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BackgroundElectronic health records (EHRs) are a cost-effective approach to provide the necessary foundations for clinical trial research. The ability to use EHRs in real-world clinical settings allows for pragmatic approaches to intervention studies with the emerging adult HIV population within these settings; however, the regulatory components related to the use of EHR data in multisite clinical trials poses unique challenges that researchers may find themselves unprepared to address, which may result in delays in study implementation and adversely impact study timelines, and risk noncompliance with established guidance.ObjectiveAs part of the larger Adolescent Trials Network (ATN) for HIV/AIDS Interventions Protocol 162b (ATN 162b) study that evaluated clinical-level outcomes of an intervention including HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis services to improve retention within the emerging adult HIV population, the objective of this study is to highlight the regulatory process and challenges in the implementation of a multisite pragmatic trial using EHRs to assist future researchers conducting similar studies in navigating the often time-consuming regulatory process and ensure compliance with adherence to study timelines and compliance with institutional and sponsor guidelines.MethodsEight sites were engaged in research activities, with 4 sites selected from participant recruitment venues as part of the ATN, who participated in the intervention and data extraction activities, and an additional 4 sites were engaged in data management and analysis. The ATN 162b protocol team worked with site personnel to establish the necessary regulatory infrastructure to collect EHR data to evaluate retention in care and viral suppression, as well as para-data on the intervention component to assess the feasibility and acceptability of the mobile health intervention. Methods to develop this infrastructure included site-specific training activities and the development of both institutional reliance and data use agreements.ResultsDue to variations in site-specific activities, and the associated regulatory implications, the study team used a phased approach with the data extraction sites as phase 1 and intervention sites as phase 2. This phased approach was intended to address the unique regulatory needs of all participating sites to ensure that all sites were properly onboarded and all regulatory components were in place. Across all sites, the regulatory process spanned 6 months for the 4 data extraction and intervention sites, and up to 10 months for the data management and analysis sites.ConclusionsThe process for engaging in multisite clinical trial studies using EHR data is a multistep, collaborative effort that requires proper advanced planning from the proposal stage to adequately implement the necessary training and infrastructure. Planning, training, and understanding the various regulatory aspects, including the necessity of data use agreements, reliance agreements, external institutional review board review, and engagement with clinical sites, are foremost considerations to ensure successful implementation and adherence to pragmatic trial timelines and outcomes.

This paper studies legal disparities between men and women in a patriarchal framework. Throughout history, women have confronted discrimination in matters of inheritance, property ownership, and various other legal rights. We examine the consequences of legal discrimination for women's differential engagement and success within legal conflicts, using data from Ottoman courts in the early nineteenth century. The results show that women were parties to approximately 30 per cent of cases, with a modest gender gap of around eight to ten percentage points in terms of plaintiff win rates. The gap varied across courts and types of cases, consistent with gender disparities in legal knowledge and trial stakes in patriarchal societies. Notably, when litigating against male defendants, the disparity was more pronounced in provincial courts (Konya and Kütahya), as opposed to courts in the capital city (Galata and Üsküdar). Similarly, while the gender gap was greater in property and probate cases than those involving personal crimes and commercial exchange, the gap was reversed in family matters. The analysis suggests that a significant portion of the gender gap in litigation success can be attributed to disparities in evidence presentation (witness testimonies, written documents and legal opinions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The U.S. Supreme Court has heard several cases regarding special education. These cases have resulted in decisions that have addressed issues involving special education programming and procedural issues. On March 21, 2023, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a unanimous ruling in Perez v. Sturgis Public Schools. This decision, which was the most recent special education case heard by the highest court in the United States, involved litigation in special education. In this brief article, we address the Supreme Court's decision in Perez by (a) examining the background of the case, (b) reviewing the decision by the lower courts and the U.S. Supreme Court, and (c) discussing the implications of the case for special educators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Event extraction (EE) is capable of providing essential information to facilitate comprehension of legal cases by identifying event types and extracting corresponding arguments from legal case documents. In the legal field, events are often presented in the form of document, with arguments scattered across multiple sentences, which means that legal EE at the document level is needed to better capture the complete event. However, the existing legal EE datasets mainly focused on event extraction at the sentence level, with little attention given to the document level. Obviously, it put the development of document-level event extraction (DEE) in the legal field at a disadvantage. To address this challenge, we proposed DLEE, the first DEE dataset in the legal field with two distinctive features: (1) Document-level Semi-automated Annotation, ensuring effective annotation with high quality. (2) Large-scale and Fine-grained coverage, comprising 10,014 events and 99,423 arguments. Finally, we assessed the performance of commonly used DEE baseline models on DLEE. It revealed that the DLEE is an open question, and further attention is needed for the improvement of the models' performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, law enforcement organizations have been dealing with the development of cybercrime. To address this growing problem, law enforcement organizations apply various digital forensic (DF) tools and techniques to investigate crimes involving digital devices. This ensures that evidence is admissible in legal proceedings. Consequently, DF analysts may need to invest more in proprietary DF hardware and software to maintain the viability of the DF lab, which will burden budget-constrained organizations. As an alternative, the open source DF tool is considered a cost-saving option. However, the admissibility of digital evidence obtained from these tools has yet to be tested in courts, especially in Malaysia. