Search

Tiger shrimp (Panaeus monodon) is a crucial fishery product in East Kalimantan, Indonesia, distributed within 12 h by land routes, leading to quality deterioration due to microbial contaminants. This study aimed to analyze the presence of microbial contaminants in tiger shrimps and detect risk factors that cause the presence of bacterial contaminants in shrimp. The sampling used in this study was a purposive sampling of tiger shrimp based on three organoleptic quality categories (good (1), moderate (2), and poor (3)) and analyzed with several specific media. Risk factor observations were performed during the handling process. The highest total bacteria and coliforms were found in shrimp 3, at 30.25x10 6 cfu/g and >1100 MPN/g, respectively. Based on the distribution of bacteria in each shrimp, shrimps 2 and 3 were contaminated by six types of bacteria: Pseudomonas sp., Aeromonas sp., Salmonella/Shigella, Klebsiella sp., E. coli, and S. aureus. E. coli, Klebsiella sp., and Salmonella/Shigella bacteria were not found in shrimp 1. The presence of these bacteria plays a role in the deterioration of tiger shrimp. Bacteria in shrimp is caused by the equipment and materials used, worker behavior, and environmental conditions that do not pay attention to hygiene during the tiger shrimp handling process. These results suggest that the long distribution process of tiger shrimp, coupled with poor handling, leads to bacterial contamination, resulting in quality degradation in the form of tiger shrimp spoilage, requiring a particular strategy to minimize bacterial contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study of the effects on landownership distribution of the unprecedented explosion of labour militancy in the Italian countryside during the post-Great War crisis, the period known as the «Red Biennium» (1919-1920) and its aftermath up to the March on Rome. During these years land markets became suddenly liquid, generating a sort of «spontaneous land reform». The Italian case thus provides valuable insights into the effects of extreme threats to property on the operation of usually sticky land markets in a developing economy. The conventional wisdom attributes a key role in the process to «Red fear». Exploiting geographical variation in different dimensions of collective action intensity, we revisit the conventional wisdom. The frequency of agricultural strikes is indeed strongly correlated with land sales, but the scale of strike participation over the period is associated with a lower propensity to sale in Central and Northern provinces. Spatial analysis suggests a pattern of land sales compatible with contagion across locations. Thus, an increase in disruptive labour unrest may have induced some landowners to sell, as far as the threat was perceived as an individual one. Where the labour movement was able to increase the scale and scope of the threat, the entire landowning class was concerned. There, Blackshirts rather than land sales were the response to Red fear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study critically examines the effects of communal land privatisation and certification linked to the state-sponsored irrigation project in the pastoral area. It is based on ethnographic fieldwork among the Karrayu pastoralists in eastern Ethiopia. The findings indicate that subdivision and certification excluded many pastoral individuals and groups from accessing their ancestral land. Some were not allocated land; all, including those who were allocated a parcel, lost access to the rest of the land to which they previously had access; and some of those who were granted ownership rights were also unable to reap the full benefits of their holding due to structural-relational factors constraining their power to do so. Thus, the article suggests the importance of monitoring the process to protect the rights of disadvantaged groups as well as strengthening the customary tenure rather than rushing to replace it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Economia e Sociologia Rural is the property of Sociedade Brasileira de Economia e Sociologia Rural and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, we introduce a new dataset to complement the existing evidence on economic inequalities in Poland’s rural areas. This important dataset uses annual information on the beneficiaries of income support, which is paid to farmers within the European Common Agricultural Policy and covers the period 2014–2021. The data can be used to analyse the changing distribution of this support at municipality level using conventional inequality measures. Since part of the support is granted per eligible hectare, our data can also serve as a good approximation of land use distribution, and thus allow researchers to scrutinise the changes in the distribution of an important component of the wealth of many people living in rural areas. The paper presents selected findings on the distribution of income support granted to land users in the studied period and suggests potential research areas, for which the presented dataset can provide useful insights.

