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D-shaped tokamak T-15MD is nowunder construction in the NRC "Kurchatov Institute". Heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) is an important part of T-15MD diagnostic system. Calculations of the probing ions trajectories show that the beam will pass through the plasma about 1.0…1.5 m, which can lead to its significant attenuation. HIBP operation requires obtaininga high-current long-focus probing beam of Tl+ ions (I = 200…400 μA, f = 4…6 m, d ≤ 10 mm). A high voltage (300 keV) test-benchto test such beams is being created now. Numerical modeling shows the possibility of a beam formation with a current of 300 μA and diameter 12 mm at 6 m from the ion emitter.

The goal of the research is to expand the capabilities of the heavy ion beam probing (HIBP) diagnostic. HIBP is a unique diagnostic, capable to measure plasma potential, density and their fluctuations, as well as the poloidal magnetic field fluctuations in the core and edge plasmas. The sensitivity of the diagnostic is determined by the level of the output signal related to the instrumental noise. The level of the probing beam current should be as high as possible, especially for measurements at the periphery with low output signal due to low plasma density, and in the core, where the beam is attenuated due to the high plasma density. Optimization experiments have shown the possibility of ion beam forming in the current range from 40 to 800 µA.

Advanced heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) operates on the T-10 tokamak with 20–130 μ A T l + beam accelerated up to 330 keV. The HIBP has a unique capability to measure the mean value of the core plasma potential, and the oscillations in potential φ , density n e and poloidal magnetic field simultaneously in 5 spatially separated sample volumes for OH and ECRH plasmas with n ¯ e = ( 0.3 − 5 ) × 1 0 19 m − 3 , 100 I p l 330 kA . Time evolution of local plasma parameters and/or radial profiles can be measured in a single shot. The profile in the range 0.25 ρ 1 is available shot by shot for B 0 2.2 T . The paper describes main elements of hardware: injector, beamlines, control systems, analyzer, power supplies, and software for HIBP. Physical examples show that HIBP can measure the cross-phase of density oscillations, the poloidal phase velocity of turbulence rotation, the poloidal electric field and the radial turbulent particle flux. Spectral analysis allows us to distinguish various types of turbulence, such as broadband (

Local fluctuations of electrostatic potential, poloidal electric field, magnetic potential and electron density are simultaneously measured in the T-10 tokamak by a heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) having a five-slit energy analyser, which allows an estimate of the turbulent particle flux and $\boldsymbol {E}\times \boldsymbol {B}$ rotation velocity in the off-minor-axis gradient zone of the toroidal plasma column. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the modern multichannel HIBP makes it an effective tool to study plasma oscillations. Motivated by previous work that has documented time-resolved interactions between measured plasma parameters using correlation analysis (coherence of $E_{\textrm {pol}}$ and density $n_e$ , and cross-phase), a new result from bicorrelation analysis (bicoherence of magnetic potential $A_\zeta$ and density $n_e$ , and biphase) is reported for documenting the evidence of wave–wave coupling and energy transfer associated with the interaction between geodesic acoustic modes (GAM) and broadband, quasi-coherent modes.

This work estimates the degree of turbulent intermittence of the plasma potential measured by a Heavy Ion Beam Probe in the core plasma region of the TJ-II stellarator. It is shown that the intermittence varies in a significant way with the plasma state (ion or electron root). In addition, radial minima of the intermittence are found to be associated with the location of topological structures of the flow associated with some important low-order rational surfaces. The local pressure gradient was also estimated, and a clear correlation was found between the steepening of the pressure gradient and the deepening of the minima of the intermittence, suggesting that the minima are associated with pressure gradient driven modes. By estimating the rotation velocity of the plasma from the measured plasma potential, it was possible to make a rough reconstruction of the twodimensional radial-poloidal map of intermittence, thus clarifying the topological structure of the intermittence. The experimental results were put into context by comparing with simulations performed using a resistive Magneto-Hydrodynamic turbulence model.

