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This article analyzes the effects on violence of electing law-and-order candidates at the local level. It argues that law-and-order politicians embedded in the police will divert resources to favor their constituency, which in violence-prone areas could generate more murders. Using ballot names of council candidates in thousands of local elections in Brazil to accurately classify law-and-order candidates, it shows that the election of police law-and-order candidates causes more homicides. Moreover, georeferenced data on police activity and homicides show neglect in areas that did not support a winning police law-and-order candidate, despite these areas being home to the majority of individuals vulnerable to violence. This favoritism, however, is not present in places where preexisting local institutions make policing more transparent. Instead of persecution directed against minorities or the incapacity to battle criminal gangs, this research shows that surges in violence can be the result of typical forms of democratic representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dobbs v.Jackson Women's Health Organization took the unprecedented step of revoking a constitutional right that citizens had relied upon for half a century. The opinion created a legal chaos with no clear answers to medical crises. It also targets victims who are particularly vulnerable due to financial, medical, or legal constraints. This article examines what groups have become legal targets in the wake of Dobbs, including medically compromised patients, the intellectually disabled, immigrants, and doctors. Also discussed are those who cause abortion but have not been targeted by Dobbs (such as biological fathers and criminals who commit acts of rape or incest). A discussion of who is doing the targeting examines officials acting in a law enforcement capacity and "civilians" who have financial incentives to target vulnerable victims. Recommendations are made for effective abortion policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project aims to characterize trauma-associated deaths of the American incarcerated population through legal intervention (LI) or death by law enforcement officials while in custody before and during incarceration. We determined the preceding events leading to violent death, including initiation of medical care, use of restraints and force, and demographics of the victims. We used National Violent Death Reporting System data from the years 2003-2019 to identify deaths that occurred while in custody or incarcerated, including discriminate and narrative data. Event information included weapon type, location of death, incident type, incarceration status, use of restraints, and prone positioning. There were 86 victims who died from LI included in the analysis. Most events occurred after incarceration. All victims in our cohort were male, and race was an associated factor for death by LI. Only 16% of victims had an education level above high school/general educational development. Death by firearm compared to other weapons was significantly more common in the in-custody but not yet incarcerated group (83% versus 42%, P ≤ 0.0001). Other associated factors included a history of mental health, physical confrontations, the belief that the victim had a weapon, and being restrained in prone positioning. Our study shows that racial minority victims are disproportionately affected by LI deaths. Firearms and restraint type were important factors in LI deaths. Our findings suggest that violence prevention in the justice system should focus on prevention and de-escalation across setting with specific attention to use of force and inmate access to the weapons of police, guards, and other law and justice system workers. More transparent quality data is sorely needed to adequately define and address this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an exploratory study presenting empirically based analyses of gender-based hate crime policy and practice from the perspectives of law enforcement officials in Ireland and England and Wales, in the United Kingdom. Despite increasing awareness of victims of gender-based hate crimes, robust legislation and successful investigation and prosecution of these offences remain rare. By developing a critical, evidence-based understanding of the factors impeding effective investigation of gender-based hate crimes, this research provides an early foundation for a more rigorous, survivor-centred approach. This article examines and problematises concepts and norms relating to gender-based hate crimes in law and policy. It analyses the significance of gender in hate crime legislation and examines the relationship between gender-based violence and gender-based hate crimes. Drawing on two case studies, this article suggests ways to refine and redirect law enforcement efforts to improve the quality of outcomes in criminal cases and the quality of survivors' experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illegal mining is one of the biggest problems in many coal mines. With the rapid development of the economy, driven by huge economic benefits, some outlaws illegally exploit mineral resources without a mining license, which is destructive and a potential safety hazard. In order to avoid inspection by law enforcement officials, some outlaws, regardless of the cost or risk, privately and surreptitiously excavate coal mines in self-built houses. The coal resources they excavate are shallow coal resources. Because surface buildings can maintain strong and stable radar scattering characteristics over a long time series, in this study, we combined PS-InSAR technology and high-resolution optical remote sensing to extract the subsidence information of surface buildings corresponding to PS point sets and analyzed their spatiotemporal characteristics. Finally, we developed a fast and accurate method for detecting suspected illegal mining