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• We assessed if experimental sickness affected perception of unknown caregivers. • We developed the Caregiver Perception task (CgPT), in which participants watch and rate caregivers. • Twenty-six participants were injected with lipopolysaccharide (0.8 ng/kg body weight) and placebo. • Healthcare professionals providing care were rated more positively than those not providing care. • Experimental sickness led to increased willingness to receive care from caregivers who provided care. Social withdrawal is a well-established part of sickness behavior, but in some contexts sick animals might gain from keeping close instead of keeping away. For instance, sick individuals are more willing to be near known individuals who can provide care and safety (close others) compared to when healthy. Yet, interactions with some strangers might also be beneficial (i.e., healthcare professionals), but it is not known how sickness interplay with social behavior towards such individuals. Here, we assessed if sickness affects perception of caregivers, and developed a new task, the Caregiver Perception Task (CgPT). Twenty-six participants performed the CgPT, once after an injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.8 ng/kg body weight, n = 24), and once after an injection of saline (n = 25), one hour and forty-five minutes post-injection. During the task, participants watched short video clips of three types of caregivers: a healthcare professional taking care of a sick individual, a healthcare professional not taking care of a sick individual, and a non-healthcare professional taking care of their sick adult child or partner. After each video clip, the likability, trustworthiness, professionalism, and willingness to interact with and receive care from the caregiver were rated on visual analogue scales. Results showed that participants injected with saline rated healthcare professionals who did not take care of a sick individual less positively on all aspects compared to healthcare professionals who took care of a sick individual. Moreover, compared to saline, LPS increased the participants' willingness to receive care from healthcare professionals and non-healthcare professionals providing care, but not from healthcare professionals not providing care. Thus, our results indicate that sick individuals may approach unknown individuals with potential to provide care and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study investigates the synthesis and characterization of dysprosium-doped strontium barium aluminum nanocomposites (SBAD NCs), aiming to enhance their suitability for display and supercapacitor applications. SBAD NCs are synthesized by Solution combustion synthesis using a l o e v e r a extract as a reducing agent. Multi-phase formation of NCs due to SrO, BaO, and γ -Al2O3 phases was confirmed by PXRD analysis, and crystallite size is found to be in the range of 26 nm to 36 nm. SEM analysis confirmed the surface morphology and the elemental composition was affirmed by the EDAX spectrum which confirmed the purity of the synthesis. The blue shift in the UV–visible absorption peak with increasing dopant concentration suggests a rise in the direct energy band gap from 4.07 eV to 4.11 eV. FTIR analysis confirmed functional groups and fingerprint region affirmed the presence of Sr O, Ba O, and Al O bonds. Photoluminescence analysis performed under excitation wavelength 276 nm revealed a prominent emission peak at 565 nm, and the CIE values fall in the yellow-green region of visible spectra. The CCT value was found to be 4490 K–4542 K which might find an application as a nanophosphor in cool light-emitting diodes. The tailored nanocomposites exhibit exceptional electrochemical performance characterized by superior specific capacitance, and improved charge–discharge kinetics, as evaluated through cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The specific capacitance is found to be in the range of 103.26 F/g to 173.24 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s with increasing Dy 3 + dopant concentration from 1 mol% to 9 mol% respectively. The dysprosium-doped SBAD NCs emerge as promising candidates for high-performance energy storage systems and vibrant display technologies, offering a synergistic integration of efficient energy storage and vivid display functionalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient and energy-saving electrochemical processes for "green" hydrogen generation represents one of the most crucial challenges in modern chemistry and technology. An effective approach to realizing such processes involves alkaline water electrolysis with cathodic hydrogen evolution coupled with anodic urea oxidation reaction. As extensively reported in the literature, this configuration allows for a significant reduction in cell voltage. In this work, we present thermodynamic analysis of the electrochemical reaction CO(NH 2) 2 + 2OH− ±6e– = 3H 2 + N 2 + CO 3 2−, for the first time accounting for the inevitable carbonate formation due to interaction of carbon dioxide with alkali. Standard changes in enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy, as well as the electromotive force were calculated over the temperature range of 298–338 K. The influence of pH on the electromotive force value was investigated. It was observed that the process under study is accompanied by heat release and an increase in entropy, becoming thermodynamically spontaneous at pH > 12.66. From a thermodynamic point of view, this suggests exceptionally favorable energy characteristics for the studied process, promoting the development of an energy-efficient "green" hydrogen generation technology. Additionally, we demonstrate that increasing the temperature further enhances the thermodynamic features of this reaction by reducing the energy consumption for its progression. [Display omitted] • Thermodynamics of urea oxidation reaction coupled with hydrogen evolution reaction. • Carbonate formation due to the interaction of CO 2 with alkali was taken into account. • Process under study is thermodynamically spontaneous at pH > 12.66 • An increase in temperature contributes to the enhancement of thermodynamic features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The International Consortium on Manual Therapies (ICMT) is a grassroots interprofessional association open to any formally trained practitioner of manual therapy (MT) and basic scientists promoting research related to the practice of MT. Currently, MT research is impeded by professions' lack of communication with other MT professions, biases, and vernacular. Current ICMT goals are to minimize these barriers, compare MT techniques, and establish an interprofessional MT glossary. Practitioners from all professions with training in manual therapies were encouraged by e-mail and website to participate (). Video conferences were conducted at least bimonthly for 2.5 years by profession-specific and interprofessional focus groups (FGs). Members summarized scopes of practice, technique descriptions, associated mechanisms of action (MOA), and glossary terms. Each profession presented their work to the interprofessional FG to promote dialogue, understanding and consensus. Outcomes were reported and refined at numerous public events. Focus groups with representatives from 5 MT professions, chiropractic, massage therapy, osteopathic, physical therapy and structural integration identified 17 targeting osseous structures and 49 targeting nonosseous structures. Thirty-two techniques appeared distinct to a specific profession, and 13 were used by more than 1. Comparing descriptions identified additional commonalities. All professions agreed on 4 MOA categories for MT. A glossary of 280 terms and definitions was consolidated, representing key concepts in MT. Twenty-one terms were used by all MT professions and basic scientists. Five terms were used by MT professions exclusive of basic scientists. Outcomes suggested a third to a half of techniques used in MT are similar across professions. Additional research is needed to better define the extent of similarity and how to consistently identify those approaches. Ongoing expansion and refinement of the glossary is necessary to promote descriptive clarity and facilitate