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There has been an intense surge in interest in the search for alternative sources of petroleum fuels in the modern world as a result of the inflation of fuel prices and the historic supply gap. When compared to petroleum fuels, biodiesel is becoming an increasingly valuable option due to the fact that it produces less emissions and provides the almost same amount of energy. In point of fact, the prime aim of this work is to explore the possibility of utilizing biodiesel derived from lemongrass oil and including dibutyl ether as an additive for the test diesel engine operating on varied compression ratios. The findings showed that the best operating settings are a 17.5 compression ratio with a blend of 30% biodiesel and 70% diesel fuel. At greater loads, brake thermal efficiency is lower than that of diesel engines. Lower loads result in lower specific fuel usage. Mechanical efficiency at higher loads is highest in the B30 blend, but emission metrics such as CO, CO2, HC, and NOx were reduced with the inclusion of an additive, though HC rose with higher loads of lemongrass oil biodiesel blends. When compared to the B30 biodiesel blend with various composition additives, the B30 + 4% additive has the highest efficiency at the fourth load in terms of both brake power and mechanical efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to select the best conditions for producing a nanoemulsion loaded with an essential oil blend (NEOB) to achieve maximum antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. The NEOB consisted of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus; LEO; 60%) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris; TEO; 40%). The effect of ultrasound time exposition at 300 W (5, 18, and 30 min) and essential oil concentration (5, 11, and 20 mg/mL) on these responses was evaluated after obtaining NEOB and after an oxidation assay with UVC-LED exposure. Nanoemulsions were analyzed for their physicochemical and biological properties. Overall, droplet size, zeta potential, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Escherichia coli, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power were affected by essential oil concentration and/or ultrasound time exposition in a non-linear fashion. The NEOB (average size, 68.88 ± 2.84 nm) with 20.5 mg/mL of essential oil and sonicated for 35.7 min achieved the highest anti-E. coli (MIC, 0.44 mg/mL) and antioxidant activity (FRAP, 1.17 μmol TROLOX equivalent/g), remaining stable even after high UVC-LED doses (6.41 J/cm2 exposure, p < 0.05). This study reveals the promising potential of NEOB obtained from ultrasound for sustainable industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional pesticides are based on toxic compounds that can reduce biodiversity, degrade the environment, and contribute to less healthy living. Plant allelochemicals can provide more environmentally friendly and sustainable alternatives. Essential oils (EOs) are complex mixtures of plant secondary metabolites that show strong biological activities. In the present study, the EOs of Cymbopogon citratus were screened for activity against the pinewood nematode (PWN), the causal agent of pine wilt disease. To understand their nematicidal properties, EOs were fractioned into hydrocarbon molecules and oxygen-containing compounds, and their main compounds were acquired and tested separately against the PWN. The EO oxygen-containing molecules fraction was highly active against the PWN (EC50 = 0.279 µL/mL), with citral and geraniol showing higher activities (EC50 = 0.266 and 0.341 µL/mL, respectively) than emamectin benzoate (EC50 = 0.364 µL/mL), a traditional nematicide used against the PWN. These compounds were additionally reported to be less toxic to non-target organisms (fish, invertebrates, and algae) and safer to human health (with higher reported toxicity thresholds) and predicted to exert fewer environmental impacts than traditional nematicides. Resorting to approved natural compounds can quickly leverage the development of sustainable alternatives to traditional nematicides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cymbopogon is a member of the family Poaceae and has been explored for its phytochemicals and bioactivities. Although the antimicrobial activities of Cymbopogon spp. extracts have been extensively studied, comprehensive analyses are required to identify promising compounds for the treatment of antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, this study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Cymbopogon spp. ethanolic extracts in every single organ. Methods: Ethanolic extracts were obtained from three Indonesian commercial species of Cymbopogon spp., namely Cymbopogon citratus (L.) Rendle, Cymbopogon nardus (DC.) Spatf., and Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt. The leaf, stem, and root extracts were evaluated via metabolite profiling using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In silico and in vitro analyses were used to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the Cymbopogon spp. ethanolic extracts. In addition, bioactivity was measured using cytotoxicity assays. Antioxidant assays were performed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis [3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) to determine toxicity to Huh7it-1 cells using a tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Finally, the antimicrobial activity of these extracts was evaluated against Candida albicans, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli using a well diffusion assay. Results: GC–MS analysis revealed 53 metabolites. Of these, 2,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)- phenol (27.87%), alpha-cadinol (26.76%), and 1,2-dimethoxy-4-(1-propenyl)-benzene (20.56%) were the predominant compounds. C. winterianus and C. nardus leaves exhibited the highest antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS, respectively. Contrastingly, the MTT assay showed low cytotoxicity. C. nardus leaf extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus, whereas C. winterianus stem extract showed the highest activity against B. substilis. Furthermore, computational pathway analysis predicted that antimicrobial activity mechanisms were related to antioxidant activity. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that the leaves had strong antioxidant activity, whereas both the leaves and stems showed great antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, all Cymbopogon spp. ethanolic extracts showed low toxicity. These findings provide a foundation for future studies that assess the clinical safety of Cymbopogon spp. as novel drug candidates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium. Every year, millions of people die due to typhoid fever, while the rest suffer from chronic disease. The cause of chronic disease is the formation of biofilms by typhoid bacteria. Biofilms provide resistance to various environmental stressors and anti-microbial agents. These biofilms are difficult to remove by commonly available antimicrobial agents because of their high tolerance to conventional methods of eradication and increasing antibiotic resistance. Therefore, alternative agents, such as medicinal plants, that can inhibit or eradicate biofilm attachment, maturation and dispersion need to be evaluated effectively as potential anti-biofilm agents. This review evaluates the role of plant oil extracts in inhibiting biofilm formation by Salmonella Typhi. This review demonstrates that plant essential oils have a great future in developing antimicrobial therapeutic drugs against microbial and biofilm-forming infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the most alarming postharvest fungal pathogens affecting the shelf life of citrus fruits are green (Penicillium digitatum) and blue (Penicillium italicum) molds. This in vitro study was aimed to evaluate the essential oils (EOs) of Cymbopogon flexuosus (CF) and Monarda citriodora (MC) and their principal components against these fungal pathogens. The composition of selected EOs was analyzed using Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). Citral (83.81%) and thymol (62.51%) were identified as major components and were isolated by column chromatography from CF and MC EO respectively followed by characterization using spectral techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H-NMR) and Carbon Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13C-NMR). Among EOs and their major components, thymol displayed promising potential against both Penicillium species with MIC values of 50 and 80 mg L-1 respectively. Molecular docking studies also confirmed the stable binding interaction of both components, particularly thymol with the active sites of target proteins i.e. 14-α-demethylase and chitin synthase of P. digitatum and P. italicum with the docking scores of -5.07, -5.41 kcal/mol and -5.78, -5.23 kcal/mol respectively. Optical microscopy studies