sites from building subsidence information over a larger area. We also carried out a case study using Shandi Village, a suburb of Yangquan City, Shanxi Province, China, as our research object. QuickBird-2, WorldView-2 data, and 20 PALSAR scenes were selected for the experimental research, and two illegal mining sites were detected from 29 December 2006 to 9 January 2011. By comparing our results with previous investigation data, it was found that the accuracy rate reached 40% in local areas, and the detection rate reached 66.67%. In addition, the mining periods were basically consistent. This research shows that our method is feasible and has certain engineering applicability and practical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: People who inject drugs (PWIDs) often face stigma, leading to barriers in accessing healthcare and may contribute to negative health outcomes. The objective of this study was to understand and describe the manifestations of stigma toward PWIDs and their impact on the utilization of essential prevention services. Methods: We interviewed 44 persons knowledgeable about PWIDs’ healthcare needs. Interviews explored perceptions of the community, healthcare service providers, law enforcement attitudes toward PWIDs, and treatment services. Results: Respondents believed that the community generally has stigmatizing attitudes towards PWIDs; treatment program personnel and healthcare providers have less stigmatized attitudes but could benefit from more education and training on drug use and addiction. Conclusions: Education and training on stigma and its negative impact on the lives of PWIDs for K-12 students and for healthcare professionals (eg, treatment options, harm reduction strategies) might mitigate stigma toward PWIDs and improve access to services and outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media can be a means of emergence of violence against women. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze social media and violence against women from a human rights perspective. The research method used in this study is normative juridical, the approach used is a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials is through library research, and is analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study show that social media is a means that can lead to violence against women. Because women are a community that uses social media a lot. Even though the impact caused by violence in cyberspace (social media) is very contrary to human rights. Likewise, a woman's freedom and sense of security to access the internet through the use of social media is no longer safe. There needs to be a firm and clear legal umbrella related to regulating the use of social media so that women feel protected. Likewise, there must be a clear understanding from law enforcement officials regarding online gender-based violence so that the law enforcement process can run well too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A content analysis of U.S. digital news reveals that the visual coverage of criminal jury trials mainly focuses on defendants and law enforcement officials. The U.S. digital news still often use mugshots to portray Black/African American defendants, and law enforcement officials are significantly overrepresented as White and male. In partial contrast to past news coverage, Black/African American defendants are not depicted in handcuff at the crime scene or slovenly dressed more often than defendants from other ethnic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: New psychoactive substances (NPS) have become a global phenomenon, with over 134 countries and territories from all world regions reporting them. Since December 2021, governments, laboratories, and partner agencies have confirmed to the UNODC Early Warning Advisory (EWA) on NPS over 1124 substances. It is agreed that NPS control is one of the most challenging tasks for developing countries. Identifying the present and future threads of NPS is the most challenging task for law enforcement officials. The NPS research has a great impact on substance abuse policy-making and harm reduction strategies. Methods: The data in this study were collected from the official websites of online journals, Google Scholar, UNODC, International Narcotics Control Board (INCB), and the Department of Narcotics Control (DNC). Findings: Among the eleven groups of NPS, synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones are the most prevalent and alarming in developing countries. In Bangladesh, NPS abuse has been first identified in 2016. Almost 60 countries adopted legislative solutions to manage NPS by 2021, with many using or amending existing legislation and others employing novel legal mechanisms. It is widely agreed by researchers that reducing the menace of NPS requires increased awareness among all stakeholders. Conclusion: In the fight against the spread of NPS and its severe effects, law enforcement authorities and healthcare professional training must be seen as crucial aspects as well. Financing is also crucial for international organizations dealing with the NPS impact to continue fighting this war. The only way for policymakers to reduce NPS spread globally is through national and international cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional police tactics such as rapid response and reactive enforcement continue to dominate the police response against human trafficking despite knowledge about the challenges and potential harm of using these tactics. Through the case of illicit massage businesses (IMBs), this study examines why police continue to rely on strategies that have received little empirical support. In-depth interviews with police, prosecutors, and other practitioners indicate that citizen concerns about human trafficking trigger police responses such as reactive investigations, sting operations, and shutdowns of IMBs. While law enforcement officials recognize the limited