communication between practitioners and basic scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to provide a preliminary assessment of objective and subjective neurocognitive functioning in individuals with functional motor symptoms (FMS) and/or functional seizures (FS). We tested the hypotheses that the FMS/FS group would display poorer objective attentional and executive functioning, altered social cognition, and reduced metacognitive accuracy. Individuals with FMS/FS (n = 16) and healthy controls (HCs, n = 17) completed an abbreviated CANTAB battery, and measures of intellectual functioning, subjective cognitive complaints, performance validity, and comorbid symptoms. Subjective performance ratings were obtained to assess local metacognitive accuracy. The groups were comparable in age (p = 0.45), sex (p = 0.62), IQ (p = 0.57), and performance validity (p-values = 0.10–0.91). We observed no impairment on any CANTAB test in this FMS/FS sample compared to HCs, although the FMS/FS group displayed shorter reaction times on the Emotional Bias task (anger) (p = 0.01, np2 = 0.20). The groups did not differ in subjective performance ratings (p-values 0.15). Whilst CANTAB attentional set-shifting performance (total trials/errors) correlated with subjective performance ratings in HCs (p-values<0.005, rs = −0.85), these correlations were non-significant in the FMS/FS sample (p-values = 0.10–0.13, rs-values = −0.46–0.50). The FMS/FS group reported more daily cognitive complaints than HCs (p = 0.006, g = 0.92), which were associated with subjective performance ratings on CANTAB sustained attention (p = 0.001, rs = −0.74) and working memory tests (p < 0.001, rs = −0.75), and with depression (p = 0.003, rs = 0.70), and somatoform (p = 0.003, rs = 0.70) and psychological dissociation (p-values<0.005, rs-values = 0.67–0.85). These results suggest a discordance between objective and subjective neurocognitive functioning in this FMS/FS sample, reflecting intact test performance alongside poorer subjective cognitive functioning. Further investigation of neurocognitive functioning in FND subgroups is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dairy farmers face challenges attracting and retaining staff, partly due to the difficulty meeting the desires of the modern workforce. These include flexible work hours and regular time off. The task of milking fundamentally affects the ability of dairy farmers to meet these desires. Milking contributes to a large proportion of the hours spent working on dairy farms. The number of milkings (milking frequency) and their timing (milking interval) within a day influence the number of hours spent milking and what time in the day they occur. Milking 3 times in 2 d (3-in-2) reduces the amount of time spent milking compared with milking twice a day (TAD), without reducing milk yield as much as milking once a day (OAD). However, long intervals between 3-in-2 milkings can still lead to a long workday if farmers are expected to work between milkings. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of milking interval within a 3-in-2 milking frequency on milk yield and composition at 2 stages of lactation and compare these with OAD and TAD milking. Cows (n = 200) were milked in 5 groups of 40 at 3 intervals of 3-in-2: 8–20–20 h, 10–19–19 h, and 12–18–18 h, along with 24 h (OAD), and 10 and 14 h (TAD), for 6 wk at early lactation (mean 24 d in milk ± 7 d, SD) and again at mid lactation (mean 136 d in milk ± 18 d). Milk yields were recorded at each milking and milk samples collected weekly to determine composition. At both early and mid lactation there were no significant differences in milk, fat, protein, or lactose yields between the three 3-in-2 intervals. Cows milked 3-in-2 produced 8% less milk than cows milked TAD and 14% more than cows milked OAD, with smaller differences observed at mid lactation between TAD and 3-in-2. For a 3-in-2 milking frequency, a shorter milking interval can be implemented on the days when cows are milked twice. This may allow farmers to shorten the working day when using 3-in-2, without compromising milk or component yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We determined if humans are able to identify sick individuals solely from biological motion. • Video clips and point-light displays of experimentally-induced sick individuals were used. • Untrained raters were able to identify sick individuals from video clips and point-light displays. • Sickness detection was predicted by the changes in gait parameters induced by inflammation. • Sick people are likely to be detected, and thus avoided, by others from a distance. Identification of sick conspecifics allows for avoidance of infectious threats, and is therefore an important behavioral defense against diseases. Here, we investigated if humans can identify sick individuals solely from biological motion and posture (using point-light displays). Additionally, we sought to determine which movements and sickness parameters would predict such detection. We collected video clips and derived point-light displays (one stride presented in a loop) of sick walkers (injected with lipopolysaccharide at 2.0 ng/kg body weight) and the same walkers when healthy (injected with saline). We then presented these displays to two groups, one group classified each walker as sick or healthy (study 1, n = 106), and the other group scored the walkers' health on a visual analogue scale (study 2, n = 106). The raters were able to identify sick individuals above chance, and rated sick walkers as having worse health, both from observing video clips and point-light displays. Furthermore, both sickness detection and worse apparent health were predicted by inflammation-induced increase in rigidity and slower walking, but not other cues. Altogether, these findings indicate that biological motion can serve as a sickness cue, possibly allowing humans to identify sick conspecifics from a distance, and thereby allowing for disease avoidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we presented an asymptotic streamline diffusion finite element method (SDFEM) for singularly perturbed convection–diffusion‐type differential difference equations. Using the asymptotic expansion approximation, the differential difference equations are converted into nondelay differential equations. A SDFEM is applied to the modified equation. Further, we proved that the method gives an almost second‐order convergence in maximum norm, in L2‐norm whereas first‐order convergence in H1‐norm. Numerical results are presented to validate the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reduction of sintering time and temperature using an unconventional route and sintering aid for the densification of BaCe 0.2 Zr 0.7 Y 0.1 O 3-δ were investigated. The effects of ZnO addition and microwave sintering were explored on the structure, sinterability, microstructure, and electrical conductivity. BaCe 0.2 Zr 0.7 Y 0.1 O 3-δ powders were synthesized by solid-state reaction. The addition of 2 and 4 mol% ZnO was beneficial to obtain a single perovskite structure and improved sinterability producing dense samples. Relative densities of 99% at 1300 °C by conventional sintering and 98% at 1400 °C by microwave sintering were reached. A total conductivity of 1.20 mS cm−1 for the sample with 2 mol% ZnO by conventional sintering (relative density 99%) was obtained at 550 °C in a wet nitrogen atmosphere. Additionally, a high conductivity was also obtained for this compound produced by microwave sintering (relative density 98%) even with its microstructure exhibiting the smallest average grain size. In conventional sintering, the presence of the eutectic liquid phase responsible for the densification, was prejudicial to the total conductivity, being more evident in the samples with 4 mol% ZnO addition. The results indicate that microwave sintering was a rapid alternative for sintering, capable of reducing or inhibiting the appearance of the liquid phase producing dense, uniform samples, and with high conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New materials and structures with complex microstructural distributions are being rapidly developed using advanced manufacturing approaches, such as Additive Manufacturing (AM). For example, it is possible to fabricate metals