The paper aimed to study land reforms in the Russian Federation from the abolition of serfdom to the present time. The research was carried out by analyzing land and urban planning regulatory and legal acts, territorial planning, and municipal land management schemes used in constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The conducted retrospective analysis of land reforms in Russia revealed weaknesses and strengths and outlined prospects for further development of land relations. The conducted study showed that land reforms in Russia have not reached a successful conclusion. It had negative effects on agriculture and food security of the country. The paper provides recommendations with regard to the regulatory and scientific-methodological basis for a new system of land ownership and land use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia, the issue of land distribution is an important issue related to social justice and the legal system. The large number of agrarian conflicts and inequality of access to land shows the need for legal transformation to achieve the ideals of the rule of law (nomocracy) and transparency in land distribution. The purpose of this study is to analyse the legal transformation needed to realise the ideal of the rule of law (nomocracy) and transparency in the field of land distribution, focusing on efforts to ensure fairness in the land distribution system in Indonesia. This research uses Empirical methods. The research data was collected from literature published in reputable scientific journals. Literature is collected through searches in electronic literature databases, such as Google Scholar and Scopus. The data that has been collected is then analysed in three stages, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusions. The results show that the transformation of law in Indonesia towards nomocracy and transparency in land distribution aims to strengthen legal foundations, ensure justice, and reduce inequality of land access. The principle of nomocracy places law as the primary guide in decision-making, while transparency reduces the potential for corruption and landrelated conflicts. Land law reform and land redistribution policies are crucial steps in achieving this goal. More open access to public information in the area of land distribution allows for greater public participation in decision-making processes. By strengthening transparency and the application of nomocracy principles, Indonesia can strengthen the foundation of its rule of law and ensure sustainability in land resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land and "Land Policy" have always been important social issues that are related to and dependent on the policies and governance models of different countries. In contemporary Iranian history, the issue of land has always been an unresolved matter and a focus of the government's attention. The significance and sensitivity of this issue led policymakers to immediately address it after the Islamic Revolution, and the specific legal, social, and political concerns in this area prompted the formulation and implementation of a new policy for land distribution in rural areas of the country. Given the importance of this topic, the central theme of this research is the transformations that occurred in the field of rural land ownership in Iran under the influence of the Islamic Revolution, with the main goal of examining the impact that the phenomenon of the Iranian Islamic Revolution had on land policy in Iran. Therefore, the main question of this article is ‘What was the land policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in rural areas and on what principles, foundations, and implementation methods was it based?’ In response to this question, using a comparative method, we have addressed the land policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in rural areas and ultimately examined this policy by presenting a model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our work sheds light on the joint role of human capital and geography during the early stages of the transition from stagnation to growth in early twentieth century Greece. We uncover a robust association between geography and literacy. We also show that geography is correlated with land inequality and thus establish that land distribution is a channel through which geography influences literacy. Finally, the impact of geography on human capital formation weakens with industrialization. Our work contributes to the literature on geography and human capital in the transition from stagnation to growth since Greece was at the early stages of the industrial era during the study period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of inequality between social identity groups is anchored in acts of violent dispossession of freedom and property by the group seeking the advantages of dominance. The beginning of contemporary disparities in income and especially wealth between Black and White Americans follow the same pattern. Of particular significance is the racialized character of U.S. land distribution policies in the aftermath of the Civil War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia Regional is the property of Historia Regional and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Antik Tanulmanyok is the property of Akademiai Kiado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spatial planning and arrangement work of rural areas is constantly being renovated to improve the living conditions, land distribution and to facilitate work in this area by reducing the costs of transport. The most effective solution is consolidation and exchange of land, which is a difficult and time-consuming process. However, it significantly facilitates everyday functioning of the inhabitants of the village. It assumes reduction of plots of land belonging to the farm by increasing the area of other plots, regulating the shape, ensuring access to the public road and shortening the distances of individual farmland to their habitats (built on site). The purpose of this work was the analysis of land consolidation and exchange process for the village of Lukowa with the use of Geographical Information System (GIS) tools. Primary