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Mating systems, influenced by the social and ecological environment and individual attributes, are fundamental components of animal social organisation, impacting behaviour, animal distribution, ecosystem processes, individual reproductive success, and population dynamics. Bats are of particular interest for studies of mating systems as they are thought to exhibit a greater diversity in mating systems than any other mammalian order, and thus make great models for improving our fundamental understanding of causes and consequences of social organisation. Here, we review the current knowledge of bat mating systems. Our analyses show that research on bat mating systems has not kept pace with research on bats in general and that traditional typologies do not accommodate the mating system of several species. Therefore, we propose an alternative, functional framework to categorise mating systems of bats and by extension of other taxa. We argue that mating systems can be classified according to a male reproductive skew continuum, with an increasing skew from monogamy to true lekking. We include an additional category of lek‐like mating system along the continuum to account for previous trans‐categorical cases that have the appearance of resource defence but are functionally akin to a lek. The new framework has a total of seven categories: promiscuity, monogamy, female defence polygyny, resource defence polygyny, a lek‐like mating system, exploded classical lek, and clustered classical lek. Applying this framework to bats reveals that lek mating systems are more prevalent in bats than previously recognised. It is our aim that this review and the proposed framework provide a greater understanding of bat mating systems particularly and provoke research into the factors that shape mating systems across animal taxa more generally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Darwin–Bateman paradigm predicts that females enhance their fitness by being choosy and mating with high‐quality males, while males should compete to mate with as many females as possible. In many species, males enhance their fitness by defending females and/or resources used by females. That is, males directly defend access to mating opportunities. However, paternity analyses have repeatedly shown that females in most species mate polyandrously, which contradicts traditional expectations that male defensive behaviours lead to monandry. Here, in an extensive meta‐analysis, encompassing 109 species and 1026 effect sizes from across the animal kingdom, we tested if the occurrence of defensive behaviours modulates sexual selection on females and males. If so, we can illuminate the extent to which males really succeed in defending access to mating and fertilisation opportunities. We used four different indices of the opportunity for sexual selection that comprise pre‐mating and/or post‐mating episodes of selection. We found, for both sexes, that the occurrence of defensive behaviours does not modulate the potential strength of sexual selection. This implies that male defensive behaviours do not predict the true intensity of sexual selection. While the most extreme levels of sexual selection on males are in species with male defensive behaviours, which indicates that males do sometimes succeed in restricting females' re‐mating ability (e.g. elephant seals, Mirounga leonina), estimates of the opportunity for sexual selection vary greatly across species, regardless of whether or not defensive behaviours occur. Indeed, widespread polyandry shows that females are usually not restricted by male defensive behaviours. In addition, our results indicate that post‐mating episodes of selection, such as cryptic female choice and sperm competition, might be important factors modulating the opportunity for sexual selection. We discuss: (i) why male defensive behaviours fail to lower the opportunity for sexual selection among females or fail to elevate it for males; (ii) how post‐mating events might influence sexual selection; and (iii) the role of females as active participants in sexual selection. We also highlight that inadequate data reporting in the literature prevented us from extracting effect sizes from many studies that had presumably collected the relevant data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central challenge in understanding the evolution of cognition is the ability to compare a set of species differing in a trait of interest while being ecologically and phylogenetically close. Here, we examine whether differences in bower‐building flexibility are related to differences in cognitive flexibility between two Tanganyikan cichlids. Cognitive flexibility enables animals to modify their decision rules when faced with new situations, and inhibitory control, the ability to inhibit a normally favoured response, is an essential component of this capacity. We tested male Aulonocranus dewindti and Cyathopharynx furcifer in a choice‐against‐preference paradigm. Both species clean their bowers of foreign objects and we found that both preferred to remove a snail shell over a stone. We tested their ability to modify this preference and learned to preferably select the stone instead of the shell. Although neither species showed clear learning of the new preference rule, both demonstrated inhibitory control through increased decision times and manipulations of the objects when selecting the stone. Specifically, A. dewindti, the species exhibiting greater behavioural flexibility in the construction of their bowers, selected the stone in fewer trials than C. furcifer, providing support for a link between behavioural flexibility in bower construction and cognitive flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Mating systems, influenced by the social and ecological environment and individual attributes, are fundamental components of animal social organisation, impacting behaviour, animal distribution, ecosystem processes, individual reproductive success, and population dynamics. Bats are of particular interest for studies of mating systems as they are thought to exhibit a greater diversity in mating systems than any other mammalian order, and thus make great models for improving our fundamental understanding of causes and consequences of social organisation. Here, we review the current knowledge of bat mating systems. Our analyses show that research on bat mating systems has not kept pace with research on bats in general and that traditional typologies do not accommodate the mating system of several species. Therefore, we propose an alternative, functional framework to categorise mating systems of bats and by extension of other taxa. We argue that mating systems can be classified according to a male reproductive skew continuum, with an increasing skew from monogamy to true lekking. We include an additional category of lek‐like mating system along the continuum to account for previous trans‐categorical cases that have the appearance of resource defence but are functionally akin to a lek. The new framework has a total of seven categories: promiscuity, monogamy, female defence polygyny, resource defence polygyny, a lek‐like mating system, exploded classical lek, and clustered classical lek. Applying this framework to bats reveals that lek mating systems are more prevalent in bats than previously recognised. It is our aim that this review and the proposed framework provide a greater understanding of bat mating systems particularly and provoke research into the factors that shape mating systems across animal taxa more generally.