effectiveness and potential harm of the current response, adapting how police respond to IMBs is challenged by perceptual and institutional barriers. With these findings, the study contributes to the research and theory on traditional policing and informs targeted and victim-centered anti-trafficking efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The criminalization hypothesis states that due to the deinstitutionalization of mental health patients and lack of available care, law enforcement officers (LEO) are interacting with people with mental illness (PWMI) more often. However, there is a lack of research regarding LEO attitudes towards PWMI. This study measures implicit and explicit bias along with levels of empathy prospective LEO hold towards mental illness. Participants completed the Go-No-Go Association Task and a survey. Results suggested that participants viewed PWMI as unpredictable, but did not hold fear/avoidance, malevolence, or authoritarian views towards PWMI. Participants did not hold negative implicit bias towards PWMI, nor did implicit bias scores predict explicit bias scores. Empathy, however, was significantly negatively correlated with explicit bias scores, and was a significant predictor of explicit bias. Participants who scored lower on empathy scored higher on explicit bias, while participants with higher empathy scores scored lower on explicit bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of psychological research, a growing number of countries/organizations have decided to adopt a model/approach of "investigative interviewing" of suspects that does not rely on coercive or oppressive methods. In 2016, the United Nations' "Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatments" (law professor Juan Mendez) submitted his report to the United Nations, which stated that "The Special Rapporteur ... advocates the development of a universal protocol identifying a set of standards for non-coercive interviewing methods and procedural safeguards that ought, as a matter of law and policy, to be applied at a minimum to all interviews by law enforcement officials, military and intelligence personnel and other bodies with investigative mandates." When mentioning this "universal protocol" in 2016, the U.N. Special Rapporteur noted that "The essence of an alternative information-gathering model was first captured by the PEACE model of interviewing adopted in 1992 in England and Wales ... investigative interviewing can provide positive guidance for the protocol." The "universal protocol" took three years to produce and was published in 2021. This article will overview (i) the evolution of the PEACE method, (ii) some of the research on effectiveness of aspects of the PEACE method, and (iii) the 2021 publication called Principles of Effective Interviewing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern crime knows no borders, and criminal groups from one country easily connect with similar groups or organizations from other countries, so that it takes on a new dimension in the criminal world. Cross-border crime has become a key security issue for policymakers and law enforcement agencies. Their efforts have increasingly shifted from the domestic scene to the international arena and transnational crime. The term transnational crime now belongs to the everyday vocabulary of not only criminologists, but also policy makers, law enforcement officials and the public. One popular thesis related to organized crime claims that the illegal trade in cultural heritagegoods is the third most typical form of illegal trade - right after drugs and firearms. According to ECOSOC the illicit trade in cultural heritagegoods is often carried out in the same criminal circles as the illicit trade in drugs, arms and other illegal activities. This paper will focus on the problem of illicit trafficking of cultural heritage items as an international crime, its concept, characteristics and international response to this crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autonomous weapon systems are artificial intelligence-based, modern weapon systems that can identify and destroy targets without meaningful human intervention. In this article, human rights violations that may occur in case of widespread use of autonomous weapon systems in law enforcement operations in the near future will be examined and the positive obligations of states will be determined. States' positive human rights obligations in line with the United Nations, Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials, can be listed as weapon selection and the duty of precaution, the official training of law enforcement officers, procedural obligation, the right to explanation and the right not to be subject to completely automatic decisions. The research results of this article offer that, in line with the existing case law of human rights courts, autonomous weapon systems cannot comply with the positive obligation on the right to life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accident may be a foremost epidemic and non-communicable disease within the existing century. World health organization has defined accidents as "a spontaneous event leading to decipherable damage". Road traffic accidents are concealed epidemic. Accidents and injuries are universal problem. Objectives of the study were to assess the pre-test knowledge and attitude score and the post-test knowledge and attitude score regarding first aid management of road traffic accident among police officers. To get the co-relation between the knowledge and attitude regarding first aid management and selected demographic variable. To associate the results of knowledge and attitude of pretest regarding first aid management with their selected demographic variables of police officers. Methods and Materials: The researcher embraced pre-experimental one group pre-test post-test design to assess the efficacy of care management educational program on knowledge and attitude of road traffic accidents among law enforcement officials. The law enforcement officials who fulfil the inclusion criteria were the samples for the study and sample size was 150. The sampling Technique was used for data collection was Non probability purposive Sampling technique. The pre-test was conducted followed by the administration of aid training programme for 30-45 minutes using lecture cum hand on training, flash cards and charts after which post test was conducted after a period of seven days. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Result: The cops had inadequate knowledge and attitude within the pre-test before administration of care training programme and also the law enforcement officials had adequate knowledge and attitude within the post test after administration of attention training programme. There was a correlation between knowledge and attitude regarding care management, hence null hypothesis (H02) was rejected and research hypothesis (H2) wasn't rejected. There was significant association between knowledge and attitude regarding aid management on road traffic accident among cops with their selected demographic variables was accepted. Conclusion: The primary aid training programme was effective in increasing knowledge and attitude regarding aid management among cops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the Collective Knowledge Doctrine which allows law enforcement officers to satisfy the probable cause requirements collectively. Topics include authorize state and local law enforcement officers to enforce civil immigration violations, raising concerns about the role of law enforcement officers in immigration enforcement; and immigration arrests should be treated differently and proposes limiting the application of Collective Knowledge Doctrine in the immigration context.

Skills are one of the most important needs in carrying out work, including law enforcement officers who often interact with many people, especially when handling various legal cases. Law enforcement officials need skills in gathering information to obtain accurate data from witnesses and victims as a first step in handling the cases at hand. However, in fact, based on the results of preliminary observations and interviews conducted by researchers, law enforcement officials are considered to have experienced problems when extracting preliminary data for examining witnesses and victims of children aged 3 - 9 years. This is one of the obstacles that must be overcome and further analyzed in order to support the applicable legal process in order to be more optimal in its implementation. This research was conducted to determine the need for skills in the examination of witnesses and victims conducted by investigator level law enforcement officers in Banjarmasin. Researchers used qualitative research methods using observation and interviews to collect data. The subjects in this study amounted to 3 law enforcement officers who have stated that they are willing to become research subjects. The results showed that law enforcement officers needed to improve their skills in handling witness and victim examinations, including skills in building rapport, empathetic communication, data collection techniques through accurate interviews, ability to read body language and cognitive data mining techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Borders of Violence and Justice: Mexicans, Mexican Americans, and Law Enforcement in the Southwest, 1835–1935" by Brian D. Behnken is a comprehensive examination of the relationships between ethnic Mexicans and law enforcement in the Southwest during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Behnken highlights the historical agency of ethnic Mexicans, showcasing their resistance and advocacy in various ways. The book explores the dominance of informal citizens patrols, the resistance to formal law enforcement, the role of Mexican and Mexican-American law enforcement officials, and the pressures to reform policing. It offers valuable insights and is recommended for scholars in the fields of borderlands, policing, and Mexican-American histories. [Extracted from the article]

While it has become increasingly common for researchers, practitioners and policymakers to draw from the insights of former extremists to combat violent extremism, overlooked in this evolving space has been an in-depth look at how formers perceive such efforts. To address this gap, interviews were conducted with 10 Canadian former right-wing extremists based on a series of questions provided by 30 Canadian law enforcement officials and 10 community activists. Overall, formers suggest that combating violent extremism requires a multidimensional response, largely consisting of support from parents and families, teachers and educators, law enforcement officials, and other credible formers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of encryption to protect electronic devices, including smartphones and computers, is commonplace. This may impede the ability of law enforcement officials to access data on encrypted devices, even where a warrant has been obtained to search that device. A common response to this problem is for law enforcement officials to seek an order compelling a suspect in a criminal investigation to produce the password to the encrypted device. In response, suspects have argued that providing that information would infringe the privilege against self-incrimination. This article considers the role of the privilege against self-incrimination in the face of a court order to produce the password to an encrypted device. It does this through a comparative approach, examining how the privilege is understood in Australia and the comparator jurisdictions. It concludes that the express abrogation of the privilege is an appropriate legislative response to this issue in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of encryption to protect electronic devices, including smartphones and