aim set at the beginning of the project is to compare the state before the land consolidation and the design of the parcel posting after consolidation. QGIS free software has been used to solve this problem. Two basic activities were carried out to compare the distance between built-up land and the remaining farmland. For this purpose, two analyses were performed: network analyses assuming the calculation of distance along the shape of roads and linear analyses determining the shortest distances between plots on a straight line. The work considers the real land distribution, the calculation of which is a time-consuming task. Many factors must be considered to accurately determine the correct distances. It is shown what difficulties and problems occur during the collection of data for analysis, with the correct indication of habitats and indicating the road network or aggregation of adjacent plots of one owner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Historia y Sociedad (01218417) is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Facultad de Ciencias Humanas y Economicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, the issues of meeting the demand of the population for food products and solving the employment of the population through the diversification of the use of land resources are considered. The paper addresses the issue of prioritizing export-oriented products in land use and land distribution. The purpose of the study is to develop suggestions and recommendations on how to improve the methods of financial regulation of land use diversification in conditions of variability in demand for land resources and diversification of land use. The subject of the study is the production, financial, organizational and economic relations that arise between the economic entities involved in the processes of utilization of land resources. The recommendations are given on the direction of the regulation of the diversification of the use of the land fund give an opportunity to make effective use of the land fund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To meet the needs of residents, scientists have suggested the concept of smart cities for urban transformation. Urban green spaces (UGSs) are designed to improve lifestyles. Environmental performance on a global scale is becoming challenging due to climatic changes and rapid advancement. To remedy these issues, the establishment of highly sustainable and healthier ecosystems is a crucial demand, placing an emphasis on the design of smart cities to prevent disease and address the basics of living quality. Urban populations are increasing enormously, which is a strong obstacle to developing a pollution-free environment. This study examines the current developments of cities, especially the sustainability of smart cities, which is required to meet the current demands. In addition to the developments, the ranking of different cities is compared. To explain the climate-related goals, national and international objectives and the legal framework are considered. The study compares the cities of Vienna, Copenhagen, Amsterdam, and Hamburg. The comparison is based on four categories: land distribution and use; mobility and transport; building standards; and supply and disposal. Owing to the high standard of living and its leading position in various rankings, special attention is paid to Vienna. The work is well developed with various components of sustainability and future development to enhance the quality of life and minimize air pollution. Finally, the problems and improvement possibilities of the cities are discussed. The study aims to look at the sustainability goals and projects that could be important in an ecological and sustainable city in the future. The comparison study of different cities shows the importance of smart cities and their effect on health.

context and background Despite the robustness of various land instruments and legal and institutional regulations on various sectors, Tanzania’s land distribution-related policy implementation and practice is facing numerous challenges. Tanzania is not only experiencing poor land conditions, but also poor land management and ineffective policy implementation. Areas of concern includes public policy actions on land conflicts; settlements and housing problems; and conflicting demand for land for mining, large scale agriculture, conservation, tourism, ranching and pastoral nomadism. This study highlights that the land sector in Tanzania is in a state of instability due to inability to secure rights to land, issues around transparency and ongoing disputes and misunderstanding within society as demand for land increases. Goal and Objectives: The study tries to find out the potential of land and available related policies incongruent with the future land distribution and land use for sustainable land use in Tanzania by recommending the proper land distribution policy directions for feasible outcomes. Methodology: Secondary data analysis was applied to support the existing scenario in land policies regarding land use and the land distribution paradox. A review of land use, distribution, ownership in Tanzania has been conducted by focusing on land use and land cover distribution, size of public land, land claims by major sectors, and land ownership in Tanzania. Results: The study recommends that the government should go beyond land reforms and new legal regulations, but rather concentrate on innovative, participatory, and sustainable land development policy approaches. More emphasis on the operational land market, land information system, land rights, and security of tenure should instead be heightened. Again, effective coordination with relevant sectoral agencies can enhance the implementation of existing policies toward achieving sustainable land and resource management..

Copyright of Revista Entramado is the property of Universidad Libre Seccional Cali and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How did the emerging market for land in the 19th century influence land distribution in East Prussia? And how did land markets respond to the emergence of financial institutions that relied on land as collateral but also affected the ease and speed of land transfer?