Copyright of Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej is the property of Redakcja Przegladu Socjologii Jakosciowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract A central challenge in understanding the evolution of cognition is the ability to compare a set of species differing in a trait of interest while being ecologically and phylogenetically close. Here, we examine whether differences in bower‐building flexibility are related to differences in cognitive flexibility between two Tanganyikan cichlids. Cognitive flexibility enables animals to modify their decision rules when faced with new situations, and inhibitory control, the ability to inhibit a normally favoured response, is an essential component of this capacity. We tested male Aulonocranus dewindti and Cyathopharynx furcifer in a choice‐against‐preference paradigm. Both species clean their bowers of foreign objects and we found that both preferred to remove a snail shell over a stone. We tested their ability to modify this preference and learned to preferably select the stone instead of the shell. Although neither species showed clear learning of the new preference rule, both demonstrated inhibitory control through increased decision times and manipulations of the objects when selecting the stone. Specifically, A. dewindti, the species exhibiting greater behavioural flexibility in the construction of their bowers, selected the stone in fewer trials than C. furcifer, providing support for a link between behavioural flexibility in bower construction and cognitive flexibility.

Tekst dotyczy chrześcijańskiego rozumienia pojęcia “apokalipsy”. Autor prezentuje oryginalny sposób odnowy eschatologicznego myślenia w świecie współczesnym. Aktualne wydarzenia, ruchy społeczne i ideologie postrzegane są często jako fenomeny o charakterze apokaliptycznym, ponieważ powodują lęk, beznadzieję i fałszywe rozumienie Boga. W artykule jest podejmowana kwestia myślienia apokaliptycznego w pierwotnym Kościele, którego istotą jest wiara w zmartwychwstanie i powtórne przyjście Jezusa Chrystusa. Na podstawie teologicznej analizy apokaliptycznej doktryny pierwotnego Kościoła i Apokalipsy św. Jana, autor proponuje metodę przeciwdziałania lękom ludzi XXI wieku. Lekiem na wszystkie lęki jest nadzieja, która stanowi element konstytutywny chrześcijańskiego myślenia apokaliptycznego.

