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Adults (black beetles), and to a lesser extent, larvae (white grubs), of Heteronychus arator rugifrons (Fairmaire) are major crop pests of cereals—particularly upland rice—in the central highlands of the island of Madagascar. Since the biology of this endemic subspecies is far less well understood than that of the African black beetle Heteronychus arator F., we undertook laboratory studies to determine the developmental durations of its immature stages at two temperatures, with measurements taken (body length and weight of all stages/instars, head capsule width of all larval instars). The mean immature stage development period was significantly shorter at 25°C (160.8 ± 11.60 d) than at 18°C (251.4 ± 11.93 d), mainly due to shorter egg incubation, L1 instar and pupal periods. Some morphological traits of immature stages confirmed that H. arator rugifrons is a distinct subspecies from H. arator. In particular, head capsule width was homogenous among larval instars, irrespective of the rearing temperature, with no overlap across instars. Head capsule width range was 1.04–1.52 for L1, 1.72–2.36 for L2, and 2.40–3.48 for L3. This information should be helpful in studies of population dynamics and economic threshold calculations with a view to management of this pest.

Three new treehoppers species, closely related to Lycoderides brulei Sakakibara, 2013, are described from French Guiana: Lycoderides carboneus Lapèze n. sp., Lycoderides elephantus Lapèze n. sp. and Lycoderides sonzognii Lapèze n. sp..The first two species are described based on adults of both sexes, their last nymphal stage is described and their host plants of the genus Clusia (Clusiaceae) are mentioned and illustrated. Lycoderides sonzognii n. sp. is described based on three females caught with a light trap. Lycoderides elephantus n. sp. has been reared, its biological cycle is presented in detail. Holotypes and some paratypes are deposited at MNHN of Paris. Additional notes about field observations, host-plants, distribution, behavior and predation are presented. These three new species, along with Lycoderides brulei, have a diagnostic character: a line of weakness at the base of the pronotum, morphological feature which is unique among Lycoderides. DNA barcoding allows to match males and females, and each species forms a clade and have been assigned unique Barcode Index Numbers (BIN).An identification key is provided for the four species of Lycoderides having a line of weakness. A revised check-list of the Lycoderides from French Guiana is presented. A discussion about Lycoderes mitratus Germar, 1935 presents how it may have been confused in the past with one of the four species illustrated here., Trois nouvelles espèces de membracides, proches de Lycoderides brulei Sakakibara, 2013, sont décrites de Guyane Française : Lycoderides carboneus Lapèze n. sp., Lycoderides elephantus Lapèze n. sp. et Lycoderides sonzognii Lapèze n. sp.. Les deux premières sont décrites sur des spécimens adultes des deux sexes, leur dernier stade larvaire est décrit et leurs plantes hôtes du genre Clusia (Clusiaceae) sont citées et illustrées. Lycoderides sonzognii n. sp. est décrite sur trois femelles capturées au piège lumineux. Lycoderides elephantus n. sp. a fait l'objet d'élevages, son cycle biologique détaillé est présenté. Les holotypes et plusieurs paratypes sont déposés au Musée National d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris. Des notes concernant la répartition, les mœurs et la prédation sont présentées. Ces trois nouvelles espèces, tout comme Lycoderides brulei, ont la particularité de présenter une ligne de pré-cassure à la base du casque, caractéristique qu'ils ne partagent pas avec les autres espèces du genre Lycoderides. Le DNA barcoding (gène mitochondrial COI) a permis de confirmer l’appariement des sexes. Chaque nouvelle espèce représente un clade avec un Barcode Index Number (BIN) unique. Une clé d'identification est donnée pour les quatre espèces de Lycoderides ayant une ligne de pré-cassure. Une liste révisée des Lycoderides de Guyane est présentée. Une discussion autour de Lycoderes mitratus Germar, 1935 présente en quoi elle a pu être confondue par le passé avec l'une des quatre espèces ici illustrées.