We study Alfven eigenmodes (AEs) in the TJ-II heliac in hydrogen plasmas heated by hydrogen co-field neutral beam injector. Taking advantage of the unique TJ-II flexibility in a varying plasma current, we have observed strong variation of the AE frequency from fAE ∼ 30 to ∼220 kHz for selected modes. An advanced heavy-ion beam probe diagnostic determines the spatial location and internal amplitudes of the modes. The modes satisfy a local AE dispersion relation including the geodesic acoustic frequency that represents the lowest frequency of the mode. Linear MHD modeling with STELLGAP and FAR3D codes shows that the calculated temporal evolution of the mode frequency reproduces the observed maxima and minima at the same time intervals with a similar frequency range, and the radial profile peaks near the outer edge of the observed one.

In this paper, we analyze the impact of electron cyclotron resonance heating and electron cyclotron current drive on the Alfvénic instabilities driven by neutral beam injection observed in the TJ-II stellarator. An MHD stability analysis of driven Alfvén eigenmodes compatible with the experimental plasma parameters is carried out in order to compare with the data provided by magnetic coils, radiation monitors, and heavy ion beam probes. To this end, the vacuum magnetic configuration modified by the different levels of plasma current, the thermal plasma parameters and the fast ion pressure profiles generated by the co-injected neutral beam, are entered in the FAR3d gyro-fluid code in order to follow the linear evolution of the destabilized plasma equilibrium. Linear growth rates and radial location of the dominant predicted modes coincident in frequency with the observed fluctuations are presented. Despite the uncertainties related to the estimation of the rotational transform profile, the code predictions agree within reasonable accuracy with the experimental results.

2D poloidal contour plots of plasma potential, plasma density, and their fluctuations have been measured in low density plasmas sustained by Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating using a heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) system in the TJ-II stellarator. A HIBP has been used in the new energy scanning mode to obtain the measurements for a 2D poloidal cross section of the stellarator. The 2D map for the absolute plasma potential shows a local maximum in the plasma core as expected in low density plasma scenarios. Fluctuations in the HIBP secondary ion current, as a proxy of plasma density fluctuations, appear both in positive and negative density gradient regions, with a normalized level of density fluctuations higher in the negative density gradient region. The TJ-II innovative experimental setup developed using a dual HIBP diagnostic paves the way for model validation on core plasma potential asymmetries and particle transport and fluctuations under positive and negative density gradient scenarios.

A new set of Heavy Ion Beam Probe diagnostic (HIBP-2) was recently installed in the TJ-II stellarator. HIBP-2 is being operated simultaneously with the previously existing HIBP-1 to provide the coherence data analysis aiming for the 3D studies of the Long-Range Correlations and Alfvenic Eigenmodes. A new Control and Data Acquisition System (CDAS) of high performance and high reliability has been made to operate HIBP-2. The CDAS of HIBP-1 is being upgraded to a similar configuration. The distributed architecture implementing a client–server model provides flexibility and system scalability. The developed CDAS has shown reliable operation of dual HIBP. This paper describes the CDAS of this dual diagnostics.

Геодезические акустические моды (ГАМ) рассматриваются в качестве механизма самостабилизации турбулентности. На токамаке Т-10 ГАМ на электростатическом потенциале и флуктуации плотности одновременно исследовались с помощью зондирования пучком тяжёлых ионов (ЗПТИ) и корреляционной рефлектометрии (КР). Изучались режимы с омическим и электронноциклотронным (ЭЦ) нагревом. ГАМ более выражены во время ЭЦ-нагрева, при этом их типичные частоты лежат в узкой полосе 22—27 кГц для основного пика и 25—30 кГц для более высокочастотного сателлита. Локальные значения электрического потенциала и флуктуаций демонстрируют заметную когерентность и постоянный фазовый сдвиг в диапазоне частот ГАМ. Существование дальних пространственных (1/4 тора) корреляций потенциала и плотности для ГАМ означает, что ГАМ является глобальной модой, что впервые показано на токамаке.

