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Scholars have typically characterized the conquest of the Trans-Mississippi West as a contiguous, internal, and non-imperial project. Tallgrass Empire portrays the conquest and incorporation of the Northern Great Plains by the United States as an imperial project shaped by global ideologies concerning subjects, citizenship, and military service. In the aftermath of Reconstruction, from 1876 until 1898, the United States Army formulated, deployed, and often retracted policies aimed at marginalized groups operating within the military. This process drew in Black and Indian soldiers, as well as female laundresses, many of whom were recent immigrants. The army’s policies were meant to explicitly provide state benefits through martial service, chief among them being formal full citizenship — something denied to each of these groups. When first enacted, policies like the U.S. Colored Troops and the Indian Regulars programs promised to expand the boundaries of citizenship, incorporating subjected or marginalized people into the body politic. As the remote outposts of the Northern Great Plains were integrated into growing civilian settlements, however, Army policymakers and civilian officials rapidly shifted away from the idea that the ascribed status of “subject” was inherently anti-American. Instead, they increasingly adopted an outlook much more in line with those of European imperial powers, one in which the presence of subjects bolstered claims of those classed as full citizens, creating an insurmountable gulf between the subject and citizenship. By 1898 the distance between a ward or dependent and a citizen had been reconceived and redeployed through army policy as something inherent to one’s birth and nigh impossible to achieve through service to the state. The reluctance to allow Filipinos, Cubans, and Puerto Ricans to claim citizenship in the wake of the Spanish American War, something legally codified in the Insular Cases of 1901, was therefore not a new imperial turn but an expansion of extant ideologies about race, class, and gender and their connections with service to the state that had been formulated on the Northern Great Plains decades prior.

Las lavanderas ejercían un trabajo duro e intenso fuese de forma particular o institucional. Lavaban en los ríos o fuentes, sitios permitidos o no, muchas veces acusadas por las autoridades de ensuciar el agua, colindante a las ciudades y perseguidas no sólo por motivos sanitarios sino morales por sus cuerpos mojados y expuestos a las miradas. En los hospitales castellanos e indianos, las lavanderas podían ser trabajadoras permanentes o externas. En casi todas las constituciones hospitalarias están presentes, siendo las mujeres más fuertes y jóvenes por el duro trabajo que realizaban. En este artículo se describirá y analizara el caso de lavanderas y roperas de un hospital castellano. The washerwomen worked hard and intense, whether in a particular or institutional way. They washed in the rivers or fountains, places allowed or not, often accused by the authorities of dirtying the water, adjoining the cities and persecuted not only for health reasons but moral reasons for their bodies wet and exposed to the eyes. In the Castilian and Indian hospitals, laundresses could be permanent or external workers. In almost all the hospital constitutions are present, being the strongest and youngest women for the hard work that they realized. This article will describe and analyze the case of washerwomen and closets of one Castilian hospital. Revisión por pares

En este estudio se persigue, poner de manifiesto los aspectos sociales y económicos que intervinieron en el oficio de las lavanderas granadinas, actividad que se desarrolló en los lavaderos como estructuras construidas para tal fin, pero también en los márgenes de los ríos Darro y Genil durante el arco temporal comprendido entre el siglo XIX y la primera mitad del XX. Nuestra investigación nos ha llevado a conocer aspectos hasta ahora inéditos de los lavaderos públicos y privados, que se dispersaban por el urbanismo de la capital granadina en el período de tiempo estudiado. Estos espacios, en los que las mujeres desarrollaban una dura actividad laboral, suponían además para éstas, un lugar público, donde podían relacionarse con sus iguales y participar de un entorno social comunitario, fuera del ámbito privado del hogar. The goal of this study is to lay bare the social and economic factors which contributed to the working life of laundresses in the city of Granada in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. During this time period, the activity of washing clothing and other textiles occurred in laundries, the structures specifically built for this purpose, but also along the banks of the Darro and Genil Rivers. Our research has brought to light hitherto unknown aspects of both the public and private laundries of Granada, which were dispersed by city planning of the period. These spaces, where women carried out a hard labour activity, also provided them with a public location for social interaction; places where the women of the time could relate to their peers and participate in a community social environment outside of the private sphere of their homes. Neste estudo persegue-se dar ao manifesto os aspectos sociais e económicos que formavam parte do ofício das lavadeiras granadinas, atividade desenvolvida nos lavadouros como estruturas construídas para tal fim, mas também nas margens dos rios Darro e Genil, durante o arco temporal compreendido entre o século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX. Nossa pesquisa tem nos levado a conhecer aspectos até agora inéditos dos lavadouros públicos e privados, que dispersavam-se pelo urbanismo da cidade granadina no período de tempo estudado. Estes espaços, nos quais as mulheres desenvolviam uma dura atividade laboral, eram também um lugar onde elas podiam se relacionar com seus iguais e participar de um ambiente social comunitário fora do âmbito privado do lar.