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the admissibility of digital evidence obtained through open source DF tools. By reviewing the existing literature, the factors that affect the admissibility of the evidence produced by these tools in courts were identified. Further, based on the findings, a conceptual framework was developed to ensure the admissibility of the evidence so that it will be accepted in the court of law. This conceptual framework was formed to outline the factors affecting the admissibility of digital evidence from open source DF tools, which include; 1) The Availability and Capability of open source DF tools, 2) the Reliability and Integrity of the digital evidence obtained from open source DF tools, 3) the Transparency of the open source DF tools, and 4) the Lack of Reference and Standard of open source DF tools. This study provides valuable insights into the digital forensic field, and the conceptual framework can be used to integrate open source DF tools into digital forensic investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims at investigating how AI-based transformers can support researchers in designing and conducting an epidemiological study. To accomplish this, we used ChatGPT to reformulate the STROBE recommendations into a list of questions to be answered by the transformer itself. We then qualitatively evaluated the coherence and relevance of the transformer's outputs. Study design: Descriptive study. Methods: We first chose a study to be used as a basis for the simulation. We then used ChatGPT to transform each STROBE checklist's item into specific prompts. Each answer to the respective prompt was evaluated by independent researchers in terms of coherence and relevance. Results: The mean scores assigned to each prompt were heterogeneous. On average, for the coherence domain, the overall mean score was 3.6 out of 5.0, and for relevance it was 3.3 out of 5.0. The lowest scores were assigned to items belonging to the Methods section of the checklist. Conclusions: ChatGPT can be considered as a valuable support for researchers in conducting an epidemiological study, following internationally recognized guidelines and standards. It is crucial for the users to have knowledge on the subject and a critical mindset when evaluating the outputs. The potential benefits of AI in scientific research and publishing are undeniable, but it is crucial to address the risks, and the ethical and legal consequences associated with its use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The introduction of AI in various sectors most especially robotic lawyers in the legal system by some developed countries, has made tasks seamlessly achievable. Uganda has also had its fair share and benefits from the use of AI in various sectors, including the legal sector as it concerns virtual proceedings and virtual meetings. Although, the trending concept of robotic lawyers seems to enhance legal practice, however, the Uganda legal and socio-economic nomenclature, seem to pose restrictions. Concerning this, the study examines the legal and socio-economic issues concerning robotic lawyers practicing in Uganda. The study adopts a doctrinal method, data obtained from primary and secondary sources of material were analyse through a descriptive and analytical approach. The study found that the incorporating of robotic lawyers in Uganda, will provides several prospects. However, there are legal and socio-economic challenges, such as non-legal recognition, and challenges of maintaining and updating robotic lawyers, and it may result in a high level of unemployment. The study concludes and recommends that the concept of robotic lawyers is a welcome development. However, could incorporate robotic lawyers as a means of consultation for legal advice, storage of information, drafting of legal documents, and predicting and analysing legal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nearly every employee is subject to some form of legal requirement as a function of their work. Laws are often implemented by authorities to ensure that employees and organizations engage in ethical and moral conduct at work. Importantly, acting in a moral manner is linked to benefits for employees, increasing intrinsic motivation that facilitates high levels of proactive behavior. Yet, employees increasingly face situations where laws or regulations conflict with what they perceive as morally appropriate (i.e., legal constraints on moral behavior), which we argue instead have negative consequences for employees. Combining insights from the literature on motivation and moral foundations theory, we propose that when employees face legal constraints on moral behavior, they feel less intrinsically motivated, leading them to engage in less proactive behavior. We further predict that legal constraints are less damaging when employees perceive them as necessary versus unnecessary evils. We test our model across three complementary studies: a field study of employees from a company in a heavily regulated industry and two preregistered experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: First, with real-life examples and current research, this study aims to demonstrate the existence of various forms of ostracism (linguistic, gender, social and workplace). Second, following the "need-threat model," this research addresses the previously unaddressed topic of coping with, reducing, mitigating or curbing workplace ostracism. Moreover, the researchers also proposed a "multiplying effect model" of ostracism. Design/methodology/approach: Data was gathered from 199 service sector employees. The NVivo software is used for the thematic analysis of qualitative data(suggestions) gathered using open ended question on how to mitigate/reduce/curb ostracism. Findings: The results generated were the suggestive measures, which were further categorized under three major themes: individual, society and organizational. The measures to reduce, mitigate and stop the practices of workplace ostracism can be initiated on all these three levels. Originality/value: This is the only study that addresses the subject of