By introduction of DNA barcodes in Adriatic larval fish identification possible presence of new Gobiidae - Buenia massutii Kovačić, Ordines, and Schliewen, 2017, was noticed. Till now, occurrence of this species was restricted only to the Western Mediterranean and to the neighbouring part of the Atlantic Ocean., Larva nedavno opisane vrste Buenia massutii Kovačić, Ordines i Schliewen, 2017, s poznatom geografskom distribucijom ograničenom na zapadno Sredozemlje i susjedni dio Atlanskog oceana, je pronađena u Jadranskom moru. Naime, tijekom ihtioplanktonskog uzorkovanja je izolirana larva navedene vrste, čija je taksonomija utvrđena molekularnom analizom (DNA barcoding).

This study focused on many kinds of ticks distributed in Iraq and on various kinds of domestic and wild animals, and the distribution of ticks affected by the environment such as temperature and humidity,and to identify the diseases caused by ticks where the vertebrates are exposed to many diseases and inflammatory and allergic reactions as a result of a tick bite containing toxins in the saliva of the tick, which causes paralysis and lead to death, authors were able to review most of the local and international studies related to Tick's diagnosis (classification), especially tick species distribution in Iraq. Aim of this study was to create a database and put an important reference for all researchers and authors who plan to study this field more comprehensively in the future.

International audience; Heliothrips (Parthenothrips) octarcticulatus was originally described by Schmutz (1913) from Sri Lanka. Subsequently, Hood (1954) described from Taiwan a new genus and species Copidothrips formosus, and then Stannard and Mitri (1962) described a further new genus and species, Mesostenothrips kraussi, from Kiribati and Gibert Islands. Bhatti (1967, 1990), recognized that only a single genus and species was involved amongst these names, established the resultant synonymies, and recorded the species octarcticulatus from various localities between the Seychelles and five different Pacific Island groups. It has also been recorded from Northern Australia, and Thailand (ThripsWiki 2021) as well as Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean (Mound 2019). Despite these records, there is little reliable information about host plants and biology apart from Piper myristicum on Pohnpei island (Micronesia), and also damage caused to the leaves of Aglaonema and Spathoglottis at Darwin in Australia (Mound & Tree 2020). In this note, we add a further interesting host record and describe the previously unknown male as well as the larvae of this species.

The Mugiliformes are a taxon of marine, estuarine and freshwater fishes comprising 27 genera and 79 species. They are a dominant group in most regions where they occur and are commercially important for fisheries and aquaculture. While the ecology of mugiliforms is well investigated, multiple questions on their morphology, phylogeny and taxonomy remain. The last morphological studies featuring the Mugiliformes date back almost 20 years and the evolution of characters within this taxon are yet to be examined. Meanwhile, recent molecular analyses provided new insights into the phylogenetic position of mugiliforms as well as their taxonomy. However, these studies were not able to sufficiently resolve the phylogenetic intra- and interrelationships of mugiliforms. Many new phylogenetic hypotheses have been postulated of which the most conclusive assigned the Mugiliformes to the Ovalentaria in unresolved relationships to multiple other taxa. This dissertation generally focuses on the phylogenetic intra- and interrelationships of the Mugiliformes using different morphological approaches and analysing a wide spectrum of mugiliform and possible closely related taxa. The evolution of the mugiliform skeleton is examined and discussed in the light of recent phylogenetic hypotheses and the larval development. Furthermore, previously suggested relationships of mugiliforms and atherinomorphs, which were based on morphological data, are revised based on newly gathered data. Lastly, the latest and most extensive molecular-genetic hypothesis positioning the Mugiliformes within the Ovalentaria is evaluated on the basis of morphological data.

International audience; 1. Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) are K‐strategist species and deposit a single larva at 10‐day intervals in specific sites. As larviposition site selection strongly impacts reproductive success, the selection of larviposition sites is unlikely to be random and will be subject to strong selective processes, probably mediated by specific cues.2. This study was designed to assess the existence of an aggregation effect in the palpalis group and to test its potential chemical nature (contact or volatile compounds). The larviposition site selection of Glossina palpalis gambiensis was studied according to the presence of conspecific and heterospecific larvae (morsitans group) buried in substrates. Three sets of experiments were performed with either individual or grouped gravid females and with or without physical access to the substrate.3. In individual larviposition experiments, females were more likely to select trays with buried larvae than unconditioned sand (63.2% and 36.8%, respectively; P