The article is aimed at investigating the expediency of land reform in Ukraine. The process and consequences of land reforms in Georgia and Moldova are considered. The indicators of development of the agricultural sector and the degree of involvement of the population in it are revealed. The world experience of land distribution was analysed. The most effective strategy of land reform development by analysing the research in the dependence of efficiency of land plots utilization on the size of households that cultivate them was revealed. The efficiency of agroholdings and family farms is compared. Determined trends in the distribution and size of plots in developed countries. Analysed the gradual adoption of decisions in the development of land reform and their effects on the success of such reform in Georgia and Moldova. The current decisions of the Ukrainian government on the way to reforming land distribution and use of land resources are considered. Parallels of the current Ukrainian land reform based on the experience of Moldova and Georgia are identified. The assumption of success and expediency of the decisions taken, which could potentially come into force when the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine discusses the format of the land reform, was put forward. Analysed the further development of the land sector according to the gradual entry into force of the adopted legislation. The issues of expediency of opening the land market to foreigners were considered. Penetrated the experience of international partners and countries already decided on the admission or non-admission of foreign contractors to the national land market. The degree of development of accounting and inventory of existing land plots and completeness of filling the land cadastre of the three countries under study was determined. The research method was the analysis of the current land system of Georgia and Moldova by studying articles on the dynamics of changes in local legislation. The main economic indicators that may indicate the degree of success of the reforms in these countries are considered. Due to such indicators, a detailed analysis of the latest changes in the legislation of Ukraine predicted and assessed the feasibility of the reforms.

Some of the most important contemporary threats to the population are global emergencies, such as pandemics, refugee waves, and climate disasters. Urban areas with high-density housing and limited access to services have been primarily affected. There is often a lack of time, resources, and space to develop primary services available near places of residence. In the face of progressing urbanisation and the expanding pandemic, it is necessary to rationally manage urban space, ensuring the use of unused, post-industrial areas, on the one hand, and minimise the negative effects of crises—the spread of a virus, the occurrence of an urban heat island, or the relocation of refugees. One beneficial solution in cities is effectively managing empty, undeveloped urban areas to develop cities in a way that is future-proof from new emergencies. In this study, we aimed to search for optimal solutions which can help to alleviate the negative effects of emergencies in the city using the decision-making model of field reserve management. Two districts of Warsaw, the capital city of Poland, were chosen for this study: one was typically urbanised, namely, Mokotów, and the other had large undeveloped areas for construction, namely, Białołęka. We analysed the land reserves of these districts. Spatial analyses of the data made it possible to identify optimal locations that constituted land reserves that can be used for essential services. Based on the analysis results, planners can effectively create a set of recommendations for local governments. Thanks to these recommendations, municipalities can manage their land reserves and eventually adapt them for the abovementioned purposes. As a result, it is expected that the effective management of land reserves using publicly available spatial data will improve preventive actions in an emergency, such as a pandemic. In addition, the proposed design solutions are universal; since they are based on the data on available field reserves and their statuses, management in emergencies will be possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and background Despite the robustness of various land instruments and legal and institutional regulations on various sectors, Tanzania's land distribution related policy implementation and practice is facing numerous challenges. Tanzania is not only experiencing poor land conditions, but also poor land management and ineffective policy implementation. Areas of concern includes public policy actions on land conflicts; settlements and housing problems; and conflicting demand for land for mining, large scale agriculture, conservation, tourism, ranching and pastoral nomadism. This study highlights that the land sector in Tanzania is in a state of instability due to inability to secure rights to land, issues around transparency and ongoing disputes and misunderstanding within society as demand for land increases. Goal and Objectives: The study tries to find out the potential of land and available related policies incongruent with the future land distribution and land use for sustainable land use in Tanzania by recommending the proper land distribution policy directions for feasible outcomes. Methodology: Secondary data analysis was applied to support the existing scenario in land policies regarding land use and the land distribution paradox. A review of land use, distribution, ownership in Tanzania has been conducted by focusing on land use and land cover distribution, size of public land, land claims by major