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To conduct a comprehensive investigation into the nail penetration thermal runaway (TR) characteristics of 16 Ah/5 Ah lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) and their modules. The study aims to analyze the burst characteristics and examine the variations in TR behavior under specific conditions, with the goal of improving early warning and protection against LIB TR incidents. The research findings demonstrate that mechanical nail penetration can rapidly trigger TR, resulting in the highest temperature 522.3°C within 51.9 s, and the fastest is 20 s. In the case of LIB modules, a secondary temperature rise occurs, exhibiting an increased rate of up to 77%. Notably, when the battery bulges, there is a release of high‐temperature two‐phase heat flow accompanied by a significant discharge of combustible gases. This escalation increases the risk of further explosions. Moreover, the study observes repeated spray fires and the generation of a considerable amount of smoke. Additionally, the study highlights the role of sudden rise in temperature and the release of H2 as early indicators of TR. These findings provide valuable theoretical insights into the characteristics and risks of square soft LIBs, enhance safety measures, and contribute to the development of early warning systems for LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compounds of LiCoO2 (LCO) and LiCo1-xNixO2 (LCNO), with (x=0,0.25,0.5,0.75,1) were synthesized as cathode active material for lithium-ion batteries using hydrothermal technique in this study. Structure and morphology characterization were conducted for all prepared samples. The crystalline results indicate that both LCO and LCNO possess a rhombohedral structure, while the morphology results show irregular shapes. Electrochemical tests were carried out for LiCoO2 and LiCo0.25Ni0.75O2 samples only. From the electrochemical measurements, the LiCo0.25Ni0.75O2 demonstrate higher charge and discharge capacities compared to the LiCoO2 electrode, findings which are consistent with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of both the prepared Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) and Lithium Cobalt Nickel Oxide (LCNO) samples reveal characteristic peaks at specific angles (2θ) indicating crystallographic planes. For LCO, peaks were observed at 18.96°, 37.40°, 38.35°, 39.07°, 45.29°, 49.45°, and 59.62° corresponding to crystallographic planes (003), (101), (006), (012), (104), (015), and (107) respectively. These peaks confirm the formation of a rhombohedral LiCoO2 nanostructure with space group (R-3m no. 166), consistent with standard data (JCPDS 00-016-0427). The EDX spectra of the synthesized Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) and Lithium Cobalt Nickel Oxide (LCNO) were analyzed. The results showed the presence of oxygen (O), cobalt (Co), and nickel (Ni) elements. However, the peak corresponding to lithium (Li) was not visible due to its low activation energy. Finally, the synthesis and characterization of LiCoO2 (LCO) and LiCo1-xNixO2 (LCNO) compounds were conducted, with electrochemical tests indicating superior performance of LiCo0.25 Ni0.75O2 over LiCoO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With this publication we provide an updated catalogue of the type material of mantises (Mantodea) deposited in the Zoological Museum Hamburg (ZMH). We report 84 type specimens (51 holotypes, 25 paratypes and 8 syntypes) belonging to 64 species (45 valid names and 19 synonyms). Furthermore, we present high resolution illustrations for these type specimens.

