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This study discusses how Bangladeshi libraries have adopted green methods to protect the environment, focusing on the Dhaka University Library (DUL), while exploring the associated opportunities and challenges. As there is no library in the country that is LEED (Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design) certified, this study outlines how the DUL can be transformed into a green library and aims to inspire other libraries to implement similar techniques. The work also provides a framework for libraries that are designing a new green building, renovating existing structures, and educating the public and library professionals about the benefits of creating and operating sustainable green libraries for both the users and the environment. A mixed-methods research design drives the study with 404 DUL patrons and 15 staff members participating in surveys and face-to-face interviews. This study revealed important perceptions of the DUL users and library professionals toward a green library. Finally, it identifies several challenges, including a lack of knowledge about green technology, budget constraints, low public awareness, and insufficient willingness among users and staff. In addition, the study highlights some opportunities, such as offering a healthy indoor and outdoor environment and initiating a project that could inspire other libraries to adopt green practices, with a particular focus on DUL. The insights gained from this study would help the DUL execute a green library concept and pave the way for further research on green libraries in Bangladesh.

Buildings consume 30% to 40% of all primary energy worldwide and are responsible for 50% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Canada has set a target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% by 2050. The aim of this paper is to investigate thermal bridging in four high-efficient buildings, such as those built to LEED standards. Thermal bridging is a major source of heat loss in many buildings, manifesting itself through exterior envelopes, particularly through studs and wall systems. LEED is an evaluation system that rates how sensitive buildings are to the environment, with one of its main objectives being the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions through the implementation of highly efficient mechanical systems and the design of durable and efficient exterior wall systems with appropriate insulation. This research investigates and identifies the location of thermal bridging in high-efficiency buildings using non-destructive testing methods such as thermal imaging and THERM simulations. The study involves using infrared thermography to inspect surface temperature variations and detect irregular thermal patterns that correspond to thermal bridging. By collecting record drawings to identify the construction systems used in the external wall compounds, capturing thermal images with high-resolution infrared cameras, and comparing these images with simulation results, the research provides a comprehensive analysis of thermal performance. The findings from this research are significant, particularly in the context of window curtain walls, steel studs, brick shelf angles, timber frames, and roof hatches—all of which were identified as critical areas of concern due to their propensity to thermal bridges. For instance, window curtain walls, with their metal frames and large glass surfaces, showed temperature drops of up to 8°C. Steel studs, which are highly conductive of heat, resulted in temperature drops of up to 5°C, while brick shelf angles showed a temperature drop of 4°C due to heat conduction through the metal. In timber frame structure the building envelope connector showed temperature drops of up to 7°C. Additionally, roof hatches, necessary for rooftop access, were found to cause the most significant temperature drop of 10°C. The findings highlight the significant impact of thermal bridges on overall energy efficiency, emphasizing the need for careful design and construction practices to minimize heat losses. Addressing these thermal bridging issues is crucial for achieving the ambitious GHG reduction targets and enhancing the sustainability of high-performance buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid environmental and economic changes occurring at the international and regional levels have necessitated the creation of a mechanism to provide an expert evaluation of the building's sustainability. In this regard, building certification methods have been developed to assess their energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. Building certification is one of the tools for sustainable state development. In Azerbaijan, the significant amount of natural resources causes mainly the voluntariness of the building certification process and the passivity of the government and public authorities. The article explores the experience of using the building certification methods BREEAM, LEED, Green Zoom Azeri in Azerbaijan. Technical characteristics of the certified buildings were considered. The benefits and drawbacks of the certification methods used were outlined, along with reasons for boosting the attractiveness of certified buildings. Based on the comparative analysis, the existing issues were classified as people-oriented, technology-oriented, and process-oriented. Expert recommendations on overcoming obstacles and eliminating issues are given. The outcomes of this research will contribute to the development of a roadmap for the sustainability of the building industry, and help a wide range of international and local experts to better understand the emerging green building market in Azerbaijan.