revealed hyphal thinning and fragmentation at frequent sites with contraction of cytoplasmic content indicating incipient plasmolysis. The tested principal components, citral and thymol were predicted to exhibit similar mechanism of action to that of synthetic recommended molecules as revealed by molecular docking. Therefore, these findings provide empirical support to explore thymol as a promising eco-friendly antifungal agent for postharvest application in Kinnow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change leads to changes in climatic variables, with rainfall being one of them. Changes in rainfall influence rainfall erosivity and subsequently erosion rates. This study analysed rainfall data from 1901 to 2017 in Odisha, focusing on different agro-climatic zones to discern annual rainfall pattern, its spatial variation, and trend, particularly concerning the rainfall erosivity factor and its impact on soil erosion and agricultural productivity. Notably, the Eastern Ghats Highland region received the highest average annual rainfall of 1578.5 mm, while the Western Undulating Zone received the lowest (1308.4 mm). The rainfall distribution showed spatial variability largely influenced by topography, with areas experiencing orographic lifting receiving higher rainfall. The study observed significant trend in annual rainfall, noting a maximum decline of 1.2 mm yr−1 in the North Western Plateau, Western Central Table Land, and Western Undulating Zone, whereas the East and South Eastern Plain, Mid Central Table Land, North Eastern Coastal Plain, North Eastern Ghats, and South Eastern Ghats exhibited a noteworthy increase in annual rainfall (0 to 3.9 mm yr−1). The decline in rainfall can result in the drying up of water bodies and reduced soil water availability to crop, thereby influencing agricultural production. On the other hand, areas with increased rainfall, may face extreme events which can aggravate soil erosion and thereby loss of soil fertility. Considering the scarcity of pluviographic data in countries like India, Modified Fournier Index (MFI) may be considered as one of the useful methods to capture rainfall's aggressiveness towards soil erosion through rainfall erosivity (R-factor). Therefore, to evaluate potential soil erosion levels, the Modified Fournier Index method was employed, revealing varying degrees of soil erosiveness across different regions. The Eastern Ghats Highlands exhibited the highest erosion potential. The R-factor, aligned with these spatial patterns, with the Eastern Ghats Highland (12,965.4 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 yr−1) and South Eastern Ghats (12,242.3 MJ mm ha−1 h−1 yr−1) regions displaying the highest R-factor values. Furthermore, the research identified areas prone to soil erosion by overlaying R-factor, slope, and land use maps, highlighting vulnerable regions such as Eastern Ghats Highlands, North Eastern Ghats, South Eastern Ghats, and Western Undulating Zone. This comprehensive analysis allows for informed prioritization of conservation efforts and the implementation of appropriate measures like strip cropping of finger millet with groundnut, intercropping finger millet with hedgerows of Gliricidia and Leucaena, bio-engineering measures such as earthen or stone bunds with broom grass in arable land and growing of aromatic grasses like lemon and citronella grass, construction of staggered trenches in non-arable land to mitigate erosion in these susceptible areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Drying techniques play vital roles in the post-harvest processing of medicinal plants because they control microbial growth and enzymatic breakdown of plant nutrients. Cymbopogon citratus possesses diverse medicinal values in different cultures. However, little is known about the effect of drying methods on the phytochemical and phenolic acid content of lemongrass. The study comparatively evaluated the effect of drying methods on phytochemical and phenolic acids in the stalk, root and leaf extract of Cymbopogon citratus. The phytochemical test was done by standard techniques while the phenolic acids were analyzed by the high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method. The presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins, phenols, and tannins was detected via qualitative phytochemical analyses. The results of the quantitative phytochemical analysis showed that the concentrations of terpenoi ds (2.63 to 2.00 mgLI/g extract) and saponins (4.60 to 3.79 mg DE/g extract) were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in all oven-dried samples. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the alkaloids, saponins and terpenoids contents of shade- and oven-dried samples. The HPLC analysis of phenolic acids revealed higher concentrations of total phenolic (0.09 vs 25.35 mg GAE/g extract), caffeic (1.0 x 10-4 vs 4.5 x 10-4 mg/g extract) and coumaric (1.9 x 10-4 vs 4.5 x 10-4 mg/g extract) acids in the oven-dried compared with shade-dried samples. The study showed that the variations in the phytochemical and phenolic acids constituents of shade- and oven-dried tissues of C. citratus may provide useful data germane for determining lead compounds during post-harvest processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils (EOs) represent a pivotal source for developing potent antimicrobial drugs. However, EOs have seldom found their way to the pharmaceutical market due to their instability and low bioavailability. Nanoencapsulation is an auspicious strategy that may circumvent these limitations. In the current study, lemongrass essential oil (LGO) was encapsulated in zein-sodium caseinate nanoparticles (Z-NaCAS NPs). The fabricated nanocomposite was characterized using dynamic light scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. The antimicrobial activity of LGO loaded NPs was assessed in comparison to free LGO against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Furthermore, their antibacterial mechanism was examined by alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, bacterial DNA and protein assays, and scanning electron microscopy. Results confirmed the successful encapsulation of LGO with particle size of 243 nm, zeta potential of – 32 mV, and encapsulation efficiency of 84.7%. Additionally, the encapsulated LGO showed an enhanced thermal stability and a sustained release pattern. Furthermore, LGO loaded NPs exhibited substantial antibacterial activity, with a significant 2 to 4 fold increase in cell wall permeability and intracellular enzymes leakage versus free LGO. Accordingly, nanoencapsulation in Z-NaCAS NPs improved LGO physicochemical and antimicrobial properties, expanding their scope of pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The success of tribal farmers and rural youths in adopting advanced cultivation and processing techniques for lemongrass in Marayoor, Idukki district, Kerala, as part of the United Nations Development Programme and Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants collaboration is discussed in the present study. The project, implemented across four tribal clusters from 2020 to 2022, focused on re-evaluating and enhancing lemongrass essential oil production technology. Results showed a three to four-fold increase in tribal farmer's income and year-round job opportunities for rural youths in the aromatic industry. Improved cultivation and processing methods led to self-sufficiency among tribal farmers and rural youths, reducing reliance on forest resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe rapid increase in the adoption of seaweed-based bioproducts in crop production systems can be attributed to their unique bioactive components and significant beneficial effects. In the growing interest of sustainable agricultural practices, the present study aims to reduce the dependency on chemical fertilizers while enhancing crop productivity and quality through seaweed extract. A field experiment was carried out during 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 at CSIR-CIMAP, Allalasandra, Research Center, Bengaluru to study the influence of seaweed liquid extracts as a foliar application on growth, yield, and chemical composition of lemongrass. Results revealed that the growth, herb and essential oil yield of lemongrass was improved significantly by the application of Kappaphycus alvarezii (K sap) at 20% concentration, recording herb and oil yield of 35.86 t ha−1 year−1 and 466.70 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively when conjugated with a recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF), compared to RDF alone, 30.40% and 35.70% in herb and oil yields, respectively, were recorded in this treatment. Notably, the treatment 50% RDF + K sap applied at 7.5% concentration was statistically at par with RDF with respect to the herb as well as oil yield connoting considerable scope of reducing chemical fertilizer requirement for the lemongrass. The functional relationship between herb and oil yield of lemongrass