Christoph D. Schubart is remembered as an outstanding carcinologist who left behind an enormous scientific legacy and a huge collaborative network with scientists from all over the world. Throughout his career, Christoph was also able to compile an extremely valuable crustacean collection, including physical specimens, DNA extracts, and tissues of many thousands of specimens. After his sudden death in early 2023, these valuable collections have been transferred from the University of Regensburg to the Leibniz Institute of Biodiversity Change (LIB). Molecular samples are now housed at the LIB Biobank in Bonn (ZFMK), and the physical specimens are deposited at the LIB Crustacea Collection in Hamburg (ZMH). The collections include marine (70%), freshwater (25%) and terrestrial (5%) material from all over the world. A preliminary list of the taxa potentially included in the collections is provided herein, which includes approximately 375 genera, 104 families, nine orders, and two crustacean classes. This note aims to provide the first insights into the Schubart collections and to encourage the scientific community to use this resource extensively, preserving the scientific legacy of Christoph Schubart, thus inspiring new emerging questions on decapod research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change in the composition of the electrolyte after life cycle testing (cycling) of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) was studied. The cell with a nominal capacity of 22 A h was composed of a cathode based on nickel-rich layered lithium oxide LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 (NMC622) and an anode based on graphite. NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry demonstrated the continuous decomposition of dimethyl carbonate and ethyl methyl carbonate, related to the disruption of the formation of protective surface layers on the graphite electrode. The degradation of the LIB is related to the formation of polyethylene oxide oligomers of various compositions as a result of the decomposition of the electrolyte components and the precipitation of the salt MeOCO2Li, which is poorly soluble in carbonate solvents, on the separator. A water content of more than 20 ppm in the electrolyte leads to the hydrolysis of the salt LiPF6 with the formation of HPO2F2 and HF. The presence of HF facilitates the dissolution of the components of the surface film at the graphite/electrolyte interface with the regeneration of H2O and the formation of a "fresh" surface on the graphite, which participates in the electrochemical decomposition of the carbonate solvents. Organophosphate C2H5O4P is formed upon the interaction of the electrolyte components with HF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Thermal runaway is a hazardous risk, occurring more readily in high-energy–density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which leads to a rapid temperature rise and even combustion or explosion when using flammable electrolyte systems. Flame retardants (FRs), such as trimethyl phosphate (TMPa) and triethyl phosphate (TEP), are commonly utilized due to their effective flame suppression, low toxicity, and excellent thermal stability. However, the lack of in-depth understanding of the flame retardancy mechanism and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation process has made the development of functional electrolytes difficult at present. In this study, we clarified the flame retardancy and interfacial reaction mechanisms of low-flammable TMPa localized high-concentration electrolytes (LHCE) using hybrid ab initio and reactive force field (HAIR) schemes. Long-term HAIR simulation reveals that phosphorous radicals produced by the decomposition of TMPa capture carbon radicals, encouraging their polymerization into low-flammable oligomers, while fluorine-containing solvents in the electrolyte capture hydrogen radicals and produce nonflammable hydrofluoric acid (HF). This synergistic flame retardancy mechanism provides essential atomic-level insights for the rational design of high-safety electrolytes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyvinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) is a standard electrolyte membrane and binder material for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) because of the benefits of membrane formation and strong mechanical properties. Still, its use is limited due to unavoidable defects such as high crystallinity and poor electrochemical performance. In this paper, a larger specific surface area and three‐dimensional (3D) permeable lamellae carboxylated g‐C3N4 (HCN) were successfully prepared by HNO3 and introduced into the PVDF‐HFP to obtain a high‐performance composite separator. The wettability and electrolyte absorption of PVDF‐HFP separator can be improved through the carboxylated HCN. More crucially, because PVDF‐HFP has several active sites and low crystallinity, adding HCN can greatly increase the ionic conductivity of separators. The ionic conductivity of PH‐HCN at 25 °C is 0.52 S cm−1, 4.7 times higher than the initial PVDF‐HFP membrane, and the oxidation potential can reach 4.8 V. The assembled lithium‐ion batteries half‐cell has a capacity of 71 % at a 5 C rate and 94 % after 400 cycles at a 2 C rate. Therefore, the improved separator has the potential to be applied to high‐performance LIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China Power Grid is actively building a new energy-based ultra-high voltage grid system. Therefore, the researches on fire safety of power grid are of great importance. This paper firstly investigates the fire accident characteristics in the substation system. With the focuses on the transformer oil fires, the early detection and early warning, modification, fire monitoring and extinguishing systems of transformer oil are reviewed. It is found that the researches on flowing and jet fires should be reinforced while modified oil and pyrolysis gas detection can be applied for reducing the fire probability. Secondly, the fire risks and characteristics of cables are summarized for the transmission and distribution lines, and the methods of early warning, fire prevention and rescue are analyzed. For the wildfire threatening the transmission and distribution cables, the characteristics of wildfire and corresponding firefighting methods are reviewed. The water mist and liquid nitrogen are identified as the most effective ways of extinguishing cable fires and advanced fire detection and long-range drone fire