decreasing, alleviating or eliminating workplace ostracism and explains the compounding effect of ostracism by suggesting a multiplying effect model. The study will pique the interest of the government and legislators to propose legal measures to prevent ostracism and achieve sustainable development goals (gender equality and reduced inequalities. The study's practical, social, theoretical and managerial utility are discussed in the implications section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The pharmaceutical sciences have the potential to benefit significantly from the advancements in artificial intelligence (AI). One of the primary areas where AI can prove invaluable is the discovery and development of new drugs. Compared to traditional methods, with the help of AI algorithms, vast amounts of data can be analyzed more efficiently, leading to the rapid identification of potential drug candidates. AI has the potential to expedite the drug discovery process, thereby leading to the development of new treatments for various diseases. This article delves into the manifold applications of AI in the pharmaceutical industry and the legal challenges that come with it. Methods: This study conducted a thorough search on the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using the following keywords: “Artificial intelligence”, “neural network”, “pharmacy”, “pharmaceutical”, “drug discovery”, “legal”, and “ethical”. In addition, we obtained further references by cross-referencing from essential articles. This article comprehensively overviews how AI is applied in the pharmaceutical industry and highlights the critical legal and ethical challenges. Results: AI can assist in personalized medicine by analyzing patient data and providing tailored treatment plans. By considering individual patient characteristics, such as genetics and medical history, AI algorithms can help healthcare professionals make more informed decisions about which treatments will most likely be effective for each patient. In addition to drug discovery and personalized medicine, AI can also enhance the efficiency of pharmaceutical manufacturing processes. AI-powered systems can monitor and optimize production lines, ensuring that quality standards are met while reducing the risks of errors or deviations. Additionally, AI can be an essential tool in pharmacovigilance through real-world data analysis, which can detect adverse drug reactions and other safety concerns. This approach can aid regulatory authorities and pharmaceutical companies identify and address potential medication risks more effectively. Conclusion: AI application in the pharmaceutical sciences has marked potential for improving drug discovery, clinical trials, personalized medicine, manufacturing processes, and pharmacovigilance. By using the power of AI, the industry can boost efficiency, cut costs, and ultimately deliver better healthcare outcomes for patients.

In recent years, feminist legal geographers have pressed for deeper engagement with the lived experience of law’s spatial logics including methodologies that extend beyond the study of legal discourse, practice, and enforcement to include ethnographic and other qualitative approaches that centre the experiences of those living with legal precarity. Building upon the work of feminist political geographers concerned with intimacy geopolitics, the concept of everyday geo-legalities emphasizes the ways that people interpret the spatiality of law, legal practice, and state policing and how it affects their lives, livelihoods and im/mobilities. This research reveals how undocumented im/migrants in a small, rural poultry town interpret and socially negotiate their racialized legal status in terms of im/mobility, heighted workplace pressure, increased job-related health risks, persistent fears of immigration raids, family separation and deportation, and prejudice and policing due to discourses of racialized criminalization. Social and familial relations, however, are central to the everyday negotiation of these dynamics, as community connections and care emerge from experiences of marginalization. This paper thus emphasizes how social relations are central to analysing the complexities and contradictions of everyday legal geographies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this scoping review was to synthesise the literature to identify what the psychological impacts of family court processes were on mothers who had experienced DFV. Twenty-five articles met inclusion criteria with four themes capturing the findings: Perpetrators using the system as a mode of coercive control; Secondary victimisation as a result of interacting with the system; Required to relive their abuse; and, Long-term psychological consequences of having engaged with the system. Key findings were that perpetrators manipulated the system to perpetrate further abuse and continue/reassert their control. Secondary re-victimisation was common, with poor knowledge of DFV and limited understanding of coercive control tactics and how these were employed by perpetrators by legal professionals identified as contributing factors. This review suggests that mothers who engage with the family court system experience a range of short- and long-term psychological impacts and court processes facilitate ongoing abuse by the perpetrator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article critically analyzes the ethical and legal implications of adopting predictive analytics by the French administrative justice system. It raises a key question: Is it wise to integrate artificial intelligence into the administrative justice system, considering its potential benefits, despite the associated risks, ethical dilemmas, and legal challenges? The research employs a method based on an extensive literature review, a qualitative analysis of the adoption by the French administrative justice of predictive analytics tools, and a critical evaluation of the benefits and issues these tools bring. The study finds that AI can make the administrative justice system more efficient, reduce backlogs, and enhance the consistency and predictability of judicial decisions. However, the study also identifies important risks and serious ethical and legal issues associated with integrating AI tools into the justice system. Especially, AI utilization can lead to the dehumanization of justice and poses real risks to the independence and impartiality of justice. While AI can offer significant benefits to all the stakeholders of the administrative justice system, its integration must be approached with caution. A progressive and responsible approach to AI adoption is necessary to avoid compromising judicial integrity and upholding fundamental justice