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Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor in the urinary system. Currently, the clinical treatment options for bladder cancer mainly include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, photodynamic therapy, combination therapy, etc. The conventional treatment and administration strategies for bladder cancer primarily depend on the tumor stage and the extent of metastasis. However, in the process of non-surgical treatment, drugs lack specificity and targeting. Once the dosage is improperly controlled, drugs will damage normal cells when attacking cancer cells, which will lead to poor efficacy and multiple side effects. Nanomedicine is an emerging interdisciplinary field that utilizes nanomaterials and technologies in nanomedicine to provide disruptive technologies for traditional treatments, with advantages such as targeted delivery and high efficiency with low toxicity. Many nanotechnologies have become hot topics in clinical research in the field of medicine. Functionalized nanoparticles can actively or passively target specific cells within target organs, such as bladder cancer cells, by altering their surface properties, thereby enhancing drug delivery precision, reducing damage to normal cells, and improving treatment efficacy. This article provides an overview of the progress in classical and novel treatment approaches to bladder cancer, with a particular focus on the potential applications and future development directions of nanotechnology in the treatment of bladder cancer, providing important reference for personalized therapy and clinical translation in bladder cancer.

The heat of formation and band gap are important properties of halide double perovskites, which can dictate the range of application. However, traditional laborious experiments and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are time-consuming, and machine learning methods perform poorly in acquiring hidden knowledge from material samples, which make it difficult to explore promising perovskites with high stability efficiently. Here, we present a new machine learning framework, which could embed material domain knowledge into a machine learning method, and then it is used to predict the heat of formation and band gap. Compared with traditional machine learning methods, we found that the prediction accuracy of the heat of formation and band gap in 540 perovskite materials A2B+B3+X6 is improved by 5.65% and 15.52% (namely 93.58% and 62.65%) respectively. It is shown that material domain knowledge contains a wealth of logical rules and expert experience, which can remedy most of the problems in data-driven materials research, such as data sparse and complex relationships between features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in distribution density, morphology and secretory content of endocrine cells in the gastro-entero-pancreatic system of black-spotted frogs Rana nigromaculata before and after fasting were investigated using immunohistochemistry and antisera to six gut hormones. Six types of endocrine cells were detected in the digestive tract of Rana nigromaculata, including 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), gastrin (GAS), somatostatin (SOM), glucagon (GLU), pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) cells. After fasting, the density of 5-HT cells in the esophagus, cardia and fundus, GAS cells in fundus and pylorus, PP cells in the fundus decreased significantly(P 0.05), while SOM, GAS, GLU and PP cells increased significantly (P

Under the background of double carbon, the development of ecosystem carbon sink function is the main direction of the ecological restoration in the iron tailings pond. The study investigated the research status of ecological restoration in an iron tailings pond, discussed the technology direction to improve the amount of ecosystem carbon sink under the background of double carbon, and analyzed the main concerns under the goal of carbon trading. Among them, are effectively soil amendment methods to increase the soil carbon sink and promote the efficient growth of forest and grass vegetation, strengthening the prevention and control of regional soil erosion and the remediation of regional soil pollution, application of the concept and method of natural restoration with low investment and low carbon loss are the main technology directions. To maximizes the benefits of carbon sink trading in the ecological restoration of the iron tailings pond, the improvement of main measurable carbon sinks(such as the above-ground and underground vegetation biomass) and the issues of carbon loss in the process of ecological restoration and post-management should be paid more attention. It is recommended to develop the carbon sink methodology of ecological restoration in the iron tailings pond to provide more effective guidance for the iron tailings pond ecological restoration project under the double carbon strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the thermal fluid solid coupling test system of coal with gas, the permeability and volume strain of briquette samples under different gas pressures are studied. The results show that, with the increase of gas pressure, the peak strength of coal sample decreases. The stress-axial strain curve of coal sample has a good corresponding relationship with the permeability-axial strain curve. There is a permeability rebound point in the permeability-volume strain curve, and the permeability before the rebound point decreases with the increase of volume strain, and the permeability after the rebound point increases with the decrease of volume strain. The relationship between permeability and volume strain before rebound point and after rebound point can be fitted by linear expression, and the fitting degree is relatively high. The decreasing trend of permeability before rebound point is steeper than that after rebound point.

The size and site dependences of atomic and electronic structures in isolated and supported gold nanoparticles have been investigated using large-scale density functional theory (DFT) calculations using multi-site support functions. The effects of the substrate on nanoparticles with diameters of 2 nm and several different shapes have been examined. First, isolated gold nanoparticles with diameters of 0.6 nm (13 atoms) to 4.5 nm (2057 atoms), which have comparable sizes to nanoparticles used in experiments, were considered. To analyse huge amounts of data obtained from large-scale DFT calculations, we performed principal component analysis (PCA), which helps systematically and efficiently clarify the electronic structures of large nanoparticles. The PCA results reveal the site dependence of the electronic structures. Notably, the atoms in the surface and subsurface have different electronic structures to those located in the inner layers, especially at the vertexes of the particles. The convergence of local electronic structures with respect to the particle size has also been demonstrated. For supported nanoparticles, PCA helps indicate which atoms are affected, and how much, by the substrate. The correlation between the PCA results and site dependence of reaction activity is also discussed herein.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of the modified intramedullary fixation with two Kirschner wires for extra-articular fracture of the proximal phalangeal base., Methods: Between June 2012 and November 2015, 18 cases (18 fingers) of fresh extra-articular fracture of the proximal phalangeal base were treated, including 16 males and 2 females with an average age of 31 years (range, 21-57 years). The causes included strike injury in 10 cases, fall injury in 4 cases, mechanical injury in 1 case, twist injury in 1 case, crush injury in 1 case, and cutting injury in 1 case. The injured fingers were little finger in 16 cases, ring finger in 1 case, and index finger in 1 case. Of the 18 cases, 17 had closed fractures and 1 had open fracture. X-ray film showed transverse fracture in 14 cases and transverse-oblique fracture in 4 cases. The time between injury and operation was 3 hours to 4 days (mean, 2 days). After anatomical reduction, two Kirschner wires were used for intramedullary fixation. Functional exercises were done at 2 days after operation. The Kirschner wires were removed at 4 weeks after operation., Results: All the wounds healed by first intention. There were no deformation, loosening or breakage of Kirschner wires, and pin tract infection. Postoperative X-ray films showed anatomical reduction of fracture in all cases; no re-displacement happened, and clinical healing was obtained at 4 weeks; bony union was obtained at 8 weeks. All patients were followed up 6-12 months with an average of 8 months. There was no pain in the metacarpophalangeal joint; the range of motion was (88.1±2.3)° at 3 months after operation, showing no significant difference when compared with normal side [(88.8±2.6)°] ( t =1.73, P =0.10). The finger flexion and extension were normal; according to the criteria of total active motion of finger, the results were excellent in all cases., Conclusions: The technique of modified intramedullary fixation with two Kirschner wires for extra-articular fractures of the proximal phalangeal base has the merits of convenient operation, little injury, reliable fixation,and excellent effectiveness. This technique is conducive to the recovery of hand function due to the early functional exercises.