Copyright of Journal of Education, Health & Sport is the property of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The situation with COVID-19 is unexpected and unpredictable, and the consequences are tragic. The number of sick and dead has increased globally, including in Ukraine, and it is reasonable to assume that this will have a certain effect on the mental state of people, including their level of anxiety. Therefore, this study focuses on measuring the level of state anxiety and determining its relationship with the perception of various aspects of COVID-19 by the population of Ukraine. Material and methods: The survey was conducted by telephonic interview. Respondents were recruited randomly in the period from 17.04 to 22.05.2020. The sample consists of 412 people from all over Ukraine. State anxiety, which is dynamic and reflects the level of anxiety on the State Anxiety Scale from The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at a particular time, was studied. Results: Differences have been traced in responses of male and female respondents, where this indicator was higher among females. People tend to have a different subjective attitude towards the likelihood of finding themselves in the same situation, which for objective reasons is relatively equal for everyone who is in the same pandemic environment; they tend to believe they are more likely to protect themselves from the disease than those around them. Individuals tend to overestimate both their ability to achieve a certain success in the situation and the favorable circumstances ("hope for good luck"). There is a certain correlation between this assessment and the level of state anxiety (correlation = 0.2328 (p <0.01)), i.e. the higher the anxiety, the higher a person estimates the probability of contracting the disease themselves or of others falling ill. There are two extremes in the Ukrainian society: the part of the population that reasonably estimates their place in the world (if it is a global problem, and I am a part of the world then this is my problem) constitutes 42% of respondents who participated in the study; the part of the population that tends to separate themselves from the society as a whole (state anxiety in this group is lower) - this is a problem of the world but not mine (and am I a part of the world?) - constitutes 41%. Conclusions: State anxiety is almost independent of characteristics, such as age, gender, or place of residence, but this anxiety differs among people with different views of themselves and their place in society, which necessitates some in-depth research of other personal factors in parallel with state anxiety that could further clarify the situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has undoubtedly affected the mental health of the population. This issue has become the focus of interest of various research groups in recent years, resulting in a number of publications on the subject. Among other things, increases in anxiety, aggression, depression and other variables have been observed in different populations. Material and method: The authors of the present project conducted a web-based survey among university students in Poland. They used scales to assess the intensity of anxiety (GAD-7), aggressive behaviour (Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire - ABPQ), alcohol consumption (AUDIT test), and mental toughness (ER-89). The entire survey was conducted in two stages, with the second stage taking place by sending survey forms to email addresses previously provided by respondents. Results: In the first term of the study, higher levels of anxiety and anger and lower levels of alcohol consumption were observed among women compared to men. Medical students reported lower levels of verbal, physical and generalised aggression compared to non-medical students. A follow-up study conducted after three months showed a reduction in anxiety among students. Discussion: Adaptation to the COVID-19 pandemic among students did not differ from changes in other communities. Women are characterized by higher levels of anxiety and anger and less alcohol consumption compared to men. A significant decrease in anxiety intensity was observed in the follow-up study. Medical students were characterized by lower levels of verbal, physical and generalized aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: Analysis of distress risk and protective factors regarding sociodemographic and COVID-19 pandemic related factors in the group of women and men working at Polish universities. Materials and methods: From March to August 2021, an online survey was conducted among 1,015 university staff aged 22-82 (M = 44.39 years, SD = 11.4), including 68.3% women. The semi-structured questionnaire used in the study included sociodemographic data, pandemic experiences, stressors from remote teaching, and Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to measure distress. Results: Multivariate regression has shown that the pandemic burden is significant for the severity of anxiety, depression, and stress for both men and women. The age of the participants was a significant predictor of the severity of anxiety and stress only in the group of women. We also found the difference between the groups in the relationship between academic status and stress. For women, the work of an academic teacher was a strong stress factor responsible for a stronger feeling of general stress. Being in a relationship was a factor in protecting against depression in the group of women. Conclusions: For both women and men, the most critical risk factors for worsening mental well-being were factors directly and indirectly related to the pandemic situation: changes in private life during the pandemic, the feeling of pandemic burden, and the occurrence of chronic diseases. On the other hand, the protective factor for both males and females was a close relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: To identify predictors of depression, anxiety, and stress within the sociodemographic, occupational, and COVID-19-related factors in the group of female and male university staff. Materials and methods: The study was conducted over six months (from March to August 2021) during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic among university staff using the Google platform. The semi-structured questionnaire used in the study included sociodemographic data, pandemic experiences, stressors from remote teaching, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) to measure mental health. Results: In the study, we questioned 1,015 university staff, including 68.3% women. The participants ranged from 22 to 82 years (M = 44.39 years, SD = 11.4). Significant differences were obtained between women and men regarding sociodemographic variables, concerns about COVID-19, and pandemic burdens. There was also a higher severity of anxiety assessed by the DASS-21 in women. Different models were obtained for the severity of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Conclusions: Women had higher anxiety levels than men during the COVID-19 pandemic. Regardless