with different concentrations of seaweed sap applied at different crop stages was found to be strongly correlated (r2=0.99 and r2=0.98, respectively). Higher amounts of citronellal (0.70%) Borneol (1.10%), α-Terpineol (1.90%), and Citronellyl acetate (0.4%) were recorded in 20% K sap spray with RDF. The study revealed that the application of marine alga Kappaphycus alvarezii foliar spray above the 10 - 20% concentration significantly increased the herb, essential oil yield, and chemical constituents of lemongrass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wound is defined as the damage to biological tissues including skin, mucous membranes and organ tissues. The acute wound heals in less than 4 weeks without complications, while a chronic wound takes longer than 6 weeks to heal. Wound healing occurs in 4 phases, namely, coagulation, inflammatory, proliferative and remodeling phases. Triclosan and benzalkonium chloride are commonly used as skin disinfectants in wound healing. However, they cause allergic contact dermatitis and antibiotic resistance. Medicinal plants are widely studied due to the limited availability of wound healing agents. The present review included six commonly available medicinal plants in Malaysia such as Aloe barbadensis Miller, Carica papaya Linn., Centella asiatica Linn., Cymbopogon nardus Linn., Ficus benghalensis Linn. and Hibiscus rosa sinensis Linn. Various search engines and databases were used to obtain the scientific findings, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed Central and Research Gate. The review discussed the possible mechanism of action of medicinal plants and their active constituents in the wound healing process. In addition, their application in nanotechnology and wound dressings was also discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Molecular modelling suggests that citral, one of the main components of lemongrass, interacts with Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1, which is involved in the transcription of the antioxidant enzyme haeme oxygenase (HO)‐1. A citral treatment of the pheochromocytoma (PC)12D cell line, an in vitro model of neurons, up‐regulated the expression of HO‐1 (mRNA: 28.7 ± 22.6, protein: 3.3 ± 0.8). The inhalation of lemongrass or citral aroma by mice decreased HO‐1 mRNA levels in the ventral striatum (VSt) (0.68 ± 0.14, 0.72 ± 0.18, respectively), but not in the lateral hypothalamus or ventral tegmental area, which play important roles in appetite. Dopamine levels, which positively correlated with HO‐1 mRNA expression levels in PC12D, were decreased in the murine brain by the inhalation of citral (0.79 ± 0.23). This reduction was cancelled by an injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine, a selective inducer of dopaminergic neuron degeneration, into the nucleus accumbens, which is involved in pleasure, in VSt. Mice displayed aversion behaviour to the odour of citral, but no changes in their body weight. However, the oral administration of citral increased HO‐1 protein levels in the murine VSt (1.25 ± 0.16). Subjects completed a questionnaire on the aroma of lemongrass essential oil, which revealed that most found it to be pleasant and it did not affect their appetite. Collectively, the present results demonstrated that humans perceive the aroma of lemongrass differently from mice, indicating its utility as a vermin repellent and antioxidant food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ethnobotanical use of medicinal plants in the Abras de Mantequilla wetland and its area of influence was determined, a total of 46 analytical surveys were applied, 39 species, 36 genera and 28 families of plants for medicinal use were recorded, the species with the highest frequency were Cymbopogon citratus, Origanum vulgare and Valeriana officinalis, diseases of the gastrointestinal category obtained the highest percentage of cure of plant species, the highest percentage of treatment were the preparation by cooking, C, citratus, O, vulgare and V, officinalis registered the highest Use Value Index (IVU), Relative Species Knowledge (RVU) and Significant Use of Tramil (UST). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf is an abundant medicinal plant, typically utilized as an antifungal herbal remedy. Despite being widely utilized for its health benefits, to our knowledge, there are no comprehensive literature reviews available on the antifungal properties of the plant. In this review, we aim to synthesize current studies on the antifungal properties of C. citratus plant extracts in order to determine the depth of research available while identifying literature gaps, to help provide focus for future investigations. We conducted a systematic search of the databases, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and EBSCO CINAHL, for studies and a thorough scan of relevant grey literature on the topic. Data on plant part utilized, type of extract and extraction method, test organism used, antifungal assay used, reported MIC or MFC, as well as the proposed mechanism of antifungal action, literature gaps, and conclusions were identified and described. Studies were screened for eligibility and data were extracted, charted, and summarized narratively. A total of 117 articles from inception to October 15, 2023 were screened, and 27 were eligible for inclusion, covering the years 1993 to 2023. Results showed the most utilized plant part of C. citratus was the leaves (55 %) and extracts were obtained mostly through hydro-distillation (33 %). Citrals were the most common chemical constituent and were characterized most frequently using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The most common test organism used was Candida albicans (55 %), with the antifungal effect tested with diffusion assays (52 %), followed by broth microdilution methods (41 %). The estimated mean for MIC of C. citratus was 1.42 mg/mL and 0.57 mg/mL for the MFC across various species. Most studies suggested that C. citratus specifically targets and disrupts the cell membrane and cell wall integrity by inhibiting specific biosynthetic pathways. In conclusion, C. citratus is a promising source for antifungal herbal remedies. However, additional studies are necessary to identify the specific bioactive metabolites responsible for the antifungal mechanism of action and to ascertain the overall effectiveness and safety of the extract for clinical use. [Display omitted] • Lemongrass leaf essential oil extracted via hydro-distillation was the most utilized. • Candida albicans was the most common test organism, tested via broth microdilution. • The cell wall and membrane are the most likely antifungal targets. • The MIC and MFC for C. albicans was 1.42 mg/mL and 0.57 mg/mL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dependency of 3D printing on thermoplastics releases volatile organic compounds and contributes to global microplastic pollution. The objective of this study is to explore the potential of hydro‐degradable starch‐based composite as a 3D printing material by considering its printability, hydro‐degradability, and strength. Starch is hydro degradable, however, it exhibits low strength thus attempts are made to improve the strength of the composite by starch coating and using lemongrass essential oil (LEO) as an additive. The result shows that 0.2 wt% of LEO increased the strength of starch/wood powder/glycerol/LEO (SWGL) composite by 55% and reduced the contact angle by ≈27° compared to the control. Starch coating increases the strength of the composite by filling up the voids in the structure and producing an integrated homogeneous surface. The SWGL composites exhibit good hydro degradability, especially under acidic conditions, due to the high‐water sorption rate and solubility. The printability of SWGL composites is good where the objects are printed as designed with the aid of a heating chamber. In conclusion, SWGL with 0.5wt% LEO is suitable for real‐life application as the 3D printing material for photo frames and souvenirs due to its good hydro degradability and moderate tensile strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Houseflies (Musca domestica: Diptera) are serious medical and veterinary vectors of several human and animal pathogens. Ovicides reduce breeding housefly populations and the risk of housefly vector diseases. The natural ovicides of plant essential oils (EOs) and their main ingredients were suitable and sustainable options at this time against houseflies. This study evaluated the housefly ovicidal activities of four single-component formulations and two combination formulations of essential oils and their main constituents. The efficacy of each treatment was compared to that of α-cypermethrin (a synthetic insecticide). Two combinations: lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) EO + trans-anethole and star anise (Illicium verum) EO + geranial, were at least 1.1 times as effective in ovicidal activity as all single-component treatments and α-cypermethrin. They induced embryonic damage