values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Legal certainty in property ownership is crucial for protecting the rights and interests of property owners. This study examines the legal certainty provided by ownership certificates for flats under Indonesia's "Law No. 20 of 2011" (UURS). It also explores the legal implications of constructing flats on land with building use rights, a status that differs from full ownership rights. Using a normative research method, the study analyzes relevant laws, regulations, and academic literature to understand how legal frameworks govern flat ownership and ensure the legitimacy of ownership certificates. The findings reveal that ownership certificates for flats confer private ownership of specific units and related common areas, but legal challenges arise when flats are constructed on land with building use rights, especially concerning the renewal of these rights. The study underscores the importance of continuous legal oversight and clear legislative guidelines to maintain and strengthen legal certainty over ownership certificates. Additionally, it highlights the potential legal risks and uncertainties that flat owners may face if the underlying land rights are not properly managed or renewed. The study concludes that while ownership certificates offer significant legal protection, the dependence on building use rights for the underlying land introduces potential vulnerabilities. Future research should explore the legal and practical implications of the expiration and renewal of building use rights, the impact on flat ownership, and alternative legal frameworks that could provide greater security for property owners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the legal and ethical issues that impact the safe administration of medicines. A discussion is provided on understanding the role of the healthcare assistant (HCA), assistant practitioner (AP) and informed consent, which is key to ethical and legal care provision. Mental capacity and the practice of covert medication administration is also outlined. By upholding ethical and legal principles, the HCA and AP can ensure that patient-centred care, which respects individuals’ rights and promotes their wellbeing, is consistently practiced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The stability of energy generation is crucial for the functioning of every country. Currently, the EU policy is moving towards becoming independent of fossil energy sources, which can be replaced with sources that are not exhaustible, for example, energy from the sun. Public awareness of renewable energy is increasing. People are willing to invest in natural solutions. However, planning large photovoltaic farm projects is difficult due to complex location requirements. The study aimed to analyse the interferences/barriers to be considered when searching for a suitable location to install a photovoltaic farm. The analysis was conducted for the territory of Poland. The study used a literature and local legislation query and the Delphi method. The Delphi method identified the most important interferences from the investor's perspective. Eleven interferences have been identified, classified into legal, spatial, technical, social, and financial groups. Several are locally determined and only exist in selected locations (e.g., technical determinants of the power grid condition, etc.). In contrast, others are unitary (e.g., concerns about the impact of PV on human health, etc.). The decision-makers are aware of the existing interferences/barriers, and the proposed administrative, legal, and technical solutions marginally mitigate barriers. System solutions are recommended, allowing an easier way to find a suitable location for a PV system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In formation of laws and regulations, Article 18 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution shows that relationship between the central government and provincial government is a multilevel relationship. The governor runs the government in provincial area based on principle of deconcentration, namely the delegation of authority from central state equipment to subordinate agencies to carry out certain work in administration of government. Article 18 paragraph (2) of 1945 Constitution Republic Indonesia shows that relationship between the provincial government and regency/city government is an equal relationship because the Governor and Regent/Mayor both run government in their respective regions based on principles of decentralization (regional autonomy) and assistance tasks. The Governor has a dual position or role, namely as the head of provincial region (Local Self Government) as well as the Regional Head/Representative of Central Government in the region (Local State Government. The governor has a dual role as head of the province and head of the region (representative of the central government). Law 23/2014 on Local Government tends to emphasize the role of governor as a representative the government through of administration government based on principle of deconcentration. The task of maintaining integrity of government system is a goal. The strengthening of governor's role as the government's representative through several forms of governor interference in implementation government in district/city aims to maintain the balance and harmony of government relations. The central government must prevent country from disintegration by controlling all forms of local government activities. The central government is fully responsible for implementation of government both at center and in the provinces and districts / cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We aimed to investigate whether piroxicam, either alone or in combination with the local anaesthetic agent lidocaine hydrochloride, differs from standalone local anaesthesia and without medication, thereby providing effective pain control in the termination of early pregnancies. Methods: Our study is a case-control study in which 177 individuals with pregnancies between 5-9 weeks of gestation who applied to the research hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, for legal pregnancy termination were included. The participants were divided into four groups. The groups were administered as follows: a control group without medication, a paracervical block with lidocaine hydrochloride, sublingual piroxicam, and a combination of both lidocaine hydrochloride and sublingual piroxicam. After the completion of the aspiration curettage procedure, the pain intensity experienced by the groups was evaluated using the Five-Point Pain Scale. Results: The participants' mean age was 31.02±6.14 years, and the average gestational week was 