computers, is commonplace. This may impede the ability of law enforcement officials to access data on encrypted devices, even where a warrant has been obtained to search that device. A common response to this problem is for law enforcement officials to seek an order compelling a suspect in a criminal investigation to produce the password to the encrypted device. In response, suspects have argued that providing that information would infringe the privilege against self-incrimination. This article considers the role of the privilege against self-incrimination in the face of a court order to produce the password to an encrypted device. It does this through a comparative approach, examining how the privilege is understood in Australia and the comparator jurisdictions. It concludes that the express abrogation of the privilege is an appropriate legislative response to this issue in Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent data indicate that a majority of schools now have regular contact with law enforcement officers, transforming the educational experience for hundreds of thousands of students nationwide. The proper role of police officers in schools, if any, has been hotly debated for years. But this debate was elevated to an unprecedented level during the summer of 2020 following the tragic deaths of George Floyd and others, precipitating national calls to "defund the police" and leading many school districts to reconsider their relationships with law enforcement agencies. This debate over whether police officers belong in schools continues today. While proponents argue that a police presence is necessary to keep students safe, the existing empirical literature assessing the efficacy of school police officer programs in creating safe environments is mixed, at best. The legal and policy implications for students, however, are more established. An increased law enforcement presence in schools has tightened the intersection between schools and the criminal justice system, a phenomenon known as the "school-to-prison pipeline," and can lead to severe outcomes for students. This Article contributes to the scholarly literature on the school-to-prison pipeline in several ways. Most importantly, we are the first researchers to examine data spanning a decade, uncovering critical longitudinal trends. We find that both the percentage of schools relying on law enforcement and the magnitude of law enforcement presence in schools increased significantly from 2009 to 2018. Furthermore, we find that regular contact with law enforcement is strongly connected to the increased rate at which school officials report students to law enforcement agencies for committing various offenses over this entire time period, including for non-violent offenses. Given these findings, it would be logical to assume that the rate of reporting students to law enforcement also increased. However, we find that the opposite is true--reporting rates actually decreased quite significantly. While the data do not reveal the reasons for this unexpected decline, we suspect that it is attributable to a combination of factors, including requiring schools to publicly disclose the number of referrals to law enforcement and a failure to accurately report all referrals, in violation of federal law. In addition, our study highlights the complexities associated with race and student discipline. We find that the overall concentration of students of color in a school largely did not influence the rate at which schools reported students to law enforcement at any point during the time span. While this finding on its face may seem inconsistent with the prominent normative literature, it actually comports with our general understanding of the nuanced ways that implicit racial bias influences school officials' decisions in the school disciplinary context. Specifically, implicit racial bias appears to wield more influence when disciplinary incidents require educators to subjectively characterize behavior, such as determining whether a student has acted in a defiant, disruptive, or disrespectful manner. However, for objectively-defined disciplinary incidents that require less characterization (e.g., theft, physical altercations, or possession of drugs)--which are the bases for most law enforcement referrals--the effects of implicit bias are mitigated, often resulting in fewer racial equity concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Everyday criminal issues appear on social media, even some crime news is often disturbing to the public but it gives a warning to the public to remain careful and alert to the surrounding environment. However, following large amounts of crime information on social media is not effective, especially for busy people. Therefore, there is a need to efficiently and effectively summarize information in a way that is meaningful and easy to see, attracts people's attention, and can be used by law enforcement officials. The purpose of this study is to present the index crime based on social media by looking for patterns of crime. This study proposes the projected index crime based on crime trends by using text mining to classify tweet texts and post contents into 10 crime classes. The classification method uses the neural-net multi classifier algorithm which has several classifiers namely logistic regression, naïve bayes, support vector machine (SVM), and decision tree in parallel. In this approach, the classifier that provides the best accuracy will be the winning classifier and will be used in the next learning process. In this experiment, in using the multi classifier neural-net, the logistics regression classifier often provides the best accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The United States is generally immune from claims against it based on intentionally tortious conduct of its agents due to the doctrine of sovereign immunity. One provision, the "Law Enforcement Proviso," provides a waiver of sovereign immunity