sectors, and land ownership in Tanzania.. Results: The study recommends that the government should go beyond land reforms and new legal regulations, but rather concentrate on innovative, participatory, and sustainable land development policy approaches. More emphasis on the operational land market, land information system, land rights, and security of tenure should instead be heightened. Again, effective coordination with relevant sectoral agencies can enhance the implementation of existing policies towards achieving sustainable land and resource management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to examine the degree of realization of risk related to inequality in the distribution of the farmland size in Bulgaria. The study is based on Eurostat data for Bulgaria and other EU countries. The results show that specific indicators provide somewhat specific country characterizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty / ÇOMÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Land inequality is a global and historic issue. There is a problem of unequal distribution of land ownership in modern China; research results on this topic are extensive, but the conclusions are quite different or even completely opposite. This study systematically reviewed the research results obtained for land inequality in modern China and performed an international comparison. The results show that the debate on the estimation of land inequality in modern China has existed for a long time. The overall estimation of land inequality has been repeatedly revised, and many subdivision estimates show great regional variability. The application of the Gini coefficient and other methods can address the drawbacks of traditional methods. A change trend toward equality was found to be more likely in the late modern period. The majority of studies support the notion that debt burden, power, and strength exacerbated land inequality in modern China, whereas the inheritance system with equal sharing, revolution, and reform reduced the land inequality. However, the impact of disasters and commercialization remains controversial. Compared with relevant international studies, the study on land inequality in modern China focused on estimations with unique interpretation perspectives, but there are limitations in terms of the research methods used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How did the emerging market for land in the 19th century influence land distribution in East Prussia? And how did land markets respond to the emergence of financial institutions that relied on land as collateral but also affected the ease and speed of land transfer? Focusing on the example of a specific financial institution – the East Prussian Landschaft – this paper empirically tests the hypothesis that the Landschaft credit institutes, through their provision of privileged credit, enabled noble estates to expand their landholdings. It also tests whether the existence of Landschaft-credit helped noble estates to remain in the hands of nobles and halted estate sales to the emerging bourgeoisie. The analysis combines several datasets on East Prussian landed estates in 1796, 1834 and 1882 and matches these with borrowing records of the East Prussian Landschaft from 1823 and 1829. The study finds that access to Landschaft-credit correlates positively with estate size over the 19th century, suggesting that the Landschaft credit institutes did play a role in ownership concentration. The results regarding the transfer of estates from the nobility to the bourgeoisie show a weaker link between Landschaft-credit and ownership status of estate holders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the impact of the Christian conquest and colonisation of the 13th century on the landscape and settlement in the Ribera del Xúquer, a region built and defined mainly by the influence of this river. In particular, it aims to analyse both the Muslim society prior to the conquest and the new feudal society that arose afterwards, using the exceptional source of the books of distribution of the lands and houses expropriated from their former owners and assigned to the new settlers. The first part examines the main source, the Llibre del Repartiment, its possibilities and limits, and then deals with the successive stages of the conquest and colonisation of the territory, the distribution of castles, towers, and hamlets, as well as the granting of both small and medium-sized plots of land and large holdings, known as honors, heretats and reals.The importance of irrigation in a country of water and marshland, between the river Xúquer and the Albufera lake, is also studied. The article closes with a look at the expropriated Muslim population, which is only very slowly beginning to emerge in the attention of historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study revises the picture of the interwar Czechoslovak land reform as an example of a successful non-violent land reform. The study reveals that the land reform in Czechoslovakia, which passed as a revolutionary change, did not reach its announced targets: the redistribution of the land to landless and land-poor people and the reduction of inequality of land distribution in society. Based on the hypothesis that even when there is a strong ruling agrarian political party, and no opponents to a land reform in the country, there is no guarantee of its successful realisation, the study follows two aims: (1) a revision of the real outcomes of the land reform in interwar Czechoslovakia; (2) an analysis of why the land reform failed in expropriating and redistributing the land. In doing so, the study discusses how the land reform was stolen from the peasants and to what measure the theft was