Green buildings are of great importance to overcome climate change effects and the depletion of natural resources. This paper aims to provide a review of the progress in green building constructions that have used the LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating system for the last two decades. To do this the researchers have analyzed the data of around 61000 LEED-registered buildings (from the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) website) Using Google data analysis module studying different factors affecting green building growth and trying to spot any possible correlation between LEED and each factor. The review will provide the researchers and the construction industry with the necessary information about the analysis of green building development. The results showed the trends in the green building progress and provided insight analysis for the reasons behind this progress which can help rating system developers, green building designers, and governmental decision-makers, to promote green building worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid environmental and economic changes occurring at the international and regional levels have necessitated the creation of a mechanism to provide an expert evaluation of the building's sustainability. In this regard, building certification methods have been developed to assess their energy efficiency and environmental friendliness. Building certification is one of the tools for sustainable state development. In Azerbaijan, the significant amount of natural resources causes mainly the voluntariness of the building certification process and the passivity of the government and public authorities. The article explores the experience of using the building certification methods BREEAM, LEED, Green Zoom Azeri in Azerbaijan. Technical characteristics of the certified buildings were considered. The benefits and drawbacks of the certification methods used were outlined, along with reasons for boosting the attractiveness of certified buildings. Based on the comparative analysis, the existing issues were classified as people-oriented, technology-oriented, and processoriented. Expert recommendations on overcoming obstacles and eliminating issues are given. The outcomes of this research will contribute to the development of a roadmap for the sustainability of the building industry, and help a wide range of international and local experts to better understand the emerging green building market in Azerbaijan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have compared green building rating systems (GBRSs) in China and the United States, Nonetheless, few studies included in-depth analysis on specific rating tools with project specific data validating green building technologies and actual performance. This study conducted a comprehensive data-driven comparison of the GBRSs of China and the United States. The goal was to understand the current status and further improve China's GBRS and promote green building technologies. The study first conducted thorough comparisons of GBRSs in China and the U.S. by selecting a series of distinct rating tools. Then, it analyzed each tool's development objectives, contents, and rating score settings. The comparison concludes the future development needs for China's GBRS. In addition to standard comparison, green building technologies applied in certified projects were also summarized. The results demonstrated that GBRSs in both China and the U.S. reflect well the technical paths to achieve green building sustainable development. By analyzing certified projects, it was also found that the incremental costs of green building technologies were controllable. Finally, based on the comparison and case analysis, the study provide a set of policy recommendations to further improve China's green building standards.

In this study, the building certification systems and methods applied worldwide and the Bioharmological Conformity Assessment method, which is a new certification method, are discussed. In this context, certificate systems and their prominent features are explained. It has been understood that many methods have been developed in the last 25 years. An important part of these methods are about sustainable and green building technical features. The features of a new system as an alternative to the existing methods and the principles regarding the application steps are given. An explanatory sample application is included in the text in order to assist the parties who are doing or will be doing certification studies. In addition, the difference of the Bioharmological Conformity Assessment (BCA) Method from the existing systems has been revealed. As a result; It has been understood that the proposed system can be used for all building types in terms of the user identity and intended use of the buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of work environments stems from their central role in inclusive and sustainable economic growth, which is important in advancing the process of progress and achieving the eighth goal of sustainable development, as well as the importance of environments Internal work in its area, the number of occupants, whether employees or an audience, means these buildings and the number of hours spent by the individual within his work environment and its reflection on the "health- safety- comfort" of the occupants of the vacuum and raising the level of competence of the workers, so attention had to be paid The design aspect of the work environment and thinking at a level, which is certainly reflected in the choice of direction design solution that suits each work area and the role it plays. The design trends of the work environments have evolved upwards and downwards, negatively and positively as a result of the many political, economic and social conditions and conditions prevailing in each time contract. One of the most important contemporary design trends has been "sustainable design - environmentally friendly design", because of its positive impact on the environment, individual health and economic development. Hence the problem of researching how to apply sustainability principles and standards within internal work environments? How can modern digital technology be used to achieve a sustainable interactive work environment, so that we can keep up with the rapid development in this area? The importance of research lies in the study of the digital technology and technology that is needed in the design of work environments on the energy and environmental design system (LEED). Therefore, the research aims to achieve the concept of sustainability within work environments to reduce harmful emissions, energy consumption, and the research has reached the use of marginal technologies within work environments that play an important role in achieving many of the requirements of Internal design and in accordance with the system of water and environmental design (LEED) as it works to provide energy and water and improve the environment and achieve the required human, organic and psychological comfort.