and mortality inside the activities of the eggs, disrupting the eggshell, hatching line, aeropyles, plastron, and micropyle. More significantly, the two combinations and all single-component formulations were safe for two non-target aquatic species: guppy (Poecilia reticulate: Poeciliidae) and molly (Poecilia latipinna: Poeciliidae), while α-cypermethrin was not safe for them. The two combinations could be developed into an effective and safe natural ovicide for reducing housefly populations and managing housefly vector diseases. This study attempted to evaluate the ovicidal activity of single-component formulations and combination formulations of lemongrass and star anise essential oils (EOs) and their main constituents against housefly eggs. The efficacies of the combinations were compared with those of single-component formulations and α-cypermethrin. Safety bioassays of all treatments and α-cypermethrin on non-target predators—guppy and molly—were conducted. Two combinations: 1% lemongrass EO + 1% trans-anethole and 1% star anise EO + 1% geranial, exhibited a strong ovicidal activity with an inhibition rate of 94.4 to 96.2%. They were 1.1 times as effective as α-cypermethrin. The two combinations also showed high synergistic activity compared to single-component formulations, with a high synergistic index and a high increased inhibition value of 37.4 to 57.7%. All EO treatments were benign for all non-target aquatic species with a high 50% lethal time (LT50) and safety index. In contrast, α-cypermethrin was highly toxic to them with a low LT50. The morphological abnormalities observed in housefly eggs at death were those such as the shrivelling of the eggs, aberrations and damage to the eggshells, hatching lines, aeropyles, plastron, and micropyle. The potential of these two combinations as a cypermethrin replacement is compelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to optimize the formulation of hand sanitizer by incorporating lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf) essential oil in combination with essential oils of local Indonesian empon-empon: temu giring (Curcuma heyneana Val. & van Zipj.), temu kunci (Kaempferia pandurata Roxb.), and temu mangga (Curcuma amada Roxb.). The optimization of hand sanitizer formulation was done based on several tests. The first was organoleptic test by observing the aroma, color, and form; the second was pH, homogeneity, and spreadability testing, and; the third was testing the antibacterial activities of each hand sanitizer formula against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25922. The research stages encompassed isolation of essential oils, formulation and evaluation of hand sanitizers, antibacterial activities test, optimization of hand sanitizer formulation, and identification of the chemical compounds in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation using the GC-MS method. The study resulted in the hand sanitizer with the optimum formulation containing the essential oils of lemongrass (3%) and temu giring (3%), demonstrating very strong antibacterial bioactivities against both E. coli ATCC 25922 and S. aureus ATCC 25923, with inhibition zones measuring 29.70 mm and 60.08 mm, respectively. This hand sanitizer had a distinctive aroma, combining the scents of lemongrass and temu giring. It was in liquid form, clear, and homogeneous, with pH and spreadibility values of 5.4 and 6.4 cm, respectively. The quality complied with SNI quality standards No. 06-2588. The primary active ingredients were E-citral (22.10%), Z-citral (17.88%), and 1,8-cineol (17.63%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug discovery based on medicinal plants remains an important source of bioactive compounds, many of which have been the basis for new chemical structures for the pharmaceutical and food industries. According to the World Health Organization, about 80% of the worldwide population still depends on plant drugs, and several medicines have been obtained from medicinal plants. Unfortunately, the potential benefits of these plants have led to unscientific exploration of natural resources, a fact that is being globally observed. The aim of this study was to evaluate eleven aromatic medicinal plants and compare them to Azorean Camellia sinensis green tea in terms of antioxidant activity, total phenolics, and flavonoid content, and also to evaluate the possibility of their valorization as a nutraceutical material. The results revealed that Camellia sinensis presented higher values for free radical scavenging activity (FRSA, EC50 = 3.43 µg/mL), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP, EC50 = 5.12 µg/mL), and total phenolic content (TPC, 294.43 mg acid gallic equivalents per g of dry extract (DE)). However, the aromatic medicinal plants also presented significant results in terms of FRSA and FRAP, particularly Aloysia citrodora, Mentha pulegium, and Stevia rebaudiana. For ferric ion chelating (FIC), the highest value was found in Cymbopogon citratus (80.60%). Mentha pulegium and Aloysia citrodora had significant values for TPC (199.15 and 187.15 mg GAE/g DE, respectively), but were lower than the values of Camellia sinensis. For flavonoid content (TFC), the highest value was shown in Achyrocline satureioides (265.75 mg rutin equivalents per g DE). This study revealed the importance of some aromatic medicinal plants in terms of bioactivities, and that their combination with green tea is a perfect blend for added value with beneficial nutraceutical effects for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTThe study was designed to develop functional cucumber and pomegranate based ready-to-serve (RTS) drink as thirst quencher. To boost antioxidant activity and to add natural preservation to the drink, microwave-assisted extracts of herbs and spices; mint, lemongrass, ginger, cinnamon were incorporated either individually or collective, at an equivalent dose of 2% for comparison. In this regard, ginger extract incorporated drink maintained its storage quality owing to highest free radical scavenging potential (49 to 67%) in relevance to highest polyphenol and flavonoid contents (1203 ± 64 mg GAE/L and 178 ± 8 mg TE/L, respectively). Whereas, ascorbic acid was maximally recorded in lemongrass-based drink 22 ± 1 mg/100 mL. During 30 days storage under refrigeration, significant decrease was recorded in pH of the RTS drink along with considerable increase in acidity and browning index however, total soluble solids demonstrated non-significant pattern. Sedimentation showed an inclining trend (p˂.05) with progression in storage but comparatively less sedimentation was attributed to lemongrass incorporated drink followed by cinnamon containing drink. Turbidity also indicated significant changes but showed inverse pattern with respect to sedimentation. Additionally, ginger-based drink expressed considerably low total plate count as 2.3 ± .1 log CFU/mL with nil yeast and mold growth by all the extracts throughout storage. Further, ginger portrayed highest rate for odor, taste and consistency though, mixed herbs and spices based drink attained the best color score. Conclusively, ginger-based drink portrayed maximum antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Context: Obesity represents a significant global health challenge. The limited efficacy and possible side effects of available anti-obesity agents highlight the need to find new, effective, and safe agents. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) is an aromatic herbal plant traditionally used as an anti-obesity agent, but previous review studies did not explain the mechanism in detail. Aims: To evaluate the anti-obesity activity of C. citratus in vitro, in vivo, and in humans. Methods: Full-text relevant articles published between 2003 and 2023 were searched through Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. The American Dietetic Association (ADA) quality criteria checklist was used to assess the risk of bias. Data were systematically analysed and presented in tables and flowcharts. Results: Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria. The anti-obesity activity of C. citratus could come from various parts of the plant (leaves, stalks, roots, or whole plant). Its hydroalcoholic-based extract was rich in polyphenols, which had anti-obesity activity through inhibiting digestive enzymes, appetite suppression, modulation of lipid metabolism, and adipogenesis inhibition. Its essential oil and citral had anti-obesity activity through energy expenditure stimulation, lipid metabolism modulation, and adipogenesis inhibition. Dietary fibre from C. citratus had anti-obesity activity by inhibiting digestive enzymes and modulating lipid metabolism. Conclusions: The anti-obesity activity of C. citratus could come from its polyphenol content, essential oil, or fibre through the same or different mechanisms, namely inhibition of digestive enzymes, suppression of appetite, modulation of lipid metabolism, inhibition of adipogenesis, and stimulation of energy expenditure.