The effects of 3D geometry are explored in TJ-II from two relevant points of view: neoclassical transport and modification of stability and dispersion relation of waves. Particle fuelling and impurity transport are studied considering the 3D transport properties, paying attention to both neoclassical transport and other possible mechanisms. The effects of the 3D magnetic topology on stability, confinement and Alfvén Eigenmodes properties are also explored, showing the possibility of controlling Alfvén modes by modifying the configuration; the onset of modes similar to geodesic acoustic modes are driven by fast electrons or fast ions; and the weak effect of magnetic well on confinement. Finally, we show innovative power exhaust scenarios using liquid metals.

The conceptual design of the heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) for T-15MD tokamak (R = 1.5 m, a = 0.67 m, Bt = 2 T, Ipl = 2 MA) is presented. The location of the HIBP injection and detection points is chosen based on the probing beam trajectory calculations. Observation area covers the whole radial interval 0 < r < a for Bt = 1 T, Ipl = 1 MA with the beam energy Eb

Measurements of the relaxation of a zonal electrostatic potential perturbation in a non-axisymmetric magnetically confined plasma are presented. A sudden perturbation of the plasma equilibrium is induced by the injection of a cryogenic hydrogen pellet in the TJ-II stellarator, which is observed to be followed by a damped oscillation in the electrostatic potential. The waveform of the relaxation is consistent with theoretical calculations of zonal potential relaxation in a non-axisymmetric magnetic geometry. The turbulent transport properties of a magnetic confinement configuration are expected to depend on the features of the collisionless damping of zonal flows, of which the present letter is the first direct observation.

The heavy ion beam probe diagnostic is used in the TJ-II stellarator to study directly the plasma electric potential with good spatial (up to 1 cm) and temporal (up to 2 μs) resolution. Singly charged heavy ions, Cs + , with energies of up to 125 keV are used to probe the plasma column from the edge to the core. Both electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) and neutral beam injection (NBI)-heated plasmas (P ECRH = 200 to 400 kW, P NBI = 200 to 400 kW, E NBI = 28 keV) have been studied. Low-density ECRH [n = (0.5 to 1.1) X 10 19 m -3 ] plasmas in TJ-II are characterized by positive plasma potential on the order of 1000 to 400 V. A negative electric potential appears at the edge when the line-averaged density exceeds 0.5 X 10 19 m -3 . Further density rises are accompanied by a decrease in the core plasma potential, which becomes fully negative for plasma densities n ≥ 1.5 X 10 19 m -3 . The NBI plasmas are characterized by a negative electric potential across the whole plasma cross section from the core to the edge. In this case, the absolute value of the central potential is on the order of -500 V. These results show a clear link between plasma potential and density in the TJ-II stellarator.

The link between edge sheared flows and turbulence is investigated in the plasma edge region of the TJ-II stellarator and the results are compared with results in other devices like JET tokamak. In the TJ-II stellarator there is a threshold density to trigger the development of edge shear flows. During sheared flow development the degree of turbulence anisotropy ((v ∥ v r )) is modified. The fact that different quadratic terms in fluctuating velocities ((v ∥ v r ) and (v ⊥ v r )) change during edge sheared flow generation means that shear flow physics involves 3D physics phenomena in which both perpendicular and parallel dynamics are involved. A new strategy has been recently applied to plasma physics to quantify the local energy transfer between flows and turbulence by computing the production term. Experimental results show that turbulence can act as an energy sink and energy source for the mean flow near the shear layer. Measurements of the turbulence production show the importance of 3D effects on the energy transfer between flows and turbulence.

Geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) were investigated on the T-10 tokamak using heavy ion beam probe, correlation reflectometry and multipin Langmuir probe diagnostics. Regimes with Ohmic heating and with on- and off-axis ECRH were studied. It was shown that GAMs are mainly the potential oscillations. Typically, the power spectrum of the oscillations has the form of a solitary quasi-monochromatic peak with the contrast range 3–5. They are the manifestation of the torsional plasma oscillations with poloidal wavenumber m = 0, called zonal flows. The frequency of GAMs changes in the region of observation and decreases towards the plasma edge. After ECRH switch-on, the frequency increases, correlating with growth in the electron temperature Te. The frequency of the GAMs depends on the local Te as , which is consistent with a theoretical scaling for GAM, where cs is the sound speed within a factor of unity. The GAMs on T-10 are found to have density limit, some magnetic components and an intermittent character. They tend to be more excited near low-q magnetic surfaces.