Buildings consume 30% to 40% of all primary energy worldwide and are responsible for 50% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Canada has set a target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% by 2050. The aim of this paper is to investigate thermal bridging in four high-efficient buildings, such as those built to LEED standards. Thermal bridging is a major source of heat loss in many buildings, manifesting itself through exterior envelopes, particularly through studs and wall systems. LEED is an evaluation system that rates how sensitive buildings are to the environment, with one of its main objectives being the reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions through the implementation of highly efficient mechanical systems and the design of durable and efficient exterior wall systems with appropriate insulation. This research investigates and identifies the location of thermal bridging in high-efficiency buildings using non-destructive testing methods such as thermal imaging and THERM simulations. The study involves using infrared thermography to inspect surface temperature variations and detect irregular thermal patterns that correspond to thermal bridging. By collecting record drawings to identify the construction systems used in the external wall compounds, capturing thermal images with high-resolution infrared cameras, and comparing these images with simulation results, the research provides a comprehensive analysis of thermal performance. The findings from this research are significant, particularly in the context of window curtain walls, steel studs, brick shelf angles, timber frames, and roof hatches—all of which were identified as critical areas of concern due to their propensity to thermal bridges. For instance, window curtain walls, with their metal frames and large glass surfaces, showed temperature drops of up to 8°C. Steel studs, which are highly conductive of heat, resulted in temperature drops of up to 5°C, while brick shelf angles showed a temperature drop of 4°C due to heat conduction through the metal. In timber frame structure the building envelope connector showed temperature drops of up to 7°C. Additionally, roof hatches, necessary for rooftop access, were found to cause the most significant temperature drop of 10°C. The findings highlight the significant impact of thermal bridges on overall energy efficiency, emphasizing the need for careful design and construction practices to minimize heat losses. Addressing these thermal bridging issues is crucial for achieving the ambitious GHG reduction targets and enhancing the sustainability of high-performance buildings.

Low‐energy electron diffraction patterns contain precise information about the structure of the surface studied. However, retrieving the real space lattice periodicity from complex diffraction patterns is challenging, especially when the modeled patterns originate from superlattices with large unit cells composed of several symmetry‐equivalent domains without a simple relation to the substrate. This work presents ProLEED Studio software, built to provide simple, intuitive and precise modeling of low‐energy electron diffraction patterns. The interactive graphical user interface allows real‐time modeling of experimental diffraction patterns, change of depicted diffraction spot intensities, visualization of different diffraction domains, and manipulation of any lattice points or diffraction spots. The visualization of unit cells, lattice vectors, grids and scale bars as well as the possibility of exporting ready‐to‐publish models in bitmap and vector formats significantly simplifies the modeling process and publishing of results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur intercalation of a carbon rich (63×63)R30∘$(6\sqrt {3}\times 6\sqrt {3})R30\,^\circ$ reconstruction on silicon carbide, also known as buffer layer, is reported. In a two‐zone furnace a sulfur rich precursor is heated and the gaseous species is transported for intercalation by an argon flow to the sample. Successful intercalation can be confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low‐energy electron diffraction. Angle‐resolved photoelectron spectroscopy reveals a p‐type doping of the intercalated samples. In some cases only partial intercalation appears with non‐intercalated sulfur on top of the remaining buffer layer areas. Further annealing of such samples leads to a migration of the non‐intercalated sulfur under the buffer layer areas, indicating that the sulfur bonded to the buffer layer constitutes a transition state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the face of the global need to reduce resource consumption, green building labels are presented as a possibility for gaining efficiency in the construction industry. This study aimed to measure the energy and water consumption of a vertical residential green multifamily building located in Belém, in the Brazilian Amazon. The energy and water consumption data of two similar buildings were compared, where only one of them implemented mandatory green practices and technologies for the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Environmental and Core and Shell certification. As a result, it was found that water consumption exceeded the estimated values by 30.64%, while electricity consumption was 24.6% below the estimated values in the design phase and 1.73% lower than the non-green building. These findings differ from some literature and demonstrate that user behavior can significantly impact the energy and water efficiency of green building technologies. Particularly regarding water consumption in the Amazon region, where high water consumption may be related to its abundance and the user's disregard for this resource.