Informationsblatt des JKI, Der Asiatische Laubholzbockkäfer (ALB) (Anoplophora glabripennis) und der Citrusbockkäfer (CLB) (Anoplophora chinensis) sind in ihrer asiatischen Heimat gefürchtete Schädlinge. Beide Arten wurden inzwischen nach Europa eingeschleppt. Der ALB wurde im Jahre 2001 in Österreich erstmals im Freiland entdeckt, in Deutschland in 2004. Inzwischen sind in Österreich und Deutschland mehrere Befallsherde bekannt. Beim CLB gibt es bisher weder in Österreich noch in Deutschland ein Vorkommen. Die Gefahr, die von den Käfern ausgeht, ist so groß, dass beide in der Europäischen Union als Quarantäneschädlinge eingestuft sind. Ein Befall oder der Verdacht ist immer den zuständigen Behörden zu melden. Um heimische Bäume vor diesen Schädlingen zu schützen, muss alles getan werden, um die Käfer an jedem bekannt werdenden Befallsherd auszurotten. Wesentlich ist dabei, dass der Befall frühzeitig erkannt wird und eine Verwechslung mit ähnlich aussehenden Schäden, die durch heimische Insekten hervorgerufen werden, ausgeschlossen ist.

Face à la mélancolie comme dépréciation morbide, nous pouvons postuler avec Daniel Bensaïd l’existence d’une « mélancolie active » liée à la force critique du mélange des temporalités. Cette mélancolie singulière, « qui ne désarme pas », est peut-être celle qui nous pousse à convier les spectres au cœur du monde contemporain, à réfléchir aux « images-posthumes » dont parle Ernst Bloch face à la condition larvaire que met en lumière Giorgio Agamben. L’hypothèse est de considérer le cinéma comme un espace potentiel où s’entretenir avec les esprits : c’est à partir de Ghost Dance de Ken McMullen (1983) au sein duquel apparaissent les fantômes de Jacques Derrida, de Pascale Ogier, des indiens Lakotas et de la Commune de Paris que nous tentons de l’expliciter.

Résumé; Allis shad (Alosa alosa) populations showed important decline among last decades, and it is assumed that the species' distribution area has restricted. In some watersheds, the status of the species is preocupating, however this remains poorly explained. In the Gironde-Garonne-Dordogne system (SW France), its decline leads to the adoption of a fishery moratorium in 2008. Despite this measure, local populations don't show signs of a recovering. One hypothesis consists in the unefficiency of the recruitment process: indeed, young-of-the-year Allis shad are exposed to many pressures during their downstream migration, such as hypoxia (low water oxygen concentration). In the Gironde estuary, hypoxic events are frequent in summertime, and can consist in episodes of several days with water O2 saturations under 30%. In addition, hypoxic events are thought to be even more severe and frequent in the future, according to most of climate change scenarios. Such low O2 availability could threaten young Allis shad, and as a consequence, this could condition their migration success. To our knowledge, if authors have suggested that 3-months old Allis shad show lower resistance to hypoxia at higher temperature, the abilities of younger developmental stages (larval and migrating stages) have never been studied. Here we meant to describe tolerance range of 10, 30, 60 and 90-days old Allis shad to oxythermic stress, by conducting behavioural analysis at individual scale in decreasing water oxygen saturation conditions (from 100 to 30%), at temperatures 18, 22, or 26°C. By this study, we aimed to bring useful information on the importance of oxythermic conditions for Allis shad in both larvae reintroduction purposes and juvenile migration success.

Résumé; Allis shad (Alosa alosa) populations have shown an important decline throughout thelast few decades, and it is assumed that the species’ distribution area has been restricted. In the Gironde-GaronneDordogne system (GGD, SW France), its decline leads to the adoption of a fishery moratorium in 2008. Despite this measure, locally no signs of recovery are observed. One hypothesis consists of the inefficiency of the recruitment process: young-of-the-year Allis shad are exposed to many pressures during their downstream migration, such as hypoxia. In the GGD system, hypoxic events are frequent in summertime (periods of several days with water O2 saturations under 30%). Those events are thought to become more severe andfrequent according to most climate change scenarios. Such low O2 availability could threaten young Allis shadby altering their migration success. If authors have suggested that 3-months old Allis shad show lower resistance to hypoxia at highertemperature, the abilities of younger development stages have never been studied. Here we meant to describe tolerance range of 10, 30, 60 and 90-days oldAllis shad to oxythermic stress by conducting behavioural analysis at an individual scale in decreasing water oxygen saturation conditions (from 100 to 30%), at four temperatures (18, 22, 26°C for 10, 30 days-old ; 22, 26, 28°C for 60, 90 days-old). By this study, we aimed to bring useful information on the importance of oxythermic conditions for Allis shad in both larvae reintroduction purposes and juvenile migration success

