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Societal Impact Statement: Multiple cropping, the cultivation of several crops on the same land in a year, occupied an important part of Taiwan's agricultural research from 1950 to 1970. This research originated in the context of Taiwan's land reform and diversification programs and their connections to the government's political ambition to maximize food production. The study of how multiple cropping was politicized and depoliticized by different actors helps to expand the narratives of the Green Revolution in Asia, analyze their legacies, and highlight Taiwan's role in the international exchange of visions of agricultural development during the Cold War. Summary: Scholars have recently expanded the history of the Green Revolution to move beyond the narrative of North–South technological diffusion. This article enriches the scholarship with the case of multiple cropping in Taiwan and its connection to Cold War geopolitics.Rice productivity in postwar Taiwan was boosted through a land reform launched by the Sino‐American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction (JCRR) in the 1950s. Backed by American aid and staffed by scientists from the Republic of China (ROC) government, the JCRR envisioned to turn tenant farmers into landowners so as to encourage labor input and adoption of seeds and fertilizers.By 1960, the JCRR presented its reform as a "bloodless social revolution" and extended its focus to multiple cropping through a diversification program. The JCRR further created the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) in 1971 to spread Taiwan's breeding and cropping techniques. The ROC's diplomatic isolation in the 1970s, however, prompted the center to reinterpret Taiwan's success in multiple cropping from a political achievement to a technological triumph, thus reinforcing the technology‐driven narrative used by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI).Through Taiwan's influences on IRRI's rice breeding and multiple cropping research, this paper illustrates that the history of the Green Revolution requires more complex narratives. In addition, with Taiwan's political and economic transition since the 1980s, farmers began to reclaim their voice and influence agricultural policies. The case thus highlights the need of democratic participation in agricultural research, a concern that remains relevant today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corporate actors in capitalist food systems continue to consolidate ownership of the means of production in ever fewer hands, posing a critical barrier to food sovereignty and to an agroecological transition. Further, corporate influence on the state is often direct and blatant, but there are also more insidious governance barriers– hegemonic structures of power and 'common sense' theories of value that exclude smallholders and local communities from participation in decision-making processes. This is especially pertinent in land use planning and in building processing facilities, usually referred to as 'value chain infrastructure', or what I call the 'intrinsic infrastructure of agroecology'. Using a case study approach, I evaluate the successes and failures of two campaigns for agrarian reform in the Australian state of Victoria, concluding that civil society must act collectively to gain the thick legitimacy needed to work with the state to enact enabling policies for an agroecological transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractKyrgyzstan experienced a remarkable boom in potato production over the past thirty years, driven almost entirely by small farms. Today, potatoes are at once the backbone of national food security, a central source of income for many Kyrgyz households, and a non-trivial source of export earnings. This paper documents the central characteristics of the Kyrgyz potato economy and explains the conditions of its emergence and resilience. We show that Kyrgyzstan’s potato economy is driven by three main features: land reforms that dispersed ownership of land early in the post-Soviet transition, dense social networks that connect producers to input suppliers and markets, and a match between the potato and the country’s mountainous terrain and continental climate. Together, these features have given rise to a food security model that leverages the potato’s well-known nutritional qualities, its cultural status as a food staple across the region, and Kyrgyzstan’s geography and climate. We term this the Kyrgyz Potato Model (KPM). Unlike critics that stress the inefficiencies of Kyrgyz potato production, we highlight the model’s strengths: it is extremely effective in feeding citizens, generates much-needed household incomes, and has been remarkably resilient in the face of recent global economic crises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zimbabwe implemented the Fast-Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP) in the year 2000. This program has had far-reaching implications on urban development, especially on urban land markets in cities and towns. This paper highlights the implications of the land reform program on urban land markets, using Harare as a case study. The paper is based on document review (policy, academic and development literature) and interviews with key informants with experience and knowledge of the land reform and its associated implications on urban land markets. Our analysis demonstrates that the land reform process in peri-urban spaces was complex and largely driven by political interests. The land reform process distorted the urban planning processes, leading to disparities in the land markets. Such disparities include informal and uncontrolled processes of accessing land and, ultimately, rapid development of informal settlements in the city. Political elites and land barons took advantage of the land reform program extorting money from desperate home-seekers. We conclude that the distortion of urban land markets by politically driven land reform processes negatively affects sustainable urban development. Overall, the paper makes a valuable contribution to the growing literature on land reforms and peri-urban development in Africa, demonstrating the complex and multidimensional implications of land reform programs on peri-urban land markets. Based on the study findings, the paper provides a set of policy recommendations aimed at improving the effectiveness and equity of land reform programs in African peri-urban areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) of 2000 redistributed land previously owned by White farmers to the majority Black Zimbabweans. In understanding the dynamics of land ownership, various studies have been conducted, and these highlight autochthonous claims to land based on attachment to graves and ancestral sites and