for claims arising from six intentional torts so long as they are committed by an "investigative or law enforcement officer." This Note describes and analyzes challenges plaintiffs face in bringing a claim pursuant to the Proviso. Two of these challenges inhere in the statutory text, while the third follows from competing interpretations of controlling case law. Although a minority of circuit courts are expanding the scope of this provision, this trend is limited. This Note thus analyzes how congressional expansion of the scope of the Law Enforcement Proviso could better align the statute with primary principles and purposes of tort justice. It argues that the theory of enterprise causation and concept of foreseeability justify expansion of the scope of the Law Enforcement Proviso. In the interest of corrective justice and good social policy, this Note forwards a novel, narrowly tailored proposal to amend the Law Enforcement Proviso, situating that proposal among a spectrum of alternative solutions. Finally, this Note applies the proposal to five test cases to illustrate its potential impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite persistent efforts to advance infant death investigation, most sudden unexpected infant deaths (SUIDs) remain unexplained. Law enforcement officials contribute to SUID investigations throughout the United States, but their impacts on these investigations have not been adequately examined. In this exploratory study, 26 law enforcement officials were interviewed about their experiences and perspectives with SUID investigations. Thematic analysis of qualitative data revealed three specific difficulties law enforcement encounter during SUID investigations: (1) inadequate preparation; (2) overwhelming emotions; and (3) a victim–suspect dilemma. Findings indicate that these barriers may inhibit consistent and reliable investigation of infant death and, therefore, may impede the cause and manner of death determinations. Participants' narratives also offered insights into potential solutions, including expanded SUID training for law enforcement and use of checklists, such as the Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Investigation Reporting Form. The impacts of overwhelming emotions confronted during SUID investigation warrant further study. The victim–suspect dilemma stems from the inability of law enforcement to conclusively eliminate the possibility of homicide. This dilemma may be resolved through a clear distinction between interactions with potential evidence and interactions with the family. Law enforcement must be trained to treat all SUID families in a compassionate and non‐accusatory manner, while investigating all SUID with careful attention to detail that is essential in any potential homicide investigation. A consistent, meticulous, and compassionate approach to SUID investigations will improve the reliability of information obtained and offer the best opportunity for providing answers to grieving parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing by law enforcement officials in the prosecution and conviction of criminals is on the rise. Genetic testing services such as Ancestry, Family Tree DNA, and 23andMe are increasing in popularity. The Supreme Court and Legislature have not addressed whether genetic information obtained through DTC genetic testing is protected by the Fourth Amendment. Generally, the Fourth Amendment prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures, but the third-party doctrine is an exception that allows law enforcement to access information voluntarily given to third parties. This Note examines how the Supreme Court's decision in Carpenter v. United States leaves open a wide range of possibilities on how the Court and Legislature will address Fourth Amendment concerns in the context of DTC genetic testing. In light of genetic testing advancements and the ability to identify suspects based on familial linkage, the third-party doctrine should not apply to information obtained by DTC companies. The Judiciary should either abolish the third-party doctrine entirely or explicitly choose not to extend the third-party doctrine to DTC genetic testing. Time is of the essence. If the Judiciary fails to act, the Legislature can and should play a role in establishing regulations that govern DTC genetic testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of respect for human rights in a democratic society and, especially, by the state makes this research topic relevant. However, the current situation in Ukraine is evidence that such rights are often broken, and although law enforcement officials should protect these rights, they are those who break them. The study aims to explore the role of law enforcement activities in ensuring and protecting human rights in Ukraine, examine existing problems at the legislative and practical level, and find ways to improve the current situation. The article studies the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. On its basis, it substantiates there are significant problems in the Ukrainian reality regarding the respect for human rights by law enforcement officials. Based on this, we have suggested effective methods to eliminate these breaches, such as establishing additional control over the activities of law enforcement officials and reforming their education system. As the changes and reforms should start with a terminological definition, we have emphasized the need to amend the current legislation of Ukraine that will eliminate contradictions and inaccuracies in the interpretation of the notion of law enforcement officials. The practical significance of the article is to prepare the basis for amendments to the legislation of Ukraine and the training system of law enforcement officials. In addition, the practical significance of the work is to justify the need for an online platform for society to control the activities of law enforcement officials in terms of their respect for