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Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Leptospirosis, a zoonotic disease with constantly evolving pathogens, poses risks to both human and animal health. We investigated the prevalence of Leptospira spp. among horses in Ukraine from 2007 to 2021, encompassing clinical and subclinical cases. The study utilized data from the State Research Institute for Laboratory Diagnostics and Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise (2007–2021) to analyze leptospirosis prevalence in Ukrainian horses. Seroprevalence was calculated for each region. Equine leptospirosis outbreaks were retrospectively analyzed based on serological data from microagglutination reaction (MRA) studies using eight major serogroups. A geospatial analysis, utilizing quantile classification with five data classes, was conducted. Spanning 2007–2021, our analysis evaluated the prevalence and dynamics of equine leptospirosis in Ukraine. Serum samples tested for Leptospira antibodies exhibited varying dynamics over this period, with the highest and lowest rates observed in different years. Among the 125,101 horse serum samples analyzed, 10.8% tested positive for leptospirosis. The incidence rate fluctuated, peaking in certain years. The dominant serovars were Copenhageni (32.8%), Bratislava (16.1%), Grippotyphosa (15.4%), and Canicola (13.2%), while mixed reactions constituted 55.1% of positive cases. The analysis also revealed shifts in the prevalence of specific serovars over time. Geospatial analysis showcased the distribution of positive cases for each serovar across Ukraine's regions. The highest infection rates were observed in the eastern and northern regions, each characterized by distinct serovar prevalence. The etiologic composition map depicted varying serovar proportions among different regions. Furthermore, the density map delineated regions with different risk levels, with several regions falling into the "very high risk" category, while others like Odesa and Lviv were classified as low risk due to fewer positive leptospirosis cases. Detection of specific serovars like Tarassovi, Pomona, and Canicola in horses points to potential pathogen sources such as cattle, pigs, and dogs. The dominance of serovar Copenhageni (serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae), accounting for 32.8% of seropositivity, reflects close contact with rodents, recognized reservoirs of this serogroup. These findings illuminate the evolving prevalence and distribution of leptospirosis in Ukrainian horses, offering vital insights for targeted interventions and disease management strategies. The insights garnered from this study can hold significant value for equine veterinarians, aiding the development of tailored preventive and control measures adapted to specific regions with varying risk levels. Our research offers a comprehensive examination of equine leptospirosis from both ecological and geographical perspectives, unveiling pivotal observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a disease of zoonotic importance in worldwide scenario and is caused by the infection of Leptospira species. The present study was undertaken to estimate the seropositivity of leptospirosis in cats of Kerala. A total of 200 serum samples were collected from apparently healthy cats from different parts of Kerala such as Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta, Kottayam, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Malappuram, Kozhikode, Wayanad, and Kannur. Among these samples, 12 samples (6 %) were found to be positive with the MAT titre above 1:20. The serovar identified in this study was serovar Djasiman, Autumnalis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Grippotyphosa, and Hardjo. The highest prevalence in cat was for serovar Djasiman (50%) followed by serovar Autumnalis (25%). The majority of cats were crossbreds, males and in age groups between one and two years (58.33%). The majority of animals had both indoor with outdoor access, the presence of rodents and other animals in the household or surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Applied Veterinary Science & Technology is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Indonesian Journal of Veterinary Science / Jurnal Kedokteran Hewan is the property of Universitas Syiah Kuala, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Leptospirosis is an important infectious disease in goat farming, with a worldwide distribution. It is usually transmitted by rodents and the genital route, may cause reproductive losses, negatively impacting goat farming. The diagnosis lies on serological, molecular and isolation techniques. Considering the importance of this disease for small ruminants, this work aimed to evaluate the serological, molecular findings and isolation of pathogenic leptospires in the urinary tract (kidney and bladder tissues) of goats. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-four adult goats were used for slaughter. Renal samples (n = 34), bladder (n = 34), were collected for isolation of the agent and molecular detection of Leptospira sp. and blood samples (n = 34) for serological testing. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used as a molecular test and the microscopic serum agglutination test (MAT) was used as a serological test. Samples with DNA amplification were subjected to genetic sequencing. The presence of Leptospira DNA was found in the tissues of 8 (23.4%) goats, and of these, only 2 were positive in PCR and MAT. There was a slight agreement between the PCR and MAT techniques (k = 0.150; P = 0.436). In 6 (17.6%) samples of renal tissue and 2 (5.8%) bladder samples, Leptospira DNA was detected. The genes in a kidney tissue sample were sequenced and demonstrated 99% similarity to Leptospira interrogans. Anti-Leptospira sp. were detected in 6 (17.6%) of the animals tested. Discussion: Serology identified 3 predominant serogroups: Icterohaemorrhagiae, Tarassovi and Autumnalis, serogroups that are related to the presence of rodents that coexist in rural environments. Autumnalis has been reported in small ruminants, raising the hypothesis that goats are adapted, becoming chronic carriers and possible maintenance hosts. The frequency obtained (17.6%) may be the result of the mixed breed pattern and rustic characteristics inherent to the goat species. Given the characteristics of the semi-arid region, such as low rainfall and high solar incidence, it is essential to use an adapted methodology, with a lower cut-off point (1:50), as the serological titer is an established relationship between the animal species, the level of exposure throughout its evolution and the region studied. Molecular findings and bacterial isolation reveal the agent's ability to colonize the urinary tract of goats. These data show the importance that urine has in the epidemiological chain, being able to transmit the agent through direct contact with this product or through contamination of soil and water. There was no statistical agreement between the diagnostic techniques used in this study, in this case, an association between PCR and MAT is recommended to obtain data with high sensitivity and specificity. A bladder sample was sequenced and showed 99% similarity to Leptospira interrogans. In the semiarid region, the most common form of leptospirosis spread is through the sale of animals in business fairs for breeding, rearing or slaughter, as well as sharing the same property with several breeders. The introduction of chronic and asymptomatic carriers on the properties represents a serious risk for the spread of the disease. The results show the presence of Leptospira spp. in semi-arid goat herds, having as risk factors the presence of rodents and intercropping. The association of MAT and PCR is necessary for a better diagnosis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cattle are susceptible to chronic leptospirosis infection, that results in reduced milk production and reproductive disorders such as abortions, stillbirths, fetal malformation, and mummified fetuses, causing significant economic losses. Commercially available vaccines against leptospirosis offer limited protection to cattle because they contain only the most prevalent serovars worldwide, even though they are not prevalent in the specific region. