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Chatbots are "computer agents that can interact with the user" in a way that feels like human-to-human conversation.1 While the use of chatbots for reference service in academic libraries is a topic of interest for both library professionals and researchers, little is known about how they are used in library reference service, especially in academic libraries in Canada. This article aims to fill this gap by conducting a web-based survey of 106 academic library websites in Canada and analyzing the prevalence and characteristics of chatbot and live chat services offered by these libraries. The authors found that only two libraries were using chatbots for reference service. For live chat services, the authors found that 78 libraries provided this service. The article discusses possible reasons for the low adoption of chatbots in academic libraries, such as accessibility, privacy, cost, and professional identity issues. The article also provides a case study of the authors' institution, the University of Calgary, which integrated a chatbot service in 2021. The article concludes with suggestions for future research on chatbot use in libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2020, Libraries and Cultural Resources (LCR) at the University of Calgary used Qualtrics XM to design and pilot a point-of-use survey to collect user feedback on the usability of our implementation of Primo, Ex Libris's web-scale discovery service. Over a two-week period, users were presented with the pop-up survey while searching and asked to provide feedback. This article summarizes how we designed and implemented this point-of-use survey and the lessons learned from this project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of covid-19 on library services as perceived by international students and scholars at Kent State University, a medium-sized public research university in the mid-west, in the United States. A second general purpose was to increase awareness of library resources and services among the international student population. The study used a self-reported questionnaire (Qualtrics survey) to find out the use of library services and resources by international students' pre-pandemic and during the pandemic. Using google analytics, the study also compared visits of the library website from pre-pandemic and during the pandemic by the general student population. The author also obtained statistics from various library departments to compare pre-pandemic and pandemic usage. Additionally, informal interviews were conducted by the author to find out librarians' perceptions of how Covid-19 impacted their services and policies. The survey results showed a general lack of awareness of library resources and services among the international student population both pre-pandemic and during the pandemic. The usage statistics and reports from the librarians revealed a high impact of the pandemic on Interlibrary Loan (ILL), circulation, acquisitions and instruction services, but a modest/minimal impact on reference services and visits to the library website. Recommendations include increased marketing efforts and outreach to the international student population and by extension to all students especially long-distance students or online-only students. The study also highlights the importance of open access, consortia, and Institutional repositories and the role they play in enhancing equitable access to information. The study encourages libraries to leverage new technologies that would improve services while also advocating for policies that would help bridge the digital divide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even before the COVID-19 pandemic drove most users online, chat was establishing itself as a core service for asking library-related questions of many types, from basic directional and reference to research queries of a more sophisticated nature. This investigation seeks to provide insight into how academic libraries are seen not only as a source of library assistance, but also as a means of filling an information gap on a wider subject: the university campus at large. The study’s methods involved analyzing chat transcripts from five large four-year public universities during a two-year period (2019–2021), noting the frequency of campus-related chat questions and coding the specific topics of those inquiries. The findings show that library reference services, particularly live virtual chat, are consistently valuable to the campus community and may be especially important to supporting less privileged student populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of ChatGPT 3.5 in November 2022 ignited a sensation in the academic community, leaving many astounded by its capabilities. This new release more closely emulates human responses than its predecessors. Among its remarkable capabilities, it can answer questions, catalog items in MARC21, recommend reading lists, and make suggestions on a wide array of topics. To assess ChatGPT’s efficacy in aiding library users, the authors of this paper conducted an experiment comparing ChatGPT’s performance with that of librarians in answering reference questions. Thirty questions were randomly selected from the transaction log of the reference inquiries between June 1, 2023 to July 31, 2023 at the Rider University Libraries. These queries constituted 34% of the total user questions during this two-month period. The authors compared the answers by ChatGPT and those by reference librarians for their accuracy, relevance, and friendliness. The findings indicate that reference librarians markedly outperformed their robotic counterpart. An evident issue arises from ChatGPT’s deficiency in understanding local policies and practices. This consequently hinders its ability to provide satisfactory answers in those areas. OpenAI posits that ChatGPT’s proficiency can be enhanced through targeted fine-tuning using locally specific information. At the moment, ChatGPT remains a great tool for librarians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose--Explore the impact of AI and ChatGPT on library information