calculated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The factors influencing legislative voting behavior have often been studied. This is especially true regarding antebellum federal preemption legislation. Several conjectures have been posited and evaluated within the literature, with historical analysis suggesting geographic coalitions playing a dominant role. However, more recent empirical research based on a distributive theory of politics casts doubt on this hypothesis (Gailmard and Jenkins Gailmard and Jenkins, Public Choice 175:259–275, 2018). This paper adds to this debate by extending the empirical analysis to include several other potential factors relevant to the decision-making process. These include the ideological disposition of a given legislator, voter preferences, and special interest influences. Our econometric results support the distributive theory model and add additional nuance as well. Specifically, we find that a legislator's ideological disposition and constituent preferences are a strong indicator of voting behavior, as is geographic location (though not in the manner suggested by historical analysis). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In This Paper, The Issues Of Meeting The Demand Of The Population For Food Products And Solving The Employment Of The Population Through The Diversification Of The Use Of Land Resources Are Considered. Investing In Diversification Of Land Use Is One Of The Most Important Issues. This Article Addresses The Issue Of Prioritizing Export-Oriented Products In Land Use And Land Distribution. Prioritization Of Export Products In The Diversification Of Land Use Is The Main Support In Raising The Economy Of Developing Countries. The Purpose Of The Study Is To Develop Suggestions And Recommendations On How To Improve The Methods Of Financial Regulation Of Land Use Diversification In Conditions Of Variability In Demand For Land Resources And Diversification Of Land Use. The Subject Of The Study Is The Production, Financial, Organizational And Economic Relations That Arise Between The Economic Entities Involved In The Processes Of Utilization Of Land Resources. Methods Of The Study - In The Course Of The Study Were Widely Used Methods Such As Grouping, Statistical And Comparative Analysis, Logical Observation And Abstract Thinking, Constructive Computation, Monographic, Social Survey And Expert Evaluation. The Scientific Novelty Of The Study Is That The Recommendations Of The Authors On The Direction Of The Regulation Of The Diversification Of The Use Of The Land Fund Give An Opportunity To Make Effective Use Of The Land Fund. In Conclusion, The Concessions And Preferences That Are Used To Support Investments And Investment Activities By The State May Include The Following:: Transfer Of State-Owned Objects Or Property Rights To Them To The Investor At The Preferential Or Zero Acquisition Value; Granting Privileges On Taxes And Fees; Subsidize Interest Rates On Loans Received By The Investor For The Implementation Of An Investment Project. Preferences And Preferences Are Given Depending On The: To The Volume Of Investments; To The Conditions Of The Place Where The Investment Project Is Carried Out; Expected Socio-Economic Effect And Creation Of New Jobs; To The Sectors And Sectors Of The Implementation Of The Investment Project. Privileges On Taxes And Fees Are Granted In The Order Established By Law. Benefits And Preferences Are Given To Investors Who Intend To Invest In The Relevant Region, Depending On The Level Of Development Of The Infrastructure Of This Territory. In Order To Ensure The Diversification Of The Land Use By Prioritizing On Exsportbop Products, We Propose The Following; 1. Organization Of "Export Trade Center" Complexes In The Territory Of The District (In Order To Assist Exporters, Growers In The Region); 2. To Give Priority To Agricultural Lands In The Selection Of Cultivated Varieties Taking Into Account The Following Characteristics Of The Location Of The Land Plot: 3. In The Process Of Restoration Or Placement Of Production Facilities In The Territory Of The District, In The Case Of Putting Unused And State-Owned Objects Into Auction Or Giving Them For Use (On A Lease), It Is Necessary To Ensure That The Business Plans Of The Applicants Give Priority To The Ones Established For The Purpose Of Creating Export-Oriented Goods. With The Help Of The Proposed Methods, They Will Lead To The Fact That Land Users In The Region Will Receive Additional Income, More Foreign Currencies Will Be Introduced Into The Territory, Creating Jobs And Increasing The Number Oftirishga, The Economic Indicators Of The Territory Will Increase. From The Experience Of Developed Countries It Is Known That The Higher The Volume Of Exports Than The Volume Of Imports Of The Country, And The Constant Increase In This Indicator Leads To The Development Of The Economy, The Prevention Of The State Of The Purchase Of Natural Resources In The Country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekonomika APK is the property of Economy of Argo-Industrial Complex and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to relate Callimachus’ poetry with the measurement and distribution of land in a colonial environment. Certain words used by Callimachus in his description of the foundation of Zancle and in some other episodes (for example γεωδαῖται, σπάρτον, σχοῖνος, μέτρον ἀρούρης, διαμετρέω) refer to a technical vocabulary as well as units of measurement widely attested in Ptolemaic Egypt and Southern Italy. Besides the influence of local Egyptian knowledge, these features display the diffusion of scientific and philosophical traditions (Aristotle and the Aristotelian school, Pythagoreanism, etc.) in the Greek poleis in Sicily and Magna Graecia.