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of specific antibodies against Leptospira serogroups, reproductive disorders and the risk factors in dairy herds from different mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. Materials, Methods & Results: An epidemiological survey was conducted, and serum samples from the bovine population representative of three mesoregions (MR1, MR2, and MR3) were studied; the samples were collected and tested for leptospirosis using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for 12 serogroups checking for the presence of agglutination. A total of 442 blood samples were collected from dairy cattle from November to December 2019 (MR1, 187; MR2, 88; and MR3, 167), including cows vaccinated with different commercial vaccines during the three months before sample collection (n = 295) and non-vaccinated against leptospirosis (n = 147). At the time of collection, an interview was conducted with the owners with questions about the health of the animals, management, habitat, feeding and reproduction. Chi-square tests univariate analysis with the SPSS® version 20.0 were performed to estimate the association of serogroup Djasiman seroreactivity with the occurrence of reproductive problems and related risk factors. The mean prevalence of antibodies against leptospires was 78.7% (MR1, 74.9 %; MR2, 84.1 %; and MR3, 80.2 %). Serogroup prevalence was different in each mesoregion evaluated and varied with vaccination status tested of the animals. The most prevalent serogroups in MR1 were Djasiman and Icterohaemorrhagiae. In MR2 and MR3, Djasiman was the most prevalent serogroup, regardless of vaccination status. Other prevalent serogroups in vaccinated animals were Icterohaemorrhagiae (MR1), Sejroe (MR2), Pomona, Sejroe, and Icterohaemorrhagiae (MR3). The other serovars tested had a prevalence of less or equal than 2%. The occurrence of reproductive problems with abortions and estrus repetition, was associated with reactivity to the serogroup Djasiman (P > 0.05). The results showed that the access of animals to flooded areas and the presence of rodents were significant risk factors, according to the literature. Discussion: The prevalence of antibodies against Leptospira in the studied areas was higher than expected, with a high prevalence of Djasiman serogroup. It is important to note that this serogroup is not present in current vaccine formulations. The presence of wetlands and rodents as risk factors in association with Djasiman is consistent with the scientific literature, since wild rodents are natural hosts, and swampy areas may allow Leptospira to survive for up to 180 days in the environment. Due to the presence and high prevalence found of the serogroup Djasiman in the experiment, new studies are being carried out to improve our knowledge about this serogroup and its possible inclusion in a commercial vaccine. Prophylaxis and control measures were recommended to rural producers in the analyzed properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuroleptospirosis is a rare disease caused by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans in humans; however, it has not been fully studied in animals. A young wild raccoon dog was found convulsing in the recumbent position and died the next day. Histologic examination revealed nonsuppurative meningoencephalitis in the cerebrum, cerebellum, midbrain, and medulla oblongata. The lesions consisted of mixed infiltrates of Iba1-positive macrophages and CD3-positive T cells, with a small number of CD79α-positive B cells and myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils. In the frontal cortex, perivascular cuffs and adjacent microglial nodules were distributed diffusely, especially in the molecular layer. Glial nodules were comprised of Iba1- and myeloperoxidase-positive activated microglia. Immunohistochemistry revealed leptospires in mononuclear cell perivascular cuffs, but not in glial nodules. Neuroleptospirosis was accompanied by Leptospira -related nonsuppurative interstitial nephritis, pulmonary edema and hemorrhage, and coronary periarteritis, as well as Toxocara tanuki in the small intestine and nonspecific foreign-body granulomas in the lungs and stomach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Domestic and wildlife animal species act as reservoir hosts of leptospirosis, a global zoonotic disease affecting more than 1 million people annually and causing significant morbidity and mortality in domestic animals. In contrast to incidental hosts which present with an array of clinical manifestations, reservoir hosts are typically asymptomatic and can shed leptospires from chronically infected kidneys via urine for extended periods of time. Renal excretion of leptospires occurs despite evidence of a humoral and cellular immune response and is reflective of the unique biological equilibrium that exists between certain animal species and specific serovars of Leptospira. Here, we demonstrate that urinary excretion of leptospires is accompanied by the presence of antigen-specific urinary immunoglobulin. In rats experimentally infected with L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni using the intraperitoneal or conjunctival route of inoculation, urinary immunoglobulin (Ig) G specific for protein antigens was detectable within 1 week. Rat urinary IgG was not bound to urinary-derived leptospires. In cattle that were naturally exposed to, and infected with, L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo, urinary IgA specific for protein antigens was detected. Collectively, these results demonstrate that urinary excretion of immunoglobulin specific for leptospires is a hallmark of reservoir hosts of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospira spp. cause the zoonotic disease leptospirosis, which occurs in numerous mammalians worldwide. Isolation is still important for serotyping and genotyping of Leptospira, which in turn is essential for epidemiological surveillance of leptospirosis and the development of diagnostic tests and vaccines. However, isolation of Leptospira from clinical specimens is inherently insensitive. This study was conducted to examine the influence of selective agents, sample filtration, sample pH and the use of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) buffer for sample storage to improve the success of cultivation and isolation of Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae from swine urine. EMJH (Ellinghausen McCullough, Johnson and Harris) medium including the selective agents sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, amphotericin, fosfomycin and 5-fluorouracil (STAFF) increased the success of Leptospira isolation from spiked swine urine samples. Sample filtration yielded only negative results. Isolation in EMJH-STAFF was successful from swine urine with a density as low as 104 Leptospira/mL, and urine with pH ≤ 7 impaired the cultivation rate. Cultivation and isolation were not improved by the addition of PBS to spiked urine samples prior to storage for 24 h at 4 ◦C. The results of the study demonstrate that cultivation and isolation of leptospires from swine urine can be improved by enhanced methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease prevalent in the tropics caused by the pathogenic spirochaetes of the genus Leptospira. Dogs act as reservoir host for Leptospira species and can transmit the infection to humans especially dog owners. A study was conducted in Thrissur, Ernakulam and Palakkad districts of Kerala to find out the occurrence of leptospirosis among suspected and healthy dogs. The results of the study revealed that 4.82 per cent of the samples were found positive based on Dark Field Microscopy. District-wise occurrence of Leptospirosis by Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) was found to be 2.22 per cent, 4.61 per cent and 18.88 per cent in Ernakulam, Palakkad and Thrissur districts respectively. The common serovars identified were Australis (18.89 per cent), Grippotyphosa (17.39 per cent), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14.49 per cent) and Autumnalis (14.49 per cent). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is an infectious disease caused by Leptospira spp.. It is not usually considered as part of the differential diagnosis in sick cats, which is a significant risk in public health. Two cases of clinical leptospirosis in cats confirmed by serology are described. They are both European mixed breed, a 13-year-old female and a 7-year-old male, castrated and from two towns in the south of Santa Fe province. They are hunters with indoor/outdoor habits, and live with other animals. They were admitted into the clinic due to progressive weight loss, anorexia and hematuria. Blood tests were taken to obtain complete blood count, blood biochemistry and serological determinations were performed to detect Leptospira spp, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia (FeLV). The results of the hemogram, the hepatic and renal profile together with the symptomatology, comfirmed the suspicion of an alleged leptospirosis. Antibodies against Leptospira spp were detected in both cats and, in the male for FIV as well. Using the microscopic agglutination technique (MAT), the following serovars and antibody titles were detected in the female: Pomona 1: 100, Icterohemorragiae: 1: 200, Canicola: 1: 200 and Grippothyphosa 1: 100 and in the male: Pomona 1: 6400, Icterohaemorrhagiae 1: 400 and Bratislava 1:50. A treatment with benzathinic and procaine benzylpenicillin and streptomycin 10000 IU/l/kg subcutaneously was applied every 24 hours for 20 days as an antibacterial therapy. Subsequently, oral 10 mg/kg doxycycline was used for 30 days with the addition of a vitamin complex. In the male, ampicillin sulbactam 20 mg/kg was administered intravenously every 12 hours. In both cases the evolution was favorable, confirming the clinical efficiency of beta-lactam antibiotics for the disease treatment. The female recovered. In the male, antibacterial chemotherapy was interrupted and died. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a common cause of anemia in dogs. The immune aggression towards erythrocytes can be triggered by many pathological conditions such as infection, inflammatory disease or neoplasia. Upon ruling out any eliciting conditions, a diagnosis of the primary immune-mediated disease can be made. In this particular case of severe anemia (tested positive for circulating antibodies against red blood cells with flow cytometry), vector-borne diseases (which are a common cause of immunopathology in Mediterranean countries) were excluded, leptospirosis was not. This resulted in an unsuccessful immunosuppressive therapy with prednisone, two whole blood transfusions and ultimately death of the patient. Leptospirosis (confirmed positive in two tests, micro-agglutination test for antibodies and PCR for microbial DNA in urine), can mimic a primary IMHA and must be considered in its differential list of causes. A liver involvement, that included elevated serum activity of liver enzymes and increased serum bile acid was observed at the admission and suggested an etiopathogenesis other than a primary IMHA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leptospirosis is currently a source of significant economic losses in the agribusiness; as such, experimental studies on this infection are required to develop a better understanding of the pathogenesis, treatment, and immunoprophylaxis of the disease. Sheep may represent a good model for ruminants in such models. Despite the extent of the studies that has been conducted thus far, researchers have yet to reach a consensus on the experimental practices to apply for leptospirosis in this animal species, and several gaps in understanding remain. To bridge these gaps, the present study aimed to assess the usage of several tools for the monitoring of experimental leptospirosis in sheep. Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve Santa Ines sheep of different ages were each allocated to one of four groups (A, B, C, and D). The subjects in groups A, B, and C received different doses of Leptospira interrogans serogroup Icterohemorrhagiae by intraperitoneal route, 1x10², 1x105, and 1x108 respectively. Group D was the control. Hematological, biochemical and clinical parameters were evaluated daily. Serology by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and PCR were performed to evaluate the infection status. The most remarkable clinical signs were fever (41°C) and dehydration, and acute pain (cub). Two animals from Group C presented leukocytosis. Only those in Group C exhibited positive results according to serology, while positivity in PCR was observed in animals in groups A and C. The results of the experiment indicated that sheep may be experimentally infected and can, therefore, be used as a model for leptospirosis in ruminants. Clinical signs cannot be considered to represent a reliable parameter for evaluating the development of leptospirosis in experimentally infected sheep. We recommend the use of urine PCR and serology to confirm the infection in experimentally infected animals and daily complete blood count (CBC) as a follow-up tool. Discussion: It was observed that the clinical signs cannot be considered as a reliable parameter to evaluate the pathogenesis in experimentally infected ewes, being important to emphasize that the age of the animals does not seem to alter their susceptibility to the infection. This finding is in agreement with other experimental studies, which report that leptospirosis infection in ruminants occurs asymptomatic and subclinical. Hematological and biochemical tests proved to be adequate tools to monitor the experimental infection. Studies have shown that the complete blood count has been used to monitor the acute phase of leptospirosis and is effective in detecting anemia and leukocytosis with neutrophilia in ruminants. Despite the lack of clinical signs, the serological and molecular results confirmed the experimental infection. PCR has been used as an important tool in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. In addition, the current study is the first of its kind to use PCR to detect the carrier status in experimentally infected ewes. Despite this limitation, PCR was very effective in confirming the infection and should be considered for use in experimental studies. Sheep have been used as a good experimental model in several studies, sheep are relatively small compared to other ruminants and can be easily allocated in smaller pens and pens, facilitating the management of research and minimizing the costs of experimentation. In this context, we suggest that sheep represent a good model for the study of leptospirosis in ruminants and therefore a reliable protocol for experimental infection by leptospirosis is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Reports of chronic hepatitis in dogs caused by Leptospira spp. are confined to small case series. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) allows the identification of spirochetes in liver samples. Consequently, this technique may help elucidate the role of Leptospira spp. in cases of chronic hepatitis. Objectives: To describe cases of hepatic leptospirosis in dogs diagnosed by FISH and subsequent polymerase chain reaction (PCR) speciation, with the absence of clinically relevant renal involvement. Animals Ten client‐owned dogs. Methods: Retrospective case series from the University of Cambridge presented between 2013 and 2016 or cases consulted by telephone advice during this time period. Cases were selected based on histopathologically confirmed granulomatous hepatitis and leptospiral organisms identified by FISH and PCR speciation (Leptospira interrogans/kirschneri). Results: All cases had increased liver enzyme activities, and FISH in combination with PCR speciation‐confirmed infection with L. interrogans/kirschneri. Four dogs underwent repeat liver biopsy, FISH and PCR speciation 4‐15 months after initial presentation and doxycycline treatment with 1 dog undergoing repeat sampling at necropsy. Three dogs that underwent repeat biopsy remained positive for L. interrogans/kirschneri infection. Six dogs were alive at the time of manuscript preparation and 4 dogs were euthanized as a result of progressive liver disease. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The presence of hepatic leptospiral organisms may be associated with chronic granulomatous hepatitis without clinical evidence of renal involvement. Further studies are necessary to elucidate the etiological role of these organisms in the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Relevance of agro-climatic zones in the distribution of leptospiral serovars in India. • Spatial variation in leptospiral serovar epidemiology observed in island ecosystem (Andaman Islands) where leptospiral serovars were found to be different in comparison to their mainland counterparts. • Temporal variation observed in Uttarakhand where serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae replaced serovar Javanica in a span of a decade. • Perhumid region of Western Ghats recorded the highest seropositivity for leptospirosis. • Relevance of penside diagnostics as an effective diagnostic tool at peripheral levels of animal health care in developing countries. Abstract Leptospirosis is an infectious disease which causes reproductive disorders in goats and is considered as one of the important factors responsible for hampering the productivity of Indian goat husbandry. Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) was employed in the present study to detect anti-leptospira antibodies in suspected serum samples of goats. The caprine sera analyzed in the present study were collected from different states of India representing twelve agro-climatic zones. Out of 2075 caprine sera screened, we found agglutinins against various leptospiral serovars in 371 goats (seropositivity 17.88%).The present study indicates proclivity of leptospiral serovars to thrive in specific agro-climatic zones of India (Spatial Variation). The serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae was predominantly reported from sera collected from landlocked regions of Northern India (Upper and Middle Gangetic plains, Western and Eastern Himalayan region, Western dry region, Central and southern plateau and Hills). This lack of serovar diversity observed in landlocked regions is in stark contrast to the serovar epidemiology observed in peninsular and coastal belts of India (Gujarat, West and East coast plains and hills). The peninsular and coastal belts were bastions for a wide diversity of serovars such as Javanica, Australis, Autumnalis, Hardjoprajitno, Pyrogenes, Hebdomadis, Pomona and Djasiman which were encountered along with Icterohaemorrhagiae and Grippotyphosa. The vast majority of caprine sera screened from Andaman and Nicobar Islands, an archipelago located in Bay of Bengal, were positive for serovar Pyrogenes whereas serovars Icterohaemorrhagiae and Grippotyphosa which were predominantly reported from mainland India were restricted to a few positive sera samples. Thus, our study clearly suggests differences in geographic distribution of leptospiral serovars between agro-climatic zones. All the caprine sera subjected to MAT were further (n = 2075) screened using recombinant LipL41 based Latex Agglutination Test. The sensitivity of rLipL41 based LAT for 371 MAT positive sera was 88.40% and the specificity with 1704 MAT negative sera was 94.40%. Further, Kappa value of 0.828 for rLipL41 based LAT indicates high agreement with MAT. The results obtained with LipL41 based LAT indicates that this test has direct field applicability in resource poor settings as it yielded high sensitivity and specificity for detection of anti-Leptospira antibodies in serum samples from goats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a worldwide veterinary and public health concern, and well recognized infectious disease of horses. Seroprevalence rates vary with geography, but many studies have confirmed a high exposure rate. The correlation between seropositivity and shedding status has not been made in horses, however. The aims of this study were to use semi-nested PCR on urine from apparently healthy horses to determine period prevalence of leptospiral shedding and to correlate these findings with MAT results to establish associations with client based survey data regarding horse management and environment. Serum and free-catch urine were collected from 204 healthy horses between May 2016-December 2017. Serum was used to determine GGT, creatinine concentrations, and six serovar MAT. Urine samples were submitted for PCR testing of leptospiral 23S rRNA. Client consent and survey data were collected for all subjects. Potential risk factors included drinking water source, exposure to livestock and dogs, geographical location, season, and precipitation. Two horses were positive on urine PCR for leptospirosis (shedding prevalence 1%), yet only one had a high reciprocal MAT titer of ≥ 800. Both horses were negative on urine PCR one month later without treatment. Approximately 77% of horses (157/204) were seroreactive (MAT reciprocal titer ≥ 100) with titers to serogroup Australis detected more frequently than others (47.5%; (97/204)). Apparently healthy horses infrequently shed Leptospira spp. in urine, yet seroreactivity in clinically normal horses is high (77%), confirming high exposure rates to Leptospira spp. in the Central Midwest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Leptospirosis was first diagnosed in free‐ranging Eurasian beavers (Castor fiber L.) in Switzerland in 2010. Pathologic, serologic, molecular and epidemiologic analyses were carried out on 13 animals submitted for necropsy from 2010 through 2014. Typical lesions included alveolar haemorrhages in the lungs, tubular degeneration and interstitial nephritis in the kidneys. Microscopic agglutination test results were positive for serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae, Australis, Autumnalis and Sejroe. Molecular analysis identified four distinct profiles belonging to serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae or Copenhageni. The severity and features of the lesions were consistent with a fatal disease associated with leptospires similarly to what has been reported in other animals and humans. The spatiotemporal occurrence of leptospirosis in beavers suggested an upstream spread of the bacteria and coincided with an increased incidence of leptospirosis in dogs and a case cluster in humans. However, an epidemiologic link among beaver cases and among species was not supported neither by the serologic nor molecular data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is an important infectious zoonosis that may cause life-threatening illness in both humans and animals. This study aimed to identify the serovars of Leptospira using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and the effect of season on serum-positive cases detected in National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital from August 2008 to September 2015. This study also compared the characteristics of serum-positive and serum-negative cases. Among 159 suspected cases, 78 serum-positive (MAT titer ≥ 1 0 0) and 81 serum-negative cases were identified. In serum-positive cases, the most common pathogenic serovars were Canicola (18.2%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (23.6%), and Shermani (20.0%). Significantly more serum-positive cases were identified in fall (September to November) than other seasons (p < 0. 