extinguishing technologies should be improved for wildfires. Finally, the thermal runaway mechanism and fire characteristics of LIB in the energy storage system are summarized, and the difficulties in fire extinguishing are discussed. The application of the existing fire detection system in the field of LIB is proposed, and the early warning indicators for intelligent fire protection are introduced. In the future, the intelligent fire protection systems will improve the safety of energy storage systems, and efficient test platforms and reliable test standards will continue to be demanded to reduce the likelihood of thermal runaway and fire severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical behavior of active electrode (anode) materials (AEMs) for lithium-ion battery (LIB), prepared with Sn-Co powders electrodeposited in three different current modes, was investigated. It is shown that AEM with Sn-Co powder, obtained in constant-potential mode, has the highest tin content (82.1 wt. %) and the best performance and stability in operation. The anode material, made with this Sn-Co powder, shows a first-cycle charge capacity of 450 mAh g-1, which decreases to 295 mAh g-1 for 10 battery cycles at a current load of 0.8 mA (0.1C). The data also showed that the AEM with Sn-Co powder, deposited in pulse-potential mode, which has the lowest tin content (24.5 wt. % Sn) but the highest dispersity compared to the other powders tested, shows better performance than that of a powder with a tin content of 68.6 wt. %, obtained in constant-current mode. It can be concluded that for the high electrochemical activity of the anode materials, prepared with Sn-Co powders, both the high tin content and the high dispersity and morphological uniformity of the powders are of great importance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the battery industry, very thin primer layers are used to improve electrode adhesion on substrates or act as blocker layers to prevent corrosion in case of aqueous cathodes. For these material configurations, high-speed coating is mandatory to ensure the economic viability of the process. One way to realize high-speed coating is a set-up including a slot die and a vacuum box to stabilize the coating bead. Knowledge and prediction of the coating window of thin wet film thicknesses is crucial to design the production process. Therefore, the influence of coating gap and viscosity of shear-thinning fluids on the coating window is investigated with the help of various model fluids. In addition, a prediction model for the calculation of the coating window for high-speed slot-die coating with vacuum box is developed. This model is shown to be valid for the prediction of the coating window for the investigated material systems and coating gaps over the investigated range of coating speeds up to 500 m min−1. For a material system, which corresponds to a real material system for adhesive primer coatings, it is possible to reach a target wet film thickness of 20–25 µm. This would correspond to a layer thickness of 0.5 µm for a solid content of 2–2.5 wt%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the laser pulse time compression technique, based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and passive laser–induced breakdown (LIB) series technology, is investigated. By doping a SiC nanowire in a CCl4 solution of an LIB breakdown medium, the LIB generation threshold is reduced, and the stability of the LIB compression output is improved. When OD is 0.2, the output pulse width is 254.4 ps, and the corresponding energy conversion efficiency and pulse compression rate are 34.2% and 50.2%, respectively. Our experiment proves the feasibility of this scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have a wide range of applications from electronic products to electric mobility and space exploration rovers. This results in an increase in the demand for LIBs, driven primarily by the growth in the number of electric vehicles (EVs). This growing demand will eventually lead to large amounts of waste LIBs dumped into landfills which can cause serious environmental problems. To reduce this environmental impact, the need for efficient recycling technology emerges. Furthermore, it has been proven that recycling waste LIBs consume less material and energy than producing new ones from virgin materials. Therefore, this paper aims to review different recycling technologies including hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, direct recycling, and precise separation. The review concludes that hydrometallurgy might be the most efficient method of recycling waste LIBs on an industrial scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amorphous Fe2O3 has special high electrochemical performance as anode materials of LIBs due to its disorderly arranged atoms. However, the issue of its low intrinsic electric conductivity should be solved rationally and facilely. In this work, amorphous Fe2O3 porous films are chemically deposited on the mechanically exfoliated multilayer graphene (MLG) nanosheets, forming a Fe2O3/MLG/Fe2O3 sandwich nanostructure. The addition of 10 mg of EDTA-2Na is crucial for the formation of amorphous nature and holes in Fe2O3 films on MLG. This composite exhibits better electrochemical performance as LIB anodes than well-crystallized Fe2O3 nanoparticles, amorphous Fe2O3 films without holes and amorphous Fe2O3 isolated nanoparticles on MLG, which are prepared using 0 mg, 5 mg, 20 mg of EDTA-2Na, respectively. The optimized composite delivers a reversible discharge capacity of 1067 mAh g − 1 at 100 mA g − 1 after 100 cycles. Moreover, a capacity of 522 mAh g − 1 is delivered at a high current density of 2 A g − 1 . The high electrochemical performance of the composite is attributed to the amorphous nature and porous film structure of Fe2O3, and well combination of Fe2O3 and highly conductive MLG substrate. A chemical bath deposition method has been developed to synthesize amorphous Fe2O3 films on mechanically exfoliated multilayer graphene (MLG) nanosheets. EDTA is crucial for the crystallization degree and the morphology of Fe2O3. As-prepared amorphous Fe2O3 porous films on MLG showed the best electrochemical performance as LIB anodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liberation of cathode materials (Co, Ni, Mn, Li) from spent lithium-ion batteries is essential to creating an acceptable leach feed in hydrometallurgical battery recycling. This study investigated the use of milled battery casing steel as the abrasive