contestations around them. However, non-ancestral claims to belonging have received limited attention. This article examines tensions between two groups of A1 villagised farms using empirical qualitative data from a case study in Bubi District. The article presents new forms of claims and contestations to autochthony and belonging in fast-track farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core promise of land use and zoning reforms is to metamorphose the car-dominated urban spatial structure—which is the legacy of use-based, modernist land use and transportation planning of the past century—into human-centered forms of urbanism characterized by walkable, accessible, transit-friendly, ecologically sustainable, equitable and resilient urban fabrics. This empirical study aims to measure the effectiveness of a reformed city planning framework, known as the form-based code (FBC), in terms of optimizing journey-to-work trips. To this end, the study integrates geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial analysis techniques with linear programming, including a variant of the transportation problem, to evaluate aggregated and disaggregated commuting efficiency metrics. Utilizing the zonal data (ZDATA) for the Orlando metropolitan region, the proposed models account for the commuting terrains associated with three major workforce cohorts, segmented along key industry sectors, within the context of three urban growth scenarios. The findings suggest that the FBC system holds the potential to enhance commuting patterns through various place-based strategies, including juxtaposing, densifying, and diversifying employment and residential activities at the local level. At the regional level, however, the resultant urban form falls short of an ideal jobs–housing arrangement across major industry sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the interaction between land policies and rural labor migration in China and Europe, highlighting how land reforms guide labor mobility and their impacts on land and social structures. In China, the Household Contract Responsibility System and land transfer policies have facilitated agricultural scale expansion and the urbanization of the rural labor force. Homestead reforms have further enhanced farmers' asset liquidity. In Europe, using Spain as a case study, EU agricultural policies have spurred agricultural modernization, economic diversification, and intensive land use. These advancements benefitted from a mature land transfer market and increased non-agricultural employment opportunities. Both China and Europe face challenges of population aging and rural depopulation, necessitating improvements in land use efficiency, the balance of the scale, and the protection of farmers' rights and interests. Europe addresses labor shortages through technology, mechanization, and cooperatives, while China employs land trusteeship, transfer platforms, and the "three rights separation" system to combat land abandonment and labor shortages. Future research should strengthen comparative studies between China and Europe, quantify interactive relationships, consider the impact of transnational labor mobility under globalization, explore policy innovations, and foster international cooperation to address demographic changes and agricultural labor shortages. Additionally, promoting sustainable land use and farmers' rights, equalizing urban–rural public services, enhancing education and training, and improving the social security system are crucial for integrated urban–rural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assess the relationship between food insecurity and land inequality in Colombia during the period 2005–2015. We use spatially controlled system estimation at the level of Departamentos (subnational administrative units), verifying its advantages when compared to linear non-spatially controlled estimation. The analysis builds upon the idea that there is a direct impact of land inequality on food insecurity, besides its indirect impact through its effect on general inequality and poverty. The paper describes the historical-geographical processes that have determined high concentration of land ownership in Colombia, and subsequently, it uses regression analyses to verify that there is a spatially controlled effect of land inequality on food insecurity, and not the other way around. This result holds under different spatial specifications and the inclusion of corresponding control variables. The direct connection between these variables calls for policy measures that directly address land inequality as a food insecurity determinant, in addition to the indirect solution that current poverty alleviation policies might have on food insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zimbabwe's Fast Track Land Reform Programme continues to attract scholarship on land and agrarian reform. The farm occupations by black Zimbabweans and subsequent displacements of white farmers and their labourers, which conditioned the emergence of fast track, impacted significantly the former farm workers, as they had to reinvent their lives thereafter. Issues focusing on livelihoods and belonging became pertinent to ex-farm workers, particularly those of foreign origin. Zimbabwean-by-origin ex-farm workers could relocate to their communal areas, but this was not an easy option for those of foreign origin. This article focuses on farm workers of foreign origin who remained on former white-owned commercial farms after fast track by examining their contested belonging with autochthonous occupiers and, later, new A1 fast track farmers. Fieldwork entailed ethnographic research on an A1 farm in Shamva District, Mashonaland Central Province. Those considering themselves as autochthones (A1 farmers) tried to impose hegemonic control over the ex-farm workers (labelled as allochthones). Despite the exclusionary stratagems imposed on them, ex-migrant workers also stamp their autonomy and belonging on fast track farms in Zimbabwe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The easement reform of collective forest land (ERCFL) is an important part of national park system construction, which plays an important role in promoting the employment transfer of forest farmers. On the basis of survey data from forest farmers in Qianjiangyuan–Baishanzu National Park in Zhejiang Province, this paper uses the propensity score matching-difference in differences model to empirically analyze the impact of ERCFL on the transfer employment behavior and employment quality of forest farmers to provide experience for promoting the employment transfer of forest farmers and improving the ERCFL in national parks. This research shows the following: (1) The ERCFL in national parks has significantly promoted the employment transfer and improved the employment quality of forest