This article proposes a re-examination of the text engraved on a lead lamella from Himera published in 1997 and often assumed to contain a law on land distribution. On the basis of a detailed linguistic and epigraphic analysis it makes two suggestions on alternative readings in the central part of the lamella (lines 8-11), which may open new interpretative paths on the meaning of the text and its relevance for the institutional context of late-archaic Himera.

This interdisciplinary geo-spatial overview represents a conceptual foundation for policy research concerning allocations of public commodities as represented by land (settlement) resources. Principles of collective vs. individual rights to benefit from these may pose moral dilemmas for decision-makers. Such a conflict of inte- rests could prompt ‘ambiguous’ governing decisions that lack clear directives for implementation. The resulting policies might support declarations of multicultural inclusivity while embracing exclusive ethnic communities. A case in point is the Is- raeli spatial policy on Arab and Ultra-Orthodox minority groups, analysed using primary and secondary sources and statistical data relating to political affiliations, income, housing costs and locational preferences. If land is an adequate indicator of ambiguous resource-based issues, further analyses should define how socio-spa- tial distributions are decided and at which particular stages of the policy process.

This paper intends to analyze the consequences of the distribution of natural resources (land and water) in the political and social structure, to present rent management theory as an alternative approach to explaining some of the historical events and the political and social issues of Iran. The main issue of the paper is the explanation of the consequences of the distribution of the natural resources in Iran during the Qajar period. The data was collected from the National Documents Archives and other library resources, and by historical method, the rent analysis was analyzed. The findings show that, in Iran's economic history, the government is placed as the largest distributor of natural resources (land and water) on the supply side, and society (capital and labor) is placed as the largest consumer, on the demand side. The structure of political and social institutions, based on the model of the implementation of social justice, in the distribution of natural resources, monolithically consolidates. This pattern has been one of the main factors behind the creation of rents and the establishment of rents management institution in the government. During the Qajar period, Thiol, conversion, the difference in prices and the salaries and wages of the princes, have been the most important channels for the distribution of rents, split from the rent government agency. These canals were blocked after the Constitutional Revolution, with the decisive action of the first parliament. The state rent agency was one of the main factors in the ineffectiveness of the tax system, the continued decline in government revenue, and the prevalence of bribes and corruption. The ultimate goal of distributing rents has been the exemption from tax payments. Other important consequences of rents include the transfer of major economic privileges and the occurrence of a constitutional revolution.

Caatinga is a biome located in Brazilian northeast region well known by the dry forest vegetation. The analyzed area called charcoaling zone has a great suppression of native vegetation to supply the charcoal market. Through the images from the Operational Linescan System sensor of LANDSAT 8, this paper demonstrates, in a spatial-temporal way, the degradation in landscapes of the Caatinga biome and the evaluation of the forest scenario. Thus, it has been possible to evaluate the changes experienced by the vegetation (2013–2016) and to identify the land use patterns and coverage and to quantify them according to the obtained satellite images. Agriculture and the exposed soil represent about 70% of the area, considering the growing of the anthropic area and consequently the emergence of several exposed soil areas. The simulation of the future scenarios was used by modeling with the application DINAMICA EGO, generating projections of the region of the coal for the year of 2019. In addition, the assessment of the forest effacement demonstrates decreased development of the forest and increased levels of exposed soil.