The evolution of core quasi-coherent modes has been investigated during the formation of electron internal transport barriers (e-ITB) in the TJ-II stellarator. These modes have been characterized using heavy ion beam probe and electron cyclotron emission diagnostics. The quasi-coherent mode evolves during formation/annihilation of the e-ITB and vanishes as the transport barrier is fully developed. These observations can be interpreted in terms of the influence of sheared flows in the stability of quasi-coherent modes.

This report summarizes the results of experimental turbulence investigations carried out at T-10 for more than 10 years. The turbulence characteristics were investigated using correlation reflectometry, multipin Langmuir probe (MLP) and heavy ion beam probe diagnostics. The reflectometry capabilities were analysed using 2D full-wave simulations and verified by direct comparison using a MLP. The ohmic and electron cyclotron resonance heated discharges show the distinct transition from the core turbulence, having complex spectral structure, to the unstructured one in the scrape-off layer. The core turbulence includes 'broad band, quasi-coherent' features, arising due to the excitation of rational surfaces with high poloidal m-numbers, with a low frequency near zero and specific oscillations at 15–30 kHz. All experimentally measured properties of low frequency and high frequency quasi-coherent oscillations are in good agreement with predictions of linear theory for the ion temperature gradient/dissipative trapped electron mode instabilities. Significant local changes in the turbulence characteristics were observed at the edge velocity shear layer and in the core near q = 1 radius after switching off the electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH). The local decrease in the electron heat conductivity and decrease in the turbulence level could be evidence of the formation of an electron internal transport barrier. The dynamic behaviour of the core turbulence was also investigated for the case of fast edge cooling and the beginning phase of ECRH.

Radial plasma potential profiles have been obtained in the TJ-II by the Heavy Ion Beam Probing (HIBP) diagnostics. Results show that the potential increases up to 1 kV near the magnetic axis in ECRH low-density plasmas. The secondary ion current profiles, which directly reflect the plasma density, are hollow. In low-density ECRH operation, radial electric fields are found to be positive in the plasma core, however, a reduction in these fields is observed with increasing density. Radial plasma potential profiles show evidence of structures in configurations with low-order rational surfaces. In particular, HIBP measurements have permitted characterization of the plasma potential profile during e-ITB formation. Experiments in TJ-II have shown that it is possible to modify the global confinement and edge plasma parameters with limiter biasing, illustrating the direct impact of radial electric fields on confinement properties. Plasma potential measurements by the HIBP diagnostic show a strong impact of heating method (ECRH versus NBI) on radial electric fields.

Specific oscillations within a range of 20 kHz (“20 kHz-mode”) were investigated on the T-10 and TEXT tokamaks using Heavy Ion Beam Probe (HIBP) diagnostic. Regimes with ohmic heating on both machines, and with off-axis ECRH in T-10 were studied. It was shown that “20 kHz-modes are mainly the potential oscillations. The power spectrum of the oscillations has the form of a solitary quasi-monochromatic peak with a contrast range of (3–5). They are the manifestation of torsional plasma oscillations with poloidal wavenumber m = 0, called zonal flows. It was shown that in TEXT the radial electric field oscillations exist in a limited radial range of 0.65 > ρ < 0.95. The frequency of “20 kHz-mode” is varied in the region of observation; it diminishes to the plasma edge. In T-10, after ECRH switch-on, the frequency increases, correlating with the growth of the electron temperature Te. In both machines the frequency of the “20 kHz-mode” varies with local Te: f ∼ Te1/2, which is consistent with theoretical scaling for geodesic acoustic modes (GAM): fGAM ∼ cs/R ∼ Te1/2, where cs is the speed of sound. The absolute frequencies are close to GAM values within a factor of unity.