services; Design/methodology/approach--A sample of twenty-two reference questions are fed to ChatGPT and the answers are evaluated for quality and accuracy; Findings--ChatGPT are excellent in information retrieval in some areas, but it is not comparable to a reference librarian in others; Research limitations/implications--The findings may not be conclusive due to small sample size; Practical implications--Understand AI and ChatGPT and their behavior; Social implications--The knowledge from the study can assist librarians to adjust their services to better serve users; Originality/value--No research has been done in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health sciences library public services underwent profound changes due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Circulation, reference services, instruction, interlibrary loan, and programming were all significantly affected. Libraries adapted by moving to virtual services, featuring online workshops, video consultations, and digital information sharing. Reference services moved to virtual consultations for a streamlined experience, and instruction transitioned to interactive video tutorials. Interlibrary loan services saw a decrease in print material lending but an increase in electronic subscriptions. Library programming shifted from in-person to virtual, focusing on wellness activities. This post-pandemic transformation underscores the importance of ongoing adaptation to meet changing user needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this project was to identify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the spatiotemporal distribution of the library's online patrons, so that we could assess if the scheduled library reference hours are meeting the needs of the academic community. We collected each online reference patron's location information via their IP address, as well as the timestamp of each online reference instance. The spatiotemporal distribution patterns were analyzed and compared before and after in-person instruction was suspended due to COVID-19 distance protocols and a closing of the campus in the 2020 spring semester. The results show that the geographic origins of reference questions redistributed after COVID-19 protocols were initially implemented and the university community underwent a temporary geographical redistribution. Reference question origins tended to move away from campus to other areas of the state, other states, and internationally. This population redistribution suggested that the library could adjust the online reference schedule to provide better access and service to patrons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determines librarians' perceptions of Virtual Reference Services (VRS) in university libraries in Pakistan. Based on the census, data was collected from 29 head librarians of Lahore through a questionnaire. The results show that short messaging, instant messaging, and ask a librarian are prominent VRS. Time-saving, 24/7 service, reduced workload, and easy access are significant merits. Increased users' expectations, staff training, and special skills to answer users' queries are the key challenges. Librarians with higher qualifications have a positive opinion and fewer challenges to offering VRS. This service is likely to become necessary in academic libraries in Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic libraries are experiencing significant changes and making efforts to deliver their service in the digital environment. Libraries are transforming from being places for reading to extensions of the classroom and learning spaces. Due to the globalized digital environment and intense competition, libraries are trying to improve their service quality through various evaluations. As reference service is crucial to users, this study explores user satisfaction towards the reference service through WhatsApp, a social media instant messenger, at a major university in Hong Kong and discusses the correlation between the satisfaction rating and three variables. Suggestions and recommendations are raised for future improvements. The study also sheds light on the usage of reference services through instant messaging in other academic libraries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of artificial intelligence and machine learning has rapidly become a standard technology across all industries and businesses for gaining insight and predicting the future. In recent years, the library community has begun looking at ways to improve library services by applying AI and machine learning techniques to library data. Chat reference in libraries generates a large amount of data in the form of transcripts. This study uses machine learning and natural language processing methods to analyze one academic library's chat transcripts over a period of eight years. The built machine learning model tries to classify chat questions into a category of reference or nonreference questions. The purpose is to predict the category of future questions by the model with the hope that incoming questions can be channeled to appropriate library departments or staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines through a systematic review, the reference services rendered in academic libraries using artificial intelligence (AI) and by collecting data through environmental scanning. The objective of this systematic literature review is to provide a synthesis of empirical studies exploring the application of artificial intelligence for reference services in academic libraries. Data were collected from Web of Science, Scopus, and LISA databases. Following the rigorous/established selection process, a total of thirty five articles were finally selected, reviewed and analyzed. Thirty five papers were identified, analyzed and summarized on the subject relating to the application of AI and the methods which are most often used. The findings demonstrate that university libraries in Canada and China are leading in the deployment of AI for reference services. The AI techniques used mostly in the scanned university libraries are self-directed learning and natural language processing techniques; while the