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The historical domination of the land in Brazil has meant the domination of the territory, control of the state, and its public funds. As a living contradiction, fences curtailed the right to land and gave rise to the struggle for land and for agrarian reform. In the meantime, this article presents the contemporary land structure of the state of Goiás and discusses the historical mediations of its constitution. To that end, bibliographical and documentary research were carried out. The results show that the struggle for land and for agrarian reform, responsible for land regularization and expropriation, culminated in 426 settlements with 23,670 families settled. Latifundia hold 62% of the area in hectares and 6.10% of the rural properties in the state of Goiás. On the other hand, minifundia and small properties control 76.23% of the properties and 17.93% of the real state area. Resumen El dominio histórico de la tierra en Brasil significó dominio del territorio, control del Estado y de sus fondos públicos. El cerco cercenó el derecho a la tierra, como contradicción viva, también parió la lucha en la tierra y por la reforma agraria. En este ínterin, este artículo presenta la estructura agraria contemporánea de Goiás y diserta sobre las mediaciones históricas de su constitución. Para ello, se utilizó de investigación bibliográfica y investigación documental. Los resultados apuntan que la lucha por la tierra y por la reforma agraria, responsable por regularizaciones agrarias y expropiación de tierras, culminó con la creación de 426 asentamientos con 23.670 familias asentadas. El latifundio detiene 62% del área en hectáreas y 6,10% de las propiedades rurales en Goiás. Ya los minifundios y las pequeñas propiedades controlan 76,23% de las propiedades y 17,93% del área de los inmuebles. Resumo O domínio histórico da terra no Brasil significou domínio do território e controle do Estado e de seus fundos públicos. A cerca cerceou o direito à terra e, como contradição viva, também pariu a luta na terra e pela reforma agrária. Nesse ínterim, este artigo apresenta a estrutura fundiária contemporânea de Goiás e as mediações históricas de sua constituição. Para isso, valeu-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa documental. Os resultados apontam que a luta pela terra e pela reforma agrária, responsável por regularizações fundiárias e desapropriações, culminou na criação de 426 assentamentos, com 23.670 famílias assentadas. O latifúndio detém 62% da área e 6,10% dos imóveis rurais em Goiás. Já os minifúndios e as pequenas propriedades controlam 76,23% das propriedades e 17,93% da área dos imóveis.

El objetivo es discutir las características y la estructuración del Sector Agrícola en el contexto de la Región Geográfica Inmediata de Pau dos Ferros. La investigación bibliográfica se realizó en bases de datos del IBGE. Los resultados indican la pérdida de participación del VAB Agropecuario en el VAB Total; presencia relevante de minifúndios y modesta acción gubernamental en la distribución de la tierra; predominio de la agricultura familiar en la generación de ocupaciones; uso incipiente de aportes tecnológicos en la producción; difusión de la electrificación rural y marcada presencia de recursos hídricos. Se concluye que la Agricultura ha perdido importancia económica, se mantiene con una estructura de suelo incompatible, cuenta con más del 80% de establecimientos familiares, tiene baja capacidad técnica y tecnológica para llevar a cabo la producción y aun así genera casi 40.000 ocupaciones., Objetiva-se discutir as características e a estruturação do Setor Agropecuário no contexto da Região Geográfica Imediata de Pau dos Ferros. Foram realizadas pesquisa bibliográfica e em bases de dados do IBGE. Os resultados sinalizam a perda de participação do VAB Agropecuário no VAB Total; presença relevante de minifúndios e modesta atuação governamental na distribuição de terras; predominância da agricultura familiar na geração de ocupações; uso incipiente de aportes tecnológicos na produção; difusão da eletrificação rural e presença marcante de recursos hídricos. Conclui-se que, a Agropecuária perdeu importância econômica, permanece com uma estrutura fundiária incompatível, tem mais de 80% de estabelecimentos familiares, apresenta baixa capacidade técnica e tecnológica para realizar a produção e mesmo assim gera quase 40 mil ocupações., The objective is to discuss the characteristics and structuring of the Agricultural Sector in the context of the Immediate Geographic Region of Pau dos Ferros. Bibliographic research was carried out in IBGE databases. The results indicate the loss of participation of the Agropecuary VAB in the Total VAB; relevant presence of minifúndios and modest governmental action in the distribution of land; predominance of family farming in the generation of occupations; incipient use of technological contributions in production; dissemination of rural electrification and marked presence of water resources. It is concluded that Agriculture has lost economic importance, remains with an incompatible land structure, has more than 80% of family establishments, has low technical and technological capacity to carry out production and even so generates almost 40,000 occupations.