Microbial biotransformation of lemongrass oil to geraniol and geranic acid, high value compounds of citral biosynthetic pathway has been reported. Biotransformation studies were carried out using a fungus Aspergillus niger strain AUD-C2 isolated from the rhizospheric soil of lemongrass, as catalyst. Three different methodologies using culture broth, spore suspension and cell-free extract, have been utilized for biotransformation and successfully demonstrated at litre scale in bioreactors. Overall 55% geraniol and 75% geranic acid were obtained by biotransformation of lemongrass oil in 48 h using spore suspension and cell free extract, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objective Although cancer therapy suppresses recurrence and prolongs life, it may be accompanied by strong side effects; thus, there is a strong demand for the development effective treatments with fewer side effects. Cancer therapy using plant-derived essential oils is attracting attention as one promising method. This study investigated the antitumor effects of essential oil volatiles on breast cancer cells and identifies four essential oils that display antitumor activity. Methods Breast cancer cells were cultured in a 96-well plate, then one of twenty essential oils was added dropwise to the central well. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for 48 h and the effect of the volatile components of each essential oil on the surrounding breast cancer cell growth ability was examined using an MTT assay. Gas chromatography was used to investigate the concentration of the transpiration components that may affect cancer cells. Results Of the 20 essential oils, Lemongrass, Lemon myrtle, Litsea, and Melissa displayed strong anti-tumor effects. These essential oils inhibited the growth of nearby breast cancer cells, even when diluted more than 500-fold. The transpiration component of lemon Myrtle showed the strongest antitumor effect, but was the least cytotoxic to mononuclear cells in normal peripheral blood (PBMC). Each of these essential oils contained a very large amount of citral. The IC50 against breast cancer cells when citral was volatilized from each essential oil was 1.67 µL/mL for geranial and 1.31 µL/mL for neral. Volatilized citral alone showed strong anti-proliferation and infiltration-inhibiting effects. Conclusion The transpiration components of Lemongrass, Lemon myrtle, Litsea, and Melissa are thought to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation due to their high levels of citral.

Air is an important part of life. The Quality of air can be seen from three parameters, namely chemical, physical, and biological parameters. One of the biological parameters of air quality can be seen from the presence of microorganisms such as bacteria. The presence of airborne microorganisms, especially in enclosed spaces can affect human health, one of which can cause respiratory infections. On the other hand, people often use air freshener products. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the potential of air freshener based on siwalan (Borasus flabellifer) coir extract and lemongrass as antibacterial against airborne bacteria. This research is an experimental research with a pre test-post test design. The data obtained is in the form of the value of the Total Plate Count of indoor air bacteria before and after treatment using air freshener based on coir extract of siwalan and lemongrass. The results showed that both formulations (P1 and P2) of air freshener based on coir extract and lemongrass were able to reduce the number of airborne bacterial colonies in the room, with a significance value of 0.000

Background and Aim: The use of bioengineered nanocomposites as antimicrobials has increased in recent years, but very few investigations have been conducted to test their effectiveness against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a pathogen presenting public health risks that can impact both humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial potential of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles synthesized using lemongrass extract against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa. Materials and Methods: The extraction of active compounds from the leaves of Cymbopogon citratus was performed using ethanol (80%) as a solvent, high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze the chemical composition of the extract, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was done using silver nitrate (AgNO3) as a precursor, and the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the extract and the AgNPs phytofabricated was assessed against 10 clinical strains of P. aeruginosa. Results: Lemongrass extract was found to consist of the following main compounds: Caffeic acid (445.21 ± 32.77 μg/g), p-coumaric acid (393.32 ± 39.56 μg/g), chlorogenic acid (377.65 ± 4.26 μg/g), quinic acid (161.52 ± 17.62 μg/g), and quercetin-3-glucoside (151.35 ± 11.34 μg/g). AgNPs were successfully phytofabricated using 2.5 mM AgNO3. The ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectra of the AgNPs showed a localized surface plasmon resonance at 464 nm with an absorbance of 0.32 A. The 50x hydrodynamic diameter was 50.29 nm with a surface area value of 120.10 m2/ cm3, and the volume mean diameter and Sauter mean diameter were 50.63 nm and 49.96 nm, respectively. Despite the compound found in lemongrass extract, no antimicrobial activity was observed with the extract, while AgNPs exhibited noteworthy dose-dependent antimicrobial activity with inhibition diameters up to 24 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 2 to 16 and 4–64 µg/mL, respectively. AgNPs also demonstrated significant antibiofilm activity by inhibiting biofilms up to 99% between MIC/2 and 2MIC. Conclusion: The present study suggests that lemongrass is a good candidate for the synthesis of AgNPs with good physicochemical characteristics and having a strong anti-pseudomonas activity. Further research is needed to assess the stability and safety of these AgNPs.

Citral-rich lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) essential oils have been reported to exhibit anticancer, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties, leading to wide applications in the food industry, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, perfumery markets, and pest inhibition. Vietnam has abundant lemongrass, which can be centralized to develop a lemongrass-based essential oil industry. In this work, essential oils were extracted from lemongrass harvested from the Bac Giang and Phu Yen provinces of Vietnam. The study aimed to investigate the influential factors, including distillation time, raw material size, water quality, and water-to-material ratio, to optimize oil production from C. citratus in a 10 L hydro-distillation boiler. The maximum oil yield was obtained under the optimal conditions: distillation time of 180 min, the plant material size of 2–3 mm, reverse osmosis (RO) and/or distilled water, and water-to-material ratio of 5/1 (mL/g). The maximum yields of lemongrass oil from Bac Giang and Phu Yen provinces were determined as 2.55 and 3.96 mL/kg, with corresponding citral contents analyzed of 45.5 and 68.1%, respectively. From the experimental data, a protocol for essential oil production from Vietnam’s C. citratus by the hydro-distillation technique was proposed.