7.05±0.78. There was a statistically significant difference in pain intensity among the groups (p<0.001). The pain intensity in the control group was significantly higher than in the local anaesthetic (p<0.001), piroxicam (p<0.001), and piroxicam + local anaesthetic (p<0.01) groups. Discussion and Conclusion: The use of lidocaine hydrochloride for paracervical block, in combination with piroxicam during the aspiration curettage procedure for pregnancies between 5-9 weeks, is effective, safe, and provides good pain control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desire for parenthood among infertile individuals is often fulfilled by resorting to the ever-evolving Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART). Since the birth of Durga, India's first baby born using ART in 1981, the lucrative fertility industry has grown exponentially in our country. The Government of India passed the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulatory) Act in 2021 to provide regulatory support to these services. The legislation offers clarity on various aspects of ART, including measures to safeguard children born through these procedures. The effective implementation of the ART Act is crucial to ensure that ART services become affordable, ethical, and socially acceptable in India. This article aims to discuss the controversies with ART services and issues that could compromise the wellbeing of children, while highlighting the provisions provided under the Act to address these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arbitration is one of the important laws prevalent in ancient and modern times because of its effective role in resolving disputes at the local and international levels. Official documentation is considered a legal process, the document can be authenticated by a legal authority or a recognized legal certification. This work aims to study and understand the concept of arbitration, how it is organized, and the considerations of its decisions as official documents. The researchers used the descriptive and analytical approach to the provisions and laws of Jordanian evidence. Researchers have concluded that arbitration decisions are considered official documents if they follow the necessary legal and administrative rules and procedures for documenting them. Accordingly, arbitration decisions are considered official documents and their rulings are implemented as stated in the Jordanian Arbitration Law. Researchers recommend enhancing legal awareness of the importance of arbitration as an effective means of resolving local and international disputes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, there is increasing recognition of the ethical challenges associated with designing and developing Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) systems, especially concerning their potential impact on fundamental rights. As a result, ethics frameworks and guidelines have been issued by stakeholders in both the private and public sectors. At the same time, fostering innovation in the field is also crucial. The implementation of the European Union (EU) sustainability goals is one area where AI/ML is expected to make a significant contribution, but there are important considerations to address. The expanding reliance on data storage and the subsequent increase in electricity consumption due to advancements in AI/ML have significant implications for greenhouse gas emissions. This paper examines the regulatory landscape for environmental sustainability using an institutional analysis contrasting the ethical frameworks and current normative standards applicable within the EU. The purpose is to identify a realistic and practical interpretation that prioritizes the development and implementation of AI/ML in a way that facilitates a smooth transition towards the sustainable usage of digital and automated technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Brain Death Project (WBDP) is a 2020 international consensus statement that provides historical background and recommendations on brain death/death by neurologic criteria (BD/DNC) determination. It addresses 13 topics including: (1) worldwide variance in BD/DNC, (2) the science of BD/DNC, (3) the concept of BD/DNC, (4) minimum clinical criteria for BD/DNC determination, (5) beyond minimum clinical BD/DNC determination, (6) pediatric and neonatal BD/DNC determination, (7) BD/DNC determination in patients on ECMO, (8) BD/DNC determination after treatment with targeted temperature management, (9) BD/DNC documentation, (10) qualification for and education on BD/DNC determination, (11) somatic support after BD/DNC for organ donation and other special circumstances, (12) religion and BD/DNC: managing requests to forego a BD/DNC evaluation or continue somatic support after BD/DNC, and (13) BD/DNC and the law. This review summarizes the WBDP content on each of these topics and highlights relevant work published from 2020 to 2023, including both the 192 citing publications and other publications on BD/DNC. Finally, it reviews questions for future research related to BD/DNC and emphasizes the need for national efforts to ensure the minimum standards for BD/DNC determination described in the WBDP are included in national BD/DNC guidelines and due consideration is given to the recommendations about social and legal aspects of BD/DNC determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between law and morality is important in the professional life of an official. An official must be aware of the importance of morality and find a balance between his or her own inner moral convictions and the law. He must be concerned with moral norms derived from custom, but they must not overshadow the importance of the law in his professional activities. The aim of this research is to show the importance of the relationship between law and morality in the professional activities of officials. The review of literature sources and legal acts shows that in the Lithuanian legal system a law is an act issued in accordance with the Constitution and the Seimas, expressing the will of the legislator. The concept of law is very old, but the concept of law has not changed very much; since ancient times, law has meant a certain norm that must be followed. Understanding the concept of morality is important in order to determine the relationship between law and morality in the professional activities of an official. The concept is also an old one, but it is still relevant in our society today. Morality is the generally accepted rules of life, which are often not codified in law, but which are a very important part of social relations and an important part of the work of employees of statutory bodies. An empirical study conducted to