioral pattern, due to limited associations with psychiatric disorders. Our results demonstrate that this population does show individual psychosocial vulnerabilities when measured with instruments adjusted for this population, as indicated by proxy reports from daily caregivers. Viewing PNES as an involuntary response, especially for stress‐prone individuals with ID, could reduce stigma and improve treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explored whether urban American Indian (AI) caregivers who maintained a strong sense of cultural connectedness buffered their children from the negative effects of stress on mental health. A community sample of 161 urban AI children (91 girls) ages 8–15 years (M = 11.20 years) and their primary caregivers participated between 2016 and 2017. Caregiver cultural connectedness moderated associations among child stressful life events and increased anger (R2 = .13) and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (R2 = .15). For caregivers with greater cultural connectedness, associations were attenuated and not significant. Higher hair cortisol was related to increased depressive (R2 = .11), anxiety (R2 = .10), and PTSD (R2 = .15) symptoms and was not moderated by cultural connectedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of academic stress detection has gained significant attention recently because mental and physical health is crucial for academic success. The goal of academic stress detection is to identify a student's level of stress during the learning process using observable markers including physiological, behavioral, and psychological data. In recent years, detection methods that utilize wearable and nonwearable sensors have gained increased attention owing to their rich functionalities. In order to discover contemporary developments, coping strategies, limitations, difficulties, and potential research areas for addressing academic stress in educational settings, this study conducted an exhaustive review of the existing literature. First, we discussed how stressful events influence students’ psychological and physical health as well as the statistics frequently utilized to monitor academic stress. Then, using machine learning and deep learning methods, we described academic stress detection models. In addition, we described self-regulated strategy, computer-supported strategy and interactive learning technology-supported strategy. This comprehensive analysis of the latest techniques and recommendations for potential research avenues for tackling academic stress in educational settings will help other researchers in this field carry out and assess user research and build academic stress detection systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study used latent transition analysis to examine the stability and change in perceived threats in youth's primary social contexts—neighborhoods, schools, and families—and associations with emotional and behavioral problems when youth transitioned from childhood to adolescence. The sample included 8208 racially and ethnically diverse youth enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (47.4% female, Mage_Baseline = 9.83, Mage_Timepoint3 = 11.99). Results revealed that while perceived threats in youth's neighborhoods were considerably stable, perceived threats in youth's families fluctuated in relation to stressful life events. Further, subgroups of youth characterized by elevated perceived threat experiences in different contexts showed differential associations with emotional and behavioral problems. Overall, findings highlight the importance of considering the stability of perceived threats to direct appropriate interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Depression is a common mental illness with a high prevalence rate and is a significant contributor to the global burden of diseases. Various factors are associated with depression, and its etiology is complex. Instead of focusing on single-factor effects, this study aimed to explore a combination of high-risk factor sets for depression among adult community residents. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey in Shenzhen, China, from January 2021 to March 2021. A simple sampling method was used to enroll participants. A total of 1,965 adult residents completed the survey and were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised Short Scale for Chinese (EPQ-RSC), and the Psychosocial Stress Survey for Groups (PSSG). The fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method was used to explore the high-risk factor sets for depression among adult community residents. Results: The prevalence of depression among the surveyed adult residents in Shenzhen was 6.36%. The mean scores of PHQ-9 were higher among women and unmarried residents. The combination of low extroversion (e) and high neuroticism (N) in personality traits, along with high scores for life events (V), negative emotional responses to events (G), positive emotional responses to events (O), and positive coping styles to events (I) (denoted as e*N*V*G*O*I) constituted a high-risk factor set for depression. The overall consistency was 0.843, and the overall coverage was 0.330. Conclusion: Our study suggested that stressful life events together with personality traits including neuroticism and introversion serve as crucial factors for depression among adult community residents, regardless of the coping strategies they adopt. This study provides data for developing comprehensive interventions such as regulating neuroticism and introversion levels and