Introduction: Cross-infection, a significant concern in healthcare settings, is often associated with insufficient sterilization of medical tools and surfaces, where Staphylococcus aureus plays role in nosocomial infections. To prevent cross-infection, use of disinfectants before and after medical procedures is crucial. This study's aimed to evaluate combined infusion of Betel Leaf and Lemongrass Stem as a potential disinfectant strategy to combat S. aureus. Materials and methods: A post-test control group design for a laboratory experiment, consisted of five treatment groups: betel leaf, lemongrass stem, a combination of green betel leaf and lemongrass stem infusion, positive control using sodium hypochlorite, and negative control using aquadest. Assessment of bacterial growth inhibition zones on Muller-Hinton agar involved measuring zone diameters. Statistical analysis included Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05) followed by Mann-Whitney test. Results: Findings revealed beneficial alkaloids, saponins, tannins, and flavonoids in both lemongrass and green betel leaf, demonstrating antibacterial properties. The combination infusion exhibited an average increased inhibitory zone of 7.23 mm, showcasing enhanced antibacterial efficacy. Conclusion: The combined infusion of green betel leaf and lemongrass stem exhibited promising effectiveness as a disinfectant against S.aureus, The study highlights natural plant potential as alternative disinfection agents in healthcare settings to mitigate cross-infection risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of natural plant materials in modern medicine is considerable, and raw materials with antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer properties are still sought because of microbe resistance and difficulties in anticancer therapy. This review focuses on the lemongrass Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf. and on the lemongrass oil properties and applications. Multiple applications of this plant were described in different latitudes and cultures, including cases of digestive disorders and anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, diaphoretic, stimulating, and antispasmodic conditions. Data from the literature on the composition of essential oil and extracts from C. citratus were analyzed, and the results of research on the antifungal, antibacterial, and antiviral effects were quoted. Essential oil inhibits the growth of fungi (Aspergillus niger, A. fumigatus, Candida spp.) and has an antibacterial effect (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). It also shows antiviral activity and deters insects. Lemongrass contains active substances with potential anticancer effects. This plant has apoptosis-stimulating properties, mainly through the activity of apigenin, which is the main active flavonoid in this plant. This active substance helps inhibit cell proliferation by stopping the cell cycle and directing cancer cells toward apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces an innovative approach, Ultrasonic Sonication Pretreatment Sparger-based Microwave Assisted Extraction (U Sp-MAE), designed to enhance lemongrass essential oil extraction. Addressing the challenge of maximizing yield and quality, our work systematically optimized key extraction parameters. Results demonstrated a significant improvement over conventional methods, with the highest yield of 1.89% achieved under specific conditions: a Sparger Flow rate of 4 L/min, Ultrasound Power of 700 W, Sonication Time of 5 min, and Liquid-to-Solid Ratio of 5 mL/g. This method not only advances essential oil extraction but holds promise for broader applications in society, showcasing its potential impact on sustainable and efficient resource utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although cancer therapy suppresses recurrence and prolongs life, it may be accompanied by strong side effects; thus, there is a strong demand for the development effective treatments with fewer side effects. Cancer therapy using plant-derived essential oils is attracting attention as one promising method. This study investigated the antitumor effects of essential oil volatiles on breast cancer cells and identifies four essential oils that display antitumor activity. Methods: Breast cancer cells were cultured in a 96-well plate, then one of twenty essential oils was added dropwise to the central well. The plate was incubated at 37 °C for 48 h and the effect of the volatile components of each essential oil on the surrounding breast cancer cell growth ability was examined using an MTT assay. Gas chromatography was used to investigate the concentration of the transpiration components that may affect cancer cells. Results: Of the 20 essential oils, Lemongrass, Lemon myrtle, Litsea, and Melissa displayed strong anti-tumor effects. These essential oils inhibited the growth of nearby breast cancer cells, even when diluted more than 500-fold. The transpiration component of lemon Myrtle showed the strongest antitumor effect, but was the least cytotoxic to mononuclear cells in normal peripheral blood (PBMC). Each of these essential oils contained a very large amount of citral. The IC50 against breast cancer cells when citral was volatilized from each essential oil was 1.67 µL/mL for geranial and 1.31 µL/mL for neral. Volatilized citral alone showed strong anti-proliferation and infiltration-inhibiting effects. Conclusion: The transpiration components of Lemongrass, Lemon myrtle, Litsea, and Melissa are thought to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation due to their high levels of citral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study determined the effect of herbal drinks (Moringa, turmeric, and lemongrass) on uterine involution in post-partum women at the Tuminting Regional Health Center, Manado City. Materials and methods: This experiment used a "posttest control group design." The experimental group was given special treatment, including Moringa, Turmeric, and Lemongrass herbal drinks or Saraba Keke in sachet powder drinks by pouring hot water 150 ml/cc twice daily for 14 days. Meanwhile, the control group was given treatment as usual (conventional). After being given treatment, both groups had their uterine fundus height measured on day 3, day 7, and day 14, and then compared. For data analysis in this work, the paired t-test used. Results: The age of respondents in the intervention group was 20-35 years, which was 95%. Most respondents were parity 2, about 46% in the control group. The average uterine fundus height of post-partum mothers on day 7 in the intervention group was 5.1940, while in the control group, it was 6.019; and on day 14 in the intervention group, the height of the uterine fundus was no longer palpable, while in the control group, it was still 0.4460. Conclusion: A mixed herbal drink of Moringa, Turmeric, and Lemongrass was effective in accelerating uterine involution in post-partum women and no side effects were reported during the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cymbopogon citratus (C. citratus) has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemoprotective properties. This study investigated if increased doses of C. citratus ethanol extract can cause any serious adverse effect (gross, histological, hormonal, and/or inflammatory responses) on the testes of male albino rats. The sixty albino rats used in this study were randomly assigned into four groups of 15 each: 1/CENT each allowed free access to potable water, 2/CET2, 3/CET5, and 4/CET10 rats were each administered 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg b.w dose of C. citratus, respectively. At two-weeks intervals, the rats were examined for signs and lesions, serum samples were collected on days 0, 14 and 28 post-treatment and assayed for testosterone, luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones. On days 14 and 28 post treatment, gross and microscopic lesions were not observed in the testis of groups 2/CET2 and 3/CET5. Grossly, the testis of group 4/CET10 appeared reduced in size, with translucency of the visceral and parietal coats of the tunica vaginalis, while the histopathologic changes were degeneration of spermatogenic cells and fibrinous exudates expanding the intertubular spaces. Groups 2/CET2 and 3/CET5 testosterone, luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones levels were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of 4/CET10. These findings suggest that degeneration of spermatogenic cells and fibrinous exudates expanding the intertubular spaces, and decreased reproductive hormone levels are diagnostic features of C. citratus toxicity in male albino rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aromatic, flavorful, and fragrant qualities of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) make it a valuable herb for culinary and medical uses. This study investigated the sensory quality of C. citratus and its richness in chemical compounds. The sensory tests were realized on the infusion of the plant and compared to 4 Teas among a group of participants. Further, total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents, and antioxidant activity were evaluated in the infusions of tested products. The primary metabolites in the dry matter of the plant were also measured. Before beginning, each participant was required to read and fill out an informed permission form by the national legislation and the Declaration of Helsinki's Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Participants were aged between 20 and 60 years old with dominance of 20-39 years old (80%). Moreover, 60% of participants were women compared to 40% of men. Half the participants drink aromatized tea, mainly menthe. The infusion of C. citratus had the highest rating, calculated at 9.33±0.62 compared to the other aromas. The infusion of C. citratus was distinguished by its strong flavour and order, as well as its pleasant aroma, flavor, and aftertaste. The values of TPC, TFC, and tannin were 0.463 mg eq Q/g