farmers. This effect remains significant when controlling for possible endogeneity issues. (2) Three mechanisms of the ERCFL affect forest farmers' transfer of employment, namely improving non-agricultural employment skills, expanding the scope of non-agricultural employment, and increasing non-agricultural employment opportunities. (3) Significant gender, age, and education differences exist in terms of the impact of the ERCFL on the employment transfer of forest farmers. The impact on men, middle-aged and elderly groups, and low-education groups is more significant. Finally, this paper proposed forward countermeasures and suggestions to promote the employment transfer of forest farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alan Ward (1935–2014) delivered his inaugural professorial address at the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, on 23 March 1988. Following his 1987 promotion to Professor, a position he held until his retirement in 1996, the lecture marked a milestone in his career, which to that point had included not only his influential study, A Show of Justice: Racial ‘Amalgamation’ in Nineteenth Century New Zealand (1974),1 but also important work on land reform in Papua New Guinea, the New Hebrides/Vanuatu, and New Caledonia.2 Some 35 years after its delivery and ten years after Ward’s death, the Journal of Pacific History now publishes the lecture (as retrieved from his papers and transcribed by his daughter, Ingrid Ward) in its entirety. This introduction highlights key themes from the lecture in the context of Ward’s career and subsequent publications that expanded on the issues raised in the speech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Urban contraction brings about certain impacts on the advancement of urbanization. Methods: This paper explores the coupling coordination (CCD) and geographical distribution of land urbanization (LU) and population urbanization (PU) in Jiangsu Province through a CCD model and a spatial autocorrelation model from the perspective of shrinking cities. The Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) model is constructed to deeply investigate the complex interaction between the PU-LU in 13 cities, 2007-2020. Results: The study found that the PU-LU CCD in each of the above-mentioned cities shows a synergistic incremental evolution during the study period in terms of time series. In addition, in terms of spatial characteristics, the CCD of PU and LU shows significant positive global spatial autocorrelation, and the CCD of cities with high population size growth is much larger than that of cities with continuous population size. Last, there is an interactive response relationship between PU and LU. PU influences LU, however, PU itself is influenced by its own system's internal structure. The impact of PU on LU shows a positive cumulative effect of the "inverted U shape." Discussion: Furthermore, this paper proposes that policies be created to ensure the coordinated growth of PU-LU based on the differences in resource endowments of cities with 3 types of urban shrinkage. The link between floating population and construction land for cities should be established through enhancing the extent of intensive land use and reforming household registration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study uses the extended C-D production function method to measure the total distortion of factor prices and the distortion of capital, labor and land factor prices in China's provinces and cities. The results indicate that between 2000 and 2019, due to factors such as the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas, human intervention in the capital market, and lagging land marketization reform, both capital and land factor prices showed negative distortions, except for positive distortions in labor factor prices. The degree of this positive distortion began to gradually weaken, and even showed a negative distortion trend in some regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The misallocation of land resources is an important factor restricting the high‐quality development of China's economy. Based on the perspective of supply and demand matching, this study proposed a measurement method for the spatial misallocation of land resources and constructed two models for the testing and decomposition of factors affecting land resource spatial misallocation. We used this measurement method and these two models to explore the spatiotemporal characteristics and determinants of the spatial misallocation of land resources in China from 2000 to 2018 with the aim of providing policy recommendations for the correction of land resource misallocation in China and other developing countries. The results showed that the spatial misallocation of land resources in China showed an upward trend with evident spatial differentiation and the proportion of cities with high and severe misallocation increased. Industrial isomorphism and market misallocation are the main driving factors of land misallocation. Government misallocation and factor market abnormal development aggravate land resource misallocation. Extensive economic development and excessive factor agglomeration have a small effect on land resource spatial misallocation. Therefore, strengthening the land supply‐side reform, and implementing differentiated land allocation policies are effective pathways to control land resource misallocation in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyze how a group of people realized, in the mid-1960s, problems related to the way in which Brazilian territory was occupied and how, in a dictatorship, they created the ABRA to propose an agrarian reform as a solution. The evidence results from qualitative research that combined a literature review with interviews and questionnaires. The analysis shows that for almost fifty years this group tried to take advantage of windows of opportunities to propose legal mechanisms for regulating the right to land property (such as social function or obligation) and land redistribution (such as taxation or expropriations) to include the rural workers in national development. However, the expectations around these mechanisms triggered reactions that reduced the group's relative participation in decision-making. In developmentalism echoes, this analysis raises concerns about who, when and how can speak about the problems and solutions to conflicts over land and territory in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the complexities and challenges of land reform in South Africa, highlighting the enduring issue of White land ownership nearly twenty years after the end of Apartheid. It delves into the historical injustices and current tensions surrounding land distribution, particularly the substantial percentage of private farmland still controlled by White South Africans.