reducing stressors to prevent the occurrence of depression among adult community residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the emotional well-being of adolescents worldwide. Some studies suggested that individuals with high Environmental Sensitivity may have been more likely to experience poor psychological adjustment during the pandemic than those with lower sensitivity. However, there is still limited research on how emotional responses varied across different stages of the pandemic and whether Environmental Sensitivity increased adolescents' vulnerability to the psychological impact of prolonged pandemic restrictions. Methods: To address this gap, this study used a three-year longitudinal design (2020-2022) with a sample of 453 adolescents. They completed an online survey measuring their positive and negative emotions throughout the pandemic period, with Environmental Sensitivity considered a time-invariant covariate. Results: The results revealed that all participants, regardless of their level of Environmental Sensitivity, experienced a decrease in positive emotionality between the first and second years. However, this trend reversed, showing an increase between the second and third years. Regarding negative emotions, highly sensitive adolescents experienced a significant linear increase over time. In contrast, low-and medium-sensitive adolescents exhibited a quadratic trend, with a notable increase in negative emotions between the first and second years, followed by a slight decrease between the second and third years. Discussion: These findings provide further evidence of the negative impact of the pandemic on adolescents' emotional well-being. They also support the notion that Environmental Sensitivity is associated with individuals' ability to respond and adjust to adverse life events, with significant implications for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing evidence suggests that experiences with police are associated with a range of negative mental health problems among youth. This study examined the impact of negative police contact on changes in adolescent internalizing problems, measured by anxiety and depression. Six waves of data from a longitudinal study in Zurich, Switzerland were used in order to assess the direct relations between first reported police contact in the years prior to the survey moment and internalizing problems at the time of the survey and follow-up waves. The sample consists of a cohort of youth (max n = 1353, 49.4% females) spanning ages 11 to 24 (mean age and SD at each wave = 11.32 (0.37), 13.67 (0.36), 15.44 (0.36), 17.45 (0.37), 20.58 (0.38), 24.46 (0.38)). Specifically, difference-in-differences techniques for multiple time periods were employed to assess the average treatment effects for the treated population (first contact with police) compared to those who were never treated (never had contact). Across all models, police contact did not lead to an increase in internalizing problems. These results diverge from previous studies mostly conducted in the United States, and possible explanations including differences in historical contexts of policing, juvenile justice, health care, and dosage of intrusive contacts are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Suicidality in adolescents has been associated with emotional distress, stressful life events, relationship issues, and nightmares to name a few. This study explored the actual dream content and the mood at pre-sleep, during a reported dream, and in the morning in 33 adolescents admitted to the hospital on account of a suicide attempt. In all aspects, hospitalized adolescents were compared to 33 matched adolescents who had followed the same protocol. In accordance with the Continuity and the Threat Simulation theories of dream formation, it was hypothesized that the waking-life experiences of suicidal adolescents would transpire in both dream mood and content as well as in the frequency of nightmares. Dreams were analyzed by independent judges using traditional dream content scales, including for the presence of negative and destructive themes and types of interpersonal relationships. As predicted, more suicidal adolescents experienced frequent nightmares, which was significant. A higher negative mood at pre-sleep, within dreams, and at post-sleep was also observed. Furthermore, their dreams contained a higher prevalence of destructive themes and failures, as well as self-directed and death-resulting aggressions. Regression analyses indicated that morning mood was most accurately predicted by positive and negative dream mood in the normative adolescents, whereas only negative dream mood appeared to predict subsequent waking affect in suicidal participants. Our results underline the valuable potential of implementing nightmare-reducing therapies in the presence of suicidal adolescents who suffer from frequent nightmares. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been marked interest in looking at the psychological consequences of medical conditions, such as traumatic or acquired brain injuries. Coping strategies are essential for clinical recovery and for dealing with the stressful events that a clinical condition brings with it. The purpose of this review is to analyze studies that explore how coping strategies influence psychological changes in patients with acquired brain injury. Studies were identified from research in the PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases. According to our findings, patients with ABI utilize different coping strategies based on the circumstances and factors such as the diagnosis severity, their age, time lived with the pathology, and personal characteristics, which have an influence on quality of life and rehabilitation. This review demonstrated that coping strategies have an impact on different aspects of the clinical and personal lives of patients with ABI. The rehabilitation process must consider the influence of these mechanisms on dealing with situations, as they can change cognitive and emotional perceptions of patients' experience with the disease, as well as laying the foundations for functional or dysfunction in terms of the propensity of a person for the path of psychological and physical recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite extensive theoretical discussions on the dynamic process of meaning violation (MV) and restoration, empirical research on this topic remained lacking. This study aimed to explore the trajectory of MV and the bi‐directionality between MV and perceived posttraumatic growth (PPTG). This study employed a 3‐wave longitudinal design spanning over 3 months, and a sample of participants from China who experienced any distressing event within the past 3 months was considered eligible. Participants (N = 215; aged 18–38 years old) were instructed to assess MV and PPTG regarding a chosen event. A latent growth model was used to examine changes in MV over time and a random intercept cross‐lagged panel model was used to analyze bidirectional associations between MV and PPTG. Results revealed that, at the within‐person level, MV at T1 negatively predicted PPTG at T2, while PPTG at T2 negatively predicted MV at T3. These results indicate that the sense of MV may have impeded PPTG in the initial stages, whereas PPTG might serve as a predictor for diminished MV at later stages. At the between‐person level, a positive relationship between these two constructs was observed, suggesting that individuals who experienced higher levels of MV, in general, also tended to report greater PPTG. These findings reflect the complex and dynamic nature of meaning reconstruction processes and provide empirical evidence for the meaning‐making model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and ObjectivesDesign and MethodsResultsConclusionsDuring large-scale stressful events such as pandemics, situational uncertainty and daily routine disruptions increase anxiety prevalence, underscoring the need for research on approaches to promote effective coping. This study focused on the psychological function of benefit finding in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Both Study 1a (a cross-sectional survey of 567 Chinese adults) and Study 1b (a two-wave longitudinal survey of 406 Chinese adults) examined the relationship between benefit finding and anxiety, with hope as the mediator. Study 2 used an interventional design to examine the efficacy of daily benefit-finding writing among 129 Chinese college students.In Studies 1a and 1b, benefit finding was positively associated with anxiety, which was mediated by hope. Study 2 showed that daily writing tasks significantly promoted benefit finding. Hope mediated the relationship between benefit finding and anxiety at both the within- and between-person levels.Benefit finding can foster hope and relieve anxiety. Daily benefit-finding activities, which can be conducted online, can help improve mental health during pandemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a brief measure of four internal attributes found to protect against the impact of adverse life events on mental health was developed and validated. In addition, profiles of internal strengths that significantly predict mental health outcomes in young Chinese adults were identified. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses on data from 831 Chinese university students supported the proposed four-factor model of the ISALES. Participants in the current study fell into two clusters, with one cluster being higher than the other in all four internal strengths, with the former cluster demonstrating better overall mental health than those in the latter cluster. The ISALES is a promising instrument for use in clinical settings and may be used to identify individuals who are more 'at risk' of developing poor mental health in the aftermath of a negative life event. The use of the ISALES may permit tailored interventions and timely support to be provided to individuals within clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crime victimization is one of the most stressful negative events and brings numerous adverse outcomes to victims. Victims suffer from physical damage, property loss, psychological trauma, and behavioral problems. Many studies have examined these adverse consequences of crime victimization, but a comprehensive approach for victims who are school-aged girls has been relatively under-documented. To fill the gap in the literature, this study analyzes data from a nationally representative sample of Korean school-aged girls (N = 3762). The results of the regression analyses indicate that previous victimization is associated with lower life satisfaction, increased negative emotions, and a fear of crime, and appears to elevate the risk of revictimization and delinquent behavior. It is concluded that victims should be treated with appropriate resources and support to reduce future adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late-life divorce is increasing in the Western world, including among family-oriented societies like Israel in which the most common family status for