Abstract Sulfur intercalation of a carbon rich (63×63)R30∘ reconstruction on silicon carbide, also known as buffer layer, is reported. In a two‐zone furnace a sulfur rich precursor is heated and the gaseous species is transported for intercalation by an argon flow to the sample. Successful intercalation can be confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low‐energy electron diffraction. Angle‐resolved photoelectron spectroscopy reveals a p‐type doping of the intercalated samples. In some cases only partial intercalation appears with non‐intercalated sulfur on top of the remaining buffer layer areas. Further annealing of such samples leads to a migration of the non‐intercalated sulfur under the buffer layer areas, indicating that the sulfur bonded to the buffer layer constitutes a transition state.

The green industry is essential for long-term sustainability, both environmentally and economically. This study aims to explore obstacles and benefits for establishing green industry. This paper also attempts to raise awareness among government and industry owners about the importance of the green industry. This study reveals that the green industry has played a vital role in future long-run economic, social, and environmental benefits. However, lack of awareness, poor economic conditions, lack of government support, and unclear national policy have remained the significant barriers to entrepreneurs establishing green industries in Bangladesh. Although the government of Bangladesh has given some financial assistance to establish a sustainable industry, it is not enough to adequately fulfill the needs of such an industry. Finally, this study also provides pragmatic recommendations to foster green industry development in Bangladesh.

Het leed achter financieel-economische delicten: In het financieel-economisch strafrecht is het relatief stil op het gebied van slachtofferrechten. In deze bijdrage bespreken we hoe dat komt. We verwerpen allereerst de idee dat het financieel-economisch strafrecht vooral 'slachtofferloze delicten' omvat. We tonen juist aan dat slachtofferschap een zwaardere en meer diverse impact heeft dan vaak gedacht wordt. Sterker nog, deze delicten hebben grote (maatschappelijke) schade die in verschillende vormen voelbaar is voor potentieel grote groepen mensen. Het claimen van de status 'slachtoffer' is echter geen sinecure. Veel delicten worden buiten het strafrecht afgedaan of worden niet als volledig slachtofferwaardig gezien [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractAs climate change becomes an urgent issue that must be tackled immediately, several disciplines are making efforts to mitigate its effects. One of the disciplines that must be addressed to mitigate the negative impacts it has on the environment is the installation of telecommunication towers. An ever-increasing number of telecommunication towers may have negative impacts on the environment because of the use of diesel, not environmentally friendly materials or the waves emitted to the surrounding environment. Literature review showed different sustainable approaches that were proposed for use in telecommunication towers. However, there is a gap in having a comprehensive approach for making the overall factors of the telecommunication towers more sustainable. Green rating systems are used as guidelines for making buildings more sustainable. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system is the most widely used green rating system in the world; however, it doesn’t have any guidelines for applying sustainable measures in telecommunication towers. Therefore, this paper proposes a green rating system that is based on LEED’s main categories, to limit the negative impacts telecommunication towers have on the environment. Then, 21 questionnaires were distributed among engineers from various backgrounds in Egypt as a case study to come up with proposed weights for categories and subcategories. The questionnaire analysis is based on Analytical Hierarchy Process. It is concluded that the sustainable site category has the highest weight, as the optimum selection of site would help in improving the overall factors that affect the environmental behavior of the tower.