0 5). Dogs aged 1–5 years (odds ratio = 1.7) were more likely to be identified as being serum-positive cases of canine leptospirosis than serum-negative cases. However, no significant difference was observed regarding breed, gender, and regional distribution. The serum concentrations of liver enzymes, total bilirubin, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine were elevated in both serum-positive and serum-negative cases, with no significance. White blood cell (WBC) counts of serum-positive cases were statistically higher than those of serum-negative cases (p < 0. 0 5). In conclusion, more precaution must be taken with dogs aged 1–5 years because of their higher risk of leptospirosis; additionally, significantly elevated WBC count may be a suitable indicator in suspected cases of canine leptospirosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis with a broad host range, including humans and domestic and wild animals. The taxonomic classification of Leptospira species is complex. More recently, several molecular tools have been employed in the attempt to group the different strains of leptospires. The objective of this study was the genetic characterization of Brazilian Leptospira sp. isolates obtained from wild and domestic animals. The genotyping of the strains was performed by the variable‐number tandem repeats (VNTR) technique, using the Leptospira interrogans/Leptospira kirschneri and Leptospira santarosai protocols. A total of 27 novel strains were characterized and 22 novel VNTR patterns were described. This study suggests a high genetic diversity among the strains obtained from different wild and domestic animals, and reinforces the need for a broad approach aligned to the One Health concept for leptospirosis. Significance and Impact of the Study: Animal leptospirosis is an important cause of reproductive failure in livestock and economic losses to producing countries. This study describes several novel variable‐number tandem repeats patterns and points out the high genetic diversity of Brazilian strains. Understanding the circulation of strains between animals is essential for the control of leptospirosis in livestock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dogs are highly susceptible to the leptospiral infection, notably stray and sheltered dogs. Unsanitary conditions often observed in dog shelters may predispose the introduction and spread of leptospires among sheltered populations, potentially increasing the chances for the inadvertent adoption of asymptomatically infected animals. The present work describes a longitudinal study using a multidisciplinary approach for the identification of chronically infected dogs and the characterization of potentially pathogenic strains circulating among stray and sheltered dog populations in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 123 dogs from three populations were included. The initial evaluation consisted of blood and urine quantitative PCR testing (qPCR), the detection of specific antibodies by microscopic agglutination test (MAT), physical examination and hematological and serum biochemistry analyses. The qPCR-positive dogs were prospectively examined, and reevaluations also included culture from urine samples. Positive qPCR samples were subjected to 16S rRNA and secY gene phylogenetic analysis. The recovered strains were characterized by Multilocus Sequence Typing, polyclonal serogroup identification and virulence determination. Leptospiruria was detected in all populations studied (13/123), and phylogenetic analysis revealed that 10 dogs had L. interrogans infection. Three dogs (3/13) had L. santarosai infection. The secY phylogenetic analysis revealed that the L. santarosai sequences clustered separately from those obtained from other hosts. Ten leptospiruric dogs were reevaluated, and three dogs presented persistent leptospiruria, allowing culturing from two dogs. The strains were characterized as L. interrogans serogroup Canicola (virulent) and L. santarosai serogroup Sejroe (not virulent). Serum samples were retested by MAT using the DU92 and DU114 strains as antigens, and no increased seroreactivity was detected. Asymptomatic L. santarosai infection was observed in all populations studied, suggesting a possible role of dogs in the chain of transmission of this leptospiral species. The results suggest a genetic distinction between lineages of Brazilian L. santarosai maintained by dogs and other animal hosts. Our findings revealed that dogs could act as maintenance hosts for distinct pathogenic Leptospira, highlighting also that asymptomatically infected dogs can be inadvertently admitted and adopted in dog shelters, potentially increasing the risks of zoonotic transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although ruminants may be experimental infected by different leptospiral strains, the majority of them determine acute infection. In contrast, members of serogroup Sejroe seems to be prevalent on chronic infection. Despite the importance of naturally occurring chronic genital infection, the parasite-host long-term relationship in genital tract remains to be elucidated. Few studies succeeded on reproducing the chronic genital infection it on experimental conditions, in this context, this paper aimed to assess the chronic experimental genital leptospirosis with autochthonous Leptospira santarosai strains of serogroup Sejroe. The animals were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Each group was inoculated with a different strain of the serogroup Sejroe (FV237, FV52 and U81). On the follow-up of the infection, blood, urine and vaginal fluid collection were performed, as well as the daily follow-up of the animals clinic, and on 30, 60 and 90 days post-infection (p.i.) was performed to collect uterine tissue, uterine lavage and follicular aspirate. There were no clinical signs or haematological alterations in any of the animals, and positive MAT was detected from day 4 p.i. The group inoculated with the FV237 strain showed the highest number of positive samples in the genital tract. The chronic model of leptospiral genital infection could be successfully established, using autochthonous strains that are not often studied. It is of extreme value in order to a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the genital leptospiral infection on ruminants and consequent reproductive disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preservation of leptospiral cultures is tantamount to success in leptospiral diagnostics, research, and development of preventive strategies. Each Leptospira isolate has imperative value not only in disease diagnosis but also in epidemiology, virulence, pathogenesis, and drug development studies. As the number of circulating leptospires is continuously increasing and congruent with the importance to retain their original characteristics and properties, an efficient long-term preservation is critically needed to be well-established. However, the preservation of Leptospira is currently characterized by difficulties and conflicting results mainly due to the biological nature of this organism. Hence, this review seeks to describe the efforts in developing efficient preservation methods, to discover the challenges in preserving this organism