media in an attrition process, termed semi-autogenous attrition (SAA). The process aims to increase the liberation of the cathode materials, which are attached to other battery components, and also to release the agglomerated particles. The experimental parameters were pulp density, agitating speed and retention time. The performance of the SAA process was compared to wet sieving and attrition with agitation only. The optimum SAA conditions liberated 20% more cathode material to the <180 mm fraction and contained 90% Co with <2 wt% of contaminants (Al, Fe, and Cu). The results show that SAA can replace secondary milling. Moreover, the casing steel is a reliable abrasive media, which is already available in the system and easily separated from the cathode material. The casing steel can also be reused for multiple SAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recovery of valuable metals from end-of-life cylindrical lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) by leaching using acetic acid in the presence of an organic reductant is a promising combination to overcome environmental concerns that arise from employing inorganic reagents. This study investigated the effect of using molasses as a reductant in acetic acid leaching of a mixture of cathode and anode materials (black mass) prepared using mechanical treatments from spent LiBs. The effects of temperature, solid/liquid ratio, stirring speed, and acid concentration on the leaching of target metals (Co, Ni, Mn, and Li), current collector metal foil elements (Al and Cu), and Fe from the battery casing, with and without reductant, were investigated to obtain the optimum leaching conditions. The effect of adding the molasses at the start of leaching and after 1 h of leaching was tested. Acid leaching without molasses extracted the target metals Li, Ni, Co, and Mn with an efficiency <35% for all leaching parameters. However, the Al and Fe extractions increased as the acid molarity increased. Molasses addition at the start of leaching increased the extraction of the target metals to >96% at temperatures >50 °C. This is likely due to oxidation of the reducing sugars in the molasses that reduced the insoluble Co(III), Ni(III), and Mn(IV) components to soluble Co(II), Ni(II), and Mn(II) species, respectively. The kinetics of Co extraction in the presence of molasses were analysed, which has indicated that the rate-determining step in the Co leaching process is the reduction of Co(III) on the surface of particles in the black mass. Excess molasses can precipitate out target metals, especially Co, due to the presence of oxalic acid in the molasses. The reducing effect precipitated Cu(II) to Cu2O, and could further reduce Co to metal, which suggests that leaching with the optimum dosage of acetic acid and molasses may selectively precipitate copper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding and mitigating the degradation of batteries is important for financial as well as environmental reasons. Many studies look at cell degradation in terms of capacity losses and the mechanisms causing them. However, in this study, we take a closer look at how degradation affects heat sources in batteries, thereby requiring dynamic cooling strategies for battery systems throughout the battery life. In this work, we have studied and compared reversible (entropy-related) and non-reversible heat sources in a commercial LCO-graphite lithium-ion battery (LIB) alongside measuring the surface temperature as a function of the State of Health (SoH). In addition, we studied the effect of different thermal management strategies on both degradation and cooling efficiency. We found that entropic heating plays a major role in overall heat generation. This causes large variations in heat generation and battery temperature over both State of Charge (SoC) and charge versus discharge. The maximum battery temperature increases when the cell degrades as irreversible heat generation increases. Temperature variations over the cell thickness are substantial and increase drastically when the cell degrades. In addition, significant increases in thickness were observed as a result of cell degradation. Furthermore, cycling at elevated temperatures resulted in a larger thickness increase with significant gas production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important energy storage device, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in various fields due to their remarkable advantages. The high level of precision in estimating the battery's state of health greatly enhances the safety and dependability of the application process. In contrast to traditional model-based prediction methods that are complex and have limited accuracy, data-driven prediction methods, which are considered mainstream, rely on direct data analysis and offer higher accuracy. Therefore, this paper reviews how to use the latest data-driven algorithms to predict the SOH of LIBs, and proposes a general prediction process, including the acquisition of datasets for the charging and discharging process of LIBs, the processing of data and features, and the selection of algorithms. The advantages and limitations of various processing methods and cutting-edge data-driven algorithms are summarized and compared, and methods with potential applications are proposed. Effort was also made to point out their application methods and application scenarios, providing guidance for researchers in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This commentary provides insights on present and future trends concerning the carbon footprint (CF) of liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries (LIB). While the focus of the battery industry and policymakers was previously on reducing the cost of LIB and their usage reducing CO2 emissions through e-mobility and the integration of more renewables into the energy mix, there is now an increasing focus on reducing the CF of LIB themselves. The production of LIB is highly material- and energy-intensive, resulting in high embedded CO2 emissions. Efforts to reduce the CF of LIB require strong interaction between battery producers, users, and policymakers. Policymakers are instrumental in shaping and regulating the market, while the battery industry can leverage low CF batteries as a unique selling proposition. We categorize current and future CF trends according to the three stakeholder groups, and for the battery industry stakeholder group, we further distinguish between high-level, product, and process trends.