Achieving best practices in land administration and management systems supporting land rights for all requires sustainable land administration and management, contributing to successful and significant land administration and management systems. There is an increasing need for legal framework reforms to support land administration and management systems. These reforms may enable rural transformation and social inclusion. Central to reform strategies may be decentralisation to improve inclusivity and collaboration between the customary and statutory institutions. Using Soft Systems Methodology to analyse the current land administration and management systems in Ekiti State, Nigeria, will be helpful for policymakers, professionals and academics reforming land administration and management systems. The study findings reveal the need for improvement in land administration and management systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores how beneficiaries of South Africa's land reform programme attempt to navigate the contradictory dynamics of production and social reproduction in collectively owned agricultural enterprises. The Mphuzanyoni Communal Property Association in KwaZulu‐Natal province farms with commercial beef herds and the Mayime Cooperative in the Eastern Cape province is engaged in a joint venture dairy farming scheme in partnership with an agribusiness firm. Severe tensions are evident between the social reproduction of households and the requirements of simple or expanded reproduction of agricultural enterprises. Bernstein's concept of competing 'funds' is used to examine struggles over production and reproduction on the farms, in which members of socially differentiated households contest divergent visions for the collective enterprises. Conflicts centre on how labour and capital should be mobilised, how income and other benefits in kind should be distributed to households and whether or not income should be invested for purposes of simple or expanded reproduction of the enterprise. Challenges of governance are rooted in these conflicts rather than in group ownership as a form of property right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over several decades, agricultural policies have undergone changes considering societal dynamics. The development of land policy changes is divided into three periods: Landreform (1963-1965), National Agrarian Reform Program (PPAN) (2007-2014), and Agrarian Reform (2017-2019). The dynamics of land policies are fundamental for shaping more inclusive and comprehensive policies in the future, as land policies encompass many aspects of social and economic life. The purpose of this research is to describe the development of land policies in Indonesia from 1945 to 2022. The research method used is qualitative with a normative legal approach, exploring principles or standards of positive law. The research findings highlight the agricultural dynamics from the period of President Sukarno to Joko Widodo, focusing significantly on Agrarian Reform, which heavily influences every natural resource. During Sukarno's period, initial national agrarian arrangements were made. Since Soeharto took office, the issue of Agrarian Reform nearly disappeared and was not implemented. President Habibie revived Agrarian Reform. During the leadership of Gus Dur, Megawati, and SBY, they were pioneers of reform after Habibie. During their governance, the issue of Agrarian Reform continued to strengthen, alongside the growth of food resources and attention to imported food products and farmers. During President Jokowi's tenure, the concept of Agrarian Reform strengthened further and was demonstrated to the public, successfully enacting implementation regulations. Political considerations related to agrarian issues should at least result in legal order and harmonization of different legal systems. The political connection with national agricultural laws should ideally have beneficial effects in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alongside the proceeding of rural land system reform in China, it becomes more and more critical to conduct policy performance evaluations on collective-owned construction land for profitable use to reflect the achievements and deficiencies of the reform. Traditionally, land policy performance evaluation is based on the theory of "policy-performance", which fails to explain the mechanism of transaction costs. From the perspective of spatial planning, land use and the spatial form shaped by land development management and control are a representation of land property rights, as well as an expression of land policy performance. Thus, a correct understanding of the role of spatial form in the relationship between land policy and land performance is of great significance in accurately evaluating land policy performance and further improving land policies. Focusing on the interrelation among the three factors, this article highlights and elaborates on the intermediary role of spatial form between land property rights and land policy performance and puts forward the analytical framework of "land property right–spatial form–land policy performance". It then takes the case of Wujiang District of Suzhou in southern Jiangsu Province to prove the effectiveness of this analytical framework. The outcome of this study can serve as a supplement to "policy-performance" theory, which refines and deepens the analysis of transaction costs from the perspective of spatial planning. It may also help deepen the recognition of land policy performance through visualized presentations, providing a new perspective for performance evaluation in quantitative and qualitative ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land reform is the most important event in the land ownership system in the contemporary history of Iran. Also, agrarian reforms can be considered as one of the most important social and economic reform programs in Iran in the contemporary period. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the process and consequences of land reforms in the eastern areas of Gilan province. The method of conducting this research was library and documents. The results of the research showed that the evolution of land reforms led to the formation of marginalization around Tehran and other big cities of Iran and changed the demographic composition of Iranian cities. And this migration of agricultural workers and well-to-do people has caused the fall of agriculture and animal husbandry, and in the process of this migration, at the same time, the formation of a new stratification, which has become the working-rural society of Iran, and the process of formation of this stratum with a new social aspiration in the decade post-20 years, after adjusting the political blockade and creating a democratic environment, it should be seen from this angle. The land reform allowed peasants and small farmers to have greater control over their own land and resources. It empowered them to make decisions regarding agricultural practices, crop choices, and investment in their farms. This newfound autonomy led to the emergence of vibrant rural communities with a stronger sense of selfreliance and collective identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The concept of familiarity (taarof) is one underlying concept of an Islamic city, which has received less attention. Adherence to this concept that is adopted from Quranic teachings has a considerable influence on the neighboring or