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Loess deposits are widely spread all over Eastern Europe, extending as far south as the Sea of Azov and the northern Black Sea. For many decades these regions have been noted for series of key sections. However, despite prolonged investigations, a lack of absolute dating and detailed lithological data has left many unresolved problems in the correlation of the regional stratigraphic schemes. In this study, integrated studies were undertaken on the loess-paleosol sequence exposed on the northern coast of the Taman Peninsula, separating the Sea of Azov from the Black Sea. The exposure in the coastal scarp near Cape Pekla was sampled in detail for standard lithological and stratigraphic analyses, and for the first time, detailed data on the sediments lithology and petromagnetic properties were obtained, as well as the first optically stimulated luminescence age estimates. The data lead us to conclude that the formation of continental series exposed in the Pekla section started at the beginning of the Middle Pleistocene. There are five well pronounced buried soil complexes (PS 1–5) exposed in the sequence, covering sedimentation from the Middle Pleistocene to the present day. We attribute two lower paleosols (PS 4 and PS 5) to two main warm intervals of the Middle Pleistocene – MIS 9 and MIS 13, and the Kamenka interglacial paleosol, correlated with MIS 7 from other parts of the Azov loess area, is represented in the Pekla section by a sand layer formed at the time of the marine transgression dated to interval 220–280 ka (MIS 7). The upper soil horizons (PS1, PS2 and PS3) developed between 20 and 220 ka. The Pekla section contains a considerable proportion of sand fraction – presumably, due to active eolian processes that developed in immediate vicinities of sources of the material. The paleosol characteristics and the structure of loess horizons in the Pekla subaerial series differ considerably from the well described loess-paleosol series of the Northern Azov Sea coasts. In all probability, this region of the Taman Peninsula belongs to a specific province located south of the North Azov loess-soil province.

Lake Seliger has been always classified as a former glacial water body, a remnant of a vast proglacial lake, which has existed since the disappearance of the last glacial Ice Sheet in the territory 18–19 thousand years ago. The study was focused on areas of southern pools of the lake looking like underflooded meandering river channels. Bottom sediments were drilled in three such areas and ground penetrating radar profiling was carried out on two areas. Lake silt, several meters thick, was found to overlay coarse sand, which is most likely of riverine origin. A feature in favor of this is a characteristic asymmetrical bed profile in the supposed parts of ancient river bends and the time of transition from active flow to the regime of stagnant water body since 14.5 thousand years ago: in that time, glacier edge already lied far from here, and glacial melt water did not penetrate into this area. The inundation of segments of river valleys and their transformation into lake pools was provoked by damming of the Selizharovka River, which originally flowed out from Lake Seliger near Ostashkov Town. About 14.5 thousand years ago, the rapidly growing delta of the Krapivenka River, a left tributary of the Selizharovka, started growing rapidly, damming the latter river. In the period of 2 thousand years, the damming effect extended over the entire 15-km segment of the valley and reached the source of the river in Lake Seliger. In the Holocene, the level rise continued, though at a lesser rate. The total rise of lake level was 7–8 m, which caused flooding of the lower reaches of the valleys of rivers emptying into the lake and transformed them into estuaries. It is shown that glacioisostatic deformations of the Earth crust could not reverse the flow from Seliger into the Baltic Basin. After the disappearance of the most recent glacier, Lake Seliger and its tributaries have always belonged to the Volga Basin; this is to be taken into account in the reconstruction of the Volga runoff and the water balance of the receiving water body (the Caspian Sea).