using AM processes, such as Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), with spatial variations at sub-millimeter scales in textured grain structures, residual porosity, and precipitate morphologies at sub-millimeter scales. This poses new challenges for characterizing the corresponding variation in material behavior, particularly fatigue, for which conventional techniques were not designed. Therefore, new techniques are needed to quickly and accurately quantify these spatial variations. To this end, a method was developed for locally characterizing the fatigue behavior of materials, particularly metals and metal-matrix composites, by extending indentation methods to fatigue characterization using cyclic instrumented testing to measure the localized stiffness, which degrades due to the accumulation of fatigue damage under the indenter. A high frequency electro mechanical load frame equipped with an indenter was used to characterize three different metals: 4340 steel, 9310 steel, and brass. The S-N curve was then generated by applying a linear transformation to convert the measured stiffness to an equivalent alternating stress. The results correlated well with those obtained using conventional fatigue characterization techniques, including capturing the endurance limits. Finite element analysis with fatigue damage modeling was also used to quantify the evolution of stresses near the indenter due to the fatigue damage, while optical microscopy provided validation of the observed accumulation of plastic deformation associated with cyclic indentation loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermogravimetric pyrolysis of carnauba straw and carnauba stalk was studied for the first time. The experiments were carried out at four different heating rates (5–20 °C min−1) and the kinetic parameters were calculated using three isoconversional methods such as Friedman (differential), KAS (integral), and OFW (integral). The activation energies and R2 were calculated for the conversions between 0.10 and 0.90. The average activation energies were found to be 225.28 (±26.83 kJ mol−1) for carnauba straw and 218.13 (±28.06 kJ mol−1) for carnauba stalk by the Friedman method; 223.17 (±17.72 kJ mol−1) for carnauba straw and 211.04 (±18.82 kJ mol−1) for carnauba stalk by KAS method; and 212.71 (±23.19 kJ mol−1) for carnauba straw and 217.94 (±17.85 kJ mol−1) for carnauba stalk by OFW method. The FTIR spectra showed bands characteristic of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin at 3331 cm−1 (O–H) and 3345 cm−1 (O–H); 2919 cm−1 (C–H) and 2928 cm−1 (C–H); and 1733 cm−1 (C O) and1723 cm−1 (C O). The carnauba straw presented molar ratios of 1.43 (H/C) and 0.78 (O/C), and the carnauba stalk of 1.39 (H/C) and 0.81 (O/C). The kinetic parameters, FTIR spectra, and molar ratios are in good agreement with other reported biomasses. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • DNA methylation signature of inflammation derived in neonatal saliva samples. • Preterm infants display higher inflammatory-related DNAm than term infants. • DNAm signature associates with postnatal inflammatory conditions such as sepsis. • Inflammatory DNAm associates with alterations in brain structure in preterm infants. • Highlights the potential of immune-DNAm markers for translational medicine. Preterm birth is closely associated with a phenotype that includes brain dysmaturation and neurocognitive impairment, commonly termed Encephalopathy of Prematurity (EoP), of which systemic inflammation is considered a key driver. DNA methylation (DNAm) signatures of inflammation from peripheral blood associate with poor brain imaging outcomes in adult cohorts. However, the robustness of DNAm inflammatory scores in infancy, their relation to comorbidities of preterm birth characterised by inflammation, neonatal neuroimaging metrics of EoP, and saliva cross-tissue applicability are unknown. Using salivary DNAm from 258 neonates (n = 155 preterm, gestational age at birth 23.28 – 34.84 weeks, n = 103 term, gestational age at birth 37.00 – 42.14 weeks), we investigated the impact of a DNAm surrogate for C-reactive protein (DNAm CRP) on brain structure and other clinically defined inflammatory exposures. We assessed i) if DNAm CRP estimates varied between preterm infants at term equivalent age and term infants, ii) how DNAm CRP related to different types of inflammatory exposure (maternal, fetal and postnatal) and iii) whether elevated DNAm CRP associated with poorer measures of neonatal brain volume and white matter connectivity. Higher DNAm CRP was linked to preterm status (-0.0107 ± 0.0008, compared with −0.0118 ± 0.0006 among term infants; p < 0.001), as well as perinatal inflammatory diseases, including histologic chorioamnionitis, sepsis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and necrotising enterocolitis (OR range |2.00 | to |4.71|, p < 0.01). Preterm infants with higher DNAm CRP scores had lower brain volume in deep grey matter, white matter, and hippocampi and amygdalae (β range |0.185| to |0.218|). No such associations were observed for term infants. Association magnitudes were largest for measures of white matter microstructure among preterms, where elevated epigenetic inflammation associated with poorer global measures of white matter integrity (β range |0.206| to |0.371|), independent of other confounding exposures. Inflammatory-related DNAm captures the allostatic load of inflammatory burden in preterm infants. Such DNAm measures complement biological and clinical metrics when investigating the determinants of neurodevelopmental differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More evaluators have anchored their work in equity-focused, culturally responsive, and social justice ideals. Although we have a sense of approaches that guide evaluators as to how they should attend to culture, diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), we have not yet established an empirical understanding of how evaluators measure DEI. In this article, we report an examination of how evaluators and principal investigators (PIs) funded by the National Science Foundation's Advanced Technological Education (ATE) program define and measure DEI within their projects. Evaluators gathered the most evidence related to diversity and less evidence related to equity and inclusion. On average, PIs' projects engaged in activities designed to increase DEI, with the highest focus on diversity. We believe there continues to be room for improvement and implore the movement of engagement with these important topics from the margins to the center of our field's education, theory, and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amblypygids display high levels of sexual dimorphism, especially larger pedipalps in males compared to females. This study examines the difference in allometric rates as a potential cause of dimorphism in pedipalps and walking legs in three Heterophrynus species: Heterophrynus batesii (Butler, 1873); Heterophrynus longicornis (Butler, 1873), and Heterophrynus elaphus (Pocock, 1903). Dimorphism is observed in all studied appendages, but higher allometric rates are shown in males more than females for only the pedipalps (for all three species) and the first walking legs (for only H. elaphus), with higher dimorphism in the pedipalp for H. batesii and lower in H. elaphus. Dimorphism in pedipalps appears to be linked to species' mating system: larger dimorphism are observed in polygamous systems, whereas moderate and small dimorphisms are observed in monogamous and solitary species, respectively. Contrary to pedipalps, the evolution of walking legs seems to occur via natural selection rather than sexual selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dose reduction (DR) of adalimumab, etanercept and ustekinumab has proven to be (cost-)effective in psoriasis patients with low disease activity. Further implementation is needed to establish application of DR for eligible patients. To evaluate the implementation of protocolized biologic DR in daily practice. A pilot implementation study was performed in 3 hospitals during 6 months. By combining education and protocol development, involved healthcare providers (HCPs) were directed toward the adoption of protocolized DR. DR of adalimumab, etanercept, and