In this paper, the laser pulse time compression technique, based on stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and passive laser–induced breakdown (LIB) series technology, is investigated. By doping a SiC nanowire in a CCl4 solution of an LIB breakdown medium, the LIB generation threshold is reduced, and the stability of the LIB compression output is improved. When OD is 0.2, the output pulse width is 254.4 ps, and the corresponding energy conversion efficiency and pulse compression rate are 34.2% and 50.2%, respectively. Our experiment proves the feasibility of this scheme.

LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO), a next-generation high-voltage battery material, is promising for high-energy-density and power-density lithium-ion secondary batteries. However, rapid capacity degradation occurs due to problems such as the elution of transition metals and the generation of structural distortion during cycling. Herein, a new LNMO material was synthesized using the Taylor-Couette flow-based co-precipitation method. The synthesized LNMO material consisted of secondary particles composed of primary particles with an octahedral structure and a high specific surface area. In addition, the LNMO cathode material showed less structural distortion and cation mixing as well as a high cyclability and rate performance compared with commercially available materials.

Vein graphite, notable for its high graphitization degree, purity, and crystallinity, has been investigated to be used as the anode material in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (LIB), achieved with enhanced cycle life and capacity. However, the direct use of raw vein graphite as the anode material is not desirable because of its instability during battery cycling. In the present study, raw vein graphite was purified and modified using a combined alkali roasting and HCl acid leaching method in order to enhance its properties appropriate for the anode application in LIB. Various NaOH concentrations were tested for optimizing the purifying efficiency of vein graphite, which had already been treated with HCl acid leaching. Out of that, the 25 vol.% NaOH proves to be the optimum concentration for alkali roasting. The following material characterization reveals that the tested method is capable of upgrading the carbon content of raw vein graphite up to 99.9% by effectively removing impurities while enhancing the properties appropriate for the battery application. Electrochemical characterization shows an improved cycle stability and capacity retention with 99.9% Coulombic efficiency in the developed material. Altogether, this novel combined alkali roasting and HCl acid leaching method have resulted in adequate purification and modification as well as promising electrochemical performance for vein graphite for the anode application in rechargeable Li-ion batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have transformed the use of mobile electronics and storage technologies. Alongside advances in materials, an in‐depth understanding of the interfacial phenomena and interphase formation mechanisms in LIBs is crucial. Interphases are widely recognized as the most important and the least understood components of LIBs and play a direct role in defining cell performance, cyclability, and safety. This article presents a review of recent developments in vibrational spectroscopy techniques of Raman, infrared, and sum‐frequency generation spectroscopies to probe the fundamental aspects of interphases on the anode and cathode of LIBs. First the vibrational spectroscopy techniques and their relevant technical considerations for interphase characterization are briefly introduced. In the next step, the latest studies on the fundamental properties, composition, and structure of interphases employing vibrational spectroscopy techniques are presented. This review focuses on in situ/operando investigations; however, post‐mortem studies are also discussed briefly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structure degradation of commercial Lithium-ion battery (LIB) graphite anodes with different cycling numbers and charge rates was investigated by focused ion beam (FIB) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cross-section image of graphite anode by FIB milling shows that cracks, resulted in the volume expansion of graphite electrode during long-term cycling, were formed in parallel with the current collector. The crack occurs in the bulk of graphite particles near the lithium insertion surface, which might derive from the stress induced during lithiation and de-lithiation cycles. Subsequently, crack takes place along grain boundaries of the polycrystalline graphite, but only in the direction parallel with the current collector. Furthermore, fast charge graphite electrodes are more prone to form cracks since the tensile strength of graphite is more likely to be surpassed at higher charge rates. Therefore, for LIBs long-term or high charge rate applications, the tensile strength of graphite anode should be taken into account.

The structure degradation of commercial Lithium-ion battery (LIB) graphite anodes with different cycling numbers and charge rates was investigated by focused ion beam (FIB) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cross-section image of graphite anode by FIB milling shows that cracks, resulted in the volume expansion of graphite electrode during long-term cycling, were formed in parallel with the current collector. The crack occurs in the bulk of graphite particles near the lithium insertion surface, which might derive from the stress induced during lithiation and de-lithiation cycles. Subsequently, crack takes place along grain boundaries of the polycrystalline graphite, but only in the direction parallel with the current collector. Furthermore, fast charge graphite electrodes are more prone to form cracks since the tensile strength of graphite is more likely to be surpassed at higher charge rates. Therefore, for LIBs long-term or high charge rate applications, the tensile strength of graphite anode should be taken into account.

In this study, we investigated the synthesis of wood-sawdust-derived high-crystalline graphite-like carbon. The sawdust was first impregnated with Fe and semi-carbonized by a hydrothermal treatment (HT) at 250°C, followed by the second carbonization under N2 atmosphere and acid washing. For an iron-to-sawdust weight ratio of 4:10, graphite-like carbon was synthesized at a very low temperature of 850°C. This carbon has an average interlayer distance and crystallite size (d002: 0.337 nm, La: 35.8 nm, and Lc: 56.1 nm) comparable to those of commercial graphite. The large size of the Fe crystal particles facilitates the development of a stacked structure of carbon sheets. The HT with Fe-impregnated sawdust generates larger iron oxide particles than simple semi-carbonization with Fe-impregnated sawdust under N2 atmosphere at 250°C, facilitating the development of more crystalline graphite-like carbon. It was also found that the crystallinity of the graphitic carbon obtained after second carbonization may be controlled by the amount and particle size of the added Fe.