and to identify the factors that can contribute to an effective long-term preservation of Leptospira. Through the enlightenment of the previous studies, a potentially effective method has been suggested. The article also attempts to evaluate novel strategies used in other industrial and biotechnological preservation efforts and consider their potential application to the conservation of Leptospira spp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pathogenic leptospires colonize the renal tubules of reservoir hosts of infection, including cattle, and are excreted via urine. In order to identify circulating serovars of pathogenic leptospires in beef cattle, and their associated rates of urinary excretion, a cross sectional study was performed. Fifty urine samples were collected one day each month over 12 consecutive months (N = 600), directly from the bladder of beef cattle at a single slaughter facility and assessed for the presence of leptospires by culture and the fluorescent antibody test (FAT). Where possible, a matched serum sample was also collected for the microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Forty-three urine samples were either culture positive or FAT positive, indicating that 7.2% of sampled beef cattle were actively excreting leptospires in urine. Twenty-three urine samples were culture positive. Sequence analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA and secY indicated that all isolates were Leptospira borgpetersenii . Typing by serology indicated that all isolates were serogroup Sejroe. An overall seroprevalence of 20% (MAT ≥ 1:25) was determined; positive bovine sera was most reactive to serogroup Sejroe (serovar Hardjo) (8.1%), and serogroup Australis (serovar Bratislava) (6.7%). There was poor correlation between seroprevalence and excretion of leptospires since 18/43 (41.9%) cattle, which were positive by culture or FAT, were seronegative. The virulence of two selected isolates of L . borgpetersenii was confirmed by experimental infection in small animal models of infection. Results confirm that L . borgpetesenii continues to circulate in beef cattle and that multiple diagnostic assays are required to detect active shedding. These findings also highlight beef cattle as a reservoir host for the potential zoonotic transmission of leptospires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine leptospirosis is an emerging zoonotic disease that compromises farm economy. Keeping in view limited studies on bovine leptospirosis, this project was designed to estimate its sero-prevalence in flood-hit zone of Pakistan, along with its associated risk factors. A total of 385 serum samples were randomly collected from tehsils Rajanpur, Jampur and Rojhan of district Rajanpur with necessary information captured in data form for risk factors analysis. Chi-square test, univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were applied to check association of hypothesized risk factors with disease. The study showed 23.12% of the bovine samples positive for Leptospira antibodies with non-significant difference (P>0.05) between cattle (25.52%) and buffaloes (20.72%). The non-significant difference (P>0.05) of bovine leptospirosis among tehsils of study area presented 26.56, 21.88 and 20.93% in tehsils Jampur, Rajanpur and Rohan, respectively. Chi-square test analysis depicted body temperature and socio-economic status of worker positively associated (P<0.05) with the disease. The univariable analysis based on Mantel Haentzel test and Wald statistics found early age, confined system, fodder type, jaundice status, and socio-economic status of the animal's owner as significant candidates (Odds ratio OR>1) while, multivariable logistic regression showed bovine specie, gender of animal, fodder type, jaundice status, and socio-economic status of the animal's owner as key risk factors for leptospirosis dynamics (Odds Ratio>1). The study concluded that, the flood hit area is having considerable prevalence of bovine leptospirosis and is positively associated with presence or absence of certain animal, management and environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: A 6‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding was presented for bilateral uveitis resulting in vision loss as well as icterus. Anaemia with autoagglutination was consistent with a presumptive immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia. Urinary PCR was positive for Leptospira spp. and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) titres were elevated to multiple serovars supportive of a diagnosis of leptospirosis. Treatments included broad spectrum antibiotics and aggressive anti‐inflammatory medications. While the horse was hospitalised, the development of bilateral corneal ulcers precluded the use of topical ophthalmic anti‐inflammatories for a number of days. The corneal ulceration resolved, vision returned in both eyes and the immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia resolved. After 9 days of hospitalisation, oral minocycline was administered for 2 weeks at home as well as low dose oral flunixin meglumine and topical ophthalmic diclofenac and atropine. This case represents the first published case of haemolytic anaemia associated with leptospirosis in a horse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In Colombia, human leptospirosis (HL) is a disease that has had a mandatory notification rule since 2007. Humans usually acquire the infection through water contaminated with animal urine that comes into direct contact with cutaneous lesions, eyes or mucous membranes. Objectives: To analyze the spatiotemporal variability in the occurrence of HL cases in Colombia between 2007 and 2016, and its relation with the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle and the consequent anomalies in rainfall in spatiotemporal clusters. Methods: An ecological study of the HL cases, aggregated by municipality, and reported between 2007 and 2016, is presented. Findings: During the period of study, 9928 cases of HL were reported, and 58.9% of the municipalities reported at least one case of leptospirosis. Six spatiotemporal clusters were identified-five were in the Andean region and one was in the Caribbean region. The assessment of the ENSO cycle and rainfall anomalies suggests the importance of La Niña episodes, and excess rainfall periods in the occurrence of cases of HL. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate the importance of the ENSO cycle, rainfall periods and periods with excess rainfall in the occurrence of cases and outbreaks of HL in Colombia, and suggest the importance of the topography of valleys and flood zones as zones in which the risk of infection is elevated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Leptospirosis is a global disease of animals, with potential major economic impact on livestock industry and important zoonotic capacities. The disease represents a major challenge in the developing countries as humans and animals frequently live in close association. The serovar Hardjo of Leptospira whose primary host is cattle has been studied extensively, but few data exist on other current circulating or emerging serotypes. To better understand the disease in cattle and how to prevent and/or control it, it is necessary to identify the genotype and the serotype of circulating Leptospira. This study presents results of several investigations performed on a historical Belgian collection of congenital jaundice in bovine aborted foetuses coming from the leptospirosis emerging episode of 2014 (Delooz et al., Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 62, 2015, 124). The results revealed that L. Grippotyphosa and L. Australis were the most prevalent serogroups with, respectively, 17/42 and 13/42 positive microscopic agglutination test (MAT) during this emerging