determine the attitude of officers towards the relationship between law and morality found that officers are guided by both the law and morality during their service. Many officers are willing to disregard moral values in certain situations, especially during their service. However, another part of them state that they would put moral norms above the law when the law is unjust, disproportionate, inhuman or when it concerns their family and close people. The results of the survey show that officials agree that laws are designed to ensure that moral values are upheld in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The future of libraries is likely to witness a significant departure from their current form. This evolution can be aptly captured by the term "smart library." Smart libraries represent a strategic option for libraries to maintain their relevance and preserve their core functionalities within the evolving landscape of a smart society. The present research delves into the design and implementation of smart libraries by systematically examining and analyzing existing literature on the subject. Methodology: his qualitative research employed a meta-synthesis approach, specifically following the seven-step model developed by Sandelowski and Barroso (Year). A comprehensive search for relevant scientific articles and publications on smart libraries was conducted across reputable scientific databases. No restrictions were imposed on publication date or language. This initial search yielded a total of 1800 articles. Following the removal of duplicates and irrelevant materials, a corpus of 194 articles was subjected to content analysis to identify the key dimensions and components of smart libraries. The MAXQDA software was utilized to facilitate this analysis. Findings: Content analysis of 194 articles yielded a total of 4,336 codes. These codes were subsequently categorized into eight dimensions and seventy-six components. The identified dimensions encompass: technology, services, human resources, resources, space, governance and management, legal aspects, ethical considerations, social factors, cultural influences, political landscape, and innovation and creativity. Smart libraries leverage emerging and advanced technologies to facilitate enhanced resource management and improved service delivery to users. These services encompass three primary categories: Knowledge-based services utilizing information extraction and user needs analysis, these services provide targeted knowledge resources; intelligent system-based services including precise and automated services such as smart air conditioning systems and smart fire safety systems; and high-level services encompassing recreational activities and cultural events. In smart libraries, users and librarians function as indispensable human elements, playing a critical role in achieving the ultimate goal of empowering users with knowledge and fostering intellectual growth. This objective necessitates catering to the diverse needs of a dynamic user base. On the one hand, users within smart libraries transcend the role of passive consumers of information, transitioning into active knowledge producers and content contributors. This collaborative approach fosters a vibrant information ecosystem. On the other hand, librarians remain central to successful smart library management. To effectively leverage the potential of smart technologies and optimize user services, librarians require ongoing training and development to cultivate a strong foundation in these technologies. This ensures the delivery of enhanced and user-centric information services. Smart libraries are characterized by the integration of human resources, material resources, and technology. This synergistic approach not only streamlines library operations but also fosters increased efficiency and cost reduction. However, it is the human element, serving as the primary source for expanding knowledge services, that remains of paramount importance in smart libraries. The utilization of individuals' knowledge as a resource for knowledge production can significantly enhance the quality and scope of content and knowledge services. This approach fosters a more collaborative and participatory environment, leading to a richer and more diverse knowledge base. The second aspect pertains to the concept of smart living, focusing on enhancing the overall quality of life and user experience within the library space. Through strategic space design, optimized layout configurations, and furniture tailored to user needs, the library can foster environments that encourage collaboration, focused study, and relaxation. This holistic approach ultimately leads to a more positive and enriching user experience. Furthermore, smart governance in libraries emphasizes fostering a dynamic interplay between users, intelligent management practices, and inter-institutional networking. By cultivating such interactions, libraries can play a pivotal role in strengthening social cohesion and facilitating greater public participation. In the context of smart libraries, collaboration with other institutions, such as universities and social organizations, is crucial. Fostering a networked ecosystem for knowledge creation and dissemination facilitates the continuous improvement of library services and maximizes their impact. Additionally, smart library management practices encompass initiatives that promote increased transparency in administration, user participation in decision-making processes, and the utilization of automated and optimized management methods. These practices effectively engage users as stakeholders in the governance of libraries. Ethical, cultural, social, and political issues inherent to the domain of smart libraries demand careful attention and thorough examination. Innovation and creativity are essential for libraries to address both internal and external challenges. By embracing these qualities, libraries can offer unique and user-centered services. Such innovations cultivate opportunities for social interaction within communities, facilitate the transformation of content offerings, and enable the provision of comprehensive services tailored to diverse needs. Conclusion: While technology undoubtedly serves as the foundation and infrastructure for smart libraries, a holistic approach necessitates consideration of a broader spectrum of factors. These factors encompass services offered, human resources, physical space optimization, resource allocation, effective governance and management structures, legal and ethical frameworks, cultural sensitivity, social impact, political considerations, fostering innovation, and encouraging creative solutions. It is paramount, however, to acknowledge