neighborhood concept. However, the evolutions in the contemporary Iranian community have left this concept in serious challenges over recent decades, causing underlying developments in the concept of neighborhood. This study investigates the advent of challenges threatening the familiarity concept in terms of evolutions in the contemporary history of Iran, particularly in terms of the contemporary political economy of Iran to find how these changes and developments in the political economy have threatened and weakened the concept of familiarity in contemporary Iranian city. METHODS: This study is based on the library-documentary method in terms of data collection, and is based on logical reason in terms of data analysis and judgment. Logical reasoning encompasses a wide spectrum from computer programs and formulas to cultural discourses and theses, and this study comprises the cultural discourse extreme of this spectrum. FINDINGS: According to the results of this study, some political economy developments in the contemporary history of Iran, including land reforms, the municipality's income generation system, injecting the oil revenue into metropolises, and lack of adherence to principles of land-use planning have led to the advent of the concept of displacement (or relocation) and permanent population changes and migration from rural to urban areas or inside the urban areas (especially in metropolises). Subsequently, such severe population changes have resulted in a weakened concept of familiarity threatening the neighborhood concept. CONCLUSION: The most important requirement for deepening neighboring relationships and stabilizing the concept of familiarity in the contemporary Iranian city is revising macro-policies of political economy to stabilize the citizens' settlement in the place they are living by adopting appropriate policies, so this stabilization would lead to longer neighboring relations and deepen the familiarity and familiarity between neighbors. In this case, the issue of displacement can be somewhat solved, and the social harms caused by the weak concept of familiarity can be eliminated in contemporary Iranian cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Societal Impact Statement Multiple cropping, the cultivation of several crops on the same land in a year, occupied an important part of Taiwan's agricultural research from 1950 to 1970. This research originated in the context of Taiwan's land reform and diversification programs and their connections to the government's political ambition to maximize food production. The study of how multiple cropping was politicized and depoliticized by different actors helps to expand the narratives of the Green Revolution in Asia, analyze their legacies, and highlight Taiwan's role in the international exchange of visions of agricultural development during the Cold War. Summary Scholars have recently expanded the history of the Green Revolution to move beyond the narrative of North–South technological diffusion. This article enriches the scholarship with the case of multiple cropping in Taiwan and its connection to Cold War geopolitics. Rice productivity in postwar Taiwan was boosted through a land reform launched by the Sino‐American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction (JCRR) in the 1950s. Backed by American aid and staffed by scientists from the Republic of China (ROC) government, the JCRR envisioned to turn tenant farmers into landowners so as to encourage labor input and adoption of seeds and fertilizers. By 1960, the JCRR presented its reform as a “bloodless social revolution” and extended its focus to multiple cropping through a diversification program. The JCRR further created the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) in 1971 to spread Taiwan's breeding and cropping techniques. The ROC's diplomatic isolation in the 1970s, however, prompted the center to reinterpret Taiwan's success in multiple cropping from a political achievement to a technological triumph, thus reinforcing the technology‐driven narrative used by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Through Taiwan's influences on IRRI's rice breeding and multiple cropping research, this paper illustrates that the history of the Green Revolution requires more complex narratives. In addition, with Taiwan's political and economic transition since the 1980s, farmers began to reclaim their voice and influence agricultural policies. The case thus highlights the need of democratic participation in agricultural research, a concern that remains relevant today.

One of the main components of the sustainable development program is land reform. At the same time, there is a lot of land conflict caused by sustainable development programs that accelerate investment through palm mining, which impacts local communities' forced takeover of land and the destruction of natural resources. The research aims to determine to what extent land reform programs impact the protection of local communities and sustainable management of natural resources. This research is descriptive, using statute, conceptual, and case approaches. As well as comparing with three countries - Indonesia, Australia, and the Netherlands - to find out the obstacles to implementing land reforms in the country. The results of this research are, first, that land reforms have a good impact on protecting local communities. However, sustainable natural resource management still takes time and consideration of some aspects. Second, there are still crucial obstacles that hinder the implementation of land reform in Indonesia, Australia, and the Netherlands. Therefore, it is crucial to adopt a participatory and collaborative approach to planning and implementing land reform programs to guarantee that the interests of all parties are addressed sustainably and equitably.

Few studies have used large-scale household-level panel data to quantify the impact of land tenure reform on environment-friendly farming practices from a chemical fertiliser reduction perspective. This study attempts to fill this gap by exploring the relationship between land certification and farmers' chemical fertiliser use. It employs nationally representative panel data from the Chinese Family Database and a propensity score matching and difference-in-difference approach. The results show that land certification significantly reduces the usage of chemical fertilisers, mainly by increasing long-term investment, promoting land renting, and inhibiting off-farm employment. This effect varies greatly between farmers with and without land certification experience before the new round of land certification, although no significant difference exists based on whether farmers have previous land adjustment experience. Furthermore, land certification also helps increase the probability of straw recycling and farm manure use. Accordingly, developing countries can combine land tenure reform with environment-friendly farming practices. Through large-scale land certification reforms, and the continuous enhancement of land tenure security, a solid foundation for a land tenure system for sustainable agricultural development can be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aimed to study land reforms in the Russian Federation from the abolition of serfdom to the present time. The research was carried out by analyzing land and urban planning regulatory and legal acts, territorial planning, and municipal land management schemes used in constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The conducted retrospective analysis of land reforms in Russia revealed weaknesses and strengths and outlined prospects for further development of land relations. The conducted study showed that land reforms in Russia have not reached a successful conclusion. It had negative effects on agriculture and food security of the country. The paper provides recommendations with regard to the regulatory and scientific-methodological basis for a new system of land ownership and land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land reforms have been implemented in many parts of the world because of both justice and the attractive developmental policy objectives of improving poor people's welfare – as the prime beneficiaries. Land reform also facilitates rural economic growth. In some parts of the world, like China and India, there is evidence that land reform has been effective in poverty reduction and in enabling economic growth. However, in other parts of the world, like South Africa, the impact of land reform has been very minimal mainly due to poor policy implementation, which entails inadequate support structures. Using an integrative literature review approach and key policy documents on South Africa's land reform, this article dissects this policy–practice gap in South Africa's land redistribution policy and proposes that land redistribution be implemented by a private independent entity to reduce state bureaucracy and inefficiencies and, in turn, improve execution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation of land reforms in Iran has brought about significant social and geographical changes in rural villages across the country. These changes have predominantly disrupted the existing social structures in these rural areas. While several studies have been conducted on this subject, few have explored the local perspective and the context-specific nature of these social structures. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of land reforms on the social structure of Qaleh Shian Village in Kermanshah Province. The research adopted a qualitative paradigm and employed a descriptive-exploratory methodology. The study population comprised individuals, who possessed a deep understanding of the village and had resided there for over 50 years, with their lands being subject to land reform laws. These individuals were selected through purposive sampling and data were collected through individual and semi-structured in-depth interviews. Content analysis was conducted for data analysis. The research findings revealed that prior to land reforms, the social structure of Qaleh Shian Village had encompassed a ruling class (consisting of landlords, sharecroppers, and overseers), independents (including landowners, independent farmers, and settlers), and followers (comprising tenant farmers, sharecroppers, day laborers, and migrants). However, after the implementation of land reforms, this classification had undergone changes, resulting in a social structure characterized by landowners (comprising large and small landowners, as well as water rights holders), followers (including agricultural laborers and settlers), and educated individuals (comprising educators, teachers, physicians, and supporters). Furthermore, the results indicated that although land reforms had mitigated social inequalities to some extent and partially fulfilled people's expectations, landlords, sharecroppers, and overseers continued to wield social status and power within the community. Based on these research findings, it is recommended that planners and policymakers give due consideration to the geographical factor in social structuring during land reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artisanal manufacture of cassava flour in Brazil has a cultural and biological framework developed over generations of traditional rural workers. We conducted a broad study of flour production in the Extreme South of Bahia in 2019 across 30 rural settlements in 11 municipalities, where we evaluated 107 flour producers. Our results present the socioeconomic profiles of local farmers, cassava varieties, types of flour, particularities of production, and characteristics of commercialization. We highlight the multiple functions of artisanal production of cassava flour, especially as related to social and economic maintenance of households, the promotion of food security, and sovereignty within and around the communities, and the conservation of agrobiodiversity in the rural landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guthi, deeply rooted in the social, cultural, and economic fabric of Nepal, has traditionally managed temples, shrines, festivals, and heritage sites since the Lichchhavi era (400–750). Since 1960, however, this system has been challenged by government land reforms, which have impacted its influence on sustainable heritage conservation. Nevertheless, there is compelling evidence that land nationalization and the guthi's declining authority have harmed local heritage conservation. Nevertheless, the guthi system has endured, serving as an important informal means of heritage conservation and highlighting the adaptability of traditional institutions. These community-based trusts, originally established for social and religious purposes, have played a pivotal role in preserving cultural heritage for future generations. This article aims to demonstrate the central role of the guthi as the cornerstone of Nepal's efforts to conserve and manage both tangible and intangible cultural treasures. Using observational techniques, case studies, and a qualitative approach, it explores the historical evolution of heritage conservation through the lens of the guthi, taking into account subjective, valued, and constructed realities. This paper concludes by urging policymakers to recognize the significant contribution of indigenous systems such as the guthi system in achieving the backbone of sustainable heritage conservation and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the evolving nature of social and agrarian relations between A1 villagised beneficiaries of the Fast Track Land Reform in Zimbabwe (FTLRP) and former farm workers. Using a case study from Zvimba District, Mashonaland West, I investigate how after FTLRP farm workers are accessing land and a host of livelihoods through social relations with the A1 beneficiaries. The article argues that after FTLRP, farm workers have established social relations with beneficiaries of FTLRP, which have enabled them to access land, agricultural inputs, and other socioeconomic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Order of village land is the process of managing and regulating land at the village government level. According to Law Number 6 Year 2014, villages are authorized to manage local governance matters, including those related to land issues. This research aims to understand the implementation of land administration systems in Dayeuhluhur Village, Tempuran Subdistrict, Karawang Regency, West Java Province. The method used is juridical-empirical, incorporating interviews and direct observations in Dayeuhluhur Village, along with data analysis from literature as supporting evidence. Data collected is qualitatively analyzed to explain findings derived from observations and journal records. Data was gathered from primary sources such as interviews and observations, as well as secondary sources like documents. The study's findings indicate that the land