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Europe started the fight against money laundering in 1990. Since then, European rules in this matter have been constantly adjusted, with the latest changes taking place in 2024, to counter this phenomenon, which has escalated in recent decades. The fight is difficult because new technologies and the liberalization of capital flows globally are being exploited by financial criminals. On the other hand, the compliance costs of European entities, especially banks, to align with the rules in force substantially exceed the sums of money recovered by the authorities. Moreover, money laundering is a difficult phenomenon to quantify because in the EU states there are no relevant statistical data on the dynamics of this phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the European Union has intensified concerns about money laundering and terrorist financing, with direct impact in Romania, too. The 4th and 5th European Directives, drafted in this regard, require the extension of the role and responsibility of the professional accountant (expert accountant or financial auditor) in the complex process of preventing and combating money laundering and terrorist financing. There is a specific regulatory framework, but also several stages that define the money laundering process, which must also be known by professional accountants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the emergence of accountancy and financial audit, ever since Antiquity, to this day, the professional accountant's role has constantly acquired new nuances and valences at every stage of the evolution of human societies. The history of accountancy and audit unequivocally proves that the accountant's professional competencies have always been based on certain demands related to the professional accountant's ethics and morality. Nowadays, perhaps more than ever in society's evolution, the strict compliance by all professional accountants, whether auditors or accountants, with the requirements imposed by the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, adopted by International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants (IESBA) is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the moment of the first financial audit practices, initiated since Antiquity, and so far, the financial auditor's role has become ever more nuanced and has acquired new valences throughout the evolution of society. Society's current challenges, in the "era of the global village", require the extension of the financial auditor's role and responsibility, from the increased credibility of the financial information, to its direct involvement in the process of preventing and combating money laundering and terrorist financing. The latest legislative modifications, adopted in 2018, increase the financial auditors' professional obligations, especially in the area of the detailed knowledge of audit clients, by means of the risk analysis of the clientele. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the development strategy of big corporations is based on the principle of sustainable development, which includes both protecting the interests of all involved economic actors and minimizing the aggression on natural resources. In this context, the financial communication process in large companies has acquired new meanings, being reconsidered and taking the form of Integrated Reporting. The objective of this paper is to develop a study regarding the theory of Integrated Reporting, based on a documentary research on the reports published by the International Integrated Reporting Council and organizations such as KPMG, E&Y or ACCA. Integrated Reporting is a new practice, still under development and in expansion at international level. An integrated report tells the story of a company's journey towards achieving its vision and provides information about its historical performance, but also about the expected one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to realize a comparative study regarding the theory and practice of financial audit in Romania and Spain. To achieve this goal, we performed a documentary research of the main papers in this area and of the applicable regulations research that allowed us to identify convergences and differences as concerns the financial audit in Romania and Spain. There are many divergences, on different levels: the perimeter of regulations, the conditions for becoming a financial auditor, but also regarding the evolution of the financial audit markets, the mandatory limits for auditing the financial statements, etc. Although Spain has a longer tradition in the area of financial audit, in Romania, there were also conducted financial audit missions in accordance with the international audit standards since the recognition of this activity, in 1999. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, agriculture has become one of the most important fields of activity, significant funds being allotted within the EU budget to finance the European agriculture. In this context, organising the accounting of economic entities which carry out their activity in the agricultural sector has acquired new meanings. The goal of the present study is to bring into the light the particularities of the farm accounting on two levels: on the one hand, from the perspective of the international accounting referential and, on the other hand, in compliance with the national accounting regulations. The most important conclusion of this work is that, in post-1990 Romania, no interest was further manifested for the refinement of aspects specific to farm accounting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Romanian acceptance in the European Union space provided an ample opportunity for reconsideration to the agricultural sector, which has its pillars on the European funding. It is a context that should be exploited to the maximum rates due to the fact that, nowadays, worldwide, the idea that the most profound crisis that humankind will experience in the following period is the food crisis is more frequently launched. Nevertheless, the procedure of accessing the European finds involves certain requirements and it is based on the principle of co-finding. Through this study, we intended to analyze the degree in which the structural funds destined to finance the Romnanian agriculture were accessed during 2008-2010, on one hand, and to understand and discuss the need of developing an accounting specific to the informational requirements imposed by the current context offinding the agriculture at the European and national level, on the other hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significant amounts from the European Union budget are allocated to agriculture nowadays. This is a reality that has impact in the accounting area, which must be reconsidered in order to satisfy the informational needs of this activity sector. The Romanian agriculture also benefits of financial support from the European Union, which imposes certain rigors regarding the way the accounting information is communicated. We aimed to achieve a normative type research through this study, in order to highlight the features of the financial reporting in the Romanian agriculture, following an evolutionary scheme: from the first attempts till today. This scientific approach will point out when the need of a financial reporting specific to the agricultural field was identified for the first time, which were the features of the financial statements for this domain during the centralized economy and how to develop a financial reporting in agriculture today, based on the past experience and the knowledge of current international realities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accountancy is the social science that has evolved and has been perfected in time so as to answer the informational needs of every stage in the evolution of society. Nowadays, the phenomena of globalization of economy impose, more than ever, the necessity of creating a universally accepted accounting language. In order to reach this desideratum, accountancy has initially passed through the processes of standardization and harmonization since the last decades of the past centuries, so that, at present, we experience challenges with respect to accounting convergence and conformity. In this work, we set out to analyze the dynamics of the accounting theory, passed through the filter of the processes of standardization, harmonization, convergence and conformity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]