Understanding and mitigating the degradation of batteries is important for financial as well as environmental reasons. Many studies look at cell degradation in terms of capacity losses and the mechanisms causing them. However, in this study, we take a closer look at how degradation affects heat sources in batteries, thereby requiring dynamic cooling strategies for battery systems throughout the battery life. In this work, we have studied and compared reversible (entropy-related) and non-reversible heat sources in a commercial LCO-graphite lithium-ion battery (LIB) alongside measuring the surface temperature as a function of the State of Health (SoH). In addition, we studied the effect of different thermal management strategies on both degradation and cooling efficiency. We found that entropic heating plays a major role in overall heat generation. This causes large variations in heat generation and battery temperature over both State of Charge (SoC) and charge versus discharge. The maximum battery temperature increases when the cell degrades as irreversible heat generation increases. Temperature variations over the cell thickness are substantial and increase drastically when the cell degrades. In addition, significant increases in thickness were observed as a result of cell degradation. Furthermore, cycling at elevated temperatures resulted in a larger thickness increase with significant gas production.

As an important energy storage device, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in various fields due to their remarkable advantages. The high level of precision in estimating the battery’s state of health greatly enhances the safety and dependability of the application process. In contrast to traditional model-based prediction methods that are complex and have limited accuracy, data-driven prediction methods, which are considered mainstream, rely on direct data analysis and offer higher accuracy. Therefore, this paper reviews how to use the latest data-driven algorithms to predict the SOH of LIBs, and proposes a general prediction process, including the acquisition of datasets for the charging and discharging process of LIBs, the processing of data and features, and the selection of algorithms. The advantages and limitations of various processing methods and cutting-edge data-driven algorithms are summarized and compared, and methods with potential applications are proposed. Effort was also made to point out their application methods and application scenarios, providing guidance for researchers in this area.

Silicon-based anodes are promising to replace graphite-based anodes for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIB). However, the charge–discharge cycling suffers from internal stresses created by large volume changes of silicon, which form silicon-lithium compounds, and excessive consumption of lithium by irreversible formation of lithium-containing compounds. Consumption of lithium by the initial conditioning of the anode, as indicated by low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE), and subsequently continuous formation of solid-electrolyte-phase (SEI) on the freshly exposed silicon surface, are among the main issues. A high-performance, silicon-based, high-capacity anode exhibiting 88.8% ICE and the retention of 2 mAh/cm2 areal capacity after 200 discharge–charge cycles at the rate of 1 A/g is reported. The anode is made on a copper foil using a mixture of 70%:10%:20% by weight ratio of silicon flakes of 100 × 800 × 800 nm in size, Super P conductivity enhancement additive, and an equal-weight mixture of CMC and SBR binders. Pyrolysis of fabricated anodes at 700 °C in argon environment for 1 h was applied to convert the binders into a porous graphitic carbon structure that encapsulates individual silicon flakes. The porous anode has a mechanically strong and electrically conductive graphitic carbon structure formed by the pyrolyzed binders, which protect individual silicon flakes from excessive reactions with the electrolyte and help keep small pieces of broken silicon flakes together within the carbon structure. The selection and amount of conductivity enhancement additives are shown to be critical to the achievement of both high-ICE and high-capacity retention after long cycling. The Super P conductivity enhancement additive exhibits a smaller effective surface area where SEI forms compared to KB, and thus leads to the best combination of both high-ICE and high-capacity retention. A silicon-based anode exhibiting high capacity, high ICE, and a long cycling life has been achieved by the facile and promising one-step fabrication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li-ion batteries are widely used in modern technology as a reliable and stable power source. They are a pair of electrodes separated by a special material impregnated with electrolyte. The charge carriers in such devices are lithium ions. One of the factors affecting the performance of such batteries is the migration of lithium ions. Studies have shown that anisotropic migration of lithium ions on the electrode leads to local lattice dislocations. As a result, the structure of the anode ceases to be heterogeneous, which leads to inefficient movement of charges in it and, accordingly, to a decrease in battery efficiency [1]. Therefore, new types of lithium-ion batteries with increased efficiency are being developed and existing ones are being improved. To this end, research is being carried out, in particular to investigate the migration processes and behavior of lithium in batteries. One of the effective non-destructive methods for such studies is neutron radiography, as the total microscopic cross section of 6Li interaction with neutrons is about 940 barns [2]. In addition, modern neutron radiography facilities allow us to in situ study the internal processes in lithium-ion batteries. This article presents the results of a real-time study of the distribution of lithium in two commercial types of lithium-ion batteries during their discharge. The research was carried out by a non-destructive method at the TITAN neutron radiography facility. As a result of the research, experimental data were obtained on the migration and distribution of lithium in batteries in different states. It is shown that when the battery is discharged, lithium ions migrate to the cathode at a rate of 0.83 ×10-5 and 0.36×10-4 cm/s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study has designed and employed computational fluid dynamics to cool lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) to keep the temperature constant between 35and45°C. A duct was designed for installing three hot LIBs to be cooled by water and nano-encapsulated phase change material (NEPCM) flow. for this simulation, n-nonadecane with the fusion temperature of 30.44°C was used for NEPCM's core and also water entered the channel with temperature of 30°C. The impacts of the various surface temperature of LIB, Reynolds numbers, and the concentration of NEPCM were analyzed on flow pattern, dimensionless isotherms, melted NEPCM, and heat transfer rate of each LIB. Increasing Reynolds number from 70 to 100 raised the heat transfer rate of LIBs in order of 12.1–17.2%. Furthermore, increasing the volume fraction from 0 to 0.03 escalated the heat transfer rate by 8.2–13.6%.