event associated with the same clinical pattern. The study also confirms that congenital jaundice is associated with L. kirscheneri and L. interrogans and provides the genotyping of DNA obtained from these two species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leptospirosis in cattle is recognized as a major cause of reproductive loses due to abortions, early embryonic death, and infertility. The type of Leptospira serovars that are currently circulating in Colombian herds is largely unknown due to the lack of national reports. Objective: The prevalence of antibodies specific to 13 Leptospira spp serovars was investigated in unvaccinated cows from 26 herds in San Pedro de los Milagros (Province of Antioquia) dairy region. Methods: Microscopic agglutination test was used on serum samples, following WHO recommendations. Results: A total of 112/900 (12.4%) of the animals had antibody titers of 1:100 or greater to at least one Leptospira serovar. Of those positive, 34/900 (3,8%) animals seroconverted to two or more serovars. In order of decreasing prevalence, the serovars detected were: hardjo prajitno, pomona, grippotyphosa, tarassovi, copenhageni, canicola, cellodeni and bratislava. There were 28 animals seropositive to serovar hardjo. Conclusion: Our results indicate that leptospirosis should be included as a differential diagnosis for various reproductive problems in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Leptospirosis in dogs is a disease of global importance. Early detection and appropriate therapeutic intervention are necessary to resolve infection and prevent zoonotic transmission. However, its diagnosis is hindered by nonspecific clinical signs and lack of rapid diagnostic tests of early infection. Recently, 2 rapid point‐of‐care tests (WITNESS Lepto [WITNESS Lepto, Zoetis LLC, Kalamazoo, MI, USA] and SNAP Lepto [SNAP Lepto, IDEXX Laboratories, Westbrook, ME, USA]) for detection of Leptospira‐specific antibodies in canine sera were developed. Hypothesis: Immunoglobulin M‐based WITNESS Lepto containing multiple detection antigens can detect Leptospira‐specific antibodies to common leptospiral serovars earlier in the course of infection as compared to microscopic agglutination test (MAT) and SNAP Lepto. Animals: Four groups of 8 6‐ to 8‐month‐old male Beagle dogs were used. Methods: Thirty‐two healthy seronegative dogs were inoculated experimentally with serovars Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Icterohaemorrhagiae, and Pomona (8 dogs/serovar). Acute‐phase sera were collected at regular intervals and monitored for Leptospira‐specific antibodies by WITNESS Lepto, MAT, and SNAP Lepto. Results: Seroconversion was detected in all dogs by day 10 by WITNESS Lepto and in 30 of 32 dogs by day 14 by MAT. The SNAP Lepto test detected seroconversion in 3 dogs during the 2 weeks postchallenge. Conclusions: Immunoglobulin M‐based WITNESS Lepto detected immune responses specific to multiple leptospiral serovars early in the course of infection and identified seroconversion in all animals earlier than did the gold standard MAT. The SNAP Lepto test displayed considerably lower and inconsistent performance during the study period. At the point‐of‐care, WITNESS Lepto should be the test of choice for rapid and reliable screening of acutely ill dogs suspected to have leptospirosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

N. caninum , bovine viral diarrhoea virus, Brucella abortus and Leptospira interrogans serovar Hardjo are globally significant reproductive pathogens that cause abortion and reproductive loss in large ruminants. Prevalence information is lacking in Lao People’s Democratic Republic (Laos) despite the poor reproductive performance of cattle and buffalo. Serological examination of frozen cattle ( n = 90) and buffalo ( n = 61) sera by commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays provided the first reported screening of some of these pathogens in Laos. Seroprevalence differed amongst these large ruminant species, with N. caninum , BVDV and L. interrogans serovar Hardjo antibodies found in 68.9% (95% CI ± 11.6), 4.9% (95% CI ± 5.4) and 3.3% (95% CI ± 4.5) of buffalo sera, respectively, and in 7.8% (95% CI ± 5.5), 10.0% (95% CI ± 6.2) and 22.2% (95% CI ± 8.6) of cattle sera, respectively. Buffalo sera had a significantly higher seroprevalence of N. caninum compared to cattle ( p < 0.001) and cattle sera had a significantly higher seroprevalence of L. interrogans serovar Hardjo compared to buffalo ( p = 0.003). Variability was also observed across provinces for N. caninum in buffalo ( p = 0.007) and for L. interrogans serovar Hardjo in cattle ( p = 0.071), suggesting provincial risk factors conducive to pathogen transmission. BVDV and N. caninum seropositivity were negatively associated in buffalo ( p = 0.018) and cattle ( p = 0.003). In buffalo, L. interrogans serovar Hardjo and BVDV seropositivity were associated ( p = 0.035, p = 0.039). The identification of antibodies against three major abortifacient pathogens in Laos prompts further research to determine if infection is associated with low reproductive efficiency and the risk factors for infection. This is needed for the development of evidence based prevention strategies for improved large ruminant reproductive management among smallholders in Laos. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The bovine leptospirosis is an economically important zoonotic disease of flood affected areas worldwide, but scarce information is available about its epidemiology in Pakistan. This is a first study on sero-epidemiology of bovine leptospirosis in Pakistan. The objectives of this study were to investigate the sero-prevalence and associated risk factors of bovine leptospirosis in flood affected zone of Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 385 serum samples were randomly collected from four tehsils of district Muzaffargarh, Pakistan. The serum samples were subjected to indirect ELISA for the detection of anti-leptospira antibodies. The overall sero-prevalence of leptospirosis was 30.39%. The prevalence was significantly higher ( p < 0.001) in cattle (56.25%) than buffaloes (4.66%). The key risk factors identified based on multivariable logistic regression were; confined system of rearing, flooded area, and lesser to graduate level of education as risk factors for leptospirosis. The values of hematological parameters varied significantly ( p < 0.05) for Hb, TEC and PCV while there was no significant ( p > 0.05) difference among TLC values among sero-positive and sero-negative animals. The serum biochemical profile revealed significant differences ( p < 0.05) in values of ALT, AST and creatinine among the sero-positive and negative animals. Hence, it can be concluded that leptospirosis is an emerging and neglected disease in flood affected zone of Pakistan, and the disease needs to be explored comprehensively in other parts of the country to sort out solid strategies for its control and eradication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted with an aim to investigate the seroprevalence of leptospiral antibodies in cattle which act as reservoir host. During the study a total of 427 cattle sera samples were collected from different parts of these islands. The samples were screened for presence of antibodies against different serovars of leptospira by microscopic agglutination test (MAT). The results revealed that out of 427 sera sample 180 (42.15%) showed antibodies against different serovars of leptrospira. The serovars which showed positive results are L. australis, L. autumnalis, L. canicola, L. hardzo, L. hebdomadis, L. icterrohaemorrhagiae, L. pomona, L.pyrogenes, L.grippotyphosa, L. lai like. The percent prevalence rate of leptospira ranged from 0.65 % (L. autumnalis) to as high as 19.61% (L. hebdomadis). It was also found that seropositivity of L. grippotyphosa, L. icterohaemorrhagiae, L.hebdomadis were higher compared to other serovars as these serovars were commonly detected from human cases also. Based on the present finding and the history of this disease in these islands it was revealed that the prevalence of leptospirosis in animal was high and also an alarming situation as these serovars were commonly prevalent in human being also. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is an acute bacterial septicemic febrile disease caused by pathogenic leptospires, which affect humans and animals in all parts of the world. Transmission can occur by direct contact with infected animals or, more commonly, through indirect contact with water or soil contaminated with urine from infected animals. Leptospires enter the body by penetrating mucous membranes or skin abrasions and disseminate through the hematogenic route. In humans, leptospirosis may cause a wide spectrum of symptoms. Most cases have a biphasic clinical presentation, which begins with the septicemic phase followed by immune manifestations. The severe forms of the disease may be life threatening with multisystem damage including renal failure, hepatic dysfunction, vascular damage, pulmonary hemorrhage and muscle lesions. In this review, we present and discuss the pathogenesis of the human disease and the mechanisms of cell membrane injuries, which occur mainly due to the presence of leptospires and/or their antigen/s in the host tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is an important bacterial zoonotic disease that affects humans and many animal species. Knowledge of prevalence of Leptospira in a given geographic region supports the implementation of effective control/prevention programmes and thus reduces the transmission risks. This study provides Leptospira seroprevalence and serovar distribution in dogs and cats on the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts. Convenient serum samples from domestic dogs (n=101) and cats (n=50) were tested by the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using 21 Leptospira serovars belonging to 17 serogroups. Seroprevalence was recorded at 73.2% in dogs (95% confidence interval CI: 62.5–80.1%). Agglutinating antibodies to Leptospira were present against 13 of the 21 serovars tested by MAT. The highest seroprevalence was observed for serovar Autumnalis (56.4%) followed by Icterohaemorrhagiae (27.7%), Canicola (17.8%), Djasiman (14.9%), Bratislava (11.9%), Pyrogenes (11.9%), and Pomona (7.9%). A very low seroprevalence (4%, 95% CI: 0.5–14%) was observed in cats. This data confirms that dogs in Saint Kitts have a high-level exposure to a diverse set of Leptospira serovars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance. Very little information is available on Leptospira infection in nonhuman primates. We report herein a high seroprevalence (49.4%; 95% confidence interval: 41.6-57.2%) to Leptospira serovars in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus sabeus) on the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts. Monkeys bred in captivity (n = 81) had a significantly higher seroprevalence compared to wild-caught monkeys (n = 81; p < 0.05). Seroprevalence to serovar Bataviae was significantly higher in monkeys bred in captivity and was higher to serovar Bratislava in wild-caught monkeys (p < 0.05). Our data confirm that exposure to various Leptospira serovars and seroconversion occurs in wild and captive vervet monkeys on the Caribbean island of Saint Kitts. Further studies are warranted to better understand epidemiology, transmission, pathology, and possible reservoir status in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildlife health is of interest for public and animal health because wild animals have been identified as important sentinels for the surveillance for zoonotic pathogens. This work investigated Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, and Leptospira spp. infection seroprevalence in a free-ranging red deer population. The study was conducted in a fenced reserve with controlled hunting activity in central Spain with animals that did not have any contact with livestock. Sampling was performed at two time points before and 5 years after the implementation of new management measures, including a reduction in the red deer population in the reserve. In addition, the presence of Leptospira DNA was tested in placental and fetal samples from seropositive pregnant animals. Antibodies against Brucella and Coxiella were not detected in any sample. The seroprevalence of Leptospira was 9.4% (13/137) in the first sampling for serovars Canicola and Panama. Five years later, the prevalence rose to 38.5% (97/252) with Pomona, the only serovar detected. Animals older than 2 years (50%; 70/140) were more likely to be Pomona seropositive than animals ≤2 years old (25.2%; 27/107; p < 0.001). Leptospira DNA was not detected in any sample tested. In conclusion, wild red deer in this area without contact with livestock seem not to play an important role in Brucella spp. and C. burnetii maintenance. The high seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. serogroup Pomona could indicate a risk for people with narrow contact with these animals, but the carrier status was not assessed. Consequently, it is unknown if red deer would represent a risk for human infection. Considering that wild boar could be the source of infection to red deer, the role of wild boar in the spread of leptospirosis and the risk for human infection should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is an important bacterial zoonotic disease caused by Leptospira interrogansspp. It occurs worldwide, and is endemic in Albania. Among farm animals, cattle are most affected and it is mostly a herd than individual problem. The aim of this study was to compare the disease seroprevalence in two differentdairy cattle and our goal was to identify risk factors and their impact in disease prevalence. Materials and methods:The serological data were drown from previous microscopic agglutination test carry out on sera blood samples. The statistical analyze was conducted and an association between risk factors and disease prevalence was calculate. Results:The prevalence of Leptospirosis in two dairy farms managed indoors was highly different, respectively 29.3% and 6.6%. The location, flooding, rat control program were identified as risk factors which explain, at list in part, disease prevalence difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leptospirosis is still poorly known in cats and the role of the specie in the disease epidemiology is indeterminate. Clinical disease descriptions are rare, although cats may produce response with specific antibodies after infection. Serological studies have showed a varying prevalence from 6.96 to 26.7%. Despite the specie's larger resistance, the transmission possibility should not be ignored since is confirmed that after infection or disease the pathogen can be eliminated in the urine. The study's objective was to detect leptospiruria by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and anti-Leptospira spp. Antibodies by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) in cats exposed to infection association factors in the metropolitan zone of Curitiba / PR. Blood and urine samples were collected from 65 cats (13 from São José dos Pinhais and 52 from Pinhais) from august to november 2016(th). Three animals (4.6%) were seropositive for the Pomona serovar, with titles ranging from 200 to 400. Of all the 65 samples collected, one (1.53%) was PCR positive. As a result, we can conclude that cats from the metropolitan area of Curitiba/PR exposed to infection associated factors are susceptible to contamination with Leptospira spp. and may show leptospiruria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]