challenges of using AI for reference services are the problem of quality intelligence, linguistic style, privacy, a threat to intellectual freedom, bias, and cost; inadequate experts, poor network, poor training and lack of innovation, and limited knowledge about the technology. The study indicates university libraries take into account implementing AI for reference services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the 2020 and 2021 summer semesters, the University of Michigan Biological Station (UMBS) transitioned to hybrid classes that were primarily distance learning with two-week inperson sections. The library offered both synchronous and asynchronous reference assistance over the summer term. An analysis showed that students favored using the UMBS LibGuide over synchronous virtual reference help via Zoom. Students further preferred face-to-face interactions over virtual formats, and their preference for LibGuide assistance may carry into the post- COVID-19 classroom. This finding suggests that students prioritize convenience and immediacy over personalized assistance in the Zoom platform. Thus, in providing reference assistance to student populations in the field sciences, balancing face-to-face interactions with convenience and immediacy should be a priority. Recommendations based on the success of the 2020 and 2021 field seasons were suggested for reference interactions in future field courses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project sought to better understand why course instructors request librarian involvement to teach information literacy skills. Librarians at two large institutions surveyed 29 instructors and then interviewed 11 about their experiences working with librarians, their motivations for involving librarians in their courses, and their goals for including information literacy instruction. The study found that instructors had many different levels of experience with the library. Motivations for inviting librarians to their classes included creating a support network and sharing librarian expertise with students. The researchers also discuss instructor participation in library instruction sessions, including commentary, where they reinforce points made by the librarian during class, and bookending, where they sandwich librarian involvement between preliminary or concluding remarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Library decision makers rely on data from relevant comparator libraries to inform their choices regarding resource allocation and models for library services. It is valuable to see the decisions that other libraries of similar size and type have made. Unfortunately, libraries serving small and very small institutions are not represented in the literature on reference service models. Libraries serving medium-sized institutions are represented in a few studies, but even so medium libraries will find it challenging to identify focused comparator descriptions. This study presents comparator data for reference service in libraries serving medium, small, and very small institutions in order to address the lack of representation of small and very small libraries in the reference service literature and equip libraries of all of these size categories with more specifically focused comparator groups than are available elsewhere. In order to provide a more comprehensive answer to the question "how are libraries like mine providing reference service?" this study's data is presented in a variety of ways including a composite description of all respondents' data and focused reports of respondents' data grouped in subsets according to institution FTE enrollment, librarian headcount, combined librarian and paraprofessional headcount, and the highest degree offered by the institution served by the library. This variety of presentations allows libraries to collect a more complete description of how reference service is being provided in libraries like theirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated users’ perceptions of the service quality of the readers’ service section of the University of Ilorin Library. A survey research design was used to conduct its analysis. The target demographic for the study is the 45,885 undergraduate students who attend the University of Ilorin in Ilorin, Nigeria. For the study, a simple random sampling technique was used, and a questionnaire served as the instrument for gathering data. The findings showed that lending and interlibrary loan services, provision of seating and study facilities, reference services, current awareness services, user education and information literacy programs, exhibition, display, and publicity, selective information dissemination, and digital library services are just a few of the ways that the University of Ilorin in Ilorin, Nigeria, provides readers’ services. The university library has greatly improved the number of information services it offers to its users by integrating digital technologies to complement the conventional mode of information distribution. Although the study’s finding was that the service quality of the University of Ilorin library’s readers’ service section is not yet outstanding, it is still somewhat satisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to highlight the librarians’ perception pertaining to the implementation of Virtual Reference Service (VRS) in the Chandigarh Region Innovation and Knowledge Cluster Institutions (CRIKC). The study is based on a sample drawn from librarians of the CRIKC libraries. To assess and evaluate the librarians’ perception regarding the feasibility of VRS, a questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 19 library professionals of CRIKC libraries. The reason for choosing the questionnaire was to know the status of virtual reference service as well as librarians’ perception regarding the feasibility of VRS in CRIKC libraries. The findings suggest that the major challenge faced by librarians in providing VRS is the need for an additional budget for staffing, followed by an increased staff workload and a lack of staff training facilities. However, despite these challenges, the librarians perceive VRS to be highly