dry matter, 0.033 mg eq Q/g dry matter, and 21.96 mg eq AT /g dry matter, respectively. The antioxidant activity was 98.07%. The total sugar was the most dominant in the infusion of the plant with 0.376 g per g of dry matter of C. citratus, followed by lipids with 0.106 g per g of dry matter. This study presents new data on the nutritional value of C. citratus in Morocco and is suggested to be a reference for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumers are more interested in replacing commonly used chemical preservatives with natural substances. The effect of 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg of thyme and lemongrass essential oils (THY and LMG, respectively) per 100 g of wheat flour was studied from the viewpoints of dough rheology, dough leavening progress, and the results of laboratory baking trial. Changes in dough viscoelastic properties were evaluated by the Mixolab rheometer and the company software. The higher the thyme oil portion, the higher the dough structure destruction by kneading and heat input in torque point C2, and consecutively shorter stability of dough consistency (up to one-half of the values recorded for the control); reversely, the LMG did not affect both features verifiably. In the 90 min leavening test, a dough weight loss was decelerated by both essential oils similarly. During the baking test, the average volume of wheat small breads as control was evaluated on level 167 mL (bread yield 451 mL/100 g flour). Independently of the dose of the THY or LMG, small bread volumes oscillated between 148–168 and 135–161 mL (average bread yields 442 and 443 mL/100 g flour, respectively). The shelf life of the products with a higher portion of essential oil was extended by up to 7 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lemongrass (genus Cymbopogon) is commonly used in foods, beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and material science. Cymbopogon ambiguus A. Camus, the Australian Native Lemongrass, is a lesser-known member of the genus Cymbopogon, and research on this plant is scarce. Australian Indigenous people use the stalks and leaves of C. ambiguus as teas. Dried chopped leaves are also used as herbs in cooking. The aim of this study was to determine the proximate composition and bioactive properties of Australian native lemongrass (C. ambiguus). Antimicrobial capacity was carried out using the well diffusion method, antioxidant capacity by the FRAP method, and antidiabetic capacity by using the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity assay. The results obtained in the current study were compared with previously published literature on lemongrass (C. citratus). The results showed that C. ambiguus has lower fat and protein content and lower antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities than C. citratus, but it is very rich in fibre (67.55%) and has strong α-glucosidase inhibitory capacity. The total phenolic and total flavonoid content determined in the aqueous extract of C. ambiguus are also notable. The results of the present study showed that Australian native lemongrass has promising bioactive potential to be used as an alternative native herbal tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. conglutinans (FOC) causes yellow wilt, a serious cabbage disease. This fungal species is composed of many strains within two pathotypes. In this study, the inhibitory effect of essential oils of six aromatic and medicinal plants (oregano, thyme, clove, cinnamon, lemongrass, litsea) at multiple concentrations on eight FOC isolates of different origins was investigated. Our results showed that oregano essential oil had the greatest inhibitory effect. The tested essential oils could be divided into three clusters according to the similar content of their main components (oregano and thyme, clove and cinnamon, lemongrass, and litsea), which correlated to some extent with their inhibitory effects on FOC. The tested isolates also differed in their response to the studied essential oils. The differences within FOC races were more important than between races, and the sensitivity of isolates against essential oils seemed to be more related to the geographical origin of the isolates, rather than to their race affiliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Surface protection of coalmine overburden (OB) dumps against shallow slope failures can be achieved through a cost-effective and sustainable solution, i.e., vegetative cover. Hence, a small-scale study is needed to study the survival, growth performance, and root distribution of plants prior to conducting a pilot-scale study. Methods: In the present study, three plant species, Dendrocalamus strictus (Bamboo grass), Cymbopogon citratus (Lemon grass), and Chrysopogon zizanioides (Vetiver grass), an endemic grass species, are studied for the slope stabilization potential of OB dumps in Jharkhand, India. Growth characteristics and root architecture of grasses grown for five months under six varying proportions (treatments) of overburden, cow dung, and garden soil were studied. Results: It was found that Vetiver grass had the highest root area ratio, followed by Bamboo grass and Lemon grass. The maximum root cohesion was found to be 1 kPa for Bamboo grass, 7.33 kPa for Lemon grass, and 9.24 kPa for Vetiver grass among different treatments. Conclusions: Treatment condition with 80% overburden and 20% cow dung was suggested to be the best soil mix for optimum growth of the chosen grasses, which have the potential to mitigate surficial movement of soil mass on the overburden dumps through root reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus canker is a disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas citri subp. citri (X. citri), which affects all commercially important varieties of citrus and can lead to significant losses. Fruit sanitization with products such as chlorine-based ones can reduce the spread of the disease. While effective, their use raises concerns about safety of the workers. This work proposes essential oils (EOs) as viable alternatives for fruit sanitization. EOs from Cymbopogon species were evaluated as to their antibacterial activity, their effect on the bacterial membrane, and their ability to sanitize citrus fruit. The in vitro assays revealed that the EOs from C. schoenanthus and C. citratus had a lower bactericidal concentration at 312 mg L−1, followed by 625 mg L−1 for C. martini and C. winterianus. Microscopy assay revealed that the bacterial cell membranes were disrupted after 15 min of contact with all EOs tested. Regarding the sanitizing potential, the EOs with higher proportions of geraniol were more effective in sanitizing acid limes. Fruit treated with C. shoenanthus and C. martini showed a reduction of ∼68% in the recovery of viable bacterial cells. Therefore, these EOs can be used as viable natural alternatives in citrus fruit disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: As whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), are continually developing resistance to conventional insecticides, it is crucial and pressing to seek new approaches to management. In this study, the synergistic effect of lemongrass essential oil and flometoquin, flonicamid, and sulfoxaflor on B. tabaci was studied. Based on the found LC values, the decreasing order of toxicity to B. tabaci was as follows: sulfoxaflor > flonicamid > flometoquin > lemongrass EO. Sulfoxaflor and flonicamid exhibited significant inhibition of AchE activity, while only flonicamid demonstrated a significant impact on α-esterase. However, none of the tested compounds affected cytochrome P450 or GST. Additionally, lemongrass EO and the tested insecticides exhibited significant binding affinity to AchE. The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), is one of the most dangerous polyphagous pests in the world. Eco-friendly compounds and new chemical insecticides have gained recognition for whitefly control. In this study, the toxicity and biochemical impact of flometoquin, flonicamid, and sulfoxaflor, alone or combined with lemongrass essential oil (EO), against B. tabaci was studied. In addition, a molecular docking study was conducted to assess the binding affinity of the tested compounds to AchE. Based on the LC values, the descending order of the toxicity of the tested compounds to B. tabaci adults was as follows: sulfoxaflor > flonicamid > flometoquin > lemongrass EO. The binary mixtures of each of the tested compounds with lemongrass EO exhibited synergism in all combinations, with observed mortalities ranging from 15.09 to 22.94% higher than expected for an additive effect. Sulfoxaflor and flonicamid, alone or in combination with lemongrass EO, significantly inhibited AchE activity while only flonicamid demonstrated a significant impact on α-esterase, and none of the tested compounds affected cytochrome P450 or GST. However, the specific activity of P450 was significantly inhibited by the lemongrass/sulfoxaflor mixture while α-esterase activity was significantly inhibited by the lemongrass/flometoquin mixture. Moreover, the lemongrass EO and all the tested insecticides exhibited significant binding affinity to AchE with energy scores ranging from −4.69 to −7.06 kcal/mol. The current findings provide a foundation for utilizing combinations of essential oils and insecticides in the integrated pest management (IPM) of B. tabaci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging and poor maintenance of wastewater treatment works affect the wastewater quality and quantity. The focus of this experimental study was to identify appropriate grass which can be used for wastewater treatment in constructed wetlands. Vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides), Lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) and elephant grass (Pennisetum purpurreum) were planted separately and exposed to influent for a period of twenty weeks. Growth measurements were recorded weekly and the quality of the effluents from each of these grasses were assessed using