Land inequality is a global and historic issue. There is a problem of unequal distribution of land ownership in modern China; research results on this topic are extensive, but the conclusions are quite different or even completely opposite. This study systematically reviewed the research results obtained for land inequality in modern China and performed an international comparison. The results show that the debate on the estimation of land inequality in modern China has existed for a long time. The overall estimation of land inequality has been repeatedly revised, and many subdivision estimates show great regional variability. The application of the Gini coefficient and other methods can address the drawbacks of traditional methods. A change trend toward equality was found to be more likely in the late modern period. The majority of studies support the notion that debt burden, power, and strength exacerbated land inequality in modern China, whereas the inheritance system with equal sharing, revolution, and reform reduced the land inequality. However, the impact of disasters and commercialization remains controversial. Compared with relevant international studies, the study on land inequality in modern China focused on estimations with unique interpretation perspectives, but there are limitations in terms of the research methods used.

The paper compares evidence from the Philippines and Indonesia to examine the argument that the Philippines has a more unequal distribution of both agricultural land and household incomes than Indonesia. It is argued that the evidence from agricultural censuses and household surveys does not support this argument. Instead, the available evidence indicates that there has been a process of convergence in the distribution of land in the Philippines and Indonesia. The percentage of land in holdings over ten hectares has fallen in recent decades in the Philippines, while in Indonesia it may have increased. The cultivated area under large estates continues to grow in Indonesia mainly because of the growth of palm oil cultivation. Evidence on the distribution of household income and of land indicates that neither country has followed the Taiwan model of growth with equity in recent decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper generalizes an economic growth model proposed by Zhang (2017) by allowing all constant coefficients to be time-dependent. This paper shows existence of business cycles in the generalized model due to periodic shocks. Zhang’s original model is developed for a small open economy with imported energy and imported goods. The economy is composed of two sectors and all markets are perfectly competitive. The economy has fixed land and population. Production side is the same as in neoclassical growth theory, while demand side is modelling with Zhang’s utility and concept of disposable income. We generalize and simulate the model. We demonstrate existence of business cycles due to different exogenous periodic shocks.

The existence of an intense process of municipal privatization in Spain prior to the General Disentailment Act of 1855 has still not entered fully into historiographical treatment of the liberal agrarian reform, despite contributions by specialized literature in recent decades. This article aims to reexamine the phenomenon based on the hypothesis that the privatizing discourse of Spanish liberalism was the result of a long process of transformation in the rural world. To this end, the article analyzes the complex and tortuous path of the three episodes that led to the processes of census redemption resulting from the Act of 1 May 1855: the division of land initiated during the reign of Charles III, census-based land distr ibution between the 1820s and 1840s, and illegal land cultivation since the Spanish War of Independence. Our goal is twofold: on the one hand we aim to define concepts that have not been fully understood and, secondly, to enrich the debate regarding the privatization process with a specific emphasis on proposals that within liberalism sought to use municipal rustic wealth to modify the str ucture of land ownership, with var ying degrees of success.

In the Indian economic scenario, the primary sector or agriculture-related sector is the major source of national income, and it shares around 18% of India's GDP. Although around 40 percent workforce of the country is employed in this sector, the productivity is relatively at a low level. The unequal and staggered distribution of land leads to the low productivity in agriculture. Inequality in the land distribution is defined as the differences in the size of land holdings possessed by various individuals or households. It is known that the size of landholdings varies from household to household. The widely used measure of inequality i.e. Gini's coefficient has been applied in this study by using NFHS India datasets. In this study, it is observed that the proportion of landless population has increased continuously in the country especially in the states where major population has involved intensely in the agricultural works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mundo Agrario is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this article is to examine the degree of realization of risk related to inequality in the distribution of the farmland size in Bulgaria. The study is based on Eurostat data for Bulgaria and other EU countries. The results show that specific indicators provide somewhat specific country characterizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]