The aim of this research study is to illustrate the role of the Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM) and Leadership in Energy and Design (LEED) within low-cost urban housing projects through the analysis of multiple factors and motivations impacting the outcome of construction projects. The rate at which climate change is advancing demands that the construction industry change their practices to decrease the natural resources it consumes as well as improve the environmental efficiency of the world's building stock. The introduction of BREEAM and LEED in 1990 and 2000, respectively, provided a system where buildings are evaluated on their energy performance. Issues, however, began to develop as research that illustrated the system's drawbacks undermined its utility. In turn, the role of the green building certifications ought to be researched so that policy and stakeholder communication frameworks can be developed by contractors and designers to ensure the success of BREEAM and LEED projects. The research study was completed through a literature study of prior research as well as by the publishing of a snowball sampling-based survey questionnaire undertaken between practitioners, architects, engineers as well as researchers involved in the UK construction industry. The results of the survey were then collated using IBM's Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) and then a confirmatory factor analysis as well as a correlation matrix was completed. The confirmatory factor analysis illustrated that the two most important factors were climate change and quality. Thus, contractors and designers ought to develop practical policies and stakeholder frameworks to achieve value for money for the market demographic. The results of this study hold potential to increase the application of BREEAM and LEED. The improvement of practice in low-cost urban housing projects will improve the accessibility of BREEAM and LEED housing projects and, in turn, the energy efficiency and sustainability of new building stock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study discussed how building renovation activities jeopardised Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and caused several symptoms of Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). This postulation was investigated on a case study-renovated university building with different types of functional spaces. The research method comprised: (1) site inspection for renovation best practices, (2) Gas Chromatography lab tests to examine the types of pollutants (volatile organic compounds) caused by different types of finishing and comparing them to the international standards provided by the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), and finally (3) occupants' survey (labourers, staff and students) with variations in the magnitude and duration of their exposure to pollutants. The result of the lab tests exceeded the maximum threshold set by the LEED system which indicated a health risk. This was confirmed by the survey results showing associated symptoms of SBS during and after the renovation process noting that the symptoms escalated in confined places with poor ventilation. The conclusion indicated that material selection and renovation best practices were responsible for several health risks. Associated symptoms of SBS increased due to early occupancy and continued for three months after renovation completion. Eventually, the study recommended proper planning for IAQ during building renovation noting the interplay of causes and consequences of SBS: (1) during building renovation, (2) after completion, (3) before occupancy and (4) after at least one year of building operation. Further, it presented a set of recommendations for each phase across different project phases for the benefit of academic and industry outreach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Material selection is a challenging process in which several parameters should be considered for green-certified projects. Hence, this study investigates the dynamics of sustainable material selection (SMS) across the project life cycle using system thinking. A dynamic model was developed based on the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design where relevant environmental categories and credits were represented, and their dependency coefficients (DCs) were computed. This pinpointed the effect of SMS on the point-accrual pattern across project phases, showing that the high leverage points were demonstrated for the operation phase. The result showed that SMS extended beyond the efficient use of materials, which indicated a DC of 100% in the Materials and Resources category to affect other sustainable categories, i.e., the indoor environmental quality, energy efficiency, and sustainability of the project site comprised 68.8%, 57.6%, and 50% of DCs, respectively. Thus, optimal SMS could earn the project 48% of the total possible points, putting it in the 'Certified' level. Accordingly, the proposed model can be used to evaluate the level of certification as well as the building performance therein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, people spend most of their lives indoors. For this, the buildings must be resistant to pandemics in terms of directly affecting the health of their