Private ownership of concentrated land is intrinsically associated with political and economic power throughout Brazil's history, especially in more recent times. Therefore, this work aims to analyze politicians elected in the general elections of 2014, inthe case of part of the Senate seats, and of 2018, belonging or not to therural landowners members of the Congress (the "bancada ruralista"), but with close relations and actions with capitalist agriculture, based on capitalist property of the land. The objective is also to map the locations of properties that belongs to politicians and to analyze their distribution throughout Brazil. The "bancada ruralista" is considered one of the strongest in the Brazilian Congress, supporting capitalist agriculture and interconnected sectors (agribusiness), composed of politicians from all regions of the country, that acts around agendas that are favorableto their demands. To support the analysis, we sought after assets declarations made by elected politicians to the Superior Electoral Court ("TSE") and informationon parliamentarians' landownership from the Land Management System ("SIGEF"), of the National Institute of Colonization and Agrarian Reform ("INCRA"). The "INCRA"land structure data were used to demonstrate the violence of land concentration in Brazil and its maintenance over the years. A propriedade privada da terra concentrada está intrinsicamente associada ao poder político e econômico ao longo da história do Brasil, sobretudo em tempos mais recentes. Diante dessa realidade, este trabalho objetiva analisar políticos eleitos nas eleições gerais de 2014, no caso de parte das cadeiras do Senado, e de 2018, pertencentes ou não à bancada ruralista, mas com estreitas relações e ações junto à agricultura capitalista, a partir da propriedade capitalista da terra. Objetiva-se ainda analisar as propriedades pertencentes a políticos e analisar as suas distribuições pelo Brasil. A bancada ruralista é considerada uma das mais fortes no Congresso brasileiro, de sustentação da agricultura capitalista e setores interligados (agronegócio), composta por políticos de todas as regiões do país, atuando em torno de pautas favoráveis às suas demandas. Para subsidiar a análise, buscou-se as declarações de bens feitas pelos políticos eleitos ao Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) e as informações sobre a propriedade da terra dos parlamentares retiradas do Sistema de Gestão Fundiária (SIGEF), do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA). Dados sobre a estrutura fundiária do INCRA foram utilizados para demonstrar a violência da concentração de terras no Brasil e sua manutenção ao longo dos anos.

The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting the purchase or sale of agricultural lands in certain neighborhoods in the Dulkadiroğlu district of Kahramanmaraş province and the degree of influence of these factors. For this, a study was conducted by obtaining data from the parcel owners in the determined neighborhoods. As a result of the data obtained from the land owners in the areas determined with the help of the questionnaire, a model was established about the factors that affect the purchase or sale of agricultural lands, what kind of benefit or loss it has in the purchase or sale of agricultural lands, and the dependent variable in this model is the independent variables. The econometric test was determined using the Engle Granger two-stage estimation method to reveal the relationship between In line with the answers given by all landowners who participated in the purchase and sale survey, on all lands: 69.68% of the surveyed farmers have tractors and equipment, 94.95% of them have irrigated and flat lands, the number of crops planted is 9, the nearest settlement The average distance to the area is 19 km, and the land purchase or sale prices were determined by a survey. According to the estimation results, the factors that are effective in the purchase and sale of land determined in the survey are the factors whose degree of influence is stated: When purchasing land; 62.54% is the existence of a land investment relationship, 14.74% is the relationship between heirs, 12.35% is livestock activities and 10.35% is the transition from the treasury to private property. 39.57% of land expropriation, 38.25% of financial insufficiency, 8.70% of relations between heirs, 6.06% of immigration, 5.80% of abandonment of agriculture and 1.58% of changes in land productivity affected land owners

The European Union (EU) milk quota was abolished in 2015 leading to an increased demand for land for dairy farming in Ireland. Between 2014 and 2019, raw milk production increased by 42 percent in Ireland (Bradfield et al., 2021a). However, the land market in the Republic of Ireland is restricted by low mobility. The Republic of Ireland’s agricultural land market experiences very low levels of sales with less than 1 percent of agricultural land sold each year (CSO, 2020a). This is attributed to a strong desire of people in Ireland to keep land in the family name. Ireland also has a low level of land rental. To increase land rental on secure leases, the Irish government increased incentives in 2015 for landowners to rent out their land on long term leases. Using econometric techniques applied to farm-level Teagasc National Farm Survey data, which is part of the Farm Accountancy Data Network, this research provides contributions to the study of agricultural land markets that focus on three main research questions. These include an assessment of the factors that influence the decision to rent in agricultural land and the determinants of profit among renting dairy farms in Ireland, the effect of land fragmentation on dairy farm technical inefficiency, and the impact of land lease duration on dairy farm investment. Research findings show that dairy farms are using the rental market to improve profitability. Farm characteristics such as a small size, a high stocking rate, the presence of a successor and high levels of hired labour increase the likelihood of entering a rental agreement. Renting in land and a less fragmented farm structure reduce dairy farm technical inefficiency. Dairy farms can reduce their technical inefficiency by either renting or purchasing land parcels that are adjoining their current land resources. The results also indicate that farms with a high portion of rented land, which is rented on long-term leases, invest more in their herd and capital. This suggests that long-term land rental is a feasible means to create certainty over investments when land purchases are not possible. In conclusion, these findings highlight the benefits of an active land market to individual farmers and the overall dairy sector, which lends support to policy measures to improve the rental market and thus land mobility. Although the number of agricultural land rental agreements has risen since the removal of the EU milk quota and the increase in tax incentives for long-term land leases, Ireland continues to have the lowest level of land rental in the EU, at 19 percent, compared to an average of 54 percent (European Commission, 2018). This research recommends a review of the structure of current tax incentives for long-term leases because the existing thresholds do not maximise incentives for farmers to rent out their land. Other contributions of this research include a greater understanding of markets with an inelastic supply curve, the role long-term leases can play in improving tenure security, the importance of an extensive use of land fragmentation indicators when studying farms’ structures, and the requirement for market intervention to improve land mobility. Topics for further research are also outlined.