Funding Information: This material is based upon work supported by the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, using the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, a DOE Office of Science user facility, under Awards DE-FC02-04ER54698 and DE-AC52-07NA27344. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 IAEA, Vienna. DIII-D physics research addresses critical challenges for the operation of ITER and the next generation of fusion energy devices. This is done through a focus on innovations to provide solutions for high performance long pulse operation, coupled with fundamental plasma physics understanding and model validation, to drive scenario development by integrating high performance core and boundary plasmas. Substantial increases in off-axis current drive efficiency from an innovative top launch system for EC power, and in pressure broadening for Alfven eigenmode control from a co-/counter-I p steerable off-axis neutral beam, all improve the prospects for optimization of future long pulse/steady state high performance tokamak operation. Fundamental studies into the modes that drive the evolution of the pedestal pressure profile and electron vs ion heat flux validate predictive models of pedestal recovery after ELMs. Understanding the physics mechanisms of ELM control and density pumpout by 3D magnetic perturbation fields leads to confident predictions for ITER and future devices. Validated modeling of high-Z shattered pellet injection for disruption mitigation, runaway electron dissipation, and techniques for disruption prediction and avoidance including machine learning, give confidence in handling disruptivity for future devices. For the non-nuclear phase of ITER, two actuators are identified to lower the L-H threshold power in hydrogen plasmas. With this physics understanding and suite of capabilities, a high poloidal beta optimized-core scenario with an internal transport barrier that projects nearly to Q = 10 in ITER at ∼8 MA was coupled to a detached divertor, and a near super H-mode optimized-pedestal scenario with co-I p beam injection was coupled to a radiative divertor. The hybrid core scenario was achieved directly, without the need for anomalous current diffusion, using off-axis current drive actuators. Also, a controller to assess proximity to stability limits and regulate β N in the ITER baseline scenario, based on plasma response to probing 3D fields, was demonstrated. Finally, innovative tokamak operation using a negative triangularity shape showed many attractive features for future pilot plant operation.

Geological and geomorphological structure of the “Chervonaya Pad’”, one of the largest orientated depressions of Eastern Azov region, was considered. The study is based on the results of the analysis of remote-sensing data and new geological data obtained during manual drilling and studying the coastal outcrops. Features of the morphological similarity between the neighboring large depressions and “Chervonaya Pad’” was revealed. It is evidence of the unity of their origin. This allows us to consider “Chervonaya Pad’” as a model object for research. The features of the geological structure and morphology of the “Chervonaya Pad’” show that the depression is a denudation form developed in the cover of loess deposits as a result of the impact of airflow on the surface. According to the paleosol stratigraphy, it was revealed that the main stage of the formation of the depression was in the end of the Middle Pleistocene.Based on the material obtained, the authors verify the existing hypotheses of the formation of the large flat-bottom depression relief of the Eastern Azov region. It is revealed that the previously proposed mechanisms for the formation of large depressions (thermokarst, erosion-suffusion, loess subsidence, estuary-lake) do not consistent with the actual data on the geological-geomorphological structure of the “Chervonaya Pad’”. The authors propose the hypothesis of the eolian-denudation (deflation) origin of large depressions of the Eastern Azov region.

The relevance is based on the need to study the amount of biologically active substances and trace nutrients in apple varieties sold in the retail chain of the Lipetsk region. The purpose is to analyze the content of biologically active substances and trace nutrients of all apple varieties sold in the retail chain of the Lipetsk region. The article is the first to establish a close relationship between the term of apples ripening and the content of flavonols, pectic substances, anthocyanins, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Co in them. At the same time, the authors established a close correlation between the content of Fe and Zn in fruits (r = 0.8). Arbitration, titrimetric, photometric, iodometric, weight calcium-pectate, atomic-adsorption, ionometric, and correlation analysis methods were used to solve the tasks. In the Lipetsk region retail chain, the authors identified varieties of apples with the most significant mass of fruit and content of ascorbic acid, organic acids, dry substances, anthocyanins, flavonols, catechins, pectins, tanning and coloring substances, including tannin, carotenoids, including β- carotene, as well as mineral elements: Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Co. The authors also determined the content of heavy metals in apples relative to the maximum allowable concentration (MAC). Autumn varieties contain the highest amount of ascorbic acid, carotenoids, carotene, tanning substances and coloring substances, and tannin. Winter varieties contain the least catechins, tanning, and coloring substances. The content of pectic substances, anthocyanins, and flavonols, reaches its maximum in winter varieties fruits. The content of flavonols most strongly varies, and the least - pH and content of organic acids of all the biologically active substances in apple fruits. Iron content increases with the increase in zinc content. The content of mineral elements in the summer varieties is the lowest. The content of mineral elements and flavonols in apple fruits increases with the transition from summer varieties to autumn, and then to winter. The content of iron varies the most, and least of all - cadmium of the mineral elements in fruits. The content of all mineral elements varies most strongly in winter apple varieties.