En este estudio se persigue, poner de manifiesto los aspectos sociales y económicos que intervinieron en el oficio de las lavanderas granadinas, actividad que se desarrolló en los lavaderos como estructuras construidas para tal fin, pero también en los márgenes de los ríos Darro y Genil durante el arco temporal comprendido entre el siglo XIX y la primera mitad del XX. Nuestra investigación nos ha llevado a conocer aspectos hasta ahora inéditos de los lavaderos públicos y privados, que se dispersaban por el urbanismo de la capital granadina en el período de tiempo estudiado. Estos espacios, en los que las mujeres desarrollaban una dura actividad laboral, suponían además para éstas, un lugar público, donde podían relacionarse con sus iguales y participar de un entorno social comunitario, fuera del ámbito privado del hogar. The goal of this study is to lay bare the social and economic factors which contributed to the working life of laundresses in the city of Granada in the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. During this time period, the activity of washing clothing and other textiles occurred in laundries, the structures specifically built for this purpose, but also along the banks of the Darro and Genil Rivers. Our research has brought to light hitherto unknown aspects of both the public and private laundries of Granada, which were dispersed by city planning of the period. These spaces, where women carried out a hard labour activity, also provided them with a public location for social interaction; places where the women of the time could relate to their peers and participate in a community social environment outside of the private sphere of their homes. Neste estudo persegue-se dar ao manifesto os aspectos sociais e económicos que formavam parte do ofício das lavadeiras granadinas, atividade desenvolvida nos lavadouros como estruturas construídas para tal fim, mas também nas margens dos rios Darro e Genil, durante o arco temporal compreendido entre o século XIX e a primeira metade do século XX. Nossa pesquisa tem nos levado a conhecer aspectos até agora inéditos dos lavadouros públicos e privados, que dispersavam-se pelo urbanismo da cidade granadina no período de tempo estudado. Estes espaços, nos quais as mulheres desenvolviam uma dura atividade laboral, eram também um lugar onde elas podiam se relacionar com seus iguais e participar de um ambiente social comunitário fora do âmbito privado do lar.

La actividad y presencia de las lavanderas están muy ligadas a la imagen histórica de Granada en su vertiente más castiza y pintoresca. Las mujeres humildes granadinas del XIX y primeros años del XX formaban parte activa del paisaje y del espacio público de la ciudad, transitando y acudiendo, entre otros ámbitos urbanos a los lavaderos comunales. La curiosidad fotográfica de los artistas gráficos de estos años les llevó a recoger con su cámara multitud de escenas populares en estos inmuebles hidráulicos, siendo por consiguiente, el trabajo y la figura de las lavanderas una de sus temáticas favoritas. The activity and presence of laundresses are closely linked to the historical image of Granada in its more pure and picturesque aspect. The humble Granada women in the 19th and early 20th century were an active part of the landscape and public spaces of the city, walking through and going to community laundries, among other urban areas. The photographic curiosity of the graphic artists of those years led them to collect a great amount of popular scenes in these hydraulic buildings with their cameras, as those laundresses’ work and figure was one of their favourite themes.