Most Internet of Things (IoT) devices are powered by electrical grids. Therefore, the supply of power to these devices is interrupted by critical grid failures, which can occur during natural disasters. To support the development of IoT devices that can operate during disasters, the most commonly used energy systems were evaluated. In this study, lithium-ion batteries and fuel cells were compared to evaluate and compare their operation time, output power, and general technical specifications. The operating time of the fuel cell 10W was 57 min because of the failure, which was shorter than the other systems. Moreover, an IoT device using Raspberry Pi was evaluated to determine the optimal energy system. Currently, batteries are more cost-effective, however as the cost of fuel cells comes down, the higher power density will be valuable.

Lithium-rich antiperovskites promise to be a compelling class of high-capacity cathode materials due to the existence of both cationic and anionic redox activity. Little is however known about the effect of separating the electrochemical cationic process from the anionic process and the associated implications on the electrochemical performance. In this context, we report the electrochemical properties of the illustrative example of three different (Li 2 Fe)SO materials with a focus on separating cationic from anionic effects. With the high-voltage anionic process, an astonishing electrochemical capacity of around 400 mAh g -1 can initially be reached. Our results however identify the anionic process as the cause of poor cycling stability and demonstrate that the fading reported in previous literature is avoided by restricting to only the cationic processes. Following this path, our (Li 2 Fe)SO-BM500 shows strongly improved performance as indicated by constant electrochemical cycling over 100 cycles at a capacity of around 175 mAh g -1 at 1 C. Our approach also allows us to investigate the electrochemical performance of the bare antiperovskite phase excluding extrinsic activity from initial or cycling-induced impurity phases. Our results underscore that synthesis conditions are a critical determinant of electrochemical performance in lithium-rich antiperovskites, especially with regard to the amount of electrochemical secondary phases, while the particle size has not been found to be a crucial parameter. Overall, separating and understanding the effects of the cationic from the anionic redox activity in lithium-rich antiperovskites provides the route to further improve their performance in electrochemical energy storage.

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have many advantages (e.g., high voltage and long-life cycle) in comparison to other energy storage technologies (e.g., lead acid), resulting in their applicability in a wide variety of structures. Simultaneously, the thermal stability of LIBs is relatively poor and can be damaged by exposure to fire. This paper presents an investigation into a fire resistance safety test for LIBs and the use of thermal sensors to evaluate exposure conditions and estimate the temperatures to which cells are subjected. Temperature distribution data and statistical analysis show significant differences of over 200 ◦C, indicating the stochastic nature of the heating curve despite following the testing procedure requirements. We concluded that the current testing procedure is inadequate for the reliable testing of LIBs, leaving an alarming loophole in the fire safety evaluation. The observed instability is mostly related to wind speed and direction, and fire source size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, new nanomaterials for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium- ion batteries (SIBs) are urgently needed. Materials combining porous structure (such as representatives of metal–organic frameworks) and the ability to operate both with lithium and sodium (such as transition-metal dichalcogenides) are of particular interest. Our work reports the computational modelling of a new A’-MoS2 structure and its application in LIBs and SIBs. The A’-MoS2 monolayer was dynamically stable and exhibited semiconducting properties with an indirect band gap of 0.74 eV. A large surface area, together with the presence of pores resulted in a high capacity of the A’-MoS2 equal to ~391 mAg−1 at maximum filling for both Li and Na atoms. High adsorption energies and small values of diffusion barriers indicate that the A’-MoS2 is promising in the application of anode material in LIBs and SIBs.

Simple one-step synthesis of LiMn0.5Ni0.3Co0.2O2 thin film on Al-doped ZnO transparent current collector has been achieved and integrated on regular glass substrates using a pulsed laser deposition technique. The crystal structure, texture properties, film morphology, and electrochemical properties are compared before and after galvanostatic cycling process. The Al-doped ZnO current collector shows excellent stability after the cycling. Simple ellipsometry measurement coupled with AFM and SEM has been successfully applied to analyze the film failure mode in the half-cell. The successful integration of the cathode on glass substrates and the application of optical-based failure analysis provide an insightful approach for potential in operando analysis on solid-state batteries.