Orientador: Pedro Ramos Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia Resumo: A finalidade desta investigação é compreender as implicações do processo de modernização conservadora na estrutura e nas atividades agropecuárias na região centro-sul do estado de Goiás. Para tanto, a tese defendida é que a região centro-sul de Goiás é um caso especifico, mas não único do processo de modernização conservadora e da assertiva de Ignácio Rangel de que não há necessidade de mudanças na estrutura fundiária para ampliação e diversificação da estrutura de produção e oferta de bens agropecuários. Para a realização do objetivo proposto no trabalho utilizaram-se os recursos técnicos da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e adotou-se o método analítico descritivo. Os resultados encontrados demonstram que as implicações do processo de modernização conservadora na estrutura e nas atividades agropecuárias da região centro-sul de Goiás favoreceram para o incremento da produção e produtividade dos bens agropecuários. Este fato teve uma grande importância para a penetração das empresas tradings no mercado goiano para a comercialização das commodities agrícolas. Em conjunto com os programas de incentivo fiscal (PRODUZIR, FOMENTAR) e o FCO, a partir de meados dos anos 80 do século XX, houve um processo de penetração de empresas de capital internacional, nacional e regional na região objeto de estudo que favoreceu o processo de diversificação produtivo, sobretudo com agroindústrias dos complexos carnes, grãos, lácteos e do setor sucroalcooleiro. Entretanto, o avanço da modernização da agropecuária propiciou a redução da população residente no setor rural, que foi para o setor urbano e industrial em busca de empregos, fato que criou um hiato estrutural no mercado de trabalho, facilitando, deste modo, a exclusão de parcelas significativas do mercado de trabalho e a redução da taxa de salário. Por sua vez, todo este processo de mudanças nas atividades econômicas na região centro-sul de Goiás aconteceu em uma estrutura fundiária marcada, ao longo do tempo histórico, por concentrarem-se nas médias e grandes unidades de exploração agrícola. Portanto, o fenômeno econômico ocorrido na região centro-sul do estado de Goiás constituiu-se em um caso concreto, mas não único, das implicações políticas, econômicas e sociais do processo de modernização conservadora, uma vez que houve a modernização da grande exploração agrícola e a diversificação produtiva sem a existência de um fracionamento da estrutura fundiária, como destacou Ignácio Rangel em sua assertiva Abstract: The purpose of this research is to understand the implications of the modernization process in the conservative structure and agricultural activities in the central-south region of the state of Goiás. For this, the view taken is that the central-south region of Goiás is a specific case, but not only of the process of modernization conservative and not even of the Ignacio Rangel¿s assertion that there is no need for structural changes in land for expansion and diversification of structure production and supply of agricultural goods. To achieve the goal proposed in the research, technical resources of the research literature and public documents were used and adopted by the analytical descriptive method. The results show that the implications of the modernization process in the conservative structure and agricultural activities in the region of Goiás promoted the increase of production and productivity of agricultural goods. This fact has been important because it contribute for the penetration of market tradings companies from the region of Goiás which contribute for the marketing of agricultural commodities. Together with programs of tax incentive (PRODUZIR e FOMENTAR) and the FCO, from the middle 80¿s, there was a penetration process of companies with international capital, national and regional levels in the research field which helped the diversification process of production, especially with agribusiness complex of meat, grain, dairy and sucroalcooleiro¿s industry. Meanwhile, the progress of modernization of agriculture caused the reduction of the population living in the rural sector that went to urban and industrial sector looking for jobs, a fact that created a structural gap in the labour market, encouraging, thus, for exclusion of significant portions of the labour market and causing a reduction in the rate of salary. In turn, this whole process of changes in economic activities in the central-south region of Goiás happened in a land structure that was marked, over time history, for be concentrated on medium and large-scale farming. Therefore, the economic phenomenon occurred in the central-south region of Goiás state was established as a real case, but not the only one with political, economic and social conservative implications of the modernization process, since there was the modernization of large farm production and diversification without the existence of a division of land structure as Ignacio Rangel stressed in his assertion Doutorado Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente Doutor em Desenvolvimento Econômico