human rights and freedoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Principle of competitive molecular recognition of MA by inducible probe compound 3A/PP5@AgNP S hybrid material supramolecular sensor. [Display omitted] • An easy-to-use handheld sensor to quickly detect methamphetamine on-site has developed. • Through the cell phone's app, it can be intuitively determined whether the test MA. • The readily available inducible compound 3A and PP5@AgNPs colloidal solution were used as the reactants. • The competitive molecular recognition between PP5 and 3A/MA was investigated by molecular docking simulation. • The HUVSD has high sensitivity, simple equipment, time-saving, color change visualization and suitable for on-site deployment. The realization of drug detection in drug-using crime sites can provide law enforcement officials with direct evidence. This research has developed and demonstrated an easy-to-use handheld sensor that can quickly detect methamphetamine (MA) in the field. The core of the handheld UV spectrophotometer device (HUVSD) is the STM32F103 series of single-chip micro-controller, which has a 32-bit microcontroller and two embedded 12-bit high-precision analog-to-digital converter (ADC) modules. Through Bluetooth-wireless transmission protocol, the spectral information can be displayed in the cell phone's app, and it is possible to visually determine whether the test sample contains methamphetamine hydrochloride substances based on the characteristic peak at 410 nm. The readily available and inexpensive inducible compound 3A and the phosphate pillar[5]arene@silver nanoparticle (PP5@AgNPs) colloidal solution were used as the reactants. The PP5@AgNPs colloidal solution and 3A were mixed and reacted at room temperature, and the color changed to gray-black. The color change was caused by the aggregation of AgNPs induced by the molecular recognition between the induction compound 3A and PP5 on the AgNPs surface. After continuing to add the drug MA, the color of the colloidal solution turned yellow again. This is due to the occurrence of competitive molecular recognition, and the interaction between PP5 and 3A/MA was investigated by molecular docking simulations. The HUVSD has high sensitivity, simple equipment, time-saving, color change visualization and suitable for on-site deployment. It only needs a Pasteur pipette, which has great potential to realize rapid on-site detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guides two social goods exhibiting an essential tension: effective law enforcement search and seizure, and protection of privacy. Unreliable information may subvert the U.S. judicial process. In Fourth Amendment cases involving the use of dogs to sniff out drugs, the validity of this Constitutional guidance is called into question by: the capabilities of the dog, the dog's training, the nature of human-canine interaction, the questionable objectivity of law enforcement officials who base the legitimacy of their searches upon dogs' alerts, and the knowledge of judges and lawyers of the capabilities of human-canine search teams. Each of these elements is characterized by and generates many kinds of information. Concerns about such information, however, are major. Objectives. We explore these concerns through a detailed examination of the 2013 U.S. Supreme Court decision Florida v. Harris, draw some policy conclusions about the implications of this use of unreliable information in the judicial system, and provide a brief summary of the information-centric questions the paper considers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In times of crisis, there often exists a disconnect between law enforcement and media, such that law enforcement focuses on conducting their jobs while maintaining calm and media focus on reporting information as soon as possible. Indeed, the timing of breaking news is the breaking point in this relationship. The present study introduces a novel, fictitious crisis scenario to explore participants' opinions on the handling of information and on attributions of blame. Participants read and responded to questions about the crisis online. Participants (N = 252) include law enforcement officials, public information officers, reporters, assignment desk editors, news directors, and "none of the above," referring to anyone not employed in those occupations. An additional supplementary study provides written qualitative responses from 215 participants on their opinions of media honesty and law enforcement's withholding of information. Results indicate that law enforcement, media, and the public largely agree on how the fictitious scenario was handled. Where there are dissenting opinions, media are the distinct group. This work has important implications for communication between police and media agencies, the relationship between police, media, and the public, and for policies on information release in a time of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For decades, the Supreme Court has maintained a rhetorical commitment to an ad hoc, case-by-case, totality of the circumstances approach to evaluating probable cause and reasonable suspicion. Despite the Court's insistence that there are so many factors involved in the assessment of Fourth Amendment probabilities that one case will seldom be useful precedent for future cases, it has with increasing frequency endorsed the use of presumptive rules in this context. Such presumptions provide an appealing balance between the often competing imperatives of providing clear guidance to lower courts and law enforcement officers, on the one hand, and retaining the flexibility to ensure results consistent with Fourth Amendment principles in idiosyncratic cases, on the other. Additionally, although courts might evaluate the suitability of some such presumptions using quantitative analysis, in other cases, the use of qualitative, intuition-based judgment is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]