Since the launching of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC) at the end of 1995, all 30 African countries affected by endemic onchocerciasis have been involved in a merciless fight against the disease. Already, onchocerciasis is no longer a public-health problem or an obstacle to socio-economic development in the 11 countries monitored by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP; Molyneux, 1995). This should soon be the case in the 19 APOC countries (Dadzie, ...

Le contrôle des populations de Simulium damnosum dans le bassin des Voila est actuellement réalisé à l’aide d’épandages hebdomadaires d’un insecticide organophosphoré : l’Abate 200 CE. Malgré une sélectivité certaine de ce produit vis-à-vis du vecteur de l’Onchocercose, les groupes d’insectes non cibles des milieux aquatiques traités subissent un certain impact du produit utilisé, impact que nous avons cherché à mettre en évidence de manière expérimentale ou à l’aide d’observations suivies et régulières des milieux traités.Quelle que soit la concentration employée, l’épandage d’Abate dans un cours d’eau entraîne un décrochement des organismes en place qui induit une très forte augmentation des valeurs de l’indice de dérive. Cette augmentation suit toujours de très près le passage de la vague insecticide, témoignant d’une réaction extrêmement rapide de la faune d’Invertébrés. L’effet du toxique s’atténue ensuite rapidement et devient négligeable après 24 heures. Tous les groupes présentent une cinétique de décrochement de ce type avec cependant des variations en fonction de leur sensibilité intrinsèque. Parmi les plus sensibles, il faut signaler les Éphémèroptères Baetidae et Caenidae, les Trichoptères du genre Macronema et les Chironomides d’une manière générale. Il est très important de noter que les traitements isolés sur un milieu vierge sont le plus souvent très toxiques et peuvent entraîner, selon la concentration employée, une mortalité des Invertébrés de 50 % et plus. Par contre, quand les traitements sont répétés régulièrement, après une première série ayant des effets toxiques importants, les suivants n’induisent à chaque fois qu’un faible décrochement. Ce fait explique que, après maintenant deux années de traitements à l’Abate, la faune d’invertébrés des rivières ouest africaines soit toujours abondante. Population control of Simulium damnosum in the Voila basin is presently done by weekly sprays of Abate 200 CE, an organophosphorus insecticide. In spite of the relative selectivity of Abate against the larvae of blackflies, the non-target organisms living in the aquatic biota are affected by the toxicity of the product. By using experimental methods and also after regular observations carried out on treated and untreated rivers, we try to point out the toxicity rate of Abate against the aquatic invertebrate fauna.At all the concentrations tested in the rivers, Abate treatments induce detachment of invertebrates from their substrates, especially insect larvae, and an increase of the drift rate. This increase always appears very soon after the passage of the insecticide wave, giving evidence of a rapid response of the organisms to the Chemical. After this very sensitive effect, the drift rate decreases rapidly and rises to its normal level 24 hours later.The general detachment kinetic is similar for all the invertebrate groups but some differences occur in relation to the specificity of the animals concerned. Ephemeroptera: Baetidae and Caenidae, Chironomids in general and Trichoptera of the genus Macronema are some of the more sensitive taxa.It is very important to point out that isolated treatments done on virgin biotas often have a very drastic effect and could involve a mortalily of 50% and more at normal concentrations used for Simulium control. On the other hand, if treatments are regularly done in a river, after a first series of drastic effects, the following ones each time induce a relative small detachment of organisms. This is certainly the reason why the invertebrate fauna is always present in the treated rivers at a quite satisfactory level, even after two years of traitments.