users. However, it is essential to take the necessary measures to reduce the rate of contamination and contamination in buildings. Likewise, educational buildings are buildings where the transmission probability and spread rate of diseases are high. Therefore, from a holistic point of view, adequate measures should be taken to reduce the possibility of the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in educational buildings and the risk of its spread and transmission to students. In this study; The SARS-CoV-2 virus risk management and indoor air quality parameters of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture building, which has the international LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) green building certificate, on the campus of Erzurum Technical University were evaluated. The importance of the measures to be taken depending on the factors related to HVAC (Heating, ventilation and air conditioning) in order to reduce the transmission and transmission rate of the COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) virus was emphasized. In the measurements made in lecture halls; It was determined that CO2 concentrations were between 645.68 and 897.25 ppm on average, indoor temperatures were between 18 and 24 °C, air velocities were between 0.161 m/s and 0.194 m/s, and relative humidity was between 45.35%rH and 58.96% rH. It has been determined that these values are in accordance with international standards. The results of the analysis show that education and training activities can be carried out more safely in green buildings during the COVID-19 process. It has also been determined that LEED certification criteria are assurances against pandemics. Results; It can also guide the determination of security measures in terms of indoor air quality against future pandemics in educational buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strict control of the work function of transition metal oxide crystals is of the utmost importance not only to fundamental research but also to applications based on these materials. Transition metal oxides are highly abundant in electronic devices, as their properties can be easily modified using redox processes. However, this ease of tuning is a double-edged sword. With the ease of manipulation comes difficulty in controlling the corresponding process. In this study, we demonstrate how redox processes can be induced in a laboratory setting and how they affect the work function of two model transition metal oxide crystals, namely titanium dioxide TiO2(110) and strontium titanate SrTiO3(001). To accomplish this task, we utilized Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) to monitor changes in work function, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM), and Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) to check the surface morphology and reconstruction, and we also used X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) to determine how the surface composition evolves. We also show that using redox processes, the work function of titanium dioxide can be modified in the range of 3.4–5.0 eV, and that of strontium titanate can be modified in the range of 2.9–4.5 eV. Moreover, we show that the presence of an oxygen-gaining material in the vicinity of a transition metal oxide during annealing can deepen the changes to its stoichiometry and therefore the work function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Window design affects the building's appearance. Besides, it has a significant impact on daylight performance and the visual comfort of interior spaces. Therefore, choosing the shape and position of windows can be a challenge for architects. This research aims to investigate the impact of window design on dynamic daylight performance to enhance visual comfort. The research examines five common window shapes that are located in two different positions on the southern-facing side. The most common dynamic daylight metrics of LEED v4.1 were used to investigate the spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), and annual sunlight exposure (ASE). Furthermore, useful daylight illuminance (UDI) was considered a complementary approach to assess useful daylight levels. The metrics are examined in three cities including Mashhad, Isfahan, and Bandar Abbas, which are located in the northeast, center, and south of Iran, respectively. Thirty simulations in each city are conducted by Grasshopper Graphical editor as a parametric interface and its plugins, ladybug, and honeybee for dynamic daylight analysis. The results emphasize that window design has a significant impact on dynamic daylight performance. The square window meets the LEED needs in three cities by achieving maximum sDA and minimum ASE by up to 68.8% and 20% in both positions, respectively. Moreover, the centrally positioned square window presents the lowest ASE level of 14.4% among other cases. However, the windows in a higher position, especially horizontal windows obtain the highest values of sDA, UDI, and ASE by up to 77%, 59%, and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the ASE rates deteriorate by increasing the sill height and head height of windows. This paper can provide window design recommendations based on the comparison of dynamic daylight metrics for five common window shapes.