In the context of shifting the boundary of the Quaternary down to the level of 2.6 Ma and including the Gelasian Stage in the Quaternary System, the systematization of the original and published data on the geology and paleogeography of the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene of Eastern Europe has been carried out. It was established that, at the boundary of the Gauss and Matuyama paleomagnetic epochs, along with the general trend toward cooling and aridization, profound landscape and climate changes occurred and rhythmic fluctuations of the climate intensified. During the period from 2.6 to 1.8 Ma, corresponding to the Gelasian (pre-Tiglian and Tiglian of Western Europe or Paleopleistocene of Eastern Europe), there appeared subarctic landscapes. In the Eopleistocene (1.8–0.78 Ma) and the Early Neopleistocene (0.78–0.42 Ma), the climate became colder, and climatic zonality repeatedly underwent a complex restructuring, gradually approaching the modern one. Glacial deposits (layers of till) occurring in Eastern Europe date back to the Paleopleistocene. Evidence indicates that there were at least three independent glaciations in the Eopleistocene (1.8–0.78 Ma) and possibly four in the Early Neopleistocene. On the basis of studies of stratotypic sections, paragenetic links were established between sediments of different age within glacial and periglacial areas, and the paleogeographic events of the Early Pleistocene of Eastern Europe were correlated with those within the Western European region.

The systematization of the original and published data on the geology and paleogeography of the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene of Eastern Europe was carried out due to the lowering of the Quaternary lower boundary to the level of 2.6 million years ago and the inclusion of the Gelasian stage in Quaternary system. It was revealed that at the bound of the Gauss-Matuyama paleomagnetic epochs, the profound landscape and climate changes took place. The rhythmic fluctuations of the climate intensified against the background of the general trend towards cooling and aridization. Subarctic landscapes appeared during the period from 2.6 to 1.8 Ma, which corresponds to the Gelasian stage (the Praetiglian and Tiglian stages of Western Europe or the Paleopleistocene of Eastern Europe). In the Eopleistocene (1.8–0.78 Ma) and Early Neopleistocene (0.78–0.42 Ma), the climate became colder while the structure of natural zonality repeatedly underwent a complex restructuring and gradually approached to the modern one. The presence of glacial deposits was noted in Eastern Europe already in the Paleopleistocene. The traces of at least three independent glaciations were revealed in the Eopleistocene, and four glaciations were suggested for the Early Neopleistocene. Based on the data from stratotype sections, paragenetic relations between heterochronous sediments in glacial and periglacial areas were established and Early Pleistocene paleogeographic events in Eastern and Western Europe were correlated.

The article assesses the biotechnological potential of the minor parts formed when cutting rainbow trout. It was found that the share of secondary parts accounts for 52.2%. This result allows showing the relevance and expediency of developing measures for their rational use and involvement in the production of products for various purposes. Research has been carried out on the chemical, amino acid, and mineral compositions of the minor parts of rainbow trout. The study results showed that the minor parts of rainbow trout have a high biological value of protein. The content of all essential amino acids is rich in macro-and microelements. It is shown that a high mass fraction of protein (15.41-58.46%) in the minor parts of rainbow trout opens excellent prospects for organizing their collection, accumulation, and processing.

The paper considers the prospects of the use of minced tilapia in the production of multicomponent fish-based pates with the addition of vegetable raw materials. A recipe for fish pate Raduzhny and a technological scheme for its production are developed. The analysis of the technological process shows that the product is characterized by a high stable yield and minimal losses. The developed product has a high biological value of proteins (87.44%), which is associated with a high degree of balance in the composition of amino acids. The evaluation of organoleptic and physicochemical indicators proves that the Raduzhny fish pate has high consumer properties.