the importance of context-specific design and implementation. The needs and existing facilities of each library, along with available budgetary constraints, should be carefully assessed to ensure a tailored approach that optimizes the benefits of a smart library for its specific user community. The successful implementation of smart libraries necessitates a multidimensional approach that integrates several critical elements. These libraries strive to create intelligent spaces that adapt to the dynamic and evolving needs of their users. To achieve this objective, it is imperative to meticulously consider user requirements, the physical facilities, the requisite budgetary resources, and the selection of appropriate equipment and technologies. By prioritizing these aspects, smart libraries can significantly enhance user experience and optimize service delivery. Ultimately, when these dimensions are effectively addressed, smart libraries transform into multifaceted institutions, revolutionizing the way information is accessed, shared, and utilized. Originality: This research employed a systematic meta-synthesis methodology to examine the multifaceted nature of smart libraries. This approach contributes significantly to bridging the existing knowledge gap in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Femicide, the intentional killing of women, remains a prevalent issue within the global terrain, posing significant challenges to societal progress and gender equality. However, despite the outcry and measures put in place to curtail the incidence of femicide, there seems to be an increase in femicide incidence. It is in this regard, that this study investigates the issues concerning femicide within the global terrain, examining its root causes, cyber-tech, and the legal frameworks in place to address issues of femicide. Pertaining to this, the study adopts a doctrinal method of study in examining the issues of femicide within the global terrain. The data generated through primary and existing secondary literature sources was analysed through descriptive and analytical approaches. The study found that there are increased incidences of femicide within the global terrain. Furthermore, the study also found that the potential of cyber-tech solutions to complement traditional legal approaches could aid in combating femicide effectively. The study therefore concludes and recommends that there is a need to intensify the legal structure and incorporate an enhanced cybertech system to prevent and mitigate femicide rates and promote gender justice across the global terrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As pricing in hospitality and tourism evolves due to the opportunities presented by artificial intelligence (AI), so do the concerns that come with technological advancements. There is a fine line between what is possible, what is profitable, and what is ethical, sustainable and responsible in the use of AI for pricing. This viewpoint article draws attention to the dark side of pricing, and presents a framework towards sustainable pricing, against the backdrop of the current European Union legal framework. The framework includes ethical guidelines, self-regulation, self-protection and technological regulation, which should be considered as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abortion is central to the American political landscape and a common pregnancy outcome, yet research on abortion has been siloed and marginalized in the social sciences. In an empirical analysis, the authors found only 22 articles published in this century in the top economics, political science, and sociology journals. This special issue aims to bring abortion research into a more generalist space, challenging what the authors term "the abortion research paradox," wherein abortion research is largely absent from prominent disciplinary social science journals but flourishes in interdisciplinary and specialized journals. After discussing the misconceptions that likely contribute to abortion research siloization and the implications of this siloization for abortion research as well as social science knowledge more generally, the authors introduce the articles in this special issue. Then, in a call for continued and expanded research on abortion, the introduction to this special issue closes by offering three guiding practices for abortion scholars-both those new to the topic and those deeply familiar with it-in the hopes of building an ever-richer body of literature on abortion politics, policy, and law. The need for such a robust literature is especially acute following the US Supreme Court's June 2022 overturning of the constitutional right to abortion.

The Metaverse offered a novel and immersive platform where Nigerian users engaged with virtual environments that mirrored the physical world or even transcended its confines, similar to Singapore's adoption in its economy. This digital realm provided a unique opportunity for individuals and organizations to simulate and visualize the environmental consequences of human activities, thereby deepening awareness of ecological issues. Virtual reality simulations and immersive educational experiences empowered users to witness the ramifications of environmental degradation, motivating them to adopt eco-friendly practices in their daily lives. However, the realization of the Metaverse's potential for promoting environmental awareness and sustainable practices faced various legal challenges. This research employed a hybrid research approach, combining both doctrinal and non-doctrinal methods, to assess the prospects and legal issues surrounding the use of the Metaverse as a catalyst for environmental awareness and sustainability. A total of 304 questionnaires were distributed to Nigerian respondents, and data were analyzed using descriptive and analytical methods. The findings revealed that the burgeoning Metaverse had the potential to play a pivotal role in advancing environmental awareness and sustainable practices, contributing to the mitigation of climate change. Nonetheless, several challenges, such as data privacy, security issues, regulatory concerns related to the Metaverse, digital illiteracy, and insufficient funding for incorporating Metaverse technology, might hinder its effective utilization for promoting environmental awareness and sustainability. It was concluded that the Metaverse possessed transformative power to enhance environmental awareness and sustainable practices in Nigeria. Furthermore, drawing insights from Singapore's experiences in the Metaverse highlighted potential lessons and inspiration for Nigeria as it embarked on this journey of environmental awareness and sustainability through immersive digital experiences.