The present work seeks to deal with the Brazilian land structure, ruled by the maxim of “captivity of the land”, as one of the founding elements of structural racism in Brazil. The distribution of land has as core the concentration, from the Portuguese colonization to the present day. From the exploitation of the work of the enslaved black population for more than three and a half centuries, a model of agricultural production through huge estates was founded, turned to the exportation. After slavery ended, black people, in addition to not being assisted or repaired by any of the material and moral damage caused by this phenomenon, had their lives depreciated in many ways, one of these was the deprivation of access to land. When considering the importance of territoriality for the reproduction of the lives of these populations, the study aims to point how racism and the historical evidence of land concentration, which remains until today, constitute the same social structure; counting on the direct interference of Brazilian political institutions. This discussion is important at a time when the agroindustry expands itself territorially at an increasing speed and the debates about structural racism gain popular and media attention - except, however, when it comes to the advance of expropriations (agricultural frontier) in the lands by quilombola and/or indigenous peoples, as these issues are not usually treated in a relational way. O presente trabalho busca tratar da estrutura fundiária brasileira, regida pela máxima do “cativeiro da terra”, como um dos elementos fundantes do racismo estrutural no Brasil. A distribuição de terras tem como cerne a concentração, desde a colonização portuguesa até os dias de hoje. A partir da exploração do trabalho da população negra escravizada por mais de três séculos e meio, fundou-se um modelo de produção agropecuária por meio de latifúndios, voltado para a exportação. Finda a escravidão, as pessoas negras, além de não assistidas ou reparadas pelos danos materiais e morais desse fenômeno, tiveram suas vidas depreciadas de muitas formas, sendo uma delas a privação do acesso à terra. Ao considerar a importância da territorialidade para a reprodução da vida dessas populações, o estudo objetiva apontar como o racismo e as evidências históricas da concentração de terras, permanente até hoje, constituem uma mesma estrutura social; contando com a interferência direta das instituições políticas brasileiras. Essa discussão possui importância em uma atualidade em que a agroindústria se expande territorialmente em uma velocidade crescente e os debates sobre o racismo estrutural ganham atenção popular e midiática — com exceção, no entanto, ao se tratar do avanço das expropriações (fronteira agrícola) nas terras de povos quilombolas e/ou indígenas, visto que estes assuntos não costumam ser tratados de forma relacional.

Urbanization and land use transformation are typical characteristics of China in recent decades. Studying the effects of urban land use transitions (ULUT) on the economic spatial spillovers of central cities (ESSCC) can provide a reference for China to optimize cities’ land space layout and promote their coordinated development. Based on the direct and indirect effects of ULUT in central cities on the production factors and economic growth in other cities, this paper reveals the mechanisms underlying the influence of ULUT on ESSCC. Then, we usethe expanded geographical distance-weighted spatial Durbin model with the panel data of 152 Chinese urban agglomeration cities from 2003 to 2016 to empirically test it. The results show that, since 2003, the rate of urban land expansions, the level of urban land intensive use (ULIU), the degree of land marketization, and the urban land prices in China have increased substantially, and the proportionate supplies of industrial land, commercial land, and residential land have decreased. Moreover, ULUT between cities have significant spatial autocorrelations. The current ULUT have positive but small effects on ESSCC. Among them, ULIU has the greatest promotion effects on ESSCC. The impacts of ULUT on ESSCC vary greatly among urban agglomerations. The ULUT in central cities indirectly enhance the ESSCC, which mainly depend on the positive effects of ULUT on enterprise investment, infrastructure investment, labor and technological efficiency and the spatial spread effects of these production factors. This is the main intermediate mechanism by which the ULUT in central cities enhance the ESSCC. Continuing to strengthen ULIU, promote the improvement of land marketization, and establish and improve the coordination mechanism for the economic development of urban agglomerations will help to strengthen the ESSCC in urban agglomerations. The results provide evidence for how the Chinese government can enhance the ESSCC and promote the coordinated development of cities through ULUT under new urbanization.

Розкрито співвідношення структури сільськогосподарських угідь України та Волинської області зокрема. Головною метою дослідження є виділення регіональних відмін у структурі сільськогосподарських угідь області та у порівнянні з іншими областями, що визначає її актуальність. Найбільша площа угідь у південній частині області, що зумовлено ґрунтово-кліматичними умовами. Про високий рівень сільськогосподарської освоєності земель свідчить частка ріллі (33,4 %), перелоги відсутні, тобто в межах категорії сільськогосподарських земель регіону немає резерв для подальшого освоєння у порівняні з іншими областями України, що вимагає раціонального використання сільськогосподарських угідь., The correlation of the structure of agricultural lands of Ukraine and Volyn region in particular is revealed. The main purpose of the study is to highlight regional differences in the structure of agricultural lands of the region in comparison with other regions, which determines its relevance. The largest area of land is located in the southern part of the region, due to soil and climatic conditions. The high level of agricultural land development is evidenced by the share of arable land (33.4%), without fallow land, it means that within the category of agricultural land in the region, there is no reserve for further development compared to other regions of Ukraine, which requires rational use of agricultural land.