standard methods to determine their treatment efficiency. The study demonstrates that different grass species can be used in constructed wetlands to treat wastewater effectively. Vetiver grass showed promising results in terms of treatment efficiency, meeting WHO standards for various water quality parameters. Further research and monitoring may be needed to confirm the long-term sustainability and performance of these grasses in wastewater treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a groundbreaking achievement in essential oil extraction, showcasing the development of a highly efficient tri‐spiral condenser for use in microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) setups. This innovative condenser is specifically designed to swiftly cool vapors, optimizing oil yield during the MAE process. Our investigations demonstrate a notable improvement in oil purity, attributed to the expedited condensation facilitated by the tri‐spiral design. Traditional heat exchangers, like the Liebig condenser, fall short in efficiently handling the high vapor production rates of MAE. In response to this challenge, our tri‐spiral condenser design enhances condensation speed, resulting in a remarkable 12.2% increase in oil yield compared with the Liebig condenser (2.1% with tri‐spiral vs. 1.87% with Liebig), as validated by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Beyond elevating oil purity, our design holds promise for diverse applications requiring rapid cooling. This work not only advances laboratory practices but also contributes to the broader societal need for efficient and sustainable methods in the essential oil extraction industry. Practical applications: The innovative tri‐spiral condenser design, as elucidated in this article, presents significant practical applications, especially in the realm of lemongrass essential oil recovery. This breakthrough technology holds promise for the fragrance and cosmetics industries, where lemongrass essential oil is a valuable ingredient. The novel condenser design enhances extraction efficiency, leading to a higher concentration of essential oil with improved aromatic compounds. Cosmetic manufacturers can benefit from a more potent and fragrant lemongrass oil for skincare and aromatherapy products. Additionally, the pharmaceutical sector could leverage this advancement for developing therapeutic products harnessing the medicinal properties of lemongrass. By optimizing essential oil recovery, the tri‐spiral condenser design not only caters to the needs of the fragrance, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries, but also aligns with a broader trend towards sustainable and efficient manufacturing practices, ensuring the accessibility of high‐quality lemongrass essential oil for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the concentrations of 40K, 238U, and 232Th radionuclides and evaluated the possible radiological health risks to medicinal plants found in Ewu, Edo State, Nigeria, using a NaI(Tl) gamma spectrometer. The six selected medicinal plants were Mangifera indica, Dacryodes edulis, Terminalia catappa, Cymbopogon citratus, Anacardium occidentale, and Persea Americana. The results showed that the activity concentrations for 40K ranged from 146.59 ± 4.81 in Persea americana to 296.08 3.42 Bq/kg in Cymbopogon citratus, with a mean of 209.43 ± 5.14 Bq/kg; 238U ranged from 2.25 ± 0.06 to 5.57 ± 0.15 Bq/kg, with a mean of 4.73 ± 0.15 Bq/kg; and 232Th varied from 4.50 ± 0.35 to 12.07 ± 0.57 Bq/kg, with a mean of 8.00 ± 0.40 Bq/kg. The maximum and minimum activity concentrations of both 238U and 232Th were found in Mangifera indica and Cymbopogon citratus, respectively. The calculated average committed effective dose ECED was 0.130 μSv/yr and the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) has a mean of 0.00913 (x10-3). The radiological hazard assessment of the investigated medicinal plants was well within the internationally recommended safe limits of 0.3 mSv/yr and >10-4 for ECED and ELCR respectively. 232Th contributes 54.91% of the total ECED, while 238U contributes the least to 6.35%. 232Th exhibits a very strong, positive, and significant relationship with ECED and the ELCR, and it contributes largely to the ECED and ELCR due to ingestion of the examined herbal plant. Therefore, these medicinal plants are radiologically safe for human consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keeping an eye on the improvement of electron transportation, highly macroporous, stable, and the highly conductive carbon material is prepared from lemongrass, a known high cellulose content biomass. In order to further enhance its redox reaction and electron capture ability, the prepared biomass is further impregnated with a binary metal oxide, nickel tungsten oxide (NiWO 4). The physiochemical and morphological analyses confirmed the successful preparation of the anode electrocatalyst, and additionally, the electrochemical analysis revealed its higher oxidation reduction rate and stability. Importantly, the as prepared activated lemon grass carbon (ALC) and activated lemon grass carbon impregnated with NiWO 4 (ALC@NiWO 4) as anode catalyst based single chambered microbial fuel cell (SMFC) have yielded about 2.2 fold and 3.6 fold more power density compared to only carbon cloth (CC) anode based SMFC. The enhanced anode performance of these microporous nanocomposite modified anode is due to improved bacterial adhesion in the micro-pores, reduced charge transfer resistance, and improved capacitance in comparison to the coated CC. These findings have important implications for the development of high-performance SMFCs and the utilization of abundant biomass resources for energy generation. [Display omitted] • The potential of lemon grass with metal oxide as an anode catalyst is studied in a microbial fuel cell. • The synergistic effect of NiWO 4 and carbonized lemon grass-modified anode enhanced the power generation. • ALC@NiWO 4 exhibited the highest power density of 901.5 ± 42 mWm−2. • Higher biofilm formation was obtained from the surface of ALC@NiWO 4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Themain objective of this research was to record ethnobotanical data on the use and exploitation of medicinal plants, highlighting their importance for the biodiversity, culture, and tradition of a peasant community in Venezuela. Sample/method: The study involved a population of 120 individuals, from which a sample size of 34 people was calculated using the formula for finite populations. A simple random sampling technique was employed, and all the participants were administered the TRAMIL (Traditions Medicine in Island) survey. Statistical analysis: The ethnopharmacological table was constructed, and descriptive statistics were used for analysis. Results: A total of 116 species of medicinal plants were documented to treat various health conditions. The informants reflected through their responses that they used medicinal plants in the first instance to address a health condition, employing varied forms of plant preparation, which include decoction (65.16%), raw consumption (16.77%), maceration (8.38%), and infusion (7.09%). The most commonly used plant parts are leaves, flowers, fruits, bark, peels, roots, and bulbs, while the most commonly used botanical families are Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Rutaceae, Malvaceae, Verbenaceae, Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, and Euphorbaceae. On the other hand, the species with the highest TRAMIL Significant Use Level were Oregano orejón (Coleus amboinicus Lour.) (68.29), Malojillo [Cymbopogon citratus (D.C.) Stapf.] (60.97), Tua (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.) (34.15), Colombiana [Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.] (34.15), Poleo [Micromeria brownei (Sw.) Benth.] (29.27), Pasote (Chenopodium ambrosioides L.) (29.27), Llantén (Plantago major L.) (26.83), Te negro [Phyla stoechadifolia (L.) Small] (26.83), Yerbabuena (Mentha sp.) (21.85), and Curia (Justicia pectoralis Jacq.) (21.95). Conclusion: The community of El Onoto de El Valle de Tucutunemo, Aragua State, Venezuela has a notable utilization of medicinal plant species in their instance to treat different health conditions, with the predominant focus on treating flu and stomach ailments. It is important to emphasize that all individuals approached through various data collection instruments reported usingmedicinal plants, both individually and within their families, spanning a wide range of ages from children to the elderly. This reflects that the use of medicinal plants is part of their cultural heritage and ancestral roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objectives: Different essential oils (EOs) with antibacterial activities are promising natural sources for providing novel disinfectant agents for hospital surfaces. Materials & Methods: The component and antibacterial effects of six EOs, including Cuminum cyminum (CCEO), Artemisia sieberi (ASEO), Laurus nobilis (LNEO), Ferula gummosa (FGEO), Lippia citriodora (LCEO), and Cymbopogon citratus (CIEO) were assessed by GC-MS and 96-well micro-plates (IC50), against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) ATCC 27853 and clinical isolates of methicillin -resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing P. aeruginosa. Then, the antibacterial effects of FGEO, the most effective EO, were evaluated on the trolley surface in a hospital for 1, 3, 5 and 10 min intervals. Results: CCEO, ASEO, and FGEO exerted the highest antibacterial activity against S. aureus, while CIEO and LNEO inferred the highest activity against P. aeruginosa. In addition, FGEO mitigated the growth of S. aureus and P. aeruginosa on the trolley surface (P<0.05). Conclusion: The studied EOs could be novel encouraging agents to develop further green antimicrobial agents against different infections. In addition, FGEO exhibited considerable antibacterial effects on the surface of the trolley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]