of gender, mental health risk factors were chronic illness and younger age; protective factors -- a higher level of education (academic degree) and being in a relationship (married or informal). For women, an additional protective factor was living in a small town and employing them as academic teachers. For men, a significant risk factor was the death of a familiar person due to COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Students’ mental health disorders are widespread, but it seems that social awareness around the subject is not ideal. The aim of the study was to identify possible causes of depressive and anxiety disorders and the level of drowsiness among medical students in Poland. Material and methods: An online questionnaire was used to gather data. 2339 completed questionnaires were collected. The original questionnaire contained 4 parts: student’s life, the Beck Depression Inventory, the GAD-7 general anxiety questionnaire and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Results: More than half (65%) of respondents reported a lack of free time for any non-university activity. Among them, 70.6% achieved a moderate or severe depression result and 55.1% moderate or severe anxiety. 43.6% of students reported spending more than 4 hours per day on studying and the learning effects are satisfactory for only 10.5% of students. Only 11.1% of participants were satisfied with their university lives, although 50.4% of subjects have an average score between 4.01 and 5.00. Out of those who were not satisfied with their lives at university, as many as 94.0% showed signs of moderate or severe depression. Students satisfied with their lives at university more often reported participating in non-university activities and achieved better results in the ESS, Beck Depression Inventory and GAD-7. Conclusions: Overload of responsibilities often caused problems with non-university activities. According to our research, those aspects have a significant impact on well-being and students’ mental health. It would therefore be useful to learn time management and revision of the teaching overload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significant role of emotions in learning was reemphasized during school and university closures caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. However, upon returning to campus, cognitive learning outcomes have reclaimed a dominating position in the university curriculum, while affective learning appears to have been disregarded. The present study contributes to the discussion on the significance of socialemotional learning in higher education. Therefore, the primary objective of this inquiry is to trace the perceived levels of foreign language enjoyment (FLE) and foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) in order to understand factors which contribute to their emergence. The research sample comprises 108 Polish university students majoring in English and enrolled in a bachelor's programme. The findings demonstrate that language enjoyment is more prevalent among participants than language anxiety. The causes of language enjoyment are associated with teacher-student and peer-peer interactions as well as the classroom atmosphere, while language anxiety is reported to be linked to the fear of negative evaluation of students' academic performance, test anxiety, and communication apprehension. These results suggest that English Department students are not exempt from experiencing language classroom anxiety, and engaging in practical English classes may be a source of a range of positive and negative emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis Agricultura Alimentaria Piscaria et Zootechnica is the property of West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Human movements via migrations facilitate the transport of plants and knowledge. Migrations were always present in our human history, but conflicts and environmental changes are contributing to the increase in people's movements to and from different parts of the world. In this literature review, our focus is on the ethnobotany of food plants and migrations, and the adaptations following this process. We analyzed 58 studies dealing with human migrations and food plants, including both internal migrations and international ones, over a wide period from several centuries to the present but with the predominance of migrations since the second half of the twentieth century. Most studies reported migrations between countries or regions (80%) in which people search for better economic opportunities. Other reasons for migrations were refugees, mandatory displacements, and slavery. The studies included cultivated plants, gathered plants (foraged), and food plants purchased on markets or obtained via exchanges or importation. We discuss the identitarian role of food plants in the processes of maintenance, abandonment, replacement, and incorporation of plants; although the evidences of abandonment are the most difficult to track. After the migration, the maintenance of a food identity will depend on several variables, including how important it is to keep a distinct identity, the plant resources available, the people's agency of the plant resources, and also the reasons for each migratory movement. Finally, we discuss the implications of this ethnobotanical knowledge and practices related to food plants for sustainability. Plain English Summary: Throughout history, people moving from one place to another have played an important role in transporting plants and knowledge worldwide. Recently, the increase in global conflicts and environmental changes has led to more people moving to different places. Our literature review focuses on the relationship between migrations and food plants, and how people adapt to new environments. We analyzed 58 studies covering different periods, with an emphasis on migrations since the 1950s. Most of the studies looked at migrations between countries or regions, driven by the search for better economic opportunities. Other reasons for migration included refugees, forced displacements, and slavery. The food plants in these studies could be cultivated, gathered from the wild, bought at markets, or acquired through trade or exchanges. Food plants are important in shaping cultural identity and migrations can affect the maintenance, abandonment, replacement, and incorporation of these plants. However, it is challenging to track evidence of plant abandonment. After migrating, the ability to maintain a food identity associated with specific plants depends on factors like the importance of keeping a distinct identity, the availability of plant resources, people's access to these resources, and the reasons behind the migration. Finally, we discuss the implications of this knowledge about food plants and related practices for sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recension av: Audun Kjus, Fredrik Skott, Ida Tolgensbakk & Susanne Österlund-Pötzsch (red.) Spill med magiske sirkler: En utforsking av lek–ritual-kontinuumet.Uppsala, Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur, 2023.