effective in promoting the optimum use of the library’s collection and resources, improving staff efficiency, and promoting information literacy. From the users’ perspective, remote access to online assistance and faster access to information were found to be the most effective features of VRS. Additionally, personalized service, 24/7 availability, and the ability to save chat sessions for later use were also perceived as beneficial by most of the librarians. These results highlight the potential benefits of implementing web 2.0-enabled VRS in academic libraries, despite the challenges involved. It is essential to allocate a sufficient budget for staffing and provide staff training facilities to overcome the challenges faced in implementing VRS successfully. Furthermore, by improving user satisfaction and promoting information literacy, VRS can prove to be an effective tool for enhancing library services and resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to explore the perspectives of students toward the utilization of ChatGPT, its potential benefits and disadvantages over traditional reference librarians. The study employed a descriptive survey research methodology and analyzed the data collected through descriptive and inferential statistics. Out of the 54 students at Adeleke University surveyed, they acknowledged the advantages of ChatGPT such as its convenience, user-friendliness, extensive knowledge base, and accessibility. However, they also pointed out its limitations including the inability to comprehend emotions, limitations in answering complex questions, potential for providing incorrect answers, and risk of outdated information. Despite these drawbacks, the students still expressed their intention to seek reference assistance from ChatGPT, as well as from librarians. The research suggests that library administration should embrace technology to ensure that students have convenient access to reference services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to evaluate the virtual reference service (VRS) queries made by library users and to determine whether there are any differences in the types of queries made by them. 1,472 email threads of VRS received from users of Global Library, O. P. Jindal Global University, India, during 2022 were collected and analyzed. The study's findings reveal that the most frequently requested VRS queries are related to research articles, followed by database access and off-campus access issues. The authors suggest that libraries should prioritize providing training on accessing the online database and use chat, chatbot, and WhatsApp to provide virtual reference services to users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article details the genealogical services and outreach work undertaken at the Godfrey Memorial Library in Middletown, Connecticut. The Godfrey Memorial Library was founded in 1947 by A. Fremont Rider, avid genealogist, and retired head librarian at Wesleyan University. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reference services have become a staple in many libraries, but these services reached a new level of importance when in-person reference shut down in response to COVID-19. This descriptive study aims to discover how health sciences librarians utilized virtual reference services in response to the pandemic. A survey was developed and distributed to health sciences librarians. The survey addressed the status of virtual reference services before and during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as any changes that are seen as libraries reopen. Virtual reference shifted heavily to video conferencing during the pandemic both for librarians at home and those remaining onsite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This column reports a simple test of ChatGPT with some library reference prompts and article writing prompts in February 2023, and compares the answers from traditional library chatbots with ChatGPT's. It also tries to call attention to possible lessons the library community may want to learn from previous transformative technology changes such as Google and Web 2.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study compares health science librarian job postings in the MEDLIB-L listserv from 2018–2019 and 2021–2022 to assess whether there was an increase in remote or hybrid schedule arrangements listed in job advertisements after the pandemic's onset. Results indicated a notable increase in advertising remote/hybrid work arrangements rising from 1.2% of listings in 2018–2019 to 16% of listings in 2021–2022. Data from a 2022 survey of library directors, however, indicated that approximately 70% of respondents expressed confidence in the continuance of remote/hybrid work. Additionally, from a very limited sample size, salaries for remote/hybrid positions did not appear to be less than in-person postings. While current employees at many institutions may benefit from flexible scheduling, this study examines whether job postings, which are often the primary information available to applicants, included information about remote and hybrid work options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The University of North Florida (UNF) transitioned to Canvas as its Learning Management System (LMS) in summer 2017. This implementation brought on opportunities that allowed for a more userfriendly learning environment for students. Working with students in courses which were in-person, hybrid, or online, brought about the need for the library to have a place in the Canvas LMS. Students needed to remember how to access and locate library resources and services outside of Canvas. During this time, the Thomas G. Carpenter Library's online presence was enhanced, yet still not visible in Canvas. It became apparent that the library needed to be integrated into Canvas courses. This would enable students to easily transition between their coursework and finding resources and services to support their studies. In addition, librarians who worked with students, looked for ways for students to easily find library resources and services online. After much discussion, it became clear to the Online Learning