This work is devoted to the study of the stress-strain state (SSS) model by using the finite-elements method (FEM) of jaw-bones (the system of lower jaw (LJ) - upper jaw (UJ)) and is the next step in understanding the mechanism of mastication as one of the main functions of the maxillofacial system (MFS). At the same time, reliable information about SSS of the LJ and UJ bones with account of the peculiarities of their anatomical and topographical structure will, firstly, reveal the main regularities of the jaw bone deformations. It will make possible to choose prosthetic appliances that will provide the minimum level of intensity of atrophic processes in supporting tissues and the most favorable biomechanical interaction of bone structures, soft tissues and elements of the prosthetic appliance. The results of mathematical calculations allowed to identify the characteristic features of the deformation and interaction of the LJ and UJ bones, which will ensure a scientifically based choice of those prosthetic appliances contributing to the most prolonged and normal functioning of the maxillofacial system in general.

The purpose of the research was to carry out a comparative assessment of the quality of grilled cheese (halloumi) obtained from the milk of cows of three genotypes. The cheese was prepared according to the Cypriot halloumi technology, but instead of sheep or goat milk, they used cattle milk. The milk of red-mottled cows differed from the milk of other breeds with a higher content of skimmed milk solids, protein and fat. Grilled cheese made from milk of cows of all genotypes, manufactured using hallumi technology, meets the requirements of GOST R 52686-2006 and is bold (Simmental cows) or fat (black-mottled and red-mottled breeds). Grilled cheese made using hallumi technology from the milk of red-mottled cows has an average moisture content, an average density, a higher yield and is more saturated with lactic acid than cheese from the milk of Simmental and black-mottled breeds. Halloumi grilled cheese made from milk of cows of all three genotypes is suitable for roasting within 6 days from the date of production.

The aim of the study was to study the effect of various doses of chicken manure (CP), zeolite (C), their mixtures and mineral fertilizers on the accumulation of microelements in the vegetative organs of spring rape plants at different stages of development. The results of the experiment showed that the introduction of the zeolite-containing rock of the Terbunskoye deposit promoted a decrease in such trace elements as Cu, Zn and Mn in the vegetative mass of rapeseed throughout the entire period of plant development. On experimental plots using organic-mineral mixtures (CP 2.5 t / ha + C 3 t / ha, CP 5 t / ha + C 3 t / ha, CP 10 t / ha + C 3 t / ha) the active adsorption of the zeolite-containing rock of the Terbunskoye deposit in relation to Zn was revealed, which contributed to a decrease in the element in the vegetative mass of rape in the variants of the experiment throughout the entire vegetation period of plants. Consequently, the studies carried out make it possible to recommend the cultivation of spring rapeseed using organic waste as fertilizers together with natural zeolite in the forest-steppe conditions CHR.

The article describes the basic principles of regulatory theories of motivation, which are key principles of the theory of social controls. Based on this theory are protected in the doctoral thesis of the author, and further developed in a number of publications. Full details of this theory is reflected in the book, which was published in the Czech Republic: «Zakharov N. Regula-tor`s theory of motivation. – Prague : ChTU, 2009».

The structure of loess-soil sequences of the North-Eastern Azov region was studied in coastal outcrops and boreholes within four key areas of the terraces of different age. Based on the positions of paleosols in geological sections of interfluve areas, the palaeotopography during interglacial epochs of the last 500 ka was reconstructed. The analysis of the topography evolution showed that the most significant features of the primary fluvial-marine relief remained in subaerial stage of the surface development and were inherited even in modern relief. At the same time, in subaerial stage the surface of interfluves experienced considerable reworking due to loess accumulation, on the one hand, and erosion, on the other hand. It has been established that these processes were controlled by the glacial-interglacial climatic cycles; however, their intensity varied from cycle to cycle. Generally, before the Valdai (Weichselian) glacial epoch, loess accumulation prevailed on the interfluve areas. The intensity of erosion at that time was relatively low. During the Valdai epoch (by indirect evidence, during its final stage, MIS 2, ∼29–12 ka), a phase of exceptionally intensive erosion was detected. Due to it, linear erosion and slope processes developed even within fairly gently slope (2–4°) areas. It has been determined that during this time, the upper parts of gullies were growing rapidly towards watersheds. In the modern topography, a branched pattern of relic hollows inherits their position.