Denne artikkelen utforsker hva slags oppfatninger barn kan ha av ansattes roller i lek i norsk barnehage og skole, og hvordan disse oppfatningene kan komme til uttrykk. Med utgangspunkt i gruppeintervjuer med barn som akkurat har begynt på skolen, analyseres barns uttrykk som «lekende fortellinger». Analysene er støttet opp av tidligere forskning om barns lek i barnehage og skole og av teorier som utforsker lekens egenverdi og verdi for barn. Analysene viser at barna posisjonerer seg selv som de lekende og de voksne som de som ikke leker og de oppfatter voksnes roller i leken som mer distansert i skolen enn i barnehagen. English abstract Silly and Serious Adults: Children’s Stories about Adults’ Roles in Play in Kindergarten and School This article explores how children can perceive the roles educators hold in play in Norwegian kindergarten and school, and how they can express their perceptions. Drawing on group interviews with children who have just started in first grade, children’s expressions are analyzed as “playful stories.” The analyses are supported by previous research on play in kindergarten and school and by theories that explores the intrinsic value of play. Analyses of the material show that children position themselves as the ones that play, and that children perceive the roles of the adults as more distant than in kindergarten.

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Det finns i samhället en romantiserad bild av lek och barndom. I denna essä problematiseras bilden av den romantiska leken och vi argumenterar för ett nytt sätt att förstå barns lek där samtidskontexten och omvärlden har en stor betydelse.

Univerzální lék a protijed označovaný jako theriak byl od 16. století ve velkém množství produkován desítkami lékáren v italských Benátkách. Stal se také ceněným obchodním artiklem, který se prostřednictvím dálkového obchodu z Benátek vyvážel do řady oblastí, přičemž dokladem dovozu theriaku na naše území jsou především kovové uzávěry obalů (dóz), v nichž byl theriak distribuován. Díky opisům a zobrazeným symbolům většinou lze identifikovat konkrétní lékárny a někdy i jejich bližší chronologické zařazení. Článek přináší popis šesti takovýchto uzávěrů, které byly nalezeny v jižních Čechách a předány do sbírkotvorných institucí. Součástí popisu uzávěrů jsou také výsledky rentgenfluorescenční analýzy složení použité slitiny.

Background. The ability to adequately respond to various emotional situations is vital for law enforcement officers to work effectively in peacetime. In times of war, the importance of emotional control increases. Material and methods. A survey (in Google forms) of cadets of the Kyiv Institute of the National Guard of Ukraine (n=282) was conducted. Depending on whether they played sports, the respondents were divided into 2 groups (n=171 and n=111, respectively). Spielberger's method was advocated. And the Courtlaud Emotional Control Scale. Results. The anxiety levels of athlete cadets and those who had stopped regular training did not differ. An average level of emotional control was recorded. The anxiety control score was close to low. Significant differences were found in the anxiety and depression control scores of cadets who regularly performed physical exercise and those who did not participate in sports. Conclusions. At the beginning of the war, the level of anxiety among cadets was high. Among cadets who play sports, there was no high level of anxiety control, aggression, or depression, as expected from athletes. This can be explained by the different intensity of emotions and their control, as well as the insufficient duration of sports training among cadets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic had a huge impact on people’s lives, becoming a factor affecting the health and well-being of individuals. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the experiences and feelings accompanying medical students in Poland during the pandemic and the occurrence of anxiety, depression and excessive daytime sleepiness. Material and methods: For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed on the “LimeSurvey” portal. The questionnaire contained 4 parts: questions about personal experiences of the pandemic, Beck depression test, GAD-7 generalized anxiety questionnaire and ESS sleepiness scale. The results collected from I-VI year medical students from 20 medical universities in Poland were processed using the statistical program “Statistica.” 2339 correctly completed questionnaires were obtained. Results: It turned out that 22.6% of the respondents had experienced the death of a loved one during the pandemic, and among 29.9% of the students there were severe cases of the disease in the family. More than 49% of the respondents felt anxiety about the possibility of their loved ones contracting COVID. 