The effect of aerial treatment of rivers with chlorphoxim, in connection with the ongoing Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) in the Volta River Basin, on the brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity of three fish species Tilapia galilaea, Tilapia zilli and Alestes nurse has been studied in the Ivory Coast. A cage experiment with Tilapia zilli, placed just below the breeding site of Simulium damnosum s.l. in the river Marahoué and aerially treated with chlorphoxim at a concentration of 0.05 mg litre-1 per 10 min of river discharge, showed a 16% reduction in the brain acetylcholinesterase activity of the caged Tilapia zilli after 2 h and about 20 % after 5 h of the river treatment. However, there was no reduction in the brain AChE activity of some Tilapia galilaea, Tilapia zilli and Alestes nurse randomly taken with a cast net from the rivers Bandama and N'zi, which had been similarly treated with chlorphoxim for about 10 months. It appears that during river treatment the fish avoid the impact of the larvicide by swimming downstream.

The side-effects of permethrin (20% EC) as a Simulium larvicide on aquatic invertebrates and fish was studied under operational vector control conditions to contribute to the evaluation of the product for its possible adoption by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. After 15 weekly applications of the formulation at 0.045 litre per m3 of water discharge, drift samples virtually contained no Ephemeroptera. Saxicolous fauna density and proportional diversity were also affected. However, both drift and saxicolous fauna recovered to almost pretreatment levels a month after treatment was terminated. Fish showed some evidence of stress but remained in the active treated zone to make trends of catches in the area comparable with those of the control station. The treatment did not resuit in fish mortalities, and the condition of fish before and after the experimental period was significantly unchanged. Thus, operational use of permethrin by the Programme would not be expected to have permanent adverse effects on the non-target fauna.

The Onchocerciasis Control Program of the World Health Organisation is carrying out an extensive screening program in a search for new larvicides to be used for control of Simulium damnosum s.l. Emphasis has been given to finding a pyrethroid and a carbamate to supplement the organophosphates currently in use. These Chemicals with differing modes of action, together with Bacillus thuringiensis H-14, are being used in an attempt to cope with the development and spread of resistance to the organophosphates temephos and chlorphoxim.

La lutte contre l'onchocercose, ou cécité des rivières, une maladie parasitaire endémique, fut entreprise en Afrique de l'Ouest dans une perspective do développement durable. Tous les moyens technologiques disponibles ont de ce fait été mobilisés pour le contrôle du vecteur, une simulie, puis du parasite responsables de cette maladie, par le Programme de Lutte contre l’Onchocercose en Afrique de l'Ouest (OCP). La lutte antivectorielle consistant en épandages d’insecticides chimiques sur les sites de développement de la simulie dans les rivières, il est apparu indispensable d’assurer la sauvegarde de l’environnement aquatique qui fournit aux communautés riveraines eau et ressources biologiques. Les technologies les plus modernes ont été mises en œuvre dès leur mise au point, pour combattre la maladie, contribuant ainsi à la protection de ce milieu. Le programme de surveillance écologique des rivières traitées par des larvicides anti-simulies a été mis en place dès le lancement d’OCP. et assuré par des spécialistes de I' hydrobiologie des pays africains participants du Programme, sous la supervision d’un groupe international d’experts indépendants, le Groupe Écologique. OCP est incontestablement un succès aussi bien pour ce qui est du contrôle de la maladie que de la protection de l'environnement. Il est l'exemple unique au monde d’un programme de santé publique de longue durée qui depuis son origine a mis en œuvre tout ce qui était possible pour harmoniser les enjeux de l’amélioration de la santé et ceux de la protection de l’environnement. Il s'est achevé avec la satisfaction de laisser aux générations montantes un environnement non dégradé et des vallées libérées de l’onchocercose, qui permettront d’accroître la productivité agricole des pays africains. The control of onchocerciasis, or river blindness, an endemic parasitic disease, was implemented in West Africa in the perspective of sustainable development AH the available technological means to fight this disease, by way of the control of its blackfly vector, then its parasite, were therefore implemented by the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP). Vector control being achieved through applications of chemicals on its river breeding sites, it was necessary, at the same time, to fight for the preservation of the aquatic environment, which supplies the communities that live along the rivers with water and biological resources. This was the spirit in which the OCP was set up and implemented, and the most modem technologies were used as they become available to fight the disease, thus facilitating the preservation of the aquatic environment. This Programme has indisputably been a success as regards the control of the disease as also from the point of view of the preservation of the environment The aquatic monitoring programme of the rivers under treatment with anti-simulid larvicides was set up right from the very beginning, and performed by national experts of the Participating Countries of the Programme, under the aegis of a group of international independent experts, the Ecological Croup The Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa is an unique example in the world of a long-term public health programme which has made every effort possible from its inception to adequately combine health and environment issues. It ended with the satisfaction of bequeathing to the coming generations a non degraded environment and valleys freed from onchocerciasis which would increase the agricultural productivity of the countries.