administration system in Dayeuhluhur Village functions effectively. However, it also reveals that the role of the Dayeuhluhur Village government in land administration is not yet ideal due to several reasons, including weaknesses in human resources, lack of coordination with relevant agencies, deficiencies in village land administration systems and procedures, and inadequate community awareness of the importance of orderly land administration. Therefore, due to these inhibiting factors, the village government is less effective in ensuring orderly land administration, both internally and externally. By addressing these barriers, it is hoped that the village government's role in ensuring orderly land administration can be maximized to benefit the community and the village as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Farmland mortgages are expected to drive county agricultural economic growth (CAEG) as a crucial component of furthering the reform of the rural land system and the reform of the rural financial system against the new backdrop of the new era. This study gathers panel data from 2045 Chinese counties from 2011 to 2020 and uses the difference-in-differences method and the synthetic control method to systematically examine the effects of China's farmland management right mortgage loan (FMRML) pilot program on CAEG. The FMRML pilot program was implemented in 2016, and this research is presented as a quasi-natural experiment. The findings indicate that there is a "policy trap" and that CAEG has not been successfully promoted by the FMRML pilot program. The reason for this is because the pilot program has made county resource mismatch worse, making it unable to fully realize the promotional effect on CAEG, rather than significantly activating the three key drivers of agricultural economic growth: people, land, and money. The impact of the FMRML pilot policy on CAEG is not uniform, according to the results of the heterogeneity study, with a substantial "blocking" effect only in the central region and no significant influence in the western, northeastern, or eastern regions. The findings propose that in order to optimize agricultural mortgage policy and advance CAEG, China and other emerging nations can benefit greatly from the insights this study offers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study documents that municipalities in central Mexico closer in the past to an agricultural estate (hacienda) are associated with higher literacy and lower poverty throughout the twentieth century than municipalities similar in other respects but farther from a hacienda. The results are robust to various specifications, neighbour matching analyses, and a placebo-type test. The complementarities between late-colonial haciendas in central Mexico and mining and trade appear to have set municipalities close to a hacienda on a distinct development path. The evidence points to local-scale economies in hacienda locations that coordinated new investments away from agriculture and towards the new industrial and commercial sectors. The twentieth-century land reform and the railroad play a small role in explaining hacienda legacy. Our findings highlight the role of landed estates as centres linking rural economic activity to the main colonial economic activities, mining and trade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay discusses the constitutive relations between the discourse of colonial poverty and the land reforms policies that had characterised Indian economic policy-making in the eve of its independence, in their continuities and discontinuities of interaction. By the discourse method, it identifies the particular way of knowing the reality, producing and disseminating effects of truth and bringing the players (e.g. the State) to act and intervene, thus securing the legitimacy and power of the representation, or the regime of truth - the discourse. Section I decodes the ideological dimensions, assumptions and values underlying the colonial and post-colonial discourse on poverty in India. Section II reveals its constitutive relations with the land reforms of the fifties. Section III identifies the consequent rise of the private capitalist class in agriculture, marking one of the earliest indications of the emergence of the notion of ‘hegemony’ in the Indian context - in the sense of class alliance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, agricultural non-point source pollution has become the main source of water pollution, which mainly comes from the excessive use of agricultural chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers. The TRS is another land system reform in China after the household contract responsibility system, which relaxes the management rights of rural land and clarifies the ownership of land. Using this land reform in China as a case study, this paper constructs panel data for 30 provinces in China to explore the impact of land tenure intensification on agricultural non-point source pollution, using the difference-in-difference (DID) model to identify the causal relationship between the two. The results show that the coefficient of the TRS policy variable is −4.056 at the 1% significance level, indicating that this round of land reform has suppressed agricultural non-point source pollution. The provinces that have implemented TRS have seen an average annual reduction of 405,600 tons in Agnps emissions compared to those that have not implemented TRS, and the scale operation of agriculture and the size of the agricultural economy act as two paths. Moreover, heterogeneity analysis shows that the policy effect of the provinces in non-major food-producing areas is smaller than that of the provinces in major food-producing areas, and the path to realization is also different. Therefore, we should continue to encourage large-scale agricultural operations, cultivate new agricultural business entities, and strengthen the inhibitory effect of TRS on agricultural non-point source pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vietnam has experienced a major land policy reform in recent decades, relaxing the previously imposed restrictions on land transfer and accumulation. This paper investigates the relationship between this agricultural land reform and changes in income inequality using a microdata‐based decomposition framework. Results show that agricultural land reform is one of the most important drivers of income growth among middle‐income households in Vietnam, and has contributed to a reduction in income inequality. However, the effect is highly heterogeneous, as it favors households with particular land types; it thus leads to an increase in income inequality in rural areas despite reducing such inequality in urban regions. The findings suggest that the policy effect of land restriction relaxation can be complex due to inequalities in new opportunities as well as the initial landholding distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores some of the ways in which access to the census enumerators books for later nineteenth century censuses, now digitised by the 'Integrated Census Microdata' project, can throw new light on a range of socio-demographic developments in the 'Crofting Counties' between the early 1850s and the early 1880s. Collating and mapping occupational titles by parish reveals major changes in the titles recorded for those farming small land parcels and in the spatial distributions and age profiles or those heading such households. The numbers of household heads reported as 'Crofter' markedly increased between 1851 and 1881 (including outside the 'Crofting Counties'), as use of terms like 'Tenant' and 'Lotter' declined. 