19% of respondents had temporarily lost contact with loved ones. The responses significantly correlated with the severity of depression as measured by the Beck scale, increased anxiety on the GAD-7 test and increased sleepiness on the ESS scale. Conclusions: The results of the study indicate the negative impact of the pandemic on the mental health of medical students. For this reason, consideration should be given to providing easy access to specialized psychological help for the academic community [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian Journal of Ethnology & Folklore Research / Narodna Umjetnost is the property of Institute of Ethnology & Folklore Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim. Assessment of anxiety-depressive disorders in an oncologically ill patient may help in the treatment process and planning psycho-oncological care. The aim of the study was to assess the level of anxiety and depression in cancer patients and their relationship with psychosocial variables. Methods. The study group consisted of adult cancer patients, eligible for causal treatment for at least 6 weeks. The HADS questionnaire was used to examine 537 patients aged 19 to 91 (average age: 53.5). Results. Both during the first oncological treatment and in the relapse of the disease, patients more often show symptoms of anxiety than depression. These conditions occur with greater intensity in women than in men (p = 0.000), moreover, the risk of depressive disorders increases with the patient's age (p = 0.015). The highest intensity of symptoms of depression was observed in patients living in the countryside and in people on disability or retirement pension, and the lowest in small and medium-sized towns and in people who were economically active or on short sick leave. On the other hand, the simultaneous occurrence of anxiety and depression was distinctive for the patients with breast and reproductive organs cancers, which were least frequently reported by patients with urinary tract cancers. Conclusions. Tools for screening the risk of depression and anxiety disorders should be used routinely during regular medical consultations in a patient with cancer. This will allow for early detection of symptoms and initiation of therapeutic measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Nordic Early Childhood Educational Research / Nordisk Barnehageforskning is the property of Cappelen Damm Akademisk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Nordic Early Childhood Educational Research / Nordisk Barnehageforskning is the property of Cappelen Damm Akademisk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Denne artikkelen undersøker tre småbarnsbøker som handler om barn som må tisse. Selv om motivet kan virke ukomplisert, rommer det spenninger. Å tisse er naturlig, men det er bestemte normer knyttet til hvordan det skal foregå når barnet vokser til. Derfor er motivet tett knyttet til sosialisering. Å tisse uten bleie er en vesentlig del av å bli et større barn, og kan innebære både sårbarhet og mestring. At motivet på utpreget måte er kroppslig, harmonerer godt med små barns kroppslige væremåte (Merleau-Ponty, 1994; Løkken, 2004). I analysene viser jeg hvordan de litterære småbarna i de utvalgte bøkene er handlende og lekende barn som selv tar eierskap til kroppen sin. Mestring oppnås ikke ved å følge de voksnes oppfordringer, men gjennom lek. Det er gjennom leken at barna griper og utvider handlingsrommet sitt.

It is known that the COVID-19 pandemic can be a cause of fear and anxiety. There exists a deep need to seek refuge from anxiety in a reality that would offer a sense of greater certainty. Within this framework, religion can be assessed in three different ways. Its negative assessment is linked with a pragmatic approach to the world. Alongside the negative assessment of religion, there is also a positive one. However, there is still a third possible approach, that of using religion as a response to the difficulties of the pandemic. Religion can function as a factor in rationalizing the time of the pandemic. Religion can also generate two strategies by which a person can respond to difficult situations. These strategies can be referred to as a kenotic one and a palliative one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polskie Forum Psychologiczne is the property of Kazimierza Wielki University in Bydgoszcz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Polish Nephrology & Dialyzotherapy / Nefrologia i Dializoterapia Polska is the property of Wydawnictwo Przegld Lekarski / Publisher Medicine Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of General Medicine & Health Sciences / Medycyna Ogólna i Nauki o Zdrowiu is the property of Witold Chodzki Institute of Rural Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of FORMakademisk is the property of FORMakademisk and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since 2017, a reinforcement programme was developed to save the last, endangered, Belgian population of black grouse (Lyrurus tetrix), in the High Fens Natural Park. To improve the success of this programme, an analysis of past data of this population was undertaken to understand the causes of its past decline. A time series analysis was applied, using annual spring male census data recorded between 1967 and 2016. In the period 1967–1993, there was a fluctuation around an equilibrium of a population of ca. 40–45 males. The peak of 85 males observed in 1971 was probably due to a succession of several favourable years in terms of environmental conditions, albeit without an exceptional annual growth rate. It seems that fox density, by using the occurrence of rabies as a proxy, has an impact on the black grouse population. After 1993, the population dynamic changed drastically, decreasing continuously until finally reaching quasi-extinction. On average, the population lost 15.4% of its size each year. Climate models, applied in previous studies to explain these population trends in the High Fens, failed to describe this major modification in this population's dynamic and its recent decline. We suggest that this negative effect was mainly induced by a significant increase in