This study intends to do architectural and structural designs of a sustainable industrial building using BIM and LEED as well as compare the LEED industrial building and non-LEED industrial building. In this scope, the additional costs related to water and energy efficient systems were analyzed to calculate the respective break-even points. Literature review and case study were performed to achieve the research objective. In the case study, a reinforced concrete industrial building was designed via Autodesk Revit 2021 considering the selected sustainability criteria under the LEED v4.1 BD+C for New Construction rating system. The LEED industrial building can fulfill 31 credits and 8 prerequisites which allow to obtain 73 points and LEED Gold certificate. The initial cost of LEED industrial building is 154.222.607 TL while the initial cost of non-LEED industrial building is 139.080.060 TL. Break-even point for the cost of energy-efficient systems utilized in the LEED industrial building is 14 years. Breakeven point for the cost of water-efficient systems utilized in the LEED industrial building is 8 years. Results contribute to the architecture, engineering and construction industry and literature by providing constructive information about the design requirements and energy, water, and cost performance of the LEED industrial buildings.

Window design affects the building's appearance. Besides, it has a significant impact on daylight performance and the visual comfort of interior spaces. Therefore, choosing the shape and position of windows can be a challenge for architects. This research aims to investigate the impact of window design on dynamic daylight performance to enhance visual comfort. The research examines five common window shapes that are located in two different positions on the southern-facing side. The most common dynamic daylight metrics of LEED v4.1 were used to investigate the spatial daylight autonomy (sDA), and annual sunlight exposure (ASE). Furthermore, useful daylight illuminance (UDI) was considered a complementary approach to assess useful daylight levels. The metrics are examined in three cities including Mashhad, Isfahan, and Bandar Abbas, which are located in the northeast, center, and south of Iran, respectively. Thirty simulations in each city are conducted by Grasshopper Graphical editor as a parametric interface and its plugins, ladybug, and honeybee for dynamic daylight analysis. The results emphasize that window design has a significant impact on dynamic daylight performance. The square window meets the LEED needs in three cities by achieving maximum sDA and minimum ASE by up to 68.8% and 20% in both positions, respectively. Moreover, the centrally positioned square window presents the lowest ASE level of 14.4% among other cases. However, the windows in a higher position, especially horizontal windows obtain the highest values of sDA, UDI, and ASE by up to 77%, 59%, and 30%, respectively. Therefore, the ASE rates deteriorate by increasing the sill height and head height of windows. This paper can provide window design recommendations based on the comparison of dynamic daylight metrics for five common window shapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, several sustainability assessment methods have developed as key accelerators for the development and improvement of sustainable industrial buildings. Some of these systems, like as LEED or BREEAM, are considered international, whereas others, such as Pearl Rating Systems (PRS), are local. Although they all share similar goals, they can lead to the construction of green buildings or the improvement of the efficiency of existing conventional buildings. Each technique has its structure, certification process, and weighting norms. The inequalities have prompted various questions about whether global assessment systems appropriately consider the country’s national settings. This study aims to compare the Pearl System, the Gulf region’s most popular Pearl, to the Iraqi High-rise Buildings Sustainability System, as well as the two most prominent international systems, LEED and BREEAM. The goal is to evaluate the possibility of applying codes to the performance of newly constructed buildings in Iraq using the sustainability approach, as well as to identify the benefits and drawbacks of this sophisticated system. The study included a multi-method approach, including a survey of the literature and open and closed interviews with local and worldwide experts on sustainable buildings. These techniques provided a full overview of the individual evaluation plans, allowing for required comparisons. The results revealed that the independent system combines the majority of the others while also differing from them in terms of sustainability techniques, resulting in an appealing impact on building design, performance, occupants of classified structures, and the environment.

The challenges arising due to the construction industry in balancing the development along with ecological concerns are being focussed upon in this paper. The detailed analysis of the materials that are being brought to use as a sustainable material in the constructions sectors is being focussed upon. Since the late 20th century, there have been significant developments in the building industry. Since the population is rising and the need for housing is increasing, all available resources must be employed to satisfy the demand as it stands. This will have a significant long-term effect on the situation since the resources at hand are insufficient to meet the demand. There are many data and trends about sustainable construction approaches that is being developed by the researchers across the world that form the basis of this review study. The work found that associated industries should be encouraged to take part in the seminars, workshops, and other training programs that are organized at various events in order to deepen and improve their comprehension of the concept of sustainable development. The comparison drawn-out in between the conventional and a smart building concludes the benefits of using sustainable methods in the construction industry.

Sustainability certification systems are parameters used to measure the extent to which the building meets the necessary sustainable requirements. Currently, there are several types of sustainability certificates, in addition to regulatory standards. Therefore, this work sought to analyze the most influential sustainability certificate systems in the market, using the qualitative analysis of content created by Bardin and based on ISO 21929-1, with fourteen aspects, as a parameter for comparison, the focus of the study was adapted to this method to have a better understanding of the behavior of these systems. Some conditions were imposed to narrow down the number of certification systems, four systems were selected to be analyzed. After the qualitative analysis, it was possible to identify that DGNB (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen) is the only one that addressed all the fourteen aspects brought by ISO 21929-1, HQE (Haute Qualité Environnementale) and LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) addressed fewer aspects, HQE highly addresses them. However, LEED has a more detailed and clear approach to the aspect related to the Internal conditions and air quality. Lastly, BREEAM addresses thirteen of the fourteen aspects of ISO 21929-1, and most of its content addressed is from the environmental area.

Abstract Sustainability and project management are two trends that have taken global interest in the last decades due to their significant role in various fields of life. However, these two topics have rarely been addressed in one study or framework. As sustainability and environmental issues are not specifically or systematically considered in most major project management frameworks such as the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK), Individual Competence Baseline (ICB), International Organization for Standardization (ISO 21500:2012), and so on. Furthermore, sustainability applications in the construction field under the term “green buildings” are facing various types of obstacles that obstruct the pervasion of this type of construction in an adequate and required way. Some of these obstacles have been addressed in recent studies with suggested solutions, but the role of project management in overcoming or even mitigating the risk of these obstacles was almost absent in most of these studies. Therefore, this paper attempts to observe the most important obstacles facing the application of sustainability in the construction field and taking the green construction situation in Egypt as a case study. In addition, this paper aims to investigate the role of project management in green building projects’ success, through project management best practices’ applications to overcome the main reasons that obstruct the green building projects movement. The results showed that there is a lack of management methods that address sustainable construction projects. In addition, there is no clear methodology governing the green building management process. Also, the unspecified responsibilities between stakeholders in green building projects lead to difficulties in managing and implementing green buildings. However, some defined obstructions could be overcome by project management’s best practices and methods.