ustekinumab was achieved by stepwise injection interval prolongation. Implementation outcomes (fidelity, feasibility) were assessed. Factors for optimizing implementation were explored in interviews with HCPs. Uptake was measured in patients by chart review. The implementation strategy was executed as planned. Implementation fidelity was less than 100% as not all provided tools were used across study sites. HCPs indicated the feasibility of implementing protocolized DR, although time investment was needed. Identified additional factors for successful implementation included support for patients, uptake of DR into guidelines, and supportive electronic health record systems. During the 6 months intervention period, 52 patients were eligible for DR of whom 26 (50%) started DR. The proposed DR protocol was followed in 22/26 patients (85%) on DR. Additional staff for support, extra time during consultations, education on DR for HCPs and patients, and effective tools such as a feasible protocol can lead to more patients on biologic DR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• It is feasible to create a fully perfused human specimen model with circulating arterial and venous flow via a single arterial inflow cannula. • This perfused human flow model can be used in trauma scenario training for realistic training of advanced bleeding control techniques. • The use of AnubiFiX embalmed human specimen has the advantage of reusability while preserving color, flexibility, and suppleness of the tissues. • Regional arteriovenous flow can be used to reduce the development of tissue edema and increase the durability of the flow model. Prompt and effective hemorrhage control is paramount to improve survival in patients with catastrophic bleeding. In the ever-expanding field of bleeding control techniques, there is a need for a realistic training model to practice these life-saving skills. This study aimed to create a realistic perfused post-mortem human specimen (PMHS) flow model that is suitable for training various bleeding control techniques. This laboratory study was conducted in the SkillsLab & Simulation Center of Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, the Netherlands. One fresh frozen and five AnubiFiX® embalmed PMHS were used for the development of the model. Subsequent improvements in the exact preparation and design of the flow model were made based on model performance and challenges that occurred during this study and are described. Circulating arteriovenous flow with hypertonic saline was established throughout the entire body via inflow and outflow cannulas in the carotid artery and jugular vein of embalmed PMHS. We observed full circulation and major hemorrhage could be mimicked. Effective bleeding control was achieved by placing a resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) catheter in the model. Regional perfusion significantly reduced the development of tissue edema. Our perfused PMHS model with circulating arterial and venous flow appears to be a feasible method for the training of multiple bleeding control techniques. Regional arteriovenous flow successfully reduces tissue edema and increases the durability of the model. Further research should focus on reducing edema and enhancing the durability of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Elbow flexion contractures are common complications of neonatal brachial plexus palsy, but evidence on how to treat these contractures is weak. This study compared the treatment of elbow flexion contractures using a dynamic orthosis or serial circular casting. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted with one-year follow-up. Children with an elbow flexion contracture of ≥30° were treated with either a night-worn dynamic orthosis for one year or serial casting for four weeks followed by night splinting. For pragmatic reasons, some participants were included in an open part of this study, this group was also analyzed separately. Degree of contracture and goal attainment scaling was evaluated at baseline and after 8, 20 and 54 weeks. Results: 55 patients were analyzed in this trial, 32 of whom were randomized to treatment. At one-year follow-up of the randomized group, both dynamic splinting (median −8.5°, interquartile range [IQR] −13.5, −5) and serial casting (median −11.0°, IQR −16, −5) resulted in significant reduction of contracture (P < 0. 001). The reduction was significantly greater with serial casting in the first 20 weeks, but not at one-year follow-up (P = 0.683). In the entire cohort, the individual functional goals had been reached in 24 out of 32 cases (80%) of dynamic splinting and 18 out of 23 cases (82%) of serial casting, respectively. Conclusion: The dynamic night orthosis is comparable to serial casting for treating elbow flexion contractures in children with brachial plexus birth injury. We recommend selecting one of these treatment modalities in close consultation with parents and patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconciliation is an aspect of conflict resolution, with similar behavioural patterns documented in non-human primates, human children, and human adults of non-Western, non-industrialized cultures. Reconciliation amongst adults of industrialized societies has rarely been studied. We observed naturally occurring conflicts between adults, captured by public security cameras in England. Reconciliation was found in one-quarter of all conflicts and was more prevalent in milder conflicts. Reconciliation typically occurred spontaneously between opponents — and was found within friendship groups and across stranger groups. Reconciliation between opponents also appeared to be stimulated by peers, law enforcement, or shared objects. In some instances, reconciliation extended beyond the initial conflict dyad toward victimized third-party peacemakers. These findings add to growing cross-cultural and cross-species evidence demonstrating the presence and function of post-conflict reconciliation. We extend the repertoire of reconciliatory behaviour and introduce five common features of reconciliation that are central to the study of adult peacemaking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy and Environmental Justice is a well-researched subject. Research points to close interactions among energy, economy, sustainability, and policy aspects that lead to several policy issues of energy governance and environmental justice. Renewable energy promotion and the transition to a low carbon economy in all nations necessitate the integration of the complex nature of energy governance and environmental justice issues and their interactions. For the integration, we present a Morphological Analysis framework consisting of 6 dimensions and 25 variants that can be effectively used by policymakers in different nations to guide their transition to a low carbon economy via renewable energy. Presently, we can observe that environmental justice is largely restricted to justice literature. However, a holistic study of environmental justice requires among others a renewed research focus on new energy governance issues arising out of the concern to ensure justice globally all along by deploying renewable energy systems for the "just" transition to low carbon sources. We also highlight immediate research opportunities arising from the integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although several medical conditions are associated with gynecomastia, around 60% of cases are idiopathic. The role of endocrine testing in idiopathic gynecomastia is controversial. This study was done to determine the etiological and lifestyle factors associated with different grades of gynecomastia. Patients and Methods This was a descriptive study conducted at the department of plastic surgery in a tertiary care hospital in South India between January 2014 and December 2016, among the patients seeking corrective surgery for gynecomastia. Results A total of 73 patients were included in the study with a mean age of 22.56 years. The majority of the patients displayed Simon's Grade IIa gynecomastia (56.2%). The etiological factors identified in this study were hormonal abnormalities (47.95%), hypogonadism (2.7%), and drug intake (1.4%). The most common hormonal abnormality discovered was high estradiol values (15.1%) followed by decreased testosterone levels (13.7%). The chi-squared test revealed no statistically significant relationship between the hormonal values, type of food, body mass index (BMI), or physical activity and the grades of gynecomastia. Conclusion Most of the patients (50.68%) in our study had idiopathic gynecomastia. The most common hormonal abnormality detected was high estradiol values. No correlation was found between the hormonal values, type of food, BMI, or physical activity and the grades of gynecomastia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) are at increased risk of developing skin cancer; however, the role of immunosuppression is not yet fully understood. In this study, we evaluated the immunohistochemical changes in the skin of RTRs under three different immunosuppression regimens: mTOR inhibitors (mTORi), sirolimus or everolimus, mycophenolic acid (MPA) precursors such as mycophenolate sodium or mofetil, or azathioprine (AZA). Methods: We evaluated biopsies of sun‐exposed and sun‐protected skin for immunohistochemical quantification of B lymphocytes (CD20+), T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+), and Langerhans cells (LCs) (CD1a+) in 30 RTRs and 10 healthy controls. The RTRs were divided into three groups: mTORi (n = 10), MPA (n = 10), and AZA (n = 10). Results: No differences were observed in the number of B lymphocytes. However, a significant decrease in the number of T lymphocytes and LCs was observed in both sun‐protected and sun‐exposed skin in the AZA and MPA groups, although to a lesser degree in the latter group. The skin of the mTORi group did not differ from that of the control group in terms of the number of B and T lymphocytes and LCs. Conclusions: Patients treated with mTORi exhibit preserved cellular elements related to cutaneous immune surveillance. The use of AZA induced a greater degree of skin immunosuppression than in the control group, as demonstrated by the decrease in T lymphocytes and LCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The path of the examination as a whole describes in this section a kind of circle that begins with the establishment of symptoms, which then bends around from these symptoms to the process that lies at their center, in their foundation, and brings us to the diagnosis; then it must again take us from the diagnosis to the symptoms, but this time with the discovery of the causal foundation and the origin of the symptoms. In order to make a diagnosis of epilepsy or schizophrenia, one must have a concept of epilepsy or schizophrenia, and the greatest difficulty in the way of pedological diagnostics is the lack of such concepts of development that could form the basis of our diagnoses. We are not going to quote the first part of the diagnosis, which is called a pedological analysis and assembles the material required for a diagnosis, but we will quote what from the author's point of view is the specific diagnosis. The crux of the matter is that in a scientific diagnosis we outline, on the basis of the known symptoms and proceeding therefrom, the process that underlies these symptoms, and is their basis. Nevskii is completely correct when he compares such developmental diagnostics to the diagnoses that primitive empirical medicine used when it noted that a patient had a cough or anemia and mistook these symptoms for the actual essence of the illness, that is, for a diagnosis. [Extracted from the article]

That is why Adler is right when he advises that any act be viewed in its connection with the overall life plan and its final goal (Adler [1]). Adler derives "a basic psychological law of dialectical transformation of organic inferiority by way of a subjective feeling of inferiority into psychic drives to compensation and overcompensation" (Adler [1], p. 57). Adler's theory took up the opposition not only to the reactionary biological conceptions of E. Kretschmer, for whom the innate constitution determines the body structure, character, and "all subsequent development of the human character is merely a passive unfolding of the basic biological type that is innate in the person" (ibid. p. 174), but Adler's theory is opposed as well to Freud's characterology. The school of the Austrian psychiatrist Adler, which is widely popular and very influential in Europe and America and calls itself individual psychology, that is, personality psychology, developed this idea into an entire system, into a complete theory of the psyche. [Extracted from the article]

Where direct compensation is impossible, the task is taken on by the central nervous system and the person's psychic apparatus, creating over the diseased or deficient organ a protective superstructure of the higher functions that support the apparatus's operation. Any handicap, that is, any physical deficiency, confronts the organism with the task of overcoming this handicap, making up for the deficiency, and compensating for the harm it causes. However, since the closing apparatus of the nervous system and the psychic apparatus in deaf-blindness may not be damaged, such children still have unlimited potential for development and education. The education of a child with a physical handicap usually relies on indirect, psychological compensation, since direct, organic compensation of blindness, deafness, and similar deficiencies is not feasible. [Extracted from the article]

Joint schooling with normal children,[22] which has been proposed many times (Dr. Graser and others), right now cannot become an immediate priority, unfortunately, but Graser's slogan is our slogan as well: "We must reach the point where every early-grade teacher also knows how to educate deaf-mutes, and hence every primary school in addition is a school for deaf-mutes." Educating a blind or deaf person means providing education for blindness and deafness and transforming the pedagogy of handicapped children into a pedagogy of handicaps. Any physical handicap - be it blindness, deafness, or congenital feeblemindedness - not only alters a person's relation to the world but above all affects relationships with people. Similarly, a deaf-mute's sight enables him to see many things that we do not notice, but the visual perceptions per se of deaf-mutes are probably weaker than in normal people, and in any case are not stronger. [Extracted from the article]

Abstract: Food addiction is associated with dysfunctions in the reward circuit, such as hyperresponsiveness during the exposure to high-calorie flavors in overweight and obese individuals. Similar to drug addiction, there is also impaired self-regulatory control supported by deregulation of the frontostriatal circuit. The inclusion of validated measures of food addiction in clinical research, such as the Yale Food Addiction Scale, has increased the understanding of the clinical utility of this concept. Furthermore, food addiction, eating disorders, and obesity are interrelated. Thus, it is important to recognize food addiction among individuals affected by obesity and candidates for bariatric surgery (ie, preoperative and postoperative assessment). In this context, it has been reported that food addiction may impede weight loss and increase the likelihood of regaining weight when associated with personality traits such as neuroticism and impulsiveness, which are also related to mood disorders, anxiety, and addictive behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to deal with the tribological study on the brake pads developed using various purity-based graphitized graphite. Design/methodology/approach: This paper deals with developing copper-free brake pads by using graphite as a key lubricant produced using a graphitization process with purity percentages (85, 90 and 95%). The brake pads were developed using traditional manufacturing processes and evaluated for their physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties as per industrial standards. Fade and recovery characteristics were analyzed using a full-scale inertia brake dynamometer as per JASO-C-406. The scanning electron microscope was used to analyze the worn surfaces of the brake pads. Findings: The testing findings reveal that the brake pads with 95% graphitized graphite showed better shear strength with good adhesion levels and lesser density, hardness, acetone extract