Librarian (OLL) and the Director of Technical Services and Library Systems (Library Director) that the library needed to explore ways to integrate more with Canvas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Colorado's age-adjusted fatal opioid overdose rate increased over 400% from 2000 to 2020. Public libraries are increasingly valuable community resources for accessing health-related information. We sought to evaluate the availability and types of opioid use disorder (OUD)-related resources offered through Colorado Public Library branches using secret shoppers to collect data. Methods: This was a cross sectional study of 197 Colorado Public Libraries in 2021. Anonymous auditors posed as library patrons asking a brief standardized script about availability of OUD-related resources over the phone. We conducted descriptive analyses of the libraries contacted, the response types of OUD resources provided, and information about naloxone availability. Outcomes were compared between urban/rural and libraries within/outside the Denver Public Library (DPL) system via means comparison tests. Results: Approximately 50% of libraries were classified as urban. Most (81%) of the libraries offered a valid OUD-resource, and over half (51%) provided a referral to a treatment center offering at least one medication for OUD. Over a third (36%) of librarians referenced the statewide naloxone standing order allowing patients to obtain naloxone from a pharmacy without prescription. One in ten libraries provided at least one invalid referral resource. Libraries within the DPL system referenced Colorado's naloxone standing order at higher rates than non-DPL libraries. Conclusions: Public libraries may benefit from the development of a standard for OUD-related resource training/education that can be distributed across the state to create a space for community members to obtain resources related to substance use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigates information communication technology competence and reference service provision in Federal Universities in North-Central, Nigeria. Reference librarians now provide users with databases that give access to millions of journal articles as well as access to the internet which has holdings of libraries and a limitless variety of formal and informal sources of information. The study has one objective, a research question and one hypothesis. The study adopted total enumeration using a descriptive survey design. The population of the study is three hundred and sixty library personnel comprising professionals and para-professionals. Three hundred and six questionnaires were returned and used for this study. The findings of the study gave insight into how the library personnel in the North-Central federal universities view information and communication technology and their competence in providing reference service to users. The study shows that the library personnel have high-level skills in search engines such as Yahoo and Google, and basic computing such as word-processing and storing and copying data into primary storage devices among others in the eight federal universities in North Central Nigeria. The result revealed a significant influence of ICT skills on reference service provision by library personnel in North-Central Nigeria. The study recommended among others that the governing council and senate of the eight federal universities should urgently consider providing, encouraging and upgrading the application of computer technologies in reference services in university libraries to boost the libraries and to also frequently and adequately provide training and development programme for library staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study dwells on the assessment of interpersonal communication skills for the provision of reference services in academic libraries in Kogi State, Nigeria. The study covered eight tertiary institutions in the State. Five research questions in line with the objective of the study were formulated to guide the study. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population of the study consists of all professional and para-professional librarians in tertiary Institutions in Kogi State. However, a simple random sampling technique was used in selecting fifteen (15) library personnel each from the eight (8) tertiary institutions in Kogi state to make a total of 120 respondents for the study. The questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and data collected from the field was analyzed using descriptive statistics of simple percentage, frequency count, and mean, which was further presented in pie chat and histogram. The result of the findings revealed that academic library personnel in Kogi State possess interpersonal communication skills to a great extent and these skills are quite effective in reference and information service delivery. The study recommended that academic libraries in Kogi State should be proactive in enhancing various reference services so as to be more committed to assisting the users in satisfying their needs. Furthermore, reference librarians and other library personnel should strive to possess various forms of verbal, and non-verbal interpersonal communication skills in order to be able to serve their users with the right information, at the right time and to enhance high patronage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to highlight the users' awareness as well as opinion regarding virtual reference service (VRS) in respect to traditional reference service (TRS) and to throw light on critical dimensions which may provide new insight in the pre-implementation stage of VRS in Chandigarh Region Innovation and Knowledge Cluster (CRIKC) libraries. The study is based on a sample drawn from users of the CRIKC libraries. To assess and evaluate the users' perception about the feasibility of VRS, a structured interview schedule was prepared and conducted among 388 users of CRIKC libraries. The reason for choosing an interview schedule was to know the status of VRS as well as users' opinion regarding the service in greater depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Answering