Energy consumption is widely studied in the world together with the topic of how to reduce the use of resources during the entire life cycle of the building – energy consumption is related to the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the air. BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) is the world’s most widespread real estate impact assessment method and certification standard. In BREEAM certification the evaluation of health and quality of life in buildings, construction materials, innovation, economic and social responsibility, energy, water management, ecology, and pollution must be done. For collection of the precise data the Building Information Modelling (BIM) was used as a tool. BIM is increasingly used in the world not only for design but also for the entire life cycle management of the building. The BIM application ensures efficient use of resources and smoother construction management. This article explores the application of BIM technologies in BREEAM certification, identifying potential benefits and limitations. Article in Lithuanian. BIM technologijų taikymo analizė sertifikuojant pagal BREEAM Santrauka Siekiant sumažinti išteklių naudojimo mastą viso pastato gyvavimo ciklo metu, pasaulyje plačiai nagrinėjama energijos vartojimo tema – energijos vartojimas, susijęs su anglies dvideginio (CO2) išmetimu į orą. BREEAM (angl. Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method), yra tarp plačiausiai pasaulyje paplitusių nekilnojamojo turto poveikio vertinimo metodų ir sertifikavimo standartų. Sertifikuojant pagal BREEAM būtina vertinti sveikatą ir gyvenimo kokybę pastatuose, statybines medžiagas, inovacijas, ekonominę ir socialinę atsakomybę, energiją, vandentvarką, ekologiją ir taršą. Statinio informacinis modeliavimas (angl. Building Information Modelling, BIM) vis plačiau pasaulyje naudojamas ne tik projektams rengti, bet ir visam pastato gyvavimo ciklo valdyti. Taikant BIM, efektyviau naudojami ištekliai ir užtikrinamas sklandesnis statybų valdymas. Šiame straipsnyje tiriamos BIM technologijų taikymo galimybės sertifikuojant pagal BREEAM, nustatomos galimos naudos ir apribojimai. Reikšminiai žodžiai: BIM, BREEAM, LEED, CDE, tvarumas.

Formation of graphene on Ru(0001) by exposure to ethylene and subsequent annealing has been studied by low-energy electron diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The stability of graphene/intercalated oxygen/Ru(0001) has been investigated by temperature programmed desorption spectroscopy. Desorption of CO and CO2 was observed upon heating the samples to temperatures above 700 K. It was found that the graphene layer was partly intact after the desorption run and that the intercalated oxygen was removed. It was concluded that the oxygen-intercalated graphene layer was stable up to temperatures of about 700 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As climate change becomes an urgent issue that must be tackled immediately, several disciplines are making efforts to mitigate its effects. One of the disciplines that must be addressed to mitigate the negative impacts it has on the environment is the installation of telecommunication towers. An ever-increasing number of telecommunication towers may have negative impacts on the environment because of the use of diesel, not environmentally friendly materials or the waves emitted to the surrounding environment. Literature review showed different sustainable approaches that were proposed for use in telecommunication towers. However, there is a gap in having a comprehensive approach for making the overall factors of the telecommunication towers more sustainable. Green rating systems are used as guidelines for making buildings more sustainable. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system is the most widely used green rating system in the world; however, it doesn't have any guidelines for applying sustainable measures in telecommunication towers. Therefore, this paper proposes a green rating system that is based on LEED's main categories, to limit the negative impacts telecommunication towers have on the environment. Then, 21 questionnaires were distributed among engineers from various backgrounds in Egypt as a case study to come up with proposed weights for categories and subcategories. The questionnaire analysis is based on Analytical Hierarchy Process. It is concluded that the sustainable site category has the highest weight, as the optimum selection of site would help in improving the overall factors that affect the environmental behavior of the tower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]