Resumo Objetiva-se discutir as características e a estruturação do Setor Agropecuário no contexto da Região Geográfica Imediata de Pau dos Ferros. Foram realizadas pesquisa bibliográfica e em bases de dados do IBGE. Os resultados sinalizam a perda de participação do VAB Agropecuário no VAB Total; presença relevante de minifúndios e modesta atuação governamental na distribuição de terras; predominância da agricultura familiar na geração de ocupações; uso incipiente de aportes tecnológicos na produção; difusão da eletrificação rural e presença marcante de recursos hídricos. Conclui-se que, a Agropecuária perdeu importância econômica, permanece com uma estrutura fundiária incompatível, tem mais de 80% de estabelecimentos familiares, apresenta baixa capacidade técnica e tecnológica para realizar a produção e mesmo assim gera quase 40 mil ocupações. Abstract The objective is to discuss the characteristics and structuring of the Agricultural Sector in the context of the Immediate Geographic Region of Pau dos Ferros. Bibliographic research was carried out in IBGE databases. The results indicate the loss of participation of the Agropecuary VAB in the Total VAB; relevant presence of minifúndios and modest governmental action in the distribution of land; predominance of family farming in the generation of occupations; incipient use of technological contributions in production; dissemination of rural electrification and marked presence of water resources. It is concluded that Agriculture has lost economic importance, remains with an incompatible land structure, has more than 80% of family establishments, has low technical and technological capacity to carry out production and even so generates almost 40,000 occupations. Resumen El objetivo es discutir las características y la estructuración del Sector Agrícola en el contexto de la Región Geográfica Inmediata de Pau dos Ferros. La investigación bibliográfica se realizó en bases de datos del IBGE. Los resultados indican la pérdida de participación del VAB Agropecuario en el VAB Total; presencia relevante de minifúndios y modesta acción gubernamental en la distribución de la tierra; predominio de la agricultura familiar en la generación de ocupaciones; uso incipiente de aportes tecnológicos en la producción; difusión de la electrificación rural y marcada presencia de recursos hídricos. Se concluye que la Agricultura ha perdido importancia económica, se mantiene con una estructura de suelo incompatible, cuenta con más del 80% de establecimientos familiares, tiene baja capacidad técnica y tecnológica para llevar a cabo la producción y aun así genera casi 40.000 ocupaciones.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-12T02:48:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2020-01-01 From 2007 to 2017, the Agro-Environmental Protocol of the Sugar and Energy Sector was in force, an agreement between sugarcane mill owners and the State Government of São Paulo, Brazil, proposing to eliminate sugarcane burning as a method to facilitate the harvest. Simultaneously, the sugarcane harvest was becoming widely mechanized while, under the interests of capital accumulation, the mills were entering the information and communication technology era and providing the agricultural processes with more precise and immediate management and technological controls, similar to those implemented in the mills' administrative and industrial operations in the 1990s. Short-term factors, including environmental factors, favoured sugarcane technological changes. As a result, there was a mass layoff of rural workers and an increasing number of people/workers in agricultural mechanization, transportation and maintenance of machinery and administrative as well. The whole process highlighted the differences between mills, resulting in small and medium sugarcane farmers and mills to become the most impacted, in operational and financial terms, by the accelerating mechanization of the sugarcane industry as a whole. School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV) São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Jaboticabal Campus Earth Sciences and Exact Sciences Institute (IGCE) São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Rio Claro Campus School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies (FCAV) São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Jaboticabal Campus Earth Sciences and Exact Sciences Institute (IGCE) São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Rio Claro Campus

Resumo: O processo de colonização de São Paulo consistiu num contínuo movimento de expansão da fronteira demográfica e econômica rumo ao oeste. Desde o Século XVI, as terras foram ocupadas de maneira legal ou informal. Busca-se, neste texto, discutir os processos de incorporação dessas terras na economia da cana-de-açúcar e do café. Abstract: The colonization process of São Paulo consisted of a continuous expansion movement of the demographic and economic frontier towards the West. Since the 16th century, the land has been occupied legally or informally. This paper aims to discuss the processes of incorporation of these lands in the economy of sugar cane and coffee.

Исследование посвящено поиску оптимальных вариантов организации регионального землепользования на основе сбалансированной структуры земельных угодий. Под сбалансированной организацией землепользования подразумевается такое сочетание видов использования земель на определенной территории, при котором возможно обеспечение баланса между интенсивно используемыми в хозяйственной деятельности землями и сохранением в относительно нетронутом виде экологически ценных природных систем, непревышением пороговых значений антропогенных воздействий на природную среду, приводящих к необратимым изменениям. Выполненный анализ научно-методических подходов к организации рационального землепользования показал, что важным источником информации о структуре землепользования являются открытые данные государственного кадастрового учета. На основе их систематизации проведена оценка сбалансированности пространственной организации землепользования для административных районов Алтайского края. Выявлено, что основными негативными факторами являются чрезмерная распашка, низкая лесистость и недостаточная площадь природоохранных и рекреационных территорий. Для решения указанных проблем были предложены возможные направления экологически приемлемых изменений.