The paper is devoted to bioindication of chernozem soils. The soil was used from the row spacing and trunk lanes of the apple orchard, as well as in its natural state. The soil in these places has different properties. The winter wheat, the barley and the oats were sown on the soil. Differences in the productivity of the vegetative mass and its availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were obtained. It was found that only the wheat and the barley are sensitive to the changes in soil properties.

The purpose of our research was to establish the correlation between individual soil parameters and the apple yield on low-growing rootstocks. Of the studied soils the gray forest soil was distinguished by the smallest thickness of the humus horizon, while the largest was leached chernozem. The upper line of the typical chernozem carbonate site was closest to the soil surface, while on gray forest and chernozem-moist meadow soil carbonates were the deepest. The lowest bonitet score belonged to gray forest soil (bonitet class 7), the highest – to leached chernozem (bonitet class 9). Typical chernozem podzolized, meadow-chernozem, chernozem-meadow, chernozem-moist-meadow and meadow-chernozem soils belonged to the 8th class of bonitet. Only the gray forest soil was of average quality, the rest of the soils were the best. Apple varieties grafted on semi-dwarf rootstocks 62-396 give the highest yield when grown on typical chernozem, and varieties on medium-sized (54-118) and vigorous (seed) stocks - on podzolized chernozem. Of the three given rootstocks the seed rootstocks suffer the most from the proximity of groundwater, while the semi-dwarf rootstocks - the least. As the groundwater approaches the soil surface, apple yield decreases in varieties grafted on medium-sized rootstocks 54-118. This is due to the vigor of the rootstock growth. The higher the vigor of growth, the more dangerous soils become with similar groundwater levels for rootstocks. Apple seed stocks are less demanding on soil fertility than 62-396 and 54-118. With an increase in the amount of exchange bases in the soil, absorption capacity, degree of saturation with bases, total porosity and bonitet, the yield of apple varieties on stocks 62-396 and 54-118 increases. The varieties on the stock 62-396 prefer soils with close carbonates sites, and on seed ones - with a deep one.

The wood of 22 of the most common low resinous tree species were studied. The number of polyphenols in the wood of the studied species ranges from 23.6 to 1433.1 mg% (0.02-1.43%). The maximum number is noted in the wood of thorny blackthorn. As the wood of fruit species ages (over 3 years old), the content of polyphenols decreases. The content of organic acids in wood of tree species varied in the range of 0.21-1.08%. The leader in terms of their content was the common rowan tree. The amount of tannins and dyes in wood species ranged from 1.45 to 26.5% and was maximum in the tissues of thorny blackthorn. The tannin level in the tissues of the tree species was 0.83-20.8%. The highest tannin content was in the wood of the rowan tree. With the natural drying of wood of 20 species within 8 months in a ventilated room at an air temperature of 25° C, the moisture content of the wood decreases 1.4-3.83 times and is set at the level of hygroscopicity (11.47-35.6%). In the process of slow drying of wood species, organic acids are not destroyed in them, but are concentrated. The least hygroscopic is the wood of the walnut and pedunculate oak, the most hygroscopic is the wood of the heart-shaped linden.