predation by red fox (Vulpes vulpes), whose abundance has increased considerably since the 1990s, in particular, as a consequence of the eradication of fox rabies. We also discuss alternative hypotheses, such as the impact of other predator species, modification of the natural environment and climatic modifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is an analysis of the literary expressions of fear in the poetry of Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer. Intense fear is not only one of the dominant emotions depicted in his work but it also underpins his poetic technique. The article examines the manner in which he communicates the somatic experience of dread, his use of bodily metaphors in descriptions of nature, his poetic landscapes of fear, the records of his nightmares, the modernist phobophobia as well the sources of the high anxiety (to do with the mysteries of life, death and man's inner life) that dogged him at all times. In its readings the article draws on the studies in affect theory, somatopoetics and psychoanalytic criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Läroplanens krav på att förskolans innehåll och arbetssätt skall vila på vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet innebär att förskolans didaktiska verktyg behöver få stöd av forskning. Då lek har en central plats i förskolan kan en utveckling av ett lekfullt verktyg som dockor vara motiverat. Därför syftar denna studie till att studera hur forskning behandlar möjligheter och utmaningar med dockor som didaktiskt verktyg i förskolan. En systematisk granskning har genomförts av 29 vetenskapliga artiklar. Fyra områden med möjligheter för dockor som didaktiskt verktyg identifieras, förskolebarns sociala kompetens, kommunikation, ämneslärande och barns lek. Vidare framkom två områden med utmaningar, pedagogiska och kontextuella, relaterat till dockor som didaktiskt verktyg. Diskussionen berör både möjligheterna och utmaningarna med dockor som didaktiskt verktyg. Dockor konstateras ha en potential som didaktiskt verktyg i förskolan.

Med gjeninnføring av lek i skolens læreplan er det behov for å vurdere hvordan lek har vært knyttet til matematikk i barnehagen. Vi bruker en modell som kobler sammen barns lek med det å stille og å løse problemer, til å analysere barnehagebarns engasjement med digitale apper og til andreklassingers skriving av regnefortellinger. Analysen viser hvordan lek kan oppstå når barna stiller problemer, og når de prøver ut ulike løsningsstrategier. Vi anser at resultatet av forskningen kan gi innsikt til matematikklærere i de første skoleårene om lekens potensial i arbeid med problemstilling og problemløsning. English abstract Play with problems With the reintroduction of play in the school’s curriculum, there is a need to assess how play has been linked to mathematics in kindergarten. We use a model that connects children’s play with posing and solving problems to analyse kindergarten children’s involvement with digital apps and 2nd grade students’ writing of regnefortellinger or number stories. The analysis shows how play can occur when the children pose problems and when they try out different solution strategies. We believe that the results of the research can provide insight to mathematics teachers in the first years of school about the potential for play in problem posing and problem solving.

I den här artikeln riktar vi uppmärksamhet mot uttrycket matematisera, myntat av matematikdidaktikern Hans Freudenthal och ofta använt i beskrivningar av förskolebarns matematiklärande. I artikeln problematiseras Freudenthals matematikdidaktiska ansats med fokus på hur matematisera framträder i undervisning där lek har en central roll. Mer explicit studeras hur form och innehåll i tre lekaktiviteter (94 videoinspelade observationer) tillsammans med barns och förskollärares ageranden möjliggör matematiserande utan att lekens ursprungliga värden förringas utan snarare vidgas eller fördjupas. Resultaten visar att undervisning som möjliggör matematiserande är en didaktisk utmaning där barns agency i lekaktiviteten, deras kunskaper om lekens struktur samt deras tidigare matematikkunskaper framstår som kritiskt. Pedagogiska implikationer är vikten av barns frihet att ta initiativ till att undersöka och använda matematik som är relevant för leken samt hur förskollärarens aktiva deltagande i leken främjar barnens agency. English abstract Mathematising in play on a scientific basis In this article, we aim to direct attention to the notion ‘mathematising’, drawing on Freudenthal. The notion has often been used in descriptions of mathematics education in the early years. In the article we problematise Freudenthal’s approach and focus on how mathematising appears in education where play is a central feature. More explicitly, form and content in three play activities (94 video-recordings) are ana­lysed in terms of how children’s and teachers’ interaction allows mathematising to be realised, without the original intentions with the play activity being broken or disturbed, but rather expanded and deepened. The results show that it is a challenge to integrate mathematising in play, where children’s agency, knowledge of the structure of the activity and initial mathematical ideas are critical. Pedagogical implications are the significance of children’s freedom to take initiatives to explore and make use of mathematics that is a relevant and useful part of play and the active participation of the preschool teacher in affording the child agency.