value, loss on ignition and higher porosity. Effectiveness studies of brake pads with graphite (95% graphitized) showed better results at higher pressure speed conditions than others because of better plateau formation and adequate lubrication. Originality/value: This paper discusses graphitized graphite of different purity influences brake pad's tribological performance by modifying tribo-films and reducing friction undulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we investigate the effect of Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI) on the spin-wave velocity, staggered magnetization, and magnetic susceptibility in the spin-1/2 one-dimensional Heisenberg model with uniform and staggered external magnetic field, using the mapping of the model on the sine–Gordon theory. Our results show that the spin-wave velocity increases monotonically with the strength of the DMI. This behavior has a large effect on the thermodynamic properties of the system, including the staggered magnetization and magnetic susceptibility. Specifically, we find that the staggered magnetization decreases with increasing of the DMI strength, while the behavior of the staggered magnetization increases with the strength of the staggered magnetic field. How the behavior of the spin-wave velocity also has a significant impact on quantum information properties such as quantum entanglement therefore, our findings have important implications for the understanding of the magnetic properties of materials, as well as for the development of quantum technologies based on spin systems. • Boundary-state formalism is used to determine all quantitiers. • Two-particle Form Factors of soliton-antisoliton are calculated. • Behavior of the staggered magnetization with x is determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

indent In the present communication, a ternary nanocomposite (NCs) of Strontium oxide (SrO), Barium oxide (BaO), and Aluminium oxide (Al 2 O 3) were synthesized and their photoluminescence and electrochemical analysis were performed for display and supercapacitor applications. The NCs were synthesized by solution combustion method using both chemical (SBA-U) and green extract as a fuel/reducing agent (SBA-A). The synthesized sample is subjected to calcination at 600 ° C for 3 h. The Bragg reflections of the synthesized NCs can be attributed to hexagonal SrO, tetragonal BaO and spinel cubic γ Al 2 O 3. The SEM image clearly shows the presence of agglomerated irregular size and shaped NPs. The agglomeration was found to be more in SBA-U NCs rather than SBA-A NCs. The direct energy band gap was determined from UV-visible absorption spectra using Wood and Tauc's relation. The estimated energy band gap was found to be less in SBA-A (3.81 eV) than that of SBA-U NCs (3.88 eV). Further, photoluminescence emission spectra recorded at 300 nm excitation wavelength consist of the high-intensity peak in the green region whereas satellite peaks in blue and red regions. However, the CIE plot and color-correlated temperature confirm the present synthesized NCs are promising candidates for display technology as a green phosphor material. Further, electrochemical studies were performed and the supercapacitance value was determined, which varied within the range of 97.2 to 59.6 F/g at different scan rates. Even though the fuel/reducing agent shows their effect on the intensity of photoluminescence spectra, no such variations are observed in the electrochemical studies. The synthesized samples from both methods might find an application in display and supercapacitor applications. [Display omitted] • SrO/BaO/Al 2 O 3 nanocomposites are synthesized by aloe vera mediated solution combustion method. • The green emission is observed through photoluminescence analysis, CIE and CCT. • The present material serves as a promising candidate for application in the display technology. • The electrochemical analysis was performed for the supercapacitor application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Produced activated carbon monoliths (ACMs) with transport porosities of up to 9%. • Monoliths have customizable transport pore structure at 3D printer resolution scale. • Sequential pyrolysis allows independent control of porosity and properties of ACMs. • The production method can be extended to other materials and aid other processes. A fast, customizable, and systematic route for producing activated carbon monoliths for gas storage with low interparticle porosity (9 % to 24 %) containing tailored macro channels is disclosed. The production uses a three-dimensional (3D)-printed polymeric lattice, rich in oxygen, as a sacrificial template. Its interstitial voids are filled with a phenolic resin that is carbonized and activated at 1173 K under carbon dioxide (CO 2). Sequential pyrolysis occurs via thermal treatment with the 3D-printed lattice removed first, rendering macro channels with the same shape as the template in accurately placed positions. Resulting in adsorbents with interparticle porosities ranging from 10 % to 23 %, calculated from X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) images. The axial resolution of these macro channels was similar to the SLA printing layer thickness used of 100 µm. Making it the best resolution attained to date in fabricating monoliths via a 3D-printed sacrificial templating method. Breakthrough experiments indicated healthy macro channel connectivity due to the reduced mass transfer zone. Moreover, excellent mechanical integrity was displayed, with a monolith withstanding 900 N before excessive fracturing occurred despite the presence of macro channels. Therefore, this method emphasizes its use for gas storage applications by enabling the adsorbent material to efficiently utilize the volumetric space while allowing a fast rate of adsorption over the entire structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upset bitmaps distribution features in SRAM arrays exposed by various types of pulsed ionizing radiation (X-rays, n-γ, laser-accelerated protons) were analyzed by experimental data processing with 2D Walsh-Hadamard transform, i.e. expansion of orthogonal rectangle functions on closed set basis. Using such processing with comparison to expansion on 1D Fourier or Walsh-Hadamard transform allows one to detect additional regularities in upset distribution. The presence of these regularities can be explained by voltage dropdown across integrated circuit voltage supply buses arising under pulsed radiation exposure as a result of dose rate effects. The "stripe-like" upset bitmap is explicitly observed under the pulsed X-ray exposure. In the case of pulsed complex n-γ (fission neutrons) and laser-accelerated protons exposure the dose rate effects significance and therefore the presence of any regularities in upset bitmaps are strongly device-specific. A quantitative criterion was introduced on basis of 2D Walsh-Hadamard amplitude spectra's statistical examination permitting to pick out upset bitmaps with regularities even for visually uniform upset bitmaps. • ARM-based microcontroller was exposed to various types of ionizing radiation. • SRAM upset bitmaps were analyzed with 2D Walsh-Hadamard transform. • The existence of dose rate effects is investigated for the case of pulsed exposure. • The stripe-like upset bitmaps under pulsed exposure explained by voltage dropdown. • Pulsed laser-accelerated protons and n-γ may lead to non-uniform upset bitmaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushroom cultivation in the United States generates a considerable waste stream of inutile mushroom stumps. Stumps were dried and ground to create the current study's mushroom stump waste (MSW) product. This study aimed to determine the energy and amino acid profile of MSW and the optimal inclusion of MSW in broiler diets based on performance measurables and amino acid digestibility. The TME n of MSW (1,173 kcal/kg) and proximate analysis results were used to formulate broiler diets containing 0% and 5% MSW which were blended to create experimental diets containing 1, 2, 3, and 4% MSW. Day 21 performance results indicate birds consuming 1% MSW improved LWG by 57.6 g per bird compared to birds fed 5% MSW. Birds fed 0, 2, 3 or 4% MSW were intermediate for LWG (P = 0.024). Broilers provided 1% MSW