Повышение эффективности аграрного производства связано с совершенствованием организации земель, увеличением интенсивности их использования и в целом изменением структуры земель административных районов, что в свою очередь обуславливает рост антропогенной нагрузки на агроладшафты. Все это вызывает необходимость экологической оценки и обеспечения экологической безопасности территорий. В работе произведена оценка антропогенной нагрузки на территорию Минской области в разрезе административных районов, а также приведены рекомендации, направленные на оптимизацию структуры земельных ресурсов, их рациональное использование и сохранение качества, что способствует повышению стабильности экологической обстановки.Improving the efficiency of agricultural production is associated with improving the organization of land, increasing the intensity of their use and, in general, changing the land structure of administrative regions, which in turn leads to an increase in anthropogenic pressure on agro-landscapes. All this causes the need for environmental assessment and environmental safety of the territories. The work assesses the anthropogenic load on the territory of the Minsk region in the context of administrative regions, as well as provides recommendations aimed at optimizing the structure of land resources, their rational use and maintaining quality, which helps to increase the stability of the environmental situation.

According to the law, land is known as the national wealth of Ukraine, as it is the main means of producing material goods for the needs of mankind. Despite the fact that the Zhytomyr region covers the fertile soils of the forest-steppe zone, their use is not always optimal. Determining the efficiency of agricultural land use by agricultural producers in the region is currently very relevant and defines the purpose of our research.It is established that in the territory of Zhytomyr agricultural land makes 1510.0 thousand hectares, of which 73.6% is arable. This figure is slightly less than the average for Ukraine. However, it is possible to further increase the area’s plowing rate due to overfishing. There are various types of agricultural enterprises operating in the Zhytomyr region, the vast majority of which are farms (56,1%) and business associations (30.2%). They are the main producers of crop production. The economic direction of our region is grain, as in the structure of acreage they make up 43.6%. Among cereals, the largest areas are winter wheat (116.9 thousand hectares) and maize for grain (155.6 thousand hectares). Industrial crops, which make up 31.0% in the area of acreage, are represented mainly by soybean and sunflower. These cultures are economically attractive to the producers of today. Potatoes and vegetables of the region make up only 9.5% of the acreage, and among the forage crops are predominant perennial herbs. Qualitatively, the structure of acreage of Zhytomyr region and Ukraine does not differ. The difference is only in the squares occupied by different groups of cultures.In general, Zhytomyr region is one of the regions characterized by average rupture of the territory. The acreage of agricultural enterprises is only 23.1% of the total territory. The least developed agricultural sector is the western regions of our country, in particular the Zakharpatska region (2.6%), while the central and southern regions are the most developed agricultural region. Thus, in the Kirovohrad region the acreage of agrarians is 49.1%.Analyzing the state of land use by agricultural enterprises of Zhytomyr region, it can be described as not satisfactory enough, as evidenced by economic indicators in comparison with other regions of Ukraine., Известно, что земля согласно законодательству выступает национальным богатством Украины, поскольку есть главным средством производства материальных благ для нужд человечества. Несмотря на то, что Житомирская область территориально охватывает плодородные почвы Лесостепи, их использование не всегда оптимальным. Определение особенностей использования сельскохозяйственных угодий производителями аграрной продукции области в настоящее время является весьма актуальным и определяет цель наших исследованийУстановлено, что на территории Житомирщины сельскохозяйственные угодья составляют 1510,0 тыс. Га, из которых 73,6% приходится на пашню. Этот показатель несколько меньше, чем в среднем по Украине. Однако существует возможность дальнейшего увеличения показателя розорюваности области за счет залежей. В Житомирской области функционируют различные виды сельскохозяйственных подпредприятий, подавляющее большинство которых составляют фермерские хозяйства (56,1%) и хозяйственные общества (30,2%). Именно они являются основными производителями продукции растениеводства. хозяйственный направление нашего региона является зерновым, так как в структуре посевных площадей составляют 43,6%.Среди зерновых наибольшие площади занимают пшеница озимая (116,9 тыс. Га) и кукуруза на зерно (155,6 тыс. Га). Технические, которые составляют 31,0% в структуре посевных площадей, представленные преимущественно соей и подсолнечником. Именно эти культуры достаточно экономически привлекательными для товаропроизводителей современности. Картофель и овощи области составляют лишь 9,5% посевных площадей, а среди кормовых культур преобладающими являются многолетние травы. Качественно структура посевных площадей Житомирськои области и Украины не отличается. Отличие заключается оставлю в площадях, занятых различными группами культур. В общем Житомирщина относится к областям, которые характеризуются средними показателями розорюваности территории. Посевные площади сельскохозяйственных предприятий составляют лишь 23,1% от общей территории. Меньше освоенными аграрным сектором является западные регионы нашей страны, в частности Закарпатская область (2,6%), а наиболее развитым соль скохозяйственных регионом выступают центральные и южные области. Так, в Кировоградской области посевные площади аграриев составляют 49,1%. Проанализировав состояние использования земельных ресурсов сельскохозяйственными предприятиями Житомирской, можно охарактеризовать его как недостаточно удовлетворительное, о чем свидетельствует степень розорюваности земель по сравнению с другими областями Украины., Відомо, що земля згідно законодавства виступає національним багатством України, оскільки є головним засобом виробництва матеріальних благ для потреб людства. Попри те, що Житомирська область територіально охоплює родючі грунти зони Лісостепу, їх використання не завжди є оптимальним. Визначення особливостей використання сільськогосподарських угідь виробниками аграрної продукції області наразі є досить актуальним та визначає мету наших досліджень.