user questions quickly and effectively is necessary for the continued success of reference services yet it is not sufficient. What should the strategic goals of reference services be for the long-term? We explore two different strategies—the first focusing on community building and the second on student belongingness. We highlight possible themes to explore in this area including diversity, equity, inclusivity, and accessibility, alignment with campus goals, and developing new methods to assess efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the daily work of all citizens, especially in our libraries, since, after the Social, Preventive, and Mandatory Isolation (ASPO), in a short time, they were forced to adapt their activities so that they could be carried out remotely. In the case described, although a great impact on the operation of the library was expected, according to the statistics after one year, it was noted that, although the transactions had decreased, the usual activities had developed normally and its quality had not diminished thanks to the technological advantage of the institution in general and of the library's reference service in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation explores the initial impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on live chat virtual reference services (VRS) in academic libraries and on user behaviors from March to December 2020 using Goffman's theoretical framework (1956, 1967, 1971). Data from 300 responses by academic librarians to two longitudinal online surveys and 28 semi‐structured interviews were quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed. Results revealed that academic librarians were well‐positioned to provide VRS as university information hubs during pandemic shutdowns. Qualitative analysis revealed that participants received gratitude for VRS help, but also experienced frustrations and angst with limited accessibility during COVID‐19. Participants reported changes including VRS volume, level of complexity, and question topics. Results reveal the range and frequency of new services with librarians striving to make personal connections with users through VRS, video consultations, video chat, and other strategies. Participants found it difficult to maintain these connections, coping through grit and mutual support when remote work became necessary. They adapted to challenges, including isolation, technology learning curves, and disrupted work routines. Librarians' responses chronicle their innovative approaches, fierce determination, emotional labor, and dedication to helping users and colleagues through this unprecedented time. Results have vital implications for the future of VRS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do archivists who find themselves in dual librarian/archivist positions approach library instruction and reference services? This case study examines the instructional experiences of an archivist serving in an interim role as a liaison librarian to a public affairs college at a large, public university in the United States. Utilizing action research methodology to study and inform their instruction approach and philosophy, the archivist created an instructional model which incorporates archival principles and concepts into a landscape mapping exercise. Archivists can make material contributions to library instruction through their unique knowledge, skills, and perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the results of a pilot project that tested the application of algorithmic topic modeling to chat reference conversations. The outcomes for this project included determining if this method could be used to identify the most common chat topics in a semester and whether these topics could inform library services beyond chat reference training. After reviewing the literature, four topic modeling algorithms were successfully implemented using Python code: (1) LDA, (2) phrase-LDA, (3) DMM, and (4) NMF. Analysis of the top ten topics from each algorithm indicated that LDA, phrase- LDA, and NMF show the most promise for future analysis on larger sets of data (from three or more semesters) and for examining different facets of the data (fall versus spring semester, different time of day, just the patron side of the conversation). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As academic institutions nationwide experience higher online enrollment rates, virtual research consultations present online students with an opportunity to connect meaningfully in a personal interaction with a librarian and receive direct instruction. As libraries transition this staple of information literacy instruction from an in-person to an online offering, analysis of impact in the online environment is key. Little is known about the impact of this service on student outcomes, such as program completion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of participation in a research consultation on program completion among doctoral students working on their dissertation at an online university. A quantitative methodology and causal-comparative design were employed. Findings showed that, although they had a significantly higher GPA in their dissertation courses than a matched sample, students who participated in a research consultation were not significantly more likely to complete their program. This finding is significant, as it suggests that library research consultations should not be viewed as retention/completion initiatives. Instead, given the higher GPAs of students who participated in a research consultation, they might more appropriately be considered as initiatives that can enhance learning, especially in relation to information literacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors designed and distributed two surveys to answer the questions of whether the 2020 federal response to the COVID-19 pandemic affected academic librarians' trust in government information, and whether it affected the way they use government information professionally. The results showed a limited decrease in trust in 2020, somewhat mitigated by the administration turnover in 2021. Many librarians already