Since its inception in 1974, the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP) has implemented a strategy of onchocerciasis (river blindness) control which has been aimed at the long-term interruption of the transmission of the causative agent (the filarial worm Onchocerca volvulus), in all areas where there was a human reservoir of infection of the severe blinding form of the parasite. In operational terms, this has required the weekly application of insecticides (mainly by aircraft)...

Avant les années 1980, la seule méthode de lutte contre l’onchocercose était l’élimination des populations de simulies vectrices. Cette stratégie a été utilisée avec un succès considérable dans le cadre du Programme de Lutte contre l’Onchocercose en Afrique de l’ouest (OCP). La découverte de l’ivermectine, premier médicament efficace contre Onchocerca volvulus et pouvant être distribué à large échelle, suscite depuis 10 ans une nouvelle mobilisation internationale tant au niveau de la recherche fondamentale que de l’élaboration de nouvelles stratégies de lutte applicables en dehors de l’aire d’OCP. Cet article résume l’état des connaissances sur les aspects parasitologiques, cliniques, diagnostiques et épidémiologiques de l’onchocercose. Si le mode de développement des premiers stades parasitaires chez l’homme est encore très mal connu, des progrès importants ont été accomplis dans la connaissance de la dynamique de population d’Onchocerca volvulus. L’étude de la pathogénie des lésions dermatologiques et oculaires a fait l’objet de nombreux travaux. Des études épidémiologiques sont menées en vue d’apprécier l’importance des manifestations systémiques de l’onchocercose. De nouvelles méthodes diagnostiques, plus sensibles que la technique parasitologique classique, ont été mises au point. La répartition de l’onchocercose a été précisée grâce à l’utilisation systématique d’une méthode d’évaluation rapide des niveaux d’endémie. Les techniques de biologie moléculaire, utilisées en routine en Afrique de l’ouest, permettent de différencier les différentes espèces du genre Onchocerca ainsi que plusieurs souches d’Onchocerca volvulus, de pathogénicité différente. Enfin, de nouvelles méthodes de quantification des handicaps ont permis de préciser l’impact socio-économique des complications oculaires et cutanées de l’onchocercose. Before the 1980s, the only available method for control of onchocerciasis was elimination of blackfly vector populations. This strategy was used with considerable success in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP). The discovery of ivermectin, the first effective drug suitable for mass treatment of onchocerciasis, has revived international interest not only in fundamental research but also in development of new strategies to control onchocerciasis in the countries outside the OCP area. This report gives an overview of current parasitological, clinical, epidemiological and diagnostic data about onchocerciasis. Although little is known about the early development of Onchocerca volvulus in the human host, significant insight has been gained into the population dynamics of the parasite. The pathogenesis of cutaneous and ocular manifestations in onchocerciasis is now better understood. Epidemiological studies are under way to evaluate the extent of systemic manifestations. Recently developed diagnostic methods are more sensitive than conventional parasitological techniques. A new method for rapid assessment of endemic level has provided a detailed picture of the distribution of onchocerciasis. Species-and strain-specific DNA probes have been developed for identification of parasites in West Africa. New methods for quantifying disability allow evaluation of the socio-economic impact of the cutaneous and ocular complications of onchocerciasis.

9.1 Introduction Human onchocerciasis, or river blindness, is a filarial disease caused by Onchocerca volvulus which, in West Africa, is transmitted by the adult female of the blackfly, Simulium damnosum s.l. (Zimmerman et al, 1992). It was common mainly along the fertile valleys of the watercourses and was not only a major public health problem but also an obstacle to the socioeconomic development of the infested areas. In 1974, the concern of the governments of seven of the most affected co...