Встановлено, що на території Житомирщини сільськогосподарські угіддя становлять 1510,0 тис. га, з яких 73,6% припадає на ріллю. Цей показник є дещо меншим, ніж, в середньому, по Україні. Проте існує можливість подальшого збільшення показника розорюваності області за рахунок перелогів. В Житомирській області функціонують різні види сільськогосподарських підприємств, переважну більшість яких складають фермерські господарства (56,1%) та господарські товариства (30,2%). Саме вони є основними виробниками продукції рослинництва. Господарський напрямок нашого регіону є зерновим, так як в структурі посівних площ вони становлять 43,6%. Серед зернових найбільші площі займають пшениця озима (116,9 тис. га) та кукурудза на зерно (155,6 тис. га). Технічні культури, які складають 31,0% в структурі посівних площ, представлені переважно соєю та соняшником. Саме ці культури є досить економічно привабливими для товаровиробників сьогодення. Картопля та овочі області становлять лише 9,5% посівних площ, а серед кормових культур переважаючими є багаторічні трави. Якісно структура посівних площ Житомирської області та України не відрізняється. Відмінність полягає лишу у площах, зайнятих різними групами культур. Загалом Житомирщина відноситься до областей, які характеризуються середніми показниками розорюваності території. Посівні площі сільськогосподарських підприємств складають лише 23,1% від загальної території. Найменше освоєними аграрним сектором є західні регіони нашої держави, зокрема Закарпатська область (2,6%), а найбільш розвинутим сільськогосподарським регіоном виступають центральні та південні області. Так, у Кіровоградській області посівні площі аграріїв становлять 49,1%. Проаналізувавши стан використання земельних ресурсів сільськогосподарськими підприємствами Житомирщини, можна охарактеризувати його як не досить задовільний, про що свідчить ступінь розорюваності земель в порівнянні з іншими областями України.

Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-11T08:47:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-09-01 The Agro-Environmental Protocol of the Sugar-Energy Sector was in force in the state of Sao Paulo between 2007 and 2017. This protocol consisted of an agreement between sugar-ethanol producers and the Government of the State of Sao Paulo, proposing to eliminate the pre-harvest burning of sugarcane as a method for facilitating its harvest while simultaneously replacing manual by mechanical harvesting. This work details the reasons leading to sugarcane mechanization, its consequences on land concentration, and competition between agribusinesses and sugarcane suppliers. The effects on the formal labor market are estimated and discussed since a sharp drop in the number of sugarcane cutters and the increasing number of workers in agricultural mechanization, transportation, equipment maintenance and administrative services led to a negative balance. It is understood the public action on the Protocol was partial since it prioritized the environmental issue while showing little concern regarding the employment and the resulting economic concentration. Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Econ Adm & Educ, Econ Agr & Polit Agr, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agr & Vet, Dept Econ Adm & Educ, Econ Agr & Polit Agr, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq The present research deals with a study on the land structure, of the Western Campaign, a micro-region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, that has for its history of formation the same agrarian problem that the rest of the country possesses, that is the land concentration. This concentration resulting from the sesmarias process led to the region being formed by large latifundia, still due to its natural characteristics, extensive livestock farming became the main economic activity of the region. However, in the last years the region has been undergoing strong changes in its landscapes and economy, due to the insertion of monoculture of soybean and eucalyptus, thus transforming the territory of the western campaign. Soybeans and eucalyptus, introduced in the region since the 2000s, bring with it some problems that the rest of the soybean territory suffered from the green revolution. Although these changes are very recent, some studies point to environmental problems, loss of biodiversity biome pampa, so this work will try to raise some discussions about this and show the land structure of the campaign. Thus, it was established as a general objective: to understand and discuss possible changes in the land structure of the municipalities of the Western Campaign, due to the insertion of soybean and eucalyptus monocultures, and their impacts on traditional activities, notably cattle and sheep farming. More specifically, it intends to: rescue the historical-geographical formation of the region emphasizing the origins of the great property. Recognize the effects of the introduction and development of monocultures on the agrarian and land structure of municipalities. Identifying the role of ownership