older adults (age 60 years and older) is being in a heterosexual long-term marriage with adult children. Within a life-course framework, we use both dyadic and individual interview analysis to explore the process that led to the timing of late-life divorce. Understanding this process from dyadic and individual perspectives could strengthen knowledge regarding this expanding phenomenon in family-oriented societies and could contribute to developing targeted interventions and policies for such couples. Semi-structured interviews were conducted separately with 44 heterosexual ex-spouses comprised of 10 dyads (n = 20) and 24 individuals (n = 13 women; n = 11 men). The divorces were mostly after age 60 and followed a long-term marriage with children. Two themes emerged from the analysis: the long-term phase of divorce delay despite longstanding motivations, and the moment of final decision with its various background accelerators. The discussion addresses intersections between personal time, family time, and social/cultural time related to divorce, and between intrapersonal and interpersonal aspects. Implications for family gerontology are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This systematic review and meta-analysis address the evidence on the association of psychological stressors with onset of multiple sclerosis, inflammatory disease activity (relapses or new disease activity on magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) and disability progression. PubMed was searched from 1946 to 15 July 2022. Studies and certain stressors were selected when they assessed stressors independent from stress elicited by the disease process itself. Risk of bias was assessed by the CASP Case Control Study Checklist and the CASP Cohort Study Checklist. Normal-Normal Hierarchical Model (NNHM) for random-effects meta-analysis was used in the Bayesian framework. 30 studies reporting data from 26 cohorts reporting on 24.781 cases could be identified. Ten studies addressed stressors and MS disease onset showing a weak to modest effect of psychological stressors. A meta-analysis of three studies investigating diagnosed stress disorders and MS risk showed a 1.87-fold (CI 1.061 to 3.429) increased MS risk. Stress and MS relapse risk were addressed in 19 heterogeneous studies. Meta-analyses from two independent cohorts investigating the same military threat of a population showed a threefold increased risk for relapses in association with war (relapse rate: 3.0, CI 1.56 to 5.81). In addition, two studies confirmed an association of stressful life events and MRI activity. Three studies of stressors and disease progression were included indicating some effect on disease progression. Taken together studies indicate a minor to modest impact of psychological stressors on disease onset, inflammatory activity and progression of MS. Possible case-selection bias and lack of confounder analysis were present in many studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of anorectal manometry (ARM), a diagnostic test used to assess anorectal function. It discusses when and how to perform the test, as well as its usefulness in evaluating conditions such as constipation and fecal incontinence. The article also covers the equipment needed for ARM, the training required for those performing the test, and the protocols for patient preparation and test procedures. Additionally, it outlines the analysis of ARM results and the interpretation of findings. This document provides information on how to interpret anorectal manometry and the rectal balloon expulsion test. It discusses the different sensations and measurements involved in these tests and their significance in diagnosing and guiding therapy for anorectal disorders. The document also mentions the London Classification, which categorizes anorectal disorders based on major findings, minor findings, and inconclusive findings. It emphasizes the clinical utility of these tests in understanding the underlying causes of anorectal symptoms and customizing treatment plans. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: While previous research indicates that negative religious coping relates with distress, it is unclear if this represents generalized spiritual struggles or a specific vulnerability activated by negative events. Moreover, past research treats coping as a stable phenomenon, although it likely fluctuates. This research simultaneously tested both models longitudinally and examined the relationship between coping and distress. Methods: The current study is a secondary analysis of longitudinal data collected online over 3 years from 397 participants. Life events, negative religious coping, and depressive symptoms were assessed on six occasions, and linear mixed‐effect models were used to analyze data. Results: Negative religious coping was largely stable with increases at times of stress. Participants with higher mean negative coping reported more depressive symptoms regardless of life circumstances (i.e., main effect), likely reflecting generalized spiritual struggles. In addition, those with higher mean coping or with particularly high levels at a given time reported even higher levels of symptoms when they experienced more negative life events (i.e., moderation effect). Conclusion: Results suggest that previous research merges two distinct phenomena—spiritual struggles and negative coping. This has important theoretical and research implications and suggests that integrating spirituality and religion into treatment can be warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]