The aim of our research was to study the ratio of bacteria, yeast and fungi in soils occupied by apple orchards of different ages in the northern part of the Central Black Earth Region and fragmentarily in the Stavropol Territory. The research was carried out in 2015-2017 in fruit growing farms in the Tambov, Lipetsk, Penza regions and the Stavropol Territory. The objects of research were soils (typical chernozem, leached, podzolized, meadow-chernozem, chernozem-meadow, chernozem-moist-meadow and gray forest soils) under industrial apple orchards. The gardens were laid out according to 5x3, 6x4 and 6x8 m schemes on stocks 62-396, 54-118 and seed. The age of the surveyed gardens is from 15 to 89 years. In the waterlogged chernozem-meadow and chernozem-moist-meadow soils, the highest number of bacteria was noted, but the lowest number of fungi. The greatest amount of yeast and mold fungi (favorable for the apple rhizosphere micro flora) is noted in gray forest soils and podzolized chernozems. In the root layers of the near-stem strips of apple orchards, there were 2.3 times less bacteria, but 3.8 times more yeast and 4.4 times more fungi than in the aisles. There are more bacteria, yeast, and fungi in the humus horizon of the near-stem strips of old apple orchards than in the soils of younger orchards. As the age of the garden increases in the ratio “bacteria: yeast: fungi”, the proportion of yeast increases 2 times, and the proportion of fungi - 1.5 times. A year after stubbing the gardens in the 0-40 cm soil layer, the amount of molds becomes average between their content in the near-trunk strips and aisles. The death of trees on chestnut soil was noted where there were 5 times more bacteria, 2.5 times less yeast and 2 times less fungi.

Intensification of the processes of post-harvest processing of leguminous crops is an urgent task for enterprises of the agro-industrial complex. The improvement of the known methods of ensuring reliable protection of leguminous crops from the effects of pathogenic microflora, quarantine insect pests is of substantive interest for research. The most common way of disinfecting food is fumigation - the elimination of insect pests and pathogens with a gaseous or vaporous toxic chemical. The article discusses the process of fumigation of leguminous crops with an ionized flow of an aerodispersed mixture in a drum-type installation, and also presents the results of mathematical modeling of this process. The mathematical description of the proposed model of the fumigation process was carried out using the applied package “Mathcad”. An analytical study of the obtained mathematical model made it possible to establish a number of dependencies and patterns characterizing the course of the process of electrostatic fumigation of leguminous crops in a constant stirring mode.

The research was carried out in the north of forest steppe zone of Russia. The research subjects are soils under which apple trees of fruit-bearing age are located (16-24 years). Over the years of the research 50 soil cuts were laid in the apple orchards. United soil samples were formed by mixing the samples from near-stalk stripes and row-spacing. The total depth of searched cuts was 220 m. All the soil moisture capacity categories were determined by thermostat weight method: maximum water adsorption after airy dry soil condition in desiccators at air humidity close to 100%, limit field or the least soil moisture capacity after moist soil condition on the plaster casts and after free gravitational moisture coming down the profile on the flooded areas, the capillary bonding breakage humidity by multiplication of limit field soil moisture capacity and coefficient of 0.6. The total moisture stock was calculated as multiplication of soil density, layer thickness and limit field soil moisture capacity. Remote moisture stock was calculated as multiplication of soil density, layer thickness, maximum water adsorption and coefficient of 1.37. It was established that limit field soil moisture capacity significantly varies not only within one searched farm but inside soil type and soil subtype. Productive moisture stock in spring in ploughing soil layer occupied by the apple orchids of forest steppe north are described as good and represent 406-720 m3/ha (41-72 mm). Productive moisture stock in one-meter soil layer of apple orchards are assessed as very good and vary from 2993 to 4822 m3/ha (293-482 mm). According to productive moisture stock increasing in a meter layer apple orchards soils of forest steppe north can be placed in the following order: podzolic chernozem < chernozem moist meadow < grey forest < chernozem meadow < typical chernozem < leached chernozem < meadow chernozem < meadowish chernozem.