'Cottar', even in 1851 used in very small numbers in most places, was reported in 1881 in very limited areas, even where the estates still used it extensively. The number of households headed by 'Fishermen' increased greatly in some areas, notably in Lewis. At the same time, the numbers of men becoming heads of small agriculturalist households at younger ages fell markedly, while rising numbers headed households as 'Fishermen'. Comparative analysis of four case study areas suggests that, when fishing and other incomes fell markedly in the early 1880s, inter-generational differences in access to headship of a croft may have been a significant stimulus to localised outbreaks of disturbance pressing for land reform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tourism industry sustains the economies of many nations across the globe through contributing to the Gross Domestic Products (GDP); creation of employment and infrastructure development. However, its sustainability is vulnerable to various temporal and spatial environmental, socio-economic and political events. In the Zimbabwe case, the politico-economic crises of the 2000s and the COVID-19 pandemic have variedly impacted on the prevalence of tourism with the actors (such as employees, tourists and recreational facility owners) involved in this industry having been seriously impacted. Using the precarity conceptual framework, this article critically analyses the impact of the politico-economic crises induced by the Fast Track Land Reform Programme of the early 2000s and the COVID-19 pandemic on the actors involved in tourism. Information regarding the impact of the political crises and COVID-19 pandemic on tourism in Kariba town is missing in the literature, yet Kariba is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Zimbabwe and Southern Africa. The article discusses the precarity of these tourism actors in the context of the politico-economic crises as well as the COVID-19 pandemic. We define 'precarity' as a condition of vulnerability and uncertainty. Our results indicate that for employees, these factors have resulted in uncertainty in the tourism business with some shutting down and others scaling down their operations resulting in redundancy and vulnerability of the workers. For tourists, the successive lockdowns and surge in COVID-19 cases in Zimbabwe resulted in (re)booking and (re)cancellation of bookings; the politico-economic crises resulted in fear among the potential clients and a drop in the number of international tourists. The recreational and accommodation service operators have had the challenge of making food (and other resources) orders for trips that are eventually cancelled due to the surge in the COVID-19 cases. The article draws from data gathered in 2021 through face-to-face interviews with different stakeholders in the tourism industry including employees, hotel and boat owners, Zimbabwe Tourism Authority officials and local politicians in Kariba resort town. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the formation of the Portuguese Anthropology team of the 20th century, led by António Jorge Dias, and their research and collection of artifacts related to Portuguese culture. The team dedicated themselves to the study of rural life, the characterization of Portuguese culture, and research in Portuguese colonies. They founded the Center for Ethnology Studies and the Center for Cultural Anthropology Studies, as well as planning the creation of a universal museum. The team's work resulted in various publications about rural life and traditional technologies in Portugal. The text portrays the daily lives of populations living in poverty, highlighting the need for cooperation to survive. During the revolutionary period of PREC, there were attempts to purge "colonial" elements from institutions linked to the Ministry of Overseas. The research team and the Ethnology museum faced unjust accusations, as they were always against the dictatorial regime. The photographic-ethno archive of the CEE does not reflect the political changes that occurred during the revolution. The team's writings show social and political concerns, reflecting the transformations that the country went through in the 60s and 70s. The Agrarian Reform is mentioned as one of the significant changes. The team acknowledges that the country has changed and highlights the importance of preserving ancestral knowledge. The article describes the creation of the National Museum of Ethnology in Portugal and the contribution of foreign anthropologists, such as José Cutileiro, to the research and understanding of Portuguese rural culture. The museum team held exhibitions and collected objects that portrayed the country's rural life. The anthropological project aimed to highlight the importance of material culture and people's daily lives. The article also mentions the death of Benjamim Pereira, a member of the museum team, and highlights his contributions to the field. [Extracted from the article]

The text is an afterword to the Portuguese edition of the book "Ricos e Pobres no Alentejo" (Rich and Poor in Alentejo), written by José Cutileiro. The author describes the social and economic changes that occurred in Alentejo, Portugal, between the years 1970 and 1976. He reports that after the Agrarian Reform, there were changes in the land ownership system and social relations, but emphasizes that the region's social structure still presented problematic characteristics. The author argues for the need for a progressive awareness of rights and duties of citizenship, as well as minimum economic prosperity and a democratic political and union system for the Agrarian Reform to be effective. [Extracted from the article]

This text is an introduction to a special issue of the magazine Etnográfica, which celebrates the 50 years of the 25th of April in Portugal. The objective of this issue is to explore the relationship between the 25th of April and anthropology, analyzing what anthropology said about the revolution in the years following 1974 and how teaching and research in anthropology were affected by the event. The issue is divided into five sections that address different aspects of the revolution, such as agrarian reform, decolonization, returnees, and tourists. In addition, academic articles and personal testimonies are included. The text discusses the influence of anthropology on the revolution in Portugal after 1974, highlighting the importance of the new generations of Portuguese anthropologists born after that date in the continuous renewal work of anthropology in the country. The text also presents different ethnographic perspectives of the revolution, such as the participation of artists, the exodus from the former colonies, the work of Ruy Duarte de Carvalho, popular mobilization, and the writing and imagery of the revolution on the city walls. The objective of the text is to broaden the possibilities for reflection on the revolution and to encourage new research on the social and cultural processes of construction and deconstruction of democracy in Portugal. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Economic History Research / Investigaciones de Historia Económica is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Historia Economica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)