The influence of limiter biasing on plasma confinement, turbulence and plasma flows has been investigated in the TJ-II stellarator. Experimental results show that it is possible to modify global particle confinement and edge plasma parameters with both positive and negative biasing. Significant and minor modifications in the structure of plasma fluctuations have been observed during the transition to improved confinement regimes induced by limiter biasing. These results show evidence of electric field induced improved confinement via multiple mechanisms. The investigation of the relaxation of plasma potential and electric fields shows evidence of two different characteristic decay times.

In this article, we address the major physics principles and the engineering issues associated with the implementation of a heavy ion beam diagnostic for the International Tokamak Experiment Reactor (ITER) for the edge measurements of the plasma electric and poloidal magnetic fields. Two different diagnostic configurations are discussed. The ions’ trajectories and attenuations were calculated by dedicated simulation codes using the relevant ITER equilibrium parameters. Estimations of measurement accuracy are presented for a chosen configuration.

This paper describes a series of experiments performed in TJ-II stellarator with the aim of studying the influence of magnetic configuration on stability and transport properties of TJ-II plasmas. Plasma potential profiles have been measured in several configurations up to the plasma core with the heavy ion beam probe diagnostic. Low-order rational surfaces have been positioned at different plasma radii observing the effect on transport features. Plasma edge turbulent transport has been studied in configurations that are marginally stable due to decreased magnetic well. Results show a dynamical coupling between gradients and turbulent transport. Experiments on the influence of magnetic shear on confinement are reported. Global confinement issues as well as enhanced confinement regimes found in TJ-II are discussed as well.

New findings in study of geodesic acoustic modes (GAMs) on the T-10 tokamak since the last IAEA FEC 2014 are described. The broadband fluctuations of potential and electron density n e in Ohmic and ECRH regimes are analyzed with Heavy Ion Beam Probing along with fluctuations of poloidal magnetic field B pol. At the edge, at ρ > 0.8, the dominated GAM peak with frequency 17 kHz in potential fluctuations, and noticeable peak of quasi-coherent density and potential fluctuations with frequency 40–100 kHz and HFHM ~30 kHz are observed. During ECRH of high density ~ 4 × 1019 m−3 plasmas, the level of broadband fluctuations decreases, but the energy confinement degrades and the GAM amplitude on rises. The bi-spectral analysis of and n e fluctuations demonstrates the existence of statistically significant auto- and cross-bicoherence at the GAM frequency that points out to three-wave interaction between GAM and broadband electrostatic turbulence, while the cross-bicoherence for , n e and B pol indicates three-wave interaction between GAM and broadband electromagnetic turbulence. These three-wave interactions may be explained by quadratic character of nonlinear GAM generation, e.g. owing to Reynolds stress.

the formation of transport barriers under electron cyclotron resonance heating and current drive in the t-10 tokamak is studied. in regimes with off-axis co-eccd and qL

An improved confinement regime with an external transport barrier (H-mode) is obtained during electron-cyclotron resonance heating of a plasma in the T-10 tokamak. A characteristic feature of this regime is a spontaneous density growth accompanied by a drop in the intensity of Dα line and an increase in βp by a factor of ∼1.6. The threshold power for the L-H transition is close to that predicted by the ITER scaling. The best characteristics of the H-mode are achieved with decreasing qL to 2.2. It is shown that the external transport barrier arises for electrons, whereas the heat transport barrier insignificantly contributes to improved confinement.

Heavy Ion Beam Probe diagnostics was used to study plasma potential and density in the regimes with improvement in confinement on the T-10 tokamak. Time-spatial potential distribution was analyzed during the formation of transport barriers. The time evolution of the potential profile shows simultaneous formation of the internal negative potential well and external layer with strong Er, during the simultaneous formation of the internal and external transport barriers. The time history of the plasma potential in the inner region (0.6

The most important and difficult problem in heavy ion beam probe diagnostics is the absolute measurement of the plasma potential. The analyzer that measures the energy of the secondary ions must be perfectly calibrated. The accuracy necessary should be at least 10−4. We used two methods of calibration: in situ using the gas target, and in vitro using the reference beam. Calibration allows one to obtain the gain G and dynamic coefficient F of the analyzer. We developed a procedure of fast calibration that uses the dynamic curve Ub/Ua(δi), where Ub and Ua correspond to the accelerating voltage of the beam and the voltage on the analyzer, and δi is a normalized difference of currents on the plates. The analyzer used on the T-10 tokamak was calibrated by both methods. Results of both calibrations are in a reasonable agreement at the moderate values of the entrance angle. The nonideal effects caused by ionization of the gas target and asymmetric secondary electron exchange are considered.