Silicon-based anodes are promising to replace graphite-based anodes for high-capacity lithium-ion batteries (LIB). However, the charge–discharge cycling suffers from internal stresses created by large volume changes of silicon, which form silicon-lithium compounds, and excessive consumption of lithium by irreversible formation of lithium-containing compounds. Consumption of lithium by the initial conditioning of the anode, as indicated by low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE), and subsequently continuous formation of solid-electrolyte-phase (SEI) on the freshly exposed silicon surface, are among the main issues. A high-performance, silicon-based, high-capacity anode exhibiting 88.8% ICE and the retention of 2 mAh/cm2 areal capacity after 200 discharge–charge cycles at the rate of 1 A/g is reported. The anode is made on a copper foil using a mixture of 70%:10%:20% by weight ratio of silicon flakes of 100 × 800 × 800 nm in size, Super P conductivity enhancement additive, and an equal-weight mixture of CMC and SBR binders. Pyrolysis of fabricated anodes at 700 °C in argon environment for 1 h was applied to convert the binders into a porous graphitic carbon structure that encapsulates individual silicon flakes. The porous anode has a mechanically strong and electrically conductive graphitic carbon structure formed by the pyrolyzed binders, which protect individual silicon flakes from excessive reactions with the electrolyte and help keep small pieces of broken silicon flakes together within the carbon structure. The selection and amount of conductivity enhancement additives are shown to be critical to the achievement of both high-ICE and high-capacity retention after long cycling. The Super P conductivity enhancement additive exhibits a smaller effective surface area where SEI forms compared to KB, and thus leads to the best combination of both high-ICE and high-capacity retention. A silicon-based anode exhibiting high capacity, high ICE, and a long cycling life has been achieved by the facile and promising one-step fabrication process.

For efficient adaptation strategies, investigation of the variability in climatic data and its impact on meteorological drought is critical, particularly in semi-arid and arid regions. Innovative trend analysis (ITA), Mann–Kendall (MK) and Sen's slope estimator (SSE) tests were employed to analyze the variations in precipitation (1981–2018) on annual, seasonal and monthly scale across 12 meteorological stations over the selected areas of the lower Indus basin (LIB) of Pakistan. The reliability of the ITA method was also compared and analyzed with both MK and SSE methods for 48 seasonal precipitation times series. Annual precipitation results indicated a significant increasing trend, i.e., 2.09 mm/year, at only one station (Rahim Yar Khan (RYK)-Khanpur), with MK test statistic Zmk = 2.09 and Sen's slope estimator β = 2.56. On a monthly scale, the maximum number of positive significant trends were noted during June, with Zmk values of 2.01 to 3.24 and β values of 1.06–3.06, while the maximum number of negative trends was found during January, February, November and December. On a seasonal scale, ITA methods showed significant increasing trends during the summer at 12 selected meteorological stations, with trend indicator (B) values ranging from 0.22 to 2.46. Moreover, performance of the ITA method was found to be consistent with both MK and SSE test results at a verified significance level. The results of the study can help to increase our understanding of the annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation variability in the LIB that may be helpful in developing strategies for the proper management of water resources over the area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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A modified tangent vector (TV)‐based voltage stability constrained optimal power flow method is proposed. The proposed method determines an optimal stable equilibrium point (SEP) satisfying the required voltage stability margin (VSM) considering limit‐induced bifurcation (LIB). LIB, which occurs when a generator reaches a reactive power limit during load increasing, may cause an optimistic overestimation of voltage stability and inadequate operation. The key of the proposed method is to use approximated TV for considering LIB as a voltage stability constraint to ensure that the solution becomes an SEP and to avoid inappropriate operation caused by LIB. The validity of the approximation is evaluated analytically and numerically in this study. The threshold for the approximated TV is updated based on the continuation power flow calculation result to satisfy the required VSM. The proposed method was implemented on MATPOWER, and evaluated with a 2‐machine 4‐bus system and an IEEJ standard WEST10‐O/V system. The results show that the proposed method can determine the optimal SEP satisfying the required VSM even if LIB occurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymer-derived-ceramics (PDCs) and PDC-based fibers are being studied as potential high capacity electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage applications. Among these, silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) has shown most promise, especially as electrodes in lithium ion batteries (LIB). The study of PDCs for supercapacitor electrodes is, however, very limited. This work investigates the fabrication of SiOC-based PDC fiber mats via electrospinning and pyrolysis of three commercial pre-ceramic silicone resins (MK, H44, RSN) of varying composition, and their use as supercapacitor and LIB electrodes. Electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy was performed to study the effect of precursor chemical composition, pyrolysis time and temperature on the morphology, polymer to ceramic transformation and free carbon content. As supercapacitor electrodes, the H44 (a methyl-siloxane) derived SiOC showed the best performance with maximum specific capacitance of 50 F g-1 with capacity retention of ~100% after 2000 cycles. Similarly, as LIB electrodes, H44 derived SiOC fiber mat showed highest reversible capacity of 578 mAh g-1 at a current density of 50 mA g-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Godisnjak / Yearbook is the property of Academy of Sciences & Arts of Bosnia & Herzegovina, Center for Balkan Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)