improved average body weight (BW) compared to those fed 4 or 5% MSW. Birds consuming 0, 2, or 3% were intermediate for BW (P = 0.026). Birds fed 1% MSW improved FCR by 0.105 compared to those fed 5% MSW. Broilers consuming 0, 2, 3 or 4% MSW were intermediate for FCR (P = 0.0002). Neither mortality nor feed intake were affected by MSW inclusion (P > 0.05). Although 16 of the 19 reported AA had reduced AIAAD when MSW was included (P < 0.05), amino acid digestibility coefficients were not affected by MSW inclusion (P > 0.05). These data support MSW inclusion in broiler diets up to 3% without detriment to performance or amino acid digestibility coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 4-pyrrolidinopyridine (PPY) and 2,5-diphenyloxazole (DPO) were employed as N-heterocyclic derivatives to synthesize novel picrate salts. These salts were subsequently subjected to characterization using infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Comparison of these structures with entries in the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) and the application of two multivariate statistical analyses, namely Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), facilitated the differentiation of salts and co-crystals based on the structural behaviors of the picrate molecule. Additionally, Hirshfield Surface Analysis and 2D fingerprint plots were employed to investigate intermolecular contacts. The fluorescence emission spectra revealed that compound 2 has the potential to serve as a probe for turn-off detection of picric acid (PA). [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

—The fourth basic circuit element, known as the memristor, renowned for its small size, and ability to store and retain information as resistance, allowing for implementation for logic circuits such as logic gates or memory cells. The memristor allows the development of small-scale electronics as a continuation of CMOS technology, which is rapidly approaching its limit due to Moore's Law. Currently, there has not been much development into the design automation of circuit utilizing memristors, which makes the designing of complex, large-scale circuits with memristors considerably difficult. At hitherto, there is only a generic framework for memristor netlist generation, mapping and routing. However, current literature shows a lack of logic optimizer and memristor circuit synthesizer. Hence, this article proposes a Novel Logic Synthesis Algorithm for Memristive Hardware Description Language (HDL). The synthesis algorithm proposed in this article extracts Verilog conditional statements and registers, optimizes the circuit and synthesizes into a suitable memristor circuits in netlist form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different levels of concentrate associated or not with protected fat (calcium salts of fatty acids from soybean oil) in the diet on the feeding behaviour of feedlot lambs. Sixty-four 4-month-old, non-castrated Santa Inês male lambs (20.07 ± 0.25 kg BW) were distributed in a randomized complete block design, in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement [four concentrate:roughage levels (C:R level - 400:600; 500:500; 600:400 and 700:300 g/kg, dry matter basis (DM)) and two inclusion levels of protected fat (0 and 35 g/kg, dry matter basis)]. An interaction effect between the concentrate levels and the inclusion of protected fat was detected for DM intake (g/day) (P = 0.020). The intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased as the level of concentrate increased (P < 0.001), whereas it increased without the inclusion of protected fat (P = 0.003). The time spent in feeding (P < 0.05) and rumination (P < 0.001) decreased with increasing amounts of concentrate, whereas the time spent idling increased linearly (P < 0.001). The feeding efficiency (g DM/h) for DM increased (P = 0.019), and for NDF (g NDF/h) decreased (P < 0.001). Including protected fat increased feeding (g DM/h and g NDF/h) and rumination (g DM/h and g NDF/h) efficiencies (P = 0.015 and P = 0.023, respectively). The number of chews per day (P = 0.004) and number of cud chewed per day (P = 0.015) were linearly decreased as a function of the concentrate level. The DM (g) chewed per cud increased (P < 0.001) with higher levels of concentrate. The concentrate level of 700 g/kg DM increased the feedlot lambs' feeding and rumination efficiencies. Amounts higher than 35.0 g/kg DM of protected fat is not recommended considering the feeding behaviour results; mainly, DM intake and DM feeding efficiency. Nevertheless, studies based on performance and carcass yield are recommended. • High-concentrate levels and protected fat (PF) use are methods to improve lamb's performance. • The use of protected fat, 35 g/kg of dry matter (DM), decreased DM intake. • Concentrate levels up to 700 g/kg DM, improve DM intake and feeding efficiency. • Feeding and rumination efficiencies are lower in diets with PFs by less acceptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectins are a class of soluble polysaccharides that can have anticancer properties through several mechanisms. This study aimed to characterize the molecular structure of water-soluble fractions (WSF) derived from ripe and unripe papayas and assess their biological effects in two models: the 3D colon cancer spheroids to measure cell viability and cytotoxicity, and the in vivo model to investigate the inhibition of preneoplastic lesions in rats. WSF yield was slightly higher in ripe papaya, and both samples mainly consisted of pectin. Both pectins inhibited the growth of colon cancer HT29 and HCT116 spheroids. Unripe pectin disturbed HT29/NIH3T3 spheroid formation, decreased HCT116 spheroid viability, and increased spheroid cytotoxicity. Ripe pectin had a more substantial effect on the reduction of spheroid viability for HT29 spheroids. Furthermore, in vivo experiments on a rat model revealed a decrease in aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation for both pectins and increased apoptosis in colonocytes for ripe papaya pectins. The results suggest potential anticancer properties of papaya pectin, with ripe pectin showing a higher potency. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spray-dried niobium oxide coated with chitosan-activated carbon (NIC) was synthesized and used to remove doxorubicin hydrochloride and crystal violet from aqueous solutions under different parameters such as solution pH (2, 4, 6, and 8), contact time (1 to 9 h), initial concentration (20 to 200 mg L−1), and competing ions (0.1 M of CaCl 2 and NaCl). The addition of 5 % chitosan-activated carbon to the matrix of niobium oxide slightly increased the specific surface area from 26 to 30 m2 g−1, with the introduction of a carboxylic functional group. This led to an increase in the amount of adsorbed doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOH) from 30 to 44 mg g−1 and that of crystal violet (CV) from 15 to 32 mg g−1 from the initial respective 100 mg L−1 at pH 8. The data from the concentration study fitted into Liu isotherm having adsorption capacity of 128 and 57 mg g−1 for DOH and CV respectively, while pseudo first and second order are more suitable for adsorption kinetics. The additional functional groups on the IR spectrum of NIC after the adsorption of DOH and CV confirmed the interaction between NIC and the adsorbates' molecules. The mechanism of adsorption was supported by DFT calculations. • Synthesis of spray-dried niobium oxide coated with chitosan-activated carbon (NIC). • The adsorption capacity was enhanced by the addition of carboxylate ions. • The adsorption mechanism of was mainly due to electrostatic interactions. • Doxorubicin and crystal violet were effectively removed by NIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hypervelocity impact flash is reported on thin Kapton films at speeds up to 5 km s −1. • The flashes from two layers of film provide a time of flight and hence projectile speed. • The accuracy of the speed is good to 1%. The impact flash from hypervelocity impact on thin (12.5 µm) Kapton film was observed. The projectile sizes ranged from 0.1 to 1 mm, with speeds from 2 to 5 km s−1 and penetrated the Kapton intact, leaving holes the same size as the projectile (to within measurement errors). The flash intensity (normalised to impactor mass) scaled with impact speed to the power 5.5. However, the data also suggest that at constant speed the intensity scales with the area of the hole in the Kapton and not the projectile mass (i.e. with some property of the target and not as a function of the projectile energy or momentum). Using two layers of Kapton, it was possible to construct a Time of Flight (TOF) system, which used the time of the onset of the flash in each layer to produce flight speeds accurate to within typically 1%. When compared to the projectile speed pre-impact, there was no indication of projectile deceleration during passage through the Kapton film. In addition, when PVDF acoustic sensors were placed on the Kapton film, they exhibited an electromagnetic "pick-up" signal from the impact of projectile on the Kapton, confirming suspicions of signal interference from past work with acoustic sensors. The ability of the light flash to provide accurate impact timing signals suggests the TOF system would be suitable for use as a cosmic dust or debris impact detector in space (e.g. Low Earth Orbit). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AISI 317 L stainless steel replaces 316 L grade in some applications due to its superior mechanical strength and corrosion resistance. Aiming at expanding its applicability to structural applications, ongoing studies are dedicated to overcoming the trade-off between strength and ductility. The stacking fault energy decreases with deformation temperature and favors stacking faulting, (nano)twinning and strain-induced martensite (SIM) formation, resulting in severe microstructural fragmentation. The effect of temperature on deformation behavior of AISI 317 L steel was investigated in samples rolled at room temperature to thickness reductions of 50% and 85% and at 77 K to reductions in thickness of 10% and 50%. The microstructural evolution was followed by scanning electron microscopy, Vickers microhardness, X-ray diffraction, magnetization, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and electron channeling contrast imaging (ECCI). The nucleation sites in the early stages of the transformation sequence γ → ε → α' were identified in the 10% cryorolled sample. The highest volume fraction of α'-martensite reached 45.8% in the cryorolled steel to 50% rolling reduction. Much lower fractions were obtained for samples rolled to 10% reduction at 77 K (2%) and at room temperature to 50% (0.3%) and 85% reductions (1.6%). The texture components after cryorolling were Goss and Brass for austenite; rotated cube, α- and γ-fibers for δ-ferrite and α'-martensite. The ε-martensite presents the typical texture of hcp metals with a c/a ratio above the ideal value and 〈0001〉 − oriented tilted about 21° from the normal direction towards the rolling direction. The results show cryorolling as an effective method for enhancing SIM formation and promoting severe microstructural refinement in AISI 317 L stainless steel. Cryorolling at 77 K favors strain-induced martensite formation. [Display omitted] • Cryorolling at 77 K favors the formation of strain-induced martensite (SIM). • Dislocation slip and twinning are the main deformation mechanisms during rolling at RT. • KAM analysis indicates an equivalent strain partitioning among the phases. • Magnetic measurements quantified the volume fraction of α'-martensite. • The volume fraction of ε- and α'-martensite increases with strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Mean sweeping efficiency was 76 % for thoracic-sized (<10 µm) particles. • Sweeping efficiently removed 35% to 65% of metal(loid)s from arterial roads. • Traffic volume and road surface quality predictors of dust loadings. • Street sweeping efficiency is affected by road surface quality. Road dust is a demonstrated source of urban air pollution. Given this, the implementation of street sweeping strategies that effectively limit road dust accumulation and resuspension should be a public health priority. Research examining the effectiveness of street sweeping for road dust removal in support of good air quality has been limited to date. To address this, the study aimed to assess the use of a regenerative-air street sweeper to efficiently remove road dust particles and metal(loid)s in size fractions relevant for respiratory exposure in Toronto, Canada. As part of this, the mass amounts, particle size distribution and elemental concentrations of bulk road dust before and after sweeping at five arterial sites were characterized. Sweeping reduced the total mass amount of thoracic-sized (<10 µm) road dust particles by 76 % on average. A shift in the size distribution of remaining particles toward finer fractions was observed in post-sweeping samples, together with an enrichment in many metal(loid)s such as Co, Ti and S. Overall, the mass amounts of metal(loid)s of respiratory health concern like Cu and Zn were greatly reduced with sweeping. Traffic volume and road surface quality were predictors of dust loadings and elemental concentrations. Road surface quality was also found to impact street sweeping efficiencies, with larger mass amounts per unit area collected post-sweeping where street surfaces were distressed. This study demonstrates that street sweeping using advanced technology can be highly effective for road dust removal, highlighting its potential to support air quality improvement efforts. The importance of tailoring sweeping service levels and technologies locally as per the quality of road surface and traffic patterns is emphasized. Continued efforts to mitigate non-exhaust emissions that pose a respiratory health risk at their source is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This observational cohort study enrolled cows from 7 freestall dairy herds in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The objective was to estimate the causal role of hyperketonemia on new sole ulcer and white line hoof lesions (SUWL). Multiparous cows were enrolled at the time of their precalving hoof trim, at the end of their previous lactation. Enrolled cows were hoof trimmed twice: precalving between 90 to 21 d before calving (n = 2,037), and postcalving between 21 to 150 d after calving (n = 1,408). We trained 7 commercial hoof trimmers, employed by the farms, in lesion identification to standardize lesion recording. Hoof trimmers conducted therapeutic trimming as well as diagnosing and treating lesions. After parturition, cows between 3 and 16 d in milk were tested once weekly for hyperketonemia using a hand-held ketone meter. Farm staff and research personnel conducted the β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) testing. Cows were classified as hyperketonemic (HYK+) if they had a blood BHB ≥1.2 mmol/L or hyperketonemia-negative (HYK−) if blood BHB <1.2 mmol/L. At the precalving hoof trim, 15.6% of cows trimmed had a lesion and 1.9% of cows had a SUWL; thus, cows with a SUWL were excluded from further analysis (n = 38). At the postcalving hoof trim, 25.8% of cows trimmed had a hoof lesion, and 3.6% of cows had a SUWL. The most prevalent lesions at the pre- and postcalving hoof trims were digital dermatitis and corkscrew lesions. The incidence of hyperketonemia among cows was 21.1% (421/1,999) and the incidence on farms ranged from 5.7 to 29.1%. After excluding cows due to being hoof trimmed outside our designated window, the multilevel logistic regression model for the odds of SUWL at the postcalving hoof trim included 1,209 cows (HYK+ = 257/1,209; SUWL = 42/1,209). The odds of having SUWL in HYK+ was 0.66 (95% confidence interval: 0.29, 1.49) times the odds of that for HYK− cows. For cows diagnosed with a lesion (digital dermatitis, corkscrew, toe, foot rot, or other lesion) at their precalving hoof trim (n = 199), the odds of having SUWL for HYK+ cows were 0.43 (95% confidence interval: 0.05, 3.92) times the odds of that for HYK− cows. The wide range of compatible causal estimates suggest that hyperketonemia likely has a limited role in the development of SUWL in cows with or without a hoof lesion precalving. Future research should investigate other transition period factors such as inflammation or structural changes to the foot that may have a causative role in the development of SUWL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]