The metaverse, a digital realm blending virtual environments with reality, holds immense potential across sectors. In Nigeria, understanding its implications necessitates exploration from various angles. Firstly, the legal landscape demands scrutiny, with existing regulations evaluated for their applicability and efficacy. Secondly, socio-economic considerations assume paramount importance, given the metaverse's potential to reshape societal norms and economic activities. Concerning this, the employ a hybrid research methodology that focus on the potentials of metaverse's emergence, legal framework, and socio-economic effects within Nigeria. 308 questionnaire were distribute to respondents residing in Nigeria. The collected data underwent descriptive and analytical analysis. The findings underscore that permitting the operation of the metaverse in Nigeria holds promise for enhancing the nation's economy and facilitating digital interactions. However, the study also reveals potential pitfalls notably that the existing legal framework may prove insufficient in addressing the unique challenges posed by the metaverse. Moreover, the metaverse's transformative impact on the Nigerian economy may carry adverse consequences. Consequently, the study concludes by recommending the imperative need for a novel legal framework tailored to address the distinctive intricacies presented by the metaverse for its effective operation in Nigeria.

Background: Toxicology is a critical field that is of significant importance to various industries, including pharmaceuticals, environmental protection, and consumer product safety. It's a multidisciplinary science that often involves time-consuming and expensive toxicity tests, which can delay the development of new products and pose significant risks to public health and the environment. Therefore, there is an ever-growing demand for faster and more efficient toxicity evaluations. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a promising solution to address these pressing challenges. By enabling the development of machine learning models that can analyze vast amounts of data. This review article focuses on the potential impact of AI in toxicology and its applications in different areas, such as predictive toxicology, development of toxicity screening assays, assessment of chemical mixtures, interpretation of toxicological data, and forensic toxicology. Methods: This review was done a comprehensive literature search across multiple scientific databases. Searches were conducted in Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and Web of Science to identify relevant publications. The search terms used included combinations of "artificial intelligence", "toxicology", "toxicity", and related keywords. The final set of articles selected provided a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on the applications of AI techniques in toxicology and chemical risk assessment. Results: The review highlighted a growing body of research exploring the potential role of AI in accelerating and enhancing various aspects of toxicity assessment and chemical risk evaluation. The reviewed studies demonstrate how AI models can be trained on large datasets of chemical structures, in vitro assay results, and toxicological outcomes to predict the toxicity of novel compounds and other fields such as forensic toxicology. On the other hand, legal and ethical aspects of using AI was investigated. Conclusion: Overall, the findings of this review highlight this fact that AI can enable faster, more cost-effective, and more accurate toxicity assessments and ultimately leading to improved chemical safety and risk management practices. potential role of AI in accelerating and enhancing various aspects of toxicity assessment and chemical risk evaluation. The reviewed studies demonstrate how AI models can be trained on large datasets of chemical structures, in vitro assay results, and toxicological outcomes to predict the toxicity of novel compounds and other fields such as forensic toxicology. On the other hand, legal and ethical aspects of using AI was investigated.

BackgroundAdolescents today have unprecedented and uninterrupted access to news and current events through broadcast and social media. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ) adolescents may be especially cognizant of media and public discourse pertaining to law and policy changes affecting the legal rights of their communities. The minority stress framework explains how sociopolitical discourse impacts mental health among sexual and gender minority youths.ObjectivesThis paper identifies and describes contemporary sociopolitical and legal issues that may impact LGBTQ adolescents' mental health.MethodsAuthors describe the minority stress framework as applied to gender and sexual identity and explore key sociopolitical and legal topics relevant to LGBTQ adolescents, including employment; medical care bans; health insurance coverage; conversion therapy; religious exemptions in health care; housing rights; and rights in schools and school districts, including participation in sports.ResultsLGBTQ youth experience rejection, prejudice, and discrimination directly through adverse legislative or administrative action and more pervasively through the dominant cultural beliefs and sociopolitical messaging that such developments manifest.ConclusionMental health clinicians who are aware of legal issues and sociopolitical debate pertinent to LGBTQ rights are better prepared to address their significant impact on LGBTQ adolescents' mental health.