in society in regional culture. Because the work requires that several data be used, then at first we will work with the statistical method. That aims to arrive at the induction of the real relation through mass observation (Cavalcante, 2008). Then using the dialectic method, because it is the one closest to the reality of the research. Due to the need to gather information about the study area, this paper will present the methodological procedures divided into three phases. The first stage of this work consisted of the initial and constant orientations, survey and analysis of the bibliographic material, these being the secondary data, if they will be the basis for the construction of the theoretical reference of the research. The second phase will be the collection of data on the INCRA, CAR and IBGE sites, and cross-check and analyze data on the land structure with the number of establishments that the region has. The third phase consists of data analysis and mapping of the land use of the municipalities of the Western Campaign. A presente pesquisa trata de um estudo sobre a estrutura fundiária, da Campanha Ocidental, uma microrregião do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que tem por seu histórico de formação o mesmo problema agrário que o restante do país possui, que é a concentração fundiária. Essa concentração oriunda do processo de sesmarias, fez com que a região fosse formado por grandes latifúndios, ainda pelas suas características naturais, a pecuária extensiva se tornou a principal atividade econômica da região. Porém nos últimos anos a região vem sofrendo forte mudanças nas suas paisagens e na economia, devido a inserção de monocultura da soja e do eucalipto, transformando assim o território da campanha ocidental. A soja e o eucalipto inseridos na região a partir dos anos 2000, traz consigo alguns problemas que o restante do território da soja sofreu com a revolução verde, apesar de ser muito recente essas possíveis mudanças, alguns estudos apontam problemas ambientais, perda da biodiversidade do bioma pampa, dessa forma esse trabalho tentará levantar algumas discussões a esse respeito e mostrar a estrutura fundiária da campanha. Dessa forma foi estabelecido como objetivo geral: compreender e discutir possíveis mudanças na estrutura fundiária dos municípios da Campanha Ocidental, devido a inserção das monoculturas de soja e eucalipto, e seus impactos nas atividades tradicionais, notadamente a criação de gado bovino e ovino. Mais especificamente pretende-se: resgatar a formação histórica-geográfica da região enfatizando as origens da grande propriedade. Reconhecer os efeitos da introdução e desenvolvimento de monoculturas sobre a estrutura agrária e fundiária dos municípios. Identificando o papel da propriedade na sociedade na cultura regional. A pesquisa foi realizada com dados estatísticos, desta forma, utilizou-se num primeiro momento o método estatístico com o intuito de chegar a indução da relação real por meio da observação em massa (Cavalcante, 2008). A abordagem utilizada baseia-se na dialética, pois entende-se ser a que mais se aproxima da realidade pesquisada. Os procedimentos metodológicos estão divididos em três fases, a primeira constituiu as orientações iniciais, levantamento e análise do material bibliográfico, sendo estes dados secundários, subsidiando a construção do referencial teórico da pesquisa. A segunda, a coleta de dados nos sites do INCRA, CAR e IBGE, possibilitou a partir do cruzamento de dados compreender a estrutura fundiária e o número de estabelecimentos que a região possui. A terceira fase consistiu entre análise de dados e mapeamento do uso do solo dos municípios da campanha Ocidental.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the use of agricultural land in the Kharkiv region, to develop and justify possible directions for improving the land use efficiency of the region. Methodology / approach. The methodological basis of the scientific research is a systematic approach to the study of the effectiveness of agricultural land use. To solve certain problems in the research process, we used general scientific and special methods, namely: abstract-logical (for theoretical generalization of conclusions and analysis of research results); economic and statistical (to analyze the current state of land use in agriculture in Kharkiv region); analysis and synthesis (to analyze the impact of individual factors on the efficiency of agricultural land use). Results. The article analyzes the structure of agricultural lands and the effectiveness of their use in the Kharkiv region. Particular emphasis is placed on assessing of impact of the specific gravity of grain and leguminous crops in the structure of arable land on production efficiency. The factors of influence on the efficiency of agricultural lands of Kharkiv region are specified. The cost of agricultural products of small farms in Kharkiv region was found to be much higher than in large enterprises, in particular in agricultural holdings. Therefore, state support measures need to be put in place for their development. Significance of some directions of increase of efficiency of use of agricultural lands of Kharkiv region is substantiated. Originality / scientific novelty. For the first time, it was proposed to stimulate the development of farms for rationalize and improve the efficiency of land use in Kharkiv region. These proposals are based on government support for such farms in order to reduce the cost of agricultural products. Proposals for transition of landowners and land users to intensive forms of production are formed. Practical value / implications. The results of the study can be used in the formation of national and regional programs of support and development of agricultural land use in Ukraine, in particular the Kharkiv region, in order to rationalize and improve the efficiency of land use.