discussed considerations such as bias, authority, and disinformation when recommending government information to students, and others indicated they are more likely to do so going forward. They will also use or suggest more caution with government documents than before. Reference interactions do not always allow the necessary time and space for a nuanced conversation about the limits of government information, so libraries and academic institutions should look for other ways to improve student political literacy as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"is facebook down" trended on Google on October 4, 2021, when Facebook became temporarily globally unavailable. Web users proactively seek information when they encounter issues online. System status dashboards are one way libraries can leverage this behavior to share changes to resources or services and improve transparency, reference services, and the user experience. The University at Albany Libraries Discovery Services Librarian and User Experience Librarian implemented Springshare's System Status Management tool to share system statuses with library staff and the campus community. The institutional context, implementation, and impact are described in this article. The authors reviewed Association of Research Libraries members' library websites to investigate if and how system statuses are being used to communicate with patrons. Results indicate that the majority of libraries reviewed do not employ a dedicated system status dashboard to share information with their constituents, but may use other types of alerts instead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To determine the present situation regarding services provided to mobile users in US urban libraries, the authors surveyed 138 Urban Libraries Council members utilizing a combination of mobile visits, content analysis, and librarian interviews. The results show that nearly 95% of these libraries have at least one mobile website, mobile catalog, or mobile app. The libraries actively applied new approaches to meet each local community's remote-access needs via new technologies, including app download links, mobile reference services, scan ISBN, location navigation, and mobile printing. Mobile services that libraries provide today are timely, convenient, and universally applicable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic affected all aspects of daily life, including how library reference services are provided. This case study reviews and analyzes the sudden changes in the training and responsibilities of student research consultants (SRCs) who had to switch from in-person to online reference services. The university library at Cal State LA uses a peer-research model with SRCs providing the first tier of reference interactions. In this study, we examined the number and the duration of reference transactions, the READ Scale distribution, usage of reference services, and the ratings of the reference service during the pre-COVID and COVID periods. In fall 2020, study results showed an overall decline of reference interactions with changes in duration, READ Scale distribution, and researcher type. We hope other libraries can learn from our experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The websites featured in this column provide free access to data sets or a way to find them, as well as how to upload one's own data sets. They include search engines specifically designed to find and retrieve open data sets, open data repositories, and organizations that provide ready access to their own data sets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Libraries that implement trigger-initiated proactive chat reference services see substantial increases in the number and complexity of reference transactions. However, it is not clear if this growth is a result of something inherent to proactivity, or other factors such as increased awareness of the service. To investigate this, we compare usage during periods with and without proactivity in databases in which our chat reference service is established. Steep and immediate increases when proactivity is enabled and sharp declines when it is disabled suggests that proactivity itself is driving the changes. We recommend human computer interaction (HCI) and user experience (UX) approaches to further understand chat reference service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a theoretical model for understanding embedded librarianship by introducing an Embedded Ecosystem Framework (EEF) and toolkit to evaluate the health of an embedded program in an academic setting. The toolkit measures the tangible services and the intangible relationships with users in embedded programs under the framework's four facets: Actions, Awareness, Perceptions, and Impact. The Actions facet is measured by traditional library reference metrics, while Awareness, Perception, and Impact measures such as program awareness, self-reported academic gains, or service satisfaction are measured by a survey as well as individual and class evaluations. Analysis of data trends can indicate gaps in services provided or utilization of services by specific user groups to encourage more active engagement with their communities. The toolkit is customizable to fit other embedded librarian programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrated reference systems, such as SpringShare's LibAnswers, operate on a single, easy-to-use platform for providing virtual reference services and recording transactions. This article discusses the evidence-based decision-making carried out by librarians at Auburn University's main library and a branch library when deciding which aspects of the LibAnswers platform to incorporate at the two separate locations. Evaluating, selecting, and implementing appropriate components of LibAnswers resulted in complementary but separate systems that met the needs of both patrons and staff. This article adds to the body of literature on integrated reference systems by expanding the focus to include a branch library and its unique considerations and reasons for implementing LibAnswers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]