The fruits of all wild plants were gathered in Tambov, Lipetsk and Voronezh regions. The following research methods were used: thermogravimetric, titrimetric, photometric. Fruit weight of cultivars is 2.8 (the cherry) – 54.2 (the strawberry) times bigger than the fetal weight of wild related species. The rowan, the apple, the pear, the plum, the hawthorn, the current, the blackberry, the raspberry and the apricot are in the range. The selection of fruit and berries of the Central Black Earth Region provided: the reduction of organic acid by a factor of 1.8-6.9 in the fruits of the apple, the pear, the hawthorn, the briar, the cherry, the blackberry, the raspberry, the guilder rose, the apricot; the rise of ascorbic acid by a factor of 1.5-10 in the fruits of the rowan, the apple, the briar, the blackberry, the raspberry, the guilder rose, the apricot; the rise of β – carotene by a factor of 1.5-10 in the fruits of the apples, the hawthorn, the briar, the cherry, the current and the blackberry; the rise of anthocyans by the factor of 2-26.8 in the fruits of the rowan, the apple, the pear, the hawthorn, the briar, the black current, the blackberry, the guilder rose, the strawberry and the apricot; the rise of flavonols by the factor of 1.5-13.7 in the fruits of the apple, the rowan, the pear, the plum, the briar; the rise of catechins by a factor of 2.4-827 in the fruits of the apple, the rowan, the pear, the plum, the hawthorn, the briar, the current, the blackberries, the raspberry, the guilder rose, the apricot; the percentage rise of solids by a factor of 1.5 in the fruits of the cherry and the apricot; the rise of tannins and colorants by the factor of 1.5-3.2 in the fruits of the rowan, the hawthorn and the apricot; the rise of the tanninum by the factor of 3.1-3.5 in the fruits of the rowan and the hawthorn as well as increasing in the amount of carotenoids by the factor of 1.5 in the fruits of the raspberry. The rise of solids, carotinoids, tannins and colorants including tanninum content in the fruit and berries turned out to be the most complicated for research results of fruit and berry selection.

The article analyzes the neurological complications after interventions on the ascending aorta and the aortic arch in dissection I type by De Bakey. Group of authors investigated over a decade of experience in surgery of aortic dissection in both acute and chronic. Authors estimated the incidence of neurological complications after surgical intervention in 124 patients in the early post-operative and long term period. It were studied both qualitative measures (methods of reconstruction of the aortic arch, type of cerebral perfusion, the etiology of the pathological process, comorbidities) and quantitative (the duration of the different stages of surgery, age, height, weight). The analysis revealed that almost all cases of strokes were observed in the older age group and were associated with concomitant occlusive-stenotic arterial lesions caused by Takayasu's syndrome and atherosclerosis, as well as a set of related diseases. Increase in the number of strokes contribute to more complex, and therefore more time-consuming intervention types of reconstruction of the aortic arch. Antegrade perfusion of the brain, to our knowledge, did not have statistically significant advantages over retrograde perfusion or hypothermic circulatory arrest of the brain.

Topicality. As is known, the economic theory is based on the fact that any economy is based on production and consumption of good and benefits that are necessary for people’s lives. At that, economy is based on people’s needs and economic interests, which make them act in one way or another. As a result, there appear relations of production (creation), exchange, consumption, and acquisition of life goods, which are called economic relations. It is important to understand that implementation of the needs and interests, which are systemically interconnected, predetermines the existence of not just a totality of public relations but an economic system.

The aim of the research is to compare the physical properties and biological activity of the soil in apple orchards with the soils of other lands: strawberry, chokeberry, black currant plantations, field crop rotation, forest plantations, and deposits. In apple orchards, in a layer of 0-40 cm row-spacing, there is a relatively low content of agronomically valuable, water-resistant aggregates, and the lowest moisture capacity. Due to the significant accumulation of snow in the garden and the annual leaf fall of the apple tree in the trunk strips, the same high cellulolytic activity is maintained as in other woody phytocenoses.

A probabilistic method for evaluating the porosity of nanofiltration and reverse-osmosis membranes developed earlier was tested. A method for calculating the selective porosity of membranes with a rigid structure was proposed.