This article presents long-focus ion beam injection systems developed for investigation of plasma parameters by heavy ion beam probing diagnostics in fusion devices. Ion beam parameters vary in a wide range of both beam intensity of alkali probing ions (1–100 μA) and initial energy (20–300 keV), determined by the experimental claims on each plasma device under study. This article describes the characteristics of beam extraction systems with transport ion optics and control, and accelerator power supplies with high stability (not worse than 10−5). Presented systems allow us a fine tuning of the beam focusing along the beam trajectory in plasmas studied. They provide an accurate spatial resolution of measurements in plasma of modern fusion devices up to 5 mm.

This work deals with the results on flow dynamics in TJ-II plasmas under Li-coated wall conditions, which produces low recycling and facilitates the density control and access to improved confinement transitions. The low-density transition, characterized by the emergence of the shear flow layer, is described from first principles and within the framework of neoclassical theory. The vanishing of the neoclassical viscosity when approaching the transition from below explains the observation of a number of turbulent phenomena reported in TJ-II in recent years; a unifying picture is provided in which zonal, i.e. large scale, radially structured, perturbations are observable when the neoclassical damping is sufficiently small. Preliminary linear, collisionless gyrokinetic simulations are carried out to assess that the measured time scale of relaxation of such perturbations is reasonably understood theoretically. In higher density regimes, the physical mechanisms behind the L–H transition have been experimentally studied. The spatial, temporal and spectral structure of the interaction between turbulence and flows has been studied close to the L–H transition threshold conditions. The temporal dynamics of the turbulence-flow interaction displays a predator–prey relationship and both radial outward and inward propagation velocities of the turbulence-flow front have been measured. Finally, a non-linear relation between turbulent fluxes and gradients is observed.

Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) were studied in low magnetic shear flexible heliac TJ-II (B 0 = 0.95 T, R 0 = 1.5 m, 〈 a 〉 = 0.22 m) neutral beam injection (NBI) heated plasmas (P NBI ⩽ 1.1 MW, E NBI = 32 keV) using the heavy ion beam probe (HIBP). L-mode hydrogen plasmas heated with co-, counter- and balanced-NBI and electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) were investigated in various magnetic configurations with rotational transform ι(a)/2π = 1/q ~ 1.5–1.6. The HIBP diagnostic is capable of simultaneously measuring the oscillations of the plasma electric potential, density and poloidal magnetic field. In earlier studies chirping modes have been observed with 250 kHz f AE n ¯ e = (0.3–1.5) × 1019 m−3. In this paper we report the observation of chirping modes obtained with NBI only in plasmas with densities similar to those of earlier studies and obtained after lithium evaporation in the vacuum vessel. The absence of ECRH in the discharges studied here shows that ECRH is not a necessary ingredient to obtain chirping modes in TJ-II but rather a tool for obtaining low-density discharges. Using the HIBP we deduce that the location of the AE chirping mode is −0.8 ρ B pol perturbations are nearly symmetric for both ECRH + NBI and NBI-only plasmas. On TJ-II, the dominant effect on the nonlinear evolution of the AE from the chirping state to the steady-frequency state is the magnetic configuration, determined by the vacuum ι and plasma current I pl.