Artikkelen har som mål å belyse tilnærminger til tegning som synliggjør professor Liv Merete Nielsens bidrag til visuell kompetanse i opplæringen ved å belyse barns tegneprosesser ut ifra et sosiokulturelt per­spektiv. Margareta Öhman sosiokulturelle lek-teoretiske bidrag beskriver lekens kjennetegn ut ifra følgende kriterier: Stammen av leken er spontan og frivillig, morsom, krever aktivt engasjement, har ikke tydelige mål, styres av indre motivasjon og gir en følelse av kontroll. Flere av disse karakteristikkene kan kjennes igjen i barnehagebarns og skolebarns uformelle, det vil si selvinitierte og selvstyrte, tegne­pro­sesser i lek med verktøy som blyanter, tusjer, pensler og maling. Problemstillingen er derfor: Hvordan kan uformell tegning forstås som lek og hvordan kan denne forståelsen være med på å støtte barn og el­­ever i visuelt kontrollerte tegneprosesser i formell tegneundervisning? Kasusstudie benyttes som me­to­d­ologisk tilnærming for å utforske to kasus av uformelle tegneprosesser, en fra barnehage og en fra skole. I uformell tegning er det å mestre de samme visuelle uttrykkene ofte en del av leken. Å sammen beherske et univers i leken og å mestre de samme visuelle formuttrykkene ved modellering er en del av funnet. Modellering og mimesis blir en inngang til å kunne knytte trekk ved uformelle tegneprosesser, det Öhman kaller inspirasjon til imitasjon, til den formelle tegneundervisningsarenaen i skole og barn­e­hage. Dette kan være en mulig motivasjon for å lære å tegne, og dermed fremme det professor Liv Nielsen kaller visual literacy, det vil si visuell kompetanse til å skape og forstå bilder og tegninger.

Introduction: The aim of the study was: to assess the severity of Secondary Traumatic Stress (STS), to identify ST's predictors, and to assess the model of relationships between predictors of Secondary Traumatic Stress in psychotherapists working during the pandemic in Poland. Materials and methods: The research group consisted of 153 psychotherapists (130 women, 85%) aged 25-66 (M = 39.39; SD = 9.65). The following tools were used to measure the variables: Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), FCV-19S Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S), Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), Personal Inquiry, Assessment of working conditions during a pandemic. Discussion: It has been shown that 9.8% of psychotherapists working during the pandemic experienced high or very highintensity of symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress. The predictors of STS turned out to be: task-induced stress during the pandemic, emotion-focused stress-coping style, and fear of COVID-19. The proposed model of moderated moderation, which assumes that COVID-19 anxiety that intensifies the emotional style of coping with stress in specialists, has an influence on the relationship between occupational tasks stress during a pandemic and the severity of symptoms of Secondary Traumatic Stress, has not been confirmed. Therefore, there is a need for further exploration of the issue. Conclusions: Research shows an increase in STSD among Polish psychotherapists during covid as well as risk factors intensifying this diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are many reports on the association of various psychiatric disorders with visual impairment. The association of dry eye syndrome with depressive disorders has been particularly well documented. In the context of keratoconus patients group, data on similar relationships are inconclusive. Attempts have also been made to assess the personality of patients suffering from keratoconus, and the first study in this area was produced as early as 1976. Material and methods: For the literature review, full-text medical databases, such as PubMed and Embase, were searched for articles on the association of keratoconus with depressive-anxiety disorder and personality disorder. Articles published within the last 30 years were considered. Results: The personality of patients with keratoconus has been a research issue for many years, but research to date has not clearly defined what personality traits characterise this particular group of patients. Research into the relationship between keratoconus and depressive-anxiety disorders has only recently been conducted, and the results - although inconclusive - suggest a co-occurrence of depressive symptoms with keratoconus. A different and interesting field for further research is the association of keratoconus with schizophrenia, as these diseases may have a common background. Conclusions: A review of the literature does not identify a 'keratoconus personality', but there are reports of specific functioning in patients with keratoconus. There are isolated reports in the literature regarding the co-occurrence of keratoconus and depressive-anxiety disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]