In the vegetative experience, there is no close correlation between the bonitet of different types of soils and the vegetative productivity of apple seedlings. The most intensive growth on the forest soils of pome fruit stock is a characteristic feature of the biology of its wild-growing relative of the forest apple tree originated and evolved in forest ecosystems. At the same time, poor development of the root system on more fertile black earth, but intensive on forest ones, indicates the adaptation mechanism of roots in the search for nutrients and moisture.

Electrical equipment fault current interruptions reduce is one of the most important problems of electrical power engineering and diagnostics. Power cables operation life is one of the parameters mostly affecting fault current interruptions on cables. The paper describes the research on thermal degradation of low voltage cables insulating materials and its influence on insulation operation life. The known mathematical models of the insulation aging depending on its temperature are considered. Low voltage cables have an insignificant electrical aging influence, so it is assumed that such cables aging mostly caused by their thermal operating conditions. Experimental research of cables insulation temperature monitoring is performed. Seven weeks of the experiment showed a temperature change between 17˚C and 27˚C. The mean temperature was 21.9˚C. Assuming that cable has normal operation life with an average temperature of 20˚C and accounting thermal conditions cable insulation operation life is reduced for about 20%. Such operation life reduce is significant and shows a considerable influence of insulating material thermal deterioration.

The results of an investigation of the unsteady flow structure in a turbulent swirling jet obtained using the PIV technology are presented. The greater part of the measurements is carried out at the swirl intensity W 0 ≈ 1.7. A part of the data is obtained under other conditions of the swirl jet outflow. To establish the relation between disturbances of different types the phase averaging technique is employed with the pressure fluctuation in the acoustic field of the jet taken as a reference signal. The flow structure is numerically calculated. The results of the investigation show that a quasisteady inhomogeneity observable in the jet flow executes rotational motion relative to the mean flowfield in the jet cross-section, or “precession”. It causes disturbances in the flow ejected by the jet, which transform into acoustic disturbances far away from the jet. The frequencies of the dynamic disturbances near the jet and the acoustic disturbances far away from it coincide with the precession frequency.

Topicality. Topicality of the studied problem is pre-determined by the fact that more than forty indigenous small peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East live in Russia; they continue to live according to long traditional notions of the surrounding world and interrelations between people, including in the system of punishment.

Relevance The whole human history is characterized by unequal access to legal information, as it is well known, inequality—is a source of social instability that leads to a tension, and an increase in the number of offenses.

We report on the growth, fabrication and characterization of metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photodetectors based on AlGaN/AlN/Al2O3 and ZnCdS/ZnS/GaP heterostructures. The structures were grown by MOVPE at the temperatures 1050 oC and 415 oC respectively. Interdigital Au/Ni Schottky barrier contacts forming MSM-diode structures were deposited on the surfaces of AlGaN and ZnCdS. The finger width and gap were 3 µm and active diode area 100x100 µm2 thus suggesting short transittimes of photogenerated carriers, low capacitance of the diode structure and high-speed operation of the detectors. The spectral response of AlGaN MSM-diodes demonstrates the ability of detectors for true solar-blind response with maximum current responsivity ∼0.1 A/W at 230 nm under illumination from substrate. The I-V curves displayed dark currents of ∼50 pA at 40 V bias. The dark current of the ZnCdS diode is much lower (∼2 pA at 40 V), which confirms the high crystalline quality of the ZnCdS-layer (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Integration of different cleaning methods is most effective for satisfying human needs for clean water. In the integrated process development period, including processes for permeable surfaces, attention is drawn to the fact that it is necessary to carry out research at the level of advanced calculation technology for use of processes of combined cleaning in ecological schemes. In view of this, it is important to conduct intensive research in the field of combined use of chemical, physicochemical, biological, and other purification methods in single integrated purification schemes.

A stereo PIV system for investigating complex highly turbulent flows, typical for gas flows in aircraft engines and gas turbines, is developed, and the values obtained for the velocity are compared with the results measured using a laser Doppler anemometer. The features of the use of the PIV system for measurements in three-dimensional highly turbulent flows with high velocity gradients are investigated.