Beam-driven Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) have been studied in the TJ-II low-magnetic-shear flexible heliac (B 0 = 0.95 T, 〈R〉 = 1.5 m, 〈a〉 = 0.22 m), in L-mode hydrogen plasmas with hydrogen NBI and ECR heating (P NBI ⩽ 1.0 MW, E NBI = 32 keV, P ECRH ⩽ 0.6 MW). In low-density plasmas in the range n e ¯ = (0.3–1.5) × 1019 m−3, a large variety of AEs have been observed in the plasma core with the heavy ion beam probe diagnostic and Mirnov coils, in the frequency range 50 kHz f AE ι is varied during the shot (dynamic configuration scan), some AEs exhibit changes in their nonlinear evolution from bursting-amplitude AEs with chirping frequency to steady-frequency AEs, and back. The range of ι intervals within which the AEs studied are chirping or steady-state is determined.

Analysis of a wide range of experimental results in plasma magnetic confinement investigations shows that in most cases, plasmas are self-organized. In the tokamak case, it is realized in the self-consistent pressure profile, which permits the tokamak plasma to be macroscopically MHD stable. Existing experimental data permit suggesting a hypothesis about the mechanism of pressure profile regulation and to give an explanation of such unusual phenomena as a nonlocal character of transport coefficients, enhanced speed of heat/cold pulse propagation and many modes of tokamak operation.

The present status of experiments on zonal flows in magnetic confinement experiments is examined. The innovative use of traditional and modern diagnostics has revealed unambiguously the existence of zonal flows, their spatio-temporal characteristics, their relationship to turbulence and their effects on confinement. In particular, a number of observations have been accumulated on the oscillatory branch of zonal flows, named geodesic acoustic modes, suggesting the necessity for theories to give their proper description. In addition to these basic properties of zonal flows, several new methods have elucidated the processes of zonal flow generation from turbulence. Further investigation of the relationship between zonal flows and confinement is strongly encouraged as cross-device activity including low temperature, toroidal and linear devices. © 2007 IAEA.

Neoclassical theory provides usable expressions for studying transport in toroidal plasmas and computing the associated radial electric field. An algebraic and three semi-analytical models are used here to study the radial electric field in TJ-II plasmas and compare it with experimental data from a heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) and with DKES calculations. Good qualitative agreement as well as reasonable quantitative agreement is found which allows us to validate the models for describing TJ-II radial electric fields. Furthermore, a simple algebraic formulation (2005 Plasma Phys. Rep. 31 14) provides physical insight for the interpretation of experimental data from the TJ-II heliac in spite of its complicated geometry, like the place of the transition from the electron to the ion root of the radial electric field, which occurs at the maximum value of collisionality, for example.

This article provides new insight into previous and new experimental data regarding behaviour of small-scale density fluctuations in T-10 ohmic and electron cyclotron resonance heated (ECRH) discharges. The experiments demonstrate the existence of certain peaked–'marginal' normalized plasma pressure profiles in both ohmic and discharges with on-axis ECRH. Strong particle confinement degradation occurred when the normalized plasma pressure gradient exceeded this marginal profile gradient (fast density decay in ohmic, 'density pump out' in ECRH). The marginal profile could be achieved either with a flat density and peaked temperature profile or vice versa. Minimal turbulence level did not depend on heating power and was observed with the 'optimal' pressure profile, which was slightly broader than the marginal profile. The density fluctuations did not significantly contribute to the heat transport but determined particle fluxes to maintain the pressure profile. The experimental density behaviour could be reasonably described with the modified model of canonical profiles, which includes particle confinement deterioration under marginal pressure profile conditions.

Experimental comparison of the m = 2, n = 1 mode and plasma rotation velocities at q = 2 magnetic surface in a wide range of the mode amplitudes is presented. Phase velocity of the mode rotation is measured with a set of poloidal magnetic field sensors located at the inner side of the vacuum vessel wall. Plasma rotation velocity at the q = 2 magnetic surface in the direction of the mode phase velocity is measured with the heavy ion beam probe diagnostics. In the presence of a static Resonant Magnetic Perturbation (RMP), the rotation is irregular that appears as cyclical variations of the mode and plasma instantaneous velocities. The period of these variations is equal to the period of the mode oscillations. In the case of high mode amplitude, the rotation irregularity of the mode is consistent with the rotation irregularity of the resonant